Trào lưu cải cách hành chính trên thế giới trong những thập niên gần đây

Trào lưu cải cách hành chính trên thế giới trong những thập niên gần đâyTrào lưu cải cách hành chính trên thế giới trong những thập niên gần đâyTrào lưu cải cách hành chính trên thế giới trong những thập niên gần đâyTrào lưu cải cách hành chính trên thế giới trong những thập niên gần đây

LY LUAN VA THL/C T I I N CHINH TRI Nl/dC NGOAI TRno Liru cm cncH HRNH CHINH TRCN T H € ' G I I TRONG NHUNG THRP NI€N GflN DRV NGlJYfiN TRONG BINH'*' T ir nhung ndm 80 eua the ky XX ddn nay, lan sdng cdi cdch bdnh chinh hdu nhu da didn d tdt cd cdc nudc tir Bac My fs f r ddn Nam Phi, tir Tdy Au den chdu A Cho dd cdc nudc cd sy khac vd bdi canh, truydn thdng vdn hda vd hodn cdnh xd hpi, sdeh lupc vd myc tidu vd cdi cdch hanh chinh d mdi nudc cung cd sy khde Nhung nguydn nhdn, ndi dung vd phuong hudng cda cdi cdch hdnh chinh vd ca bdn Id thdng nhdt Cd thd thdy nguyen nhdn sdu xa cda cai cdch hdnh chinh d cdc nudc trdn thd gidi tir nhung ndm 80 cda the ky XX ddn nay, dd Id: todn cau hda, sy phdt tridn cda cdng nghd thdng tin, quy md qud Idn cda ndn bdnh chinh vd sy kem linh boat va nhanh nhay cda ndn bdnh chinh truyen thdng Ddc trung quan trpng cda cai cdch bdnh chinh tren pham vi todn cdu hon thdp ky *'^ Hoc vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh khu vuc IV LY LUAN CHINH TRI SO 2-2012 qua chinh la qua trinh dupc dua tren nhung cdn cu tuong ddi chin mudi, dd la: I.Ly ludn ve su lua chpn cdng cpng Ly luan vd sy lya chpn cdng cpng (public choice) dua tren ca sd kinh te hpc de nghien cdn cdc van dd lien quan tdi quydt sdeh san xudt vd cung dng, dich vu cdng cpng cda chinh phd, cda "thi trudng chinh trj" Ly ludn cho rang, cung gidng nhu sy that bai cua thj trudng, chinh phu cung cd su that bai cua nd, the hidn d mpt sd diem sau: Mpt Id, tinh chat "con ngudi kinh td" cda dpi ngu quan chuc, cda chinh phd dan den vide chinh phu va dpi ngu quan chuc cd thd vi tdi da hda lpi ich cda minh md hy sinh lpi ich cdng cpng; ddng thdi, nguydn nhan thdt bai cda thj trudng cung chinh Id nguydn nhdn ddn den that bai cda chinh phd, dd Id sy cd gidi ban cda ly tinh vd thdng tin Hai Id, tinh chat lung doan cda quydn lyc chinh tri thudng tao ndn hdnh vi "trao ddi", "mua bdn" boat ddng chinh tri cung nhu boat 85 dpng cua chinh phu Ba Id, hieu qua thap cda bp may quan lieu Dieu vua bieu hiCMi d sy thieu hut vc dpng luc lam vice va nang cao hieu qua cdng vice cua gidi quan lieu, vira bieu hien d hiC'u qua thap thuc liicMi boat dpng giam s;it ciia chinh tri gia \a dan chung ddi vdi gidi quan lieu Bdn Id, su tu "phinh ra" cua bp may quan lieu khdng chi tao nen su xdi mon vc cac ngudn luc, ma cdn tao nen hieu qua thap cua iKMi hanh chinh Vi the ly luan \c su lua chpn cong cpng cho rang, chinh phu khdng phai la mpt ccr che cd hieu qua \ lec sua chua va bd sung cho nhung that bai cua thi trudng Tu ly luan chd truang: 77/ir nhdt, gidi ban \ c pham vi, vai trd cua chinh phu, cda nen hanh chinh, thyc hien mpt "chinh phd cd ban" "chinh phu nhd, phuc vu tdt" Vai trd va tac dung cua chinh phu, cda nen hanh chinh chi gidi ban vdo vide sdn xudt va cung ung nhung sdn phdm cdng cdng cdn thidt Thu hai, cd vide sdn xudt vd cung urng cdc san pham hang hda cdng cpng thdng thudng, chinh phd cung cdn phat huy vai trd cda cap dja phuong, cdc td chdrc phi lpi nhuan, doanh nghiep vd cd nhan Thu ha, cdi each thd thd hdnh chinh, van dung co chd thj trudng vao vide san xudt vd cung irng cac san pham va dich vy cdng Bien phdp chd yeu gdm: thidt lap mdi quan he hop tdc giua khu vyc cdng vd khu vyc tu; thdng qua cac phuang thdc khac de ehuydn mpt sd chuc ndng phuc vy ndo dd trudc day vdn chinh phd thyc hien cho cdc td chuc phi chinh phd vd khu vyc tu; thyc bien sy canh tranh giua chinh phd vdi cdc td chuc phi chinh phd, tao didu 86 kipn dc cdng chdng lya chpn sy phyc vu cdng cpng; bpc tap nhung ydu td hpp ly to chuc va boat dpng cda doanh nghipp thyc hipn ca che trdch nhiem va nang cao tinh tich eye cda dpi ngu cong chirc Thd tu, cai each trinh ty lap phap, thuc hipn trinh ty lap phap cd sy tham gia cua "nhieu trung tam"; manh dan trao quyen cho cac td chuc xd hpi va td chuc hanh chinh cap ca sd san xuat vd cung img ciic san pham hang hda cdng cpng Thu ndm, chinh tri hda dpi ngu can bp cap cao cda bp may hanh chinh va xdc djnh trach nhiem chinh tri doi vdi dpi ngu Ly ludn quan ly cong mdi Ly luan qudn ly cdng mdi Thomas Hood neu mdt tac phdm dupc xuat ban vdo ndm 1991 Id sau nhiing ndm 70 cda the ky XX, d Anh va cac nudc vidn khac cua Td chirc Hop tdc vd Phat tridn kinh td (OECD) gpi phong trdo cdi each chinh phd d nhung nudc ndy la phong trdo qudn ly cdng mdi Ndi dung chd yeu md phong trdo qudn ly cdng mdi thyc hien Id: 1) Thyc bidn qudn ly mot cdch ehuyen nghidp, de ngudi qudn ly cdp cao chju trach nhidm ddi vdi kdt qud dat dupc; 2) Xac djnh tieu chudn vd ddnh gid, ludng hieu suat mpt each rd rdng, xdc djnh myc tieu, myc dich phyc vy cdng cdng vd xdy dung chi tidu dd lupng hda vd ddnh gid sy ^ cdng; 3) Coi trpng ban vide kidm sodt ddu ra, chd y sy gdn kdt giira phdn bd ngudn luc, khuydn khich vd ddnh gid hidu qua; 4) Tang cudng sy canh tranh ndi bd khu vuc cdng, thyc hidn hop ddng nhiem ky vd trinh ty dau thdu cdng cpng ITnh vyc cung dng cdc sdn phdm vd dich vu cdng; 5) Coi LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012 trpng hpc tap phong each quan ly cua doanh nghiep, tang cudng tinh linh boat ve che dp tuyen dung va thudng phat, su dung mpt each nhieu hon cac ky nang quan ly ngudn nhan lyc; 6) Nhan manh viec su dyng mpt each tidt kiem va bao tdn cac ngudn tai nguyen Ly ludn qudn tri tdt Ly luan "quan tri" tdt da dupc Ngan hang The gidi dua mot bao cao vao nam 1989 Bao cao cbi rd quan ly cdng d cac nudc chau Phi da roi vao tinh trang khdng hoang sau sdc \a la trd ngai ldn nhat ddi vdi sy phat trien kinh te xa hpi d cac qudc gia ndy Do dd cdn phai cdi cdch kliudn khd qudn ly cdng hien cd vd ddi mdi cdc quy tdc dd thidt lap mpt he thdng quan trj tdt Ly luan qudn trj nhdn manh tdi trdch nhidm va quyen ban quan ly cac van de cdng cpng; ehuydn tir md binh qudn ly hanh chinh truyen thdng vdi sy dpc quydn cua bp may bdnh chinh sang binh mpt kdt cdu qudn ly cd sy tham gia nhidu chd the (chinh phu, cdc td chuc xa hpi dan su, doanh nghidp vd cd nhan); tir binh mdt kdt cau qudn trj cac vdn dd cdng cpng cd tinh da dang Theo dd, vide qudn ly cdc vdn dd cdng cdng, ngodi phuong thurc nen bdnh chinh thyc bidn, cdn cd the thyc hidn bdng nhidu phuong thurc khde Nhu-ng phuong thdrc ndy bao gdm: Thu nhdt, lidn hop qudn tri Theo dd, cdn cd sy phdi kdt hpp gifl-a nen hanh chinh vdi cdc td chure xa bpi ddn sy, doanh nghidp vd ca f "^ nhdn de cdng gidi quydt cdc vdn dd xa hpi Ca che cu the vd sy lidn hpp quan tri cd thd thdng qua nhidu binh thd-c, chdng ban sy hop tdc giira khu vyc cdng vd khu LY LUAN CHINH TRI s 2-2012 vuc tu (ca quan hanh chinh vdi khu vuc tu); su hop tac giua ca quan hanh chinh vdi ca quan hanh chinh; su hop tac giua ca quan hanh chinh vai cac td chuc xa hpi dan su; sy hap tac giua cac td chuc xa hpi dan su vdi khu vuc tu Thu hai, tu chu va tu quan quan tri Theo dd, cdn phat huy vai trd ty quan ciia cac to chuc (hoac cpng dong) ma vien cua cac td chuc co su tuang dong ve mat lpi ich hay cd su gfin ket vdi bdi tap quan truyen thdng Chinh cac td chuc se de va thuc hien cac quy tac nham giai quyet cac vdn dd cpng cpng pham vi cd lien quan tdi lpi ich cua td chuc minh ma khong anh budng tdi lpi ich chung cua xa hpi Thir ba, su quan trj cua nhieu trung tam Mo thuc quan tri cho du van xac djnh trach nhiem quan ly cac van de cdng cpng la CO quan chinh phU, ca quan hanh chinh thyc hien, nhung nhirng co quan khong cdn la trung tam quyen lyc dan nhat dupc lap dua md hinh quan lieu cua Max Weber nira, ma la mpt he thong phdc hop cua cac co quan hanh chinh Trong nhirng pham vi nhat dinh, cac co quan thuc hien vide cung cap cac san pham va dich vu cdng cd the gidng hoac khac nhdm thda man nhu cau khac cda cdng dan Nhu the, vdi vide nhdn manh tinh da dang cda hdnh dpng tap thd (cda nhieu chu thd TG), ly ludn qudn trj ve ban chat da phd nhan ly ludn hanh chinh truyen thdng Nd khdng cbi ndu ldn vdn dd can phai nhin nhdn lai tinh hpp ly va tinh hop phap ve sy lung doan, dpc quydn cua ndn hdnh chinh truyen thdng vd de xuat vide cdn phai doi 87 mdi tu ve vai trd va chu-c ndng cda ndn hanh chinh; ma cdn dc xuat hinh thuc hpp ly va dieu kicMi can thiet de nen hanh chinh thuc hicMi tdt vai trd quan ly cda minh Vi the, ly luan quan tri chu truang: Mot Id, cac thiet che tham gia qudn ly cdng khdng chi la CO quan hanh chinh ma cdn la sy tham gia cua nhieu ca quan td chdc khac \ a ca nhan Nen hanh chinh, bp may hanh chinh khdng cdn la chu the nhat, giu vai trd doc quyen quan ly cac vdn de cdng cpng Tren thuc te, d mpt sd ITnh vyc, cac to chuc phi chinh phu cang cd uu the trpng vdo vipe cai cdch thd che hdnh chinh, thiet lap mpt ket cau quan trj tdt, cdng khai, minh bach, cdng bdng, bap phdp vd cd hieu qud Sdu Id, chinh phd vd ndn hdnh chinh can phai kheo Ido vipe sir dung cac cdng cy qudn ly de thyc hipn thdnh cdng myc tieu qudn ly cda minh Bdy la, chinh phd vd nen hdnh chinh can manh dan thirc hien vipe trao quydn vd giao quyen cho cdp dudi, cdc td chure phi chinh phd, thdm chi la cho doanh nghipp vd ca nhdn dd nham phat huy tinh tich eye cda cdc nhdn td ndy quan trj ban so X di cac ca quan bdnh chinh vice cung cdp djch vy vd san phdm cdng cpng Hai la, vd mat thyc tidn, ndn bdnh chinh khdng pbai la chd thd nhdt cda quan ly cdng, nhidu td chuc vd cd nhdn dya vao phuang thuc cda minh dd tham gia vdo boat dpng quan ly cdng cpng Ba Id, su phdn djnh tren thyc td cda cdi gpi la cdng vdi tu, ndn hdnh chinh vdi xd bdi, ndn hdnh chinh vdi thj trudng la tuong ddi Bon Id, giira ndn bdnh chinh vdi cdc td chdc xd hpi vd cd nhan tdn tai mdt mdi quan he hpp tdc, phdi hop vd nuong tya lan Trdch nhidm chd yeu cda ndn bdnh chinh md thuc qudn tri khdng cdn Id tryc tidp sdn xudt vd cung dng sdn phdm vd djch vy Q^ ^bd phdn loai cdc md hinh vd cdi cdch j^^^b chinh cdng trdn thd gidi thdnh mo hinh nhu sau: md binh cdi cdch mang tinh ^idu chinh vd thich img dien d cdc nudc phat tridn; md binh cdi cdch mang tinh ehuydn ddi md hinh nhu Nga, cdc nudc edng Au ; md binh cdi cdch mang tinh phat tridn dien d cdc nudc thupc thd gidi thu ba vdi trinh dp phdt tridn kinh td chua cao Cho dd md hinh cdi cdch hanh chinh ndi trdn dien dieu kidn cd su khde vd mdt thd che d mdi nudc, nhung phuang budng, npi dung vd bien phdp cdi each ddu tuang ty nhau, dd Id: ^^5^ /^ ^^^ ^^.^^ ,^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^• ,,.^ ^.^^^ ^^,^^^^^ ^^^ ^.^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ cdng cdng, md Id dd vd thyc hipn cdc quy tac de didu chinh mdi quan h? phdi hop giua ndn bdnh chinh vdi cdc td chure xd hpi sdn xudt vd cung dng sdn phdm vd djch vy cdng; hinh thdnh mpt mdi quan hp tin cdy vd lau ddi giu:a ndn bdnh chinh vdi cdc td chdrc xa bdi Ndm Id, chinh phd cung nhu ndn hdnh chinh mudn phdt huy tdc dyng cua minh qudn trj edn phdi chd yd mat thuc tiln, ddc trung cua nd Id thu hep vd khdng gian tdc dung cua chinh phu, ^da ndn hdnh chinh, chu trpng phdt huy tac dyng cda ca chd thi trudng vd vai trd cda xa hpi dan sy "Nha nudc nhd, xa hpi ldn" chinh Id sy khdi qudt cd dpng ddi vdi bidn phdp cdi cdch Theo dd ndn hdnh chinh chi dam nhdn chdrc nang va vai trd cdn thidt vd ehuydn mpt sd chdrc nang cua nd cho thj 88 LY LUAN CHINH TRI S 2-2012 trudng vd xa hdi ddn sy phuong didn nay, bien phdp chd yeu md cdc nudc thyc hidn la: Thu nhdt, phi qudc bun hda Thdng qua cdc phuong thurc nhu bdn, cho thud, lidn doanh, cd phdn dd ehuydn mdt sd doanh nghidp nhd nude bode don vj sy nghidp nhd nudc cho cdc td ebd:c phi chinh phd, cdc td chure mang tinh ty nguydn vd khu vyc tu doanh Ddy Id ndi dung chd ydu cda cdi cdch hdnh chinh dd dupe nudc Anh vd mpt sd nudc phdt tridn thyc hidn d thai ky ddu nhiing 80 cda thd ky XX den Trong thdi ky ndy, nhidu ITnh vyc thude quydn kinh doanh bode quydn sd hliu cda nhd nudc (chdng ban nhu didn, thdng tin lidn lac, giao thdng, nudc dudng sdt, than dd, ddu khi) da dupe ehuydn giao cho cdc td chdrc, don vj "phi nhd nudc" Thu hai, ddn doanh hda Cd ngudi ddnh ddng ddn doanh hda vdi phi qudc bun hda, cho rdng ddn doanh hda Id vide bdn tdi sdn cda nhd nudc cho tu nhan Cdch ly gidi ndy Id chua day du Trdn thyc te, ngodi y nghTa Id phi qudc bun hda, ddn doanh hda cdn cbi vide su dung CO che thj trudng dd cung cdp cdc djch vu cdng cpng Thdng qua dan doanh hda, nhd nudc (chinh phu) ehuydn mdt sd chdrc ndng trudc day minh ddm nhan nhu xdr ly rdc thdi, sua chua vd bdo tri dudng sd, bdo vd tdi nguydn thidn nhidn, thdm chi la qudn gido, phdng chdng tdi pham, cdp phdt curu trp, cham sdc trd em cho doanh nghidp vd cdc td chdrc xd bdi Thu ba, ndi Idng kidm sodt vd qudn chd Npi hdm cda kidm sodt rdt rpng, thdng thudng Id chi sy khdng chd vd kidm sodt tir trdn xudng dudi ndi bd chinh phd cung nhu bd mdy hdnh chinh; cd Idc cung chi su can thiep mang tinh cuong chd cda LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012 bd may hanh chinh ddi vdi boat ddng kinh td; cd Idc, cd noi (My) lai chi tdt cd nhung boat dpng can thiep cda bp may hanh chinh Tuong d-ng nhu vdy, bam nghTa cda ndi Idng kiem sodt vd qudn chd cung cd nghTa: ngliTa hep nhdt Id cbi ndi Idng sy kidm soat nghidm ngdt cda co quan cdp trdn ddi vdi cap dudi vd cdng chuc, trao cho cap dudi vd cdng chire quydn ty chd nhdt djnh; nghTa thd bai Id gidm thidu sy can dy mang tinh cudng chd cda bp mdy hdnh chinh ddi vdi boat dpng kinh td; van dung co chd thj trudng de didu khidn hdnh vi cda doanh nghidp; ham y thur ba cda nd Id gidm thidu pham vi can thiep cda chinh phd ddi vdi ddi sdng kinh td xd hpi Ndi Idng kidm soat d nghTa thur hai vd thur ba cung lidn quan tdi vide thyc hidn "nhd nudc nhd, xd hdi ldn" Tuy nhidn, nhung ndm 80 cda thd ky XX, d cdc nudc phdt tridn, vide tap trung cdi cdch nham thu hep pham vi boat dpng vd gidm thidu vai trd, tdc dyng cda ndn hdnh chinh cung da dua ddn mpt sd vdn dd xa hpi Chdng ban nhu coi nhe cdc gid tri nhu trdch nhidm, binh ddng vd ddn chd cua hanh chinh cdng, coi nhe tinh ddc thd cda bdnh chinh cdng, coi nhe quydn cdng dan vd tinh hpp phdp cda phyc vu cdng Didu ndy khidn ngudi ta tdng budc y thdrc dupc rdng "nhd nudc nhd" khdng phdi Id myc dich tdi uu cda cdi each bdnh chinh; "nhd nudc tdt" mdi Id didu md cdi cdch hdnh chinh cdng * theo dudi Do dd, tir nhung ndm 90 cda thd ky XX ddn nay, cdi cdch hdnh chinh khdng cdn la sy rdi bd vd "rdt lui" cda chinh phd vd ndn hdnh chinh ddi vdi tdt cd cdc ITnh vyc, ma la xdc dinh vd lya chpn ITnh vyc thich hpp cda sy "can thiep" 89 Hai Id, cdi cdch phuang thdc vai tro, tdc dung cua chinh phu, did yeu Id su- dyng ca che tbi trudng vd ca che xd hpi de sdn xuat vd cung ung cac san pham va djch vy cdng ma cdng dan can Vi the cac nudc dd tim kiem va tao nhieu cdng cu khde vice sdn xuat vd cung d-ng cdc sdn phdm \ a djch vy cdng cpng Td- thyc te tai cac tieu bang va chinh quyen dja phuang cda My, Osboumc vd Gaeblcr quan sat thdy, \'iec cung cdp cac djch vy cdng cpng, bdn canh cac each thdng thudng, cdn cd 36 bipn phap lua chpn khac Ngodi cdc cdng cy truydn thdng nhu thiet lap cdc quy djnh vd phuang phdp chd tdi, kiem sodt vd ndi Idng kidm sodt, kiem sodt vd didu tra, cdp gidy phdp, chinh sdeh thud, tdi trp, trp cdp, cdch Myc tieu cda cai each thd che hdnh chinh cdng d cdc nudc phdt tridn la tdng cudng sy tham gia vd ndng cao hidu qua cda bdnh chinh cdng Bidn phdp chd ydu vd cai cdch the che bao gdm: Thu nhdt, nhung cdi cdch lien quan ddn phdn cdp vd phan quyen, the hipn d ba phuong dipn: trung uong phdn quyen cho chinh quyen dja phuang; manh dan dy quyen cho cdc dan vj, ca quan cap dudi; tdng cudng tinh chu dpng vd sy ty chd cho dpi ngu cdng chdc Thu hai, thyc hipn sy tach bach giu-a hoach djnh chinh sdeh vd thyc hipn chinh sach Didu ndy cd thd ban chd dupe sy "tinh todn" vd lpi ich ddc thd cua bd phdn chd djnh chinh sdeh, ddng thdi gdp phan nang cao hipu qua thyc bidn chinh sdeh cho vay, bao lanh vay tidn, ky kdt hop ddng; cdn ed cdc cdng cu mdi, bao gdm: nhupng quydn thuong mai, bd trp ky thudt, quan be hop tdc cdng vd tu, thdng tin, thidt lap quan he phdi hop giua cdc don vj khu vyc cdng, doanh nghidp nira cdng nd-a tu, djch vu tinh nguydn, doanh nghidp qudc doanh, chimg khodn cd gid, thu mua, bdo hidm, khen thudng, tridu tap vd td chirc cupc hpp cda Idnh dao cdc to chdrc phi chinh phd, thay ddi chinh sdeh ddu tu cdng, gay dp lyc ldn chinh phd Cung cdn cd cdc cdng cy phdi sinh tidn phong, bao gdm d4u tu vdn chu sd hu-u, cdc hidp hpi ty nguypn, hpp tdc sdn xudt bode ty chd kinh doanh, qudn ly nhu cdu, bdn, trao ddi vd su dyng tdi sdn, ddi mdi thj trudng g^n Id, cdi cdch chi dp nhdn su p^^^^ hudng chd ydu la ndng cao tinh tich eye, tinh thdn trdch nhidm vd chdt i ^ ^ g ph^c vu cda dpi ngu can bp, cong ^birc Cdc bidn phdp dupe dp dyng bao gdm: chinh tri hda dpi ngu cdn bp hdnh chinh cdp ^ao; sir dyng chd dp hop ddng thay cho chg j p cdng chire sudt ddi; thyc hidn chd dp j ^ gj^ hipu sudt cdng vide vd cdc chd dp khuydn khich qudn ly Khde vdi cac ^^^^ phdt tridn, tdn chi va myc dich chu yg^ ^da cdi cdch thd chd hdnh chinh cdng d ^dc nudc dang phdt tridn chinh Id tdng ^udng tinh cdng khai, minh bach vd nang ^ao trdch nhiem cua ndn hdnh chinh Bien ph^p chd ydu vd cdi each thd chd hdnh ^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ pj^,^ ^^.-.^ hao gdm: Ba la, cdi cdch the chi hdnh chinh cong Bdt kd Id cdc nudc phdt trien hay cdc nudc dang phdt tridn, deu xdc djnh cdi cdch thd chd hanh chinh la npi dung chu ydu cua cai xay dyng vd hodn thien cdc quy djnh ve hanh vi cua cdn bp, cdng chd:e, chu trpng ve phdm chdt dao dure vd chudn myc hanh vi cda dpi ngu cdn bp, cdng chdrc; ban hdnh 90 LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012 va hoan thien be thdng cdc quy dinh vd tdng cuang sy kidm soat ddi vdi vide mua sdm cua nen bdnh chinh; hoan thidn co che kidm sodt hanh chinh, chdng ban nhu lap CO quan gidm sdt dpc lap, hodn thien quy djnh phap luap dd bao dam cdng khai boa thong tin Ndm Id hoi dirdng ndng luc hdnh chinh Bidn phap ca ban cUa cai each la tien hanh bdi dirdng \ a ddi mdi ky nang cho nhan vidn hanh chinh d khu vuc cdng nhdm nang cao chat luong cua dpi ngu Bien phap cy thd bao gdm: ddi mdi td chirc tang cudng ndng lyc dap dng cda td chu-c ddi vdi nhu cau \ a sd thich cda cdng ddn; tang cudng sy phoi bop lan giu-a cdc co quan hdnh chinh; tdng cudng bdi dudng dd ndng cao chdt lupng ngudn nhdn lyc may hanh chinh thich irng tdt ban vai nen kinh te thj trudng, dap d-ng tdt ban nhu cau cua cdng dan va xa hpi Tuy nhien, vide tinh gian nhan vien thudng gap nhidu khd khan Nhung bien phap didn hinh ma cac nudc trdn thd gidi thyc hidn dl tinh gian ,^han vien hanh chinh bao gdm: thyc hidn cac bien phap mang tinh bdt bupc va khdng bat bupc tinh gian, ca che chd yeu cua nd la khuyen khich sy tu nguyen nghi huu sdm, thyc hidn nghiem ngat cac quy dinh tuyen dyng vd huu tri ; cd chinh sach va bien phap den bd, bao gdm mpt gdi vd trp cap sa thai vd cdc chi phi vd bdi dudng dd tim kiem vide lam mdi; cai each chinh sach tidn luong, chang ban nhu quy dinh rniic trdn tidn luong, ngirng cap luong, tien td hda cac khoan trp cdp va phdc lpi khdng Trong cdc ydu td cdu thdnh ndng lyc hanli chinh, ndng lyc hoach djnh chinh sdeh cd vai trd dac bidt quan trpng Dd cd thd ndng cao dupe ndng lyc hoach djnh chinh ^"^ len ma Tir nhung kinh nghidm ve cdi each bdnli chmh cdng d cdc nudc trdn the gidi, cd the rdt nhung bai hpcfrongcai each hdnh chinh: sdeh cdng cua chinh phd, cdc nudc dang phdt trien dd chd y tdi mdt sd ndi dung nhu: xdy dyng vd hodn thidn cdc quy djnh vd trinh ty xdy dyng chinh sdeh, ddm bdo tinh hpp ly hda vd tidu chudn hda cda trinh ty chd dinh chinh sach; cdi thidn quy trinh thdng tin; tang cudng bdi dudng vd ndng cao ndng lyc phan tinh chinh sdeh cho dpi ngu can bd cdng chuc jhu nhdt, giai quydt vdn dd lpi ich thyc hidn cdi each hdnh chinh Cdi each hanh chinh tat ydu dan ddn sy dieu chinh vd mat lpi ich ddi vdi cdc bdn cd lien quan, ma sy khdng ung bp, thdm chi la phan khdng cda bp phan ma lpi ich cda bp bj dnh hudng Sd dung bidn phap thich hpp ndo hda gidi trd lyc ndy la vdn dh then chdt dam bdo cho sy thdnh cdng cda cdi each bdnh chinh Sdu Id tinh gidn nhdn vien vd bp mdy hdnh chinh Day la dieu de thdy nhat ve cdi cdch hdnh chinh trdn todn cdu Vide tidn hdnh tinh gidn nhdn vidn vd bp mdy trudc tien Id nhdm gidm dp lyc tdi chinh, thdp chi phi bdnh chinh; ridp ddn Id ldm cho bp Thu hai, sy dng hp chinh tri Cdi cdch hdnh chinh khdng don gidn Id "van di ky thudt", md Id mpt vdn dd chinh tri phd-c tap Nhdn dupc sy dng hp lau ddi, cd hidu qud cua chinh trj Id didu kidn cdn thidt cho sy thdnh cdng cda cdi each hdnh chinh cdng LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012 91 Chdng ban, tai nhieu nudc, chuang trinh vc Thir ndm, tac dyng va vai trd cda chinh cai each hanh chinh thudng ca quan quyen dja phuang Kinh nghidm qudc te quycMi luc (qudc hpi) thdng qua, ddng thdi cho thay, cai each hanh chinh, chinh qua trinh thuc bien chuxrng trinh chiu (|uyCMi dia phuang cd vai trd va tdc dyng rdt su giam sat chat die cua ca quan quyen lire quan trpng Rat nhieu each lam mdi vd cai Tliir }ia, \ c tinh noi sinh cua c;ii each Nlm Ciiu cua cai each hanh chinh co the den tir ben ngoai, eung c6 the la den tir ben Doi \oi cac nudc dang phat trien, sue cp eua cong dan \ e su can thiet eiia cai each hanh chinh khdng Idn nen quyet tam chinh tri \ e eai each hanh chinh cua chinh each hanh chinh duac thyc hien cong tren thuc tc la chinh quyen dja phuang khdi xudng, thue bien va tri Vi the, lam the nao de phat huy tinh tich eye va tac dyng cua cap dia phuang cdi each hanh chinh cung la yeu td quan trpng cho sy thiinh cong cua cai each hanh chinh tri gia khdng cao Vi the, d eae nudc dang Thir sdu, van de trach nhidm hanh chinh phat trien phan nhieu nhung ngi dung va Muc dich va yeu cau cua cdi each hanh chinh la lam cho nen hanh chinh thyc hien tdt ban trach nhiem ma nd dam nhdn doi vdi cong dan va xa hpi Cai each khdng phai la lam suy yeu trach nhiem cda chinh phu, cua nen hanh chinh doi vdi cdng dan va xa hpi, ma la thdng qua cai each dd thiet lap moi quan he tot dep giua nen hanh chinh vdi cdng dan \ a lam cho nen hanh chinh thuc hien tdt trach nhidm cda nd doi vdi xa bpi va cdng dan ket qua \ e cai each hanh chinh thudng la sue cp \a su thuc day tu ben ngoai (quoc te) Kinh nghiem ve cai each hanh chinh tu nhung nam 80 cua the ky XX dc'n cho thay, neu thieu hut nhu cau npi sinh va sue ep tu ben thi qua trinh cai each hanh chinh rat kho dat dupc cong, cho du dat dupc cdng thi cung rat kho tri dupc ket qua Do do, nang cao nhan thuc cua cong dan ve tinh tat yeu va nhu cau cua cai each la mpt dieu kien bao dam cho su cdng cai each hanh chinh Thu tu, van de van hda hanh chinh Cai each hanh chinh khdng chi dan gian la vdn de ky thuat va doi mdi ky thuat quan ly, ma cdn la cdng vice rat phuc tap lien quan den doi mdi chinh trj va su thay ddi ve truydn thong van hda Dd lam cho dpi ngu can bp cdng chure cd sy doi mdi can ban ve nhan thd-c vd hanh vi cua minh doi vdi cdng vide, sur menh vd quan be cda nd vdi cdng dan Id mpt vide ddi hdi mot qua trinh rat lau dai va khd khan 92 77j/f liay van de nang lyc hanh chinh Cai each hanh chinh thudng tdn tai mpt nghjch ly: de va thuc hien cdc ndi dung \ e c;ii each hanh chinh bode qudn ly ddi vdi qua trinh cai cdch ddi bdi cao vd ndng luc hanh chinh, ma nhung nudc cd nhu cdu buc thiet nhat vd cdi each bdnh chinh ciing la nhung nudc cd ndng lyc hdnh chinh yeu nhat Vi the, bdi dudng vd ndng cao ndng lyc hdnh chinh khdng cbi Id ndi dung quan ^ trpng cda cdi cdch bdnh chinh, md cdn la bidn phdp quan trpng dd "vuot thodt" khoinghjch ly ndi trdn vd dat dupc sy cdng cdi cdch hdnh cbinb.a LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012 ... dua md hinh quan lieu cua Max Weber nira, ma la mpt he thong phdc hop cua cac co quan hanh chinh Trong nhirng pham vi nhat dinh, cac co quan thuc hien vide cung cap cac san pham va dich vu cdng... dd dupe nudc Anh vd mpt sd nudc phdt tridn thyc hidn d thai ky ddu nhiing 80 cda thd ky XX den Trong thdi ky ndy, nhidu ITnh vyc thude quydn kinh doanh bode quydn sd hliu cda nhd nudc (chdng... quy dinh rniic trdn tidn luong, ngirng cap luong, tien td hda cac khoan trp cdp va phdc lpi khdng Trong cdc ydu td cdu thdnh ndng lyc hanli chinh, ndng lyc hoach djnh chinh sdeh cd vai trd dac bidt