H ^ DONG NAM A - SU LIEU VA VAN DE LUONG NINH N ghien cflu Lich sit va Van hoa Ddng Nam A thdi cd le til nhien la phai dfla vao nhflng ngudn tai lieu khac nhau; etude sur les inscriptions Tai lieu de tha'y, dap vao mat la nhflng ghi chep chfnh thflc, tai chd cua chinh quyen ud chdc sdc bdn dia, dfldng nhien cflng la nhflng tai lieu dang tin cay nha't Dd la nhflng ghi chep tfl thdi xa xfla, tham chf tfl thdi ngfldi ta mdi bat dau cd chfl viet, dflng de viet/khac van bia hoac viet/vach tren la Id ba-la-sa hay la cg, Mud'n sii dung dflcic, lai phai biet dgc Nhan loai mai mai ghi nhan cdng lao cua J Prinsep da giai ma dflde chfl Brahmi (1837) W.Jones da nghien cflu, dgc, dich va phd bien chfl Sanskrit la nhflng van tfl cd An Do (1784) Rdi tfl dd, ta cd hang sach in ban dap, phien am va thif dich van bia; Sau dd, each khdng xa lam, cac dan tdc ban dia Ddng Nam A hgc, sif dung chfl cd An Do da sang tao chfl viet ciia minh nen tie'p theo cflng la cac tai nang va cdng sfle giai ma nhflng chfl viet ban dia ma de'n dd cdn la dieu ky la, bf dn vdi moi ngfldi: a/ E.Aymonier (1883) Quelques notions sur les inscriptions en vieux Khmer hi E Aymonier (J.A.I891) Premiere * GS LUdng Ninh, Vien Khao cd hoc Chames d L.Finot (B.E.1915) Les inscriptions du Musee de Ha noi- Recherches sur la Litterature Laotienne v.v Ve Cambo't, cd: - Georges Coedes; Inscriptions du Cambodge (IC) Vol.1, Hanoi 1937-Vol.IV Pans 1952,Vol.Vin,Paris 1996 R.C M.a}umdaT-Inscriptions of Kambuja, Calcutta, 1953, 558 pages, lisle of 193 inscriptions; Chi gdm mgt sd' bia, trinh bay dfldi dang khac: mgt so' bia cd phan nguyen ban chfl Sanskrit, dich mgt doan, phan ldn la tdm tat ndi dung bia Co mat toi vdi nhflng mud'n tham khao, tra cflu nguyen van Phan; nhflng cac bia hau nhfl deu thie'u phan Khmer cd, thfldng cd khdng it hdn 1/3, ma day lai la phan ndi ve td chflc den, vat cflng, rudng vfldn, nd le, v.v Dfldng nhien, cdng trinh cua G.Coedes ldn hdn ga'p 10 ldn.Theo thd'ng ke, de'n nam 1923: G Coedes& H Parmentier - Inuentaire des inscriptions du Champa et du Cambodge, Hanoi 1923, thi bia Cambdl da cd 565 ban, de'n cd Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 10 ganlOOO ban, bia Champa cd 170 ban, cd hdn 200 ban Ve Champa, co: Rangoon University Press, 1960 - Emil Forchhammer- Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya and Ava, Rangoon, Burma 1899 - A Barth et A Bergaigne- Inscriptions sanskrites du Cambodge et du Campa, J.A 1888; - H.L Shorto, The 32 Myos in the Medieval Mon Kingdom - SOAS London 1963 - Louis Finot Notes Indochinois, Hanoi, 1916, - Halliday; Les inscriptions Siam, BEFEO XXX d'Epigraphie - R, C Majumdar - Champa - Gyan Pubhshing House, New Delhi, 1927 la mgt cdng trinh nghien cflu kha toan dien ve Champa, cd 267 trang, va mdt phan gidi thieu 130 minh van Champa (tr.2270) Van cd mdt dieu ly thfl d tac gia la cac minh van deu cd in phdn chfl Sanskrit, phan gidi thieu ndi dung bdng tie'ng Anh, nhflng khdng cd phdn chfl Cham cd, ndi ve td chflc va ddi sd'ng vat chat cua den Phan gidi thieu tren day cflng cho tha'y mdt ngudn tai lieu khac cua cac hoc gia An Do, chu yeu ciia Majumdar R.C, nhflng de nghien cflu tha'u dao, nha't la ve ddi sd'ng kinh te-xa hdi thi van bia la mdt loai hinh tai lieu quy, tham chf la nha't ve mdt sd' mat ddi sd'ng d mdt so' ndi, nhflng lai chi cd the khai thac dflde qua cac sflu tap van bia ciia cac hgc gia Phap Tiep den nhufng ndi khac: - Epigraphia Birmanica (EB) in Pe Mauntin and Gordon H Luce; Inscriptions of Burma- Oxford University Press 1931,1939,1956.; EB 1-part II: Old Burma-Early Pagan - Pe Maung Tin and Gordon H Luce: The Glass Palace Chronicle' Mon du - E Guillon - Recherches sur quelques inscriptions Mon,BEFEO 1974 - Camille Notion'; Annales du Siam Ini Pans 1926 - Robert Lingat - Chronique du Siam, Hanoi 1932 - Georges Coedes - Receuil des inscriptions du Siam, Bangkok 1924 - Georges Coedes - Les inscriptions malaises de Srivijaya, BEFEO XXX - J Ph Vogel, The earliest inscriptions of Jaua; Oudheidk Dienst Nederl, Indie I, 1925 Tai lieu ghi chep cua ngfldi dfldng thdi, la ban dia hay nflde ngoai - Trong dd phai ke trfldc tien la nhflng ghi chep ctia chfnh sii Trung Hoa Ngfldi Trung Hoa cd thdi quen tfl sdm cif cac phai bd de'n cac nfldc/vflng mien d Ddng Nam A va cac ndi khac, de tim mdi budn ban hay kiem nguyen vat lieu Cac phai bd vfla tuyen truyen/gidi thieu ve "sfl vi dai" cua "thien trieu" va cd le cflng cd ca qua cap la de ldi keo ma ve sau dflde ggi la "thdn phtic, cdng nap", Nhflng phai bd thfldng la nhflng ngfldi cd hoc, di ve thi bao cao ket qua ma cdn ghi chep Luang Ninh - Dong Nam A - sd lieu vd vdn de lai n h a t ky h a n h trinh de lam tai heu cho 11 Cho nen, da cd cac tac gia dfla chu yeu nhflng q u a n he ve sau, rdi trd t h a n h vao nhflng/I/es documents Gungwu The Nanhai cho cac bg chfnh sif ngudn tai nay, of Chinese nhfl Wang Trade-The cua cac vfldng t n e u Cac sif dflng Early cac tai heu dd viel ve ddi ngogi, nhflng ndi South nao t h a n phuc, ndi nao cfl sfl t h a n den Singapore 1998, ndi tie'ng mdt thdi, hay cdng nap, n a m nao, ta lai ndi dd sao, nhfl P Pelliot dich nhflng p h a n lien quan phai n h a n la k h a day du, he tho'ng, ndi tfl Ngd thu den DUdng thU cud'n nao nhieu tai lieu thi cflng viel k h a ky, sach va viet cud'n Le Founan song h a n h vdi thtic luc, ghi chep ve ddi ngi 1903), hay nhfl L Aurousseau dich may sudi chieu dai lich sif, tfl Tan thfl, doan dai cua Thuy kinh chu va Hdn thU Tien Han, H a u H a n thfl, qua Tam Qud'c de t r a n h luan ve nUdc Ldm Ap, chu yeu chf, Ngd thfl T a n thfl (nam 268), Td'ng History lieu China Sea, Trade in the Malaya 1958, (BEFEO vdi G Maspero thfl (Tien Td'ng, 420-478), N a m Te thfl Loai thfl; la h i e n v a t (484), Lfldng thfl (514), Tuy thfl, Cflu a/ TrUdc tien cua hien vat la Tien kim Dfldng thfl Tan Dfldng thfl, Td'ng sif, Tien la bieu hien chan thilc va sinh Nguyen sif, Minh sif, T h a n h sif, cua cac dgng kha nang, trinh trao ddi, budn vfldng trieu tap quyen cflng vdi thdi "Nam ban cua mdt thdi, mdt vflng, ca ky thuat ddi mfldi nflde", cac n h a cflu dfle, trinh va dac diem van boa qua cac thfldng ggi la Nhi thdp td (24) sd Ve mat dd an t r a n g tri, hoa van, nhflng dia diem tai lieu, cac sif dflcic khen, dflcic ndm he thd'ng thfldng mai d nhflng tin cay d mdt so' hgc gia, nhflng mgt so' ndi p h a t hien dflde tien, giflp n h a n biet khac lai ra't che bai, dfla vao mdt so' sai thdi gian kha chinh xac, nhieu cd ca sdt, phi ly, cho la khdng dang tin Nhflng nien dai, ten vua; nghien ghi chep m a n g ddu dc huyen hoac, dai tdc, khdng the khdng cd, nhflng cflng cd la sfl ndng can, kem hieu biet, me tin cua ngfldi thdi a'y, nhflng ndi chung, nhiem vu cua hg la ghi chep nhflng dieu m a t tha'y tai nghe, phdn ldn la trflc tie'p, thflc sti, - Robert S Wicks, Money, Markets Trade in Early Southeast - Philip - Joseph Cowries nhflng ghi chep tfl mdt tha'y tai nghe, sau 1986 hoSc di, thi cdn lai la nhflng sit heu chan thflc cua sfl chflng kien cila ngfldi dfldng The and 1992 Origins of Money, London 1977 nen khdng the khdng suy xet, can nhdc da bdc tach nhflng b a n che, h u y i n Grierson, Asia, N.Y Shell Cribb ed to Credit Money Card, - Walter C Neale, Monies in from London Societies, S Francisco 1976 b/ Tie'p theo la kien true vd nghe thudt thdi cd van boa, mdt ngudn tai lieu quy kien trflc, vfla cd the cho biet trinh ky • hiem khdng the coi nhe, de bd sung cho thuat, vat lieu xay dUng, vfla cho biet ve cac ngudn tai lieu khac nghe thuat TrUdng phdng Khao cd hgc Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 5/2009 12 Trfldng Vien Dong Bac co H P a r m a n t i e r dinh linh tinh, nhUng la mdt giao sU nghe la mgt kien true sfl cd b a n g cap, nen viet t h u a t hgc d Dai hgc P a r i s , nhflng gi dng kien trflc gach C h a m p a r a t cd nghe, vf viet ve nghe t h u a t C h a m p a thi kha nhfl "hang gach xay giat cap the thi Cdng t r i n h cua Ch Higham-£ar/y tiep theo, nd phai udn t h a n h vdm nhfl the Cultures " River Books 2002,375 t r a n g , trinh bay c/ Hien vgt khdo cd hgc cd y nghfa dac biet quan trgng ma cflng da tha'y of Mainland Southeast Asia, Tien sif, Sd sif va sd ky Lich sif Ddng Nam A luc dia dfla tren khao co hgc cd nghe va Hien vat dao d dfldi da't len la mgt loai dang tin cay tai lieu go'c hien nhien, ndi len trinh d/ Ve Ddng N a m A, khdng nen bd qua kinh te (ky t h u a t san xua't), ddi sd'ng (viec nhflng nghien cflu ve ky t h u a t t a u thuyen sif dung, chang h a n bat vang, bac, lfldi vd nghe hdng hdi cudc ddng, t h a n h kiem sat, khac n h a u mdt trdi mdt vfle ve thdi gian va ca khdng gian lich scf) Ddng thdi nd cung xac nhan, cd Kenneth Me P h e r s o n Ocean, A History -The Indian of People and the Sea Oxford New York 1993, 317 trang; hay khong, dung hay sai nhflng truyen ke, ca nhflng dieu ghi chep thfl tich cd; cudc dao d Prome ciia L Beylie xac Cflng khong nen bd qua nhflng va'n de ve ddn cU, tdc ngUdi Va'n de Ngfldi Nam A n h a n den dau, mflc nghe ndi ve t h a n h ud ngUdi Nam Ddo gay bfle xuc va thao thi Sri Ksetra, va cudc dao Beithano cua luan cd de de'n ca the ky XX va sang Janice S t a r g a r d cflng xac n h a n den dau ve the ky XXI van chfla nga ngfl Tdi cd bai t h a n h thi cd tren bd sdng Sittang danh so' Nam A vd Nam Ddo 1,2,3,4,5 dang NCLS va KHXH mien Trung, gidi Hang Idat cudc dao khdo co d U Thong, Khu Bua, Lop Buri, Chansen, C h a i n a t da thieu va'n de, neu v a n de va gia thiet, chd sfl trao ddi tiep, cho tha'y trinh p h a t trien cua luu sdng Me Kdng mdi quan he vdi VUdng qud'c Phfl Nam Cflng n h u cudc dao khao cd khu 15 gom Binh Dinh (Gd Sanh) mdi k h a n g dinh ve mdt t r i n h san xua't gd'm cua vUdng qud'c C h a m p a , the'ky XIV el Nhflng cong t r i n h chuyen biet cung cap nhflng hieu biet chuyen sau, ddi xen lan ca tai lieu gdc, nhflng van ban, hiep dinh, nhflng quyet dinh Vl nhfl J o h n Keay- The Honourable Dieu dd q u a n trgng hien nhien de'n mflc Company: A History of English East India mdt sd' tac gia nghien cflu ve Ddng N a m A Company, d chau Au cflng dan nhieu tai lieu khao cd Campuchia thi khdng the khdng chu y hgc, t h a m chf cdn khoe da t h a m gia euge cdng t r i n h cua B.P Groslier-Pof/r dao nay, khac, cho dang tin, cdng viec Geographic cua dng ta chang dinh dang gi de'n khao cd nhflng bao cao k h a o s a t ciia E.F.E.O ve ca Hoac nhfl J Boisselier chu tri va viet nghieng 30° ctia bd Bien Hd, cd tinh cha't bao cao ve cudc khai q u a t U Thong, doan quyet dinh ca nen kinh te ndng nghiep N.Y 1993, h a y nghien cflu ve historique du Cambodge une va Lucmg Ninh - Dimg Nam A - sd lieu vd vdn de 13 cua xfl sd tfl thdi xa xfla cho de'n ddi ciia h a n g loat qud'c gia sau nd ket nay, nhfl P P a r i s vdi Orientation thflc vai trd alignements des temples Khmers- XLI, 1941, dac biet, Victor VHydraulique Epoque urbaine BEFEO Golubew: et agricole des rois d Angkor et a V Hanoi,1940, B.E.I 1941, 1, hay nhflng cdng trinh cua cac chuyen gia ve "nflde hoac vflng", nhfl ve Thai; P Lefeure Pontalis Thai en Indochine, - T'oung L'Invasion pao, Vol 7,1987 hay Luce G H ve Mien The ancient Pyu Res.Soc 1,1937 Nhflng sach viet can de'n tai lieu gd'c ve M i a n m a khdng bao gid 2- The nhieu, cd nen cat nhd d the'ky X (?) nhflng rdi toi tha'y van la can thiet, la mgt mdc, vdi sfl hinh t h a n h / p h a t trien cua Chan Lap va tgc Khmer, ciia Dvaravati va Haripunjaya ciia ngUdi Mdn d luu Me Nam, cua Sri Ksetra d Trung va lUu Irrawadi va cua Champa Giai doan ket thflc va md vao the ky X vdi sfl xual hien va b a t dau mdi quan he lich sif, nhfl so' p h a n , vang m a t Luce G H ky VII-X: Tdi p h a n van rat la Campuchia, Champa tfl Vijaya va Dai Viet Ddi khi, tdi khong gat Tfl nhflng tai lieu dd, xin thif neu len nhu mdt de xudt ve svC phdn Dong Nam ky Lich sd A Nen nghi them, Tien sti Ddng Nam A viet chung khd lam, vi cd sti khac n h a u ve thdi gian va dac trflng gifla Hai dac vdi Luc dia, gifla nflde vdi nflde khac, chdng b a n nhfl gifla Lae,vdi Thai Lan va cac nflde Tdi lam, chi neu may net ngan ggn rdi chu yeu dfla vao tflng nflde Tfl Lich sfl, cd the cd cac giai doan sau day; 1- The'ky bd khdi suy nghi dau ve Lich sit, nhflng quan he, nhflng duyen phan, ndi theo each cua n h a Phat, tham chi so'phan cua Lich sif 3- The ky X • XIII: Lai mgt sfl chia nhd, nhflng duyen phan ljch sif gi ma nflde manh n h a l Ddng Nam A luc dia, ca toan Ddng Nam A nfla, lai xung dot kich liet vdi n h a u theo tflng ddi, "quan he song phfldng", t r a n h n h a u cai gi de rdi 2/3 nflde, la Campuchia va Champa kiet que, I- VII: Giai doan hinh t h a n h dan rut lui khdi vfl dai, nhflng de lai mgt cac qud'c gia sd ky d ca luc dia va hai dao, lan cudi va vinh vien nhflng di san van dd, Phfl N a m cd vi tri dac biet, thflc hoa qui gia cho n h a n loai te da dflde thfla n h a n ve m a t khoa hgc, la ddu mdi thUdng mgi qudc te, rdng thi cd 4- The'ky XIII-XV ngfldi coi la t r u n g t a m "lien the gidi" y G Coedes binh luan rang "Lich sif the kien thi tuy, toi t a n t h a n h y cua Ch gidi d the ky 13 dien dfldi da'u an cua Higham, mdt n h a khao cd Va'n de thiet ngUdi Mdng Cd Chfl "signe", trfldc day tdi che chinh tri, tdi cho la W Wolters va ca dich la ddu hieu, nghi lai, dich la ddu M Vickery nhin dfldi mdt chau Au, dn, cd ve sat hdn Xin de cho cac nha sif hdi qua, tdi da phe binh va dang viet, ly hgc binh luSn ve y Dfl la gian tiep, giai ro hdn, Chinh nd cdn cd vai trd xuc tac CUOC xam lang ctia ngfldi Mdng Co da lam kinh te va vfin hoa de md dUdng cho sii thay ddi kha nhieu dien mao lich sif d Iflu 14 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 vUc Irrawadi, ca d J a v a , ldn dau tien cd sU mdt kieu ctia ngUdi P h a p , bien soan rieng tac dgng tfl luc dia de'n dao, nha't la cd tflng nflde va de'n Chu nghia Thtic dan thi sfl ddn day, d a n de'n cudc thien di cua chi ke vai t r a n d a n h la coi nhfl da chiem ngUcfiThay / Tay xud'ng lflu viic cac song xong Neu nhfl the thi chi n e n ggi ten sach Me Nam, Me Kdng, ca sdng Da, sfl hinh la "Sd gian Lich sif cac nflde Ddng Nam A", t h a n h cac quo'c gia mdi cua dan ndi tieng Tay d vflng va tflng bfldc t h a m gia vao ddi sd'ng kinh te', van boa, chinh tri mgt each m a n h me khu vilc thflc te cung khdng phai la cac nflde ma la mdt sd' nflde Dd la sfl b a n che cua "thdi dai", cua ban t h a n tdi ve hieu biel, va ve ly luan cua 25 n a m trfldc Den lan gari day, 5- The'ky XV • The ky 15 dang danh mgt chUdng rieng, ndi ve mgt bUdc ngoat cd tfnh chat qui luat, mdt bieu hien duyen phan ciia Lich sii, Che phong kien chau Au khiing hoang va se t a n Che n a m 2006, tai b a n 2007, 08, va dang chudn hi tai ban lan 4, da cd mdt bfldc tien, trinh bay chung lich sif khu vfle t h a n h mgt the thd'ng nha't, theo "lat cat" va theo phong kien d chau A, ca nhflng ndi manh nhflng va'n de gdi md suy nghi, ddi hdi phai nha't cung da cd dau hieu chflng lai va dgc them, Sach gidi thieu nhieu tai lieu chuyen bien Hay la vi nd song da lau, da gd'c, nhfl mgt each gidi thieu phfldng phap gia, de'n day cdn phai "lot da"? Vi loai sif hgc, nhfl cac tai lieu khao cd hgc d Thai ngfldi van cdn, va 1000 n a m chi la 1/1000 Lan, Mianma, Inddnexia, v.v., cac van cua Homo Erectus vk neu so vdi ban, hiep dinh, hda fldc, thoa fldc v.v Hominoid thi lai chi bdng 1/20.000 Tuy nhien, sfl xam n h a p cita chu nghia Sfl bien ddi "lot da" lai bat dau thflc dan dien k h a dai, h a n g the ky, bang sfl p h a t minh ky t h u a t ddng tau phflc tap, thi v a n chfla cd dieu kien dflde cd b a n h lai, la ban, nghe h a n g hai sau chu y, vai trd va tfldng tac cua cac Cdng ty h a n g the ky di ven bien, md mgt qua trinh chinh phuc bien va nhflng mien da't mdi Ai vfldn bien lam chu dflde thi ke ay se thang Cac n h a sit hgc phfldng Tay, bat dau tfl G.Coedes Bd chinh phuc Malaca ldy mdc ndm ldm mdc ket 1511, thuc thdi Cd (Trung dgi), b a t d a u thdi ky mdi thfldng mai/thfle d a n chfla dflde chfl y Day la chd nen bd k h u y e t tfl ve sau M a t khac, dieu kien de bd k h u y e t cflng dflde gia tang Da cd mdt luan an ve lich sit va vai trd cua E.I.C cua Le Thanh Thuy dflde hoan t h a n h , mgt l u a n an khac (Can dai), dflng la mdi, thdi ky Chu nghia ve V.O.C cita H o a n g Anh Tua'n da dflcic Thtic dan- bieu hien ddu tien cua Chii bao ve d Ha Lan, chi gdm mdt phdn nghia Tu ban thdi gian va khdng gian, nhUng cd the bo 6- Chu nghia thilc ddn ngudn goc va sung t h u a n Icii, nghe ndi cung da cd mgt sU xam n h a p Ddng Nam A -TrUdc day, luan an ve C.I.O, nhflng tdi chi mdi nghe bien soan Lich sif Ddng Nam A lan ddu, ndi T a i ca dd la nhflng dieu kien t h u a n ldi nam 1983, Nxb Dai hgc-THCN, toi theo mdi, khong nen bd qua./ ... Mon du - E Guillon - Recherches sur quelques inscriptions Mon,BEFEO 1974 - Camille Notion'; Annales du Siam Ini Pans 1926 - Robert Lingat - Chronique du Siam, Hanoi 1932 - Georges Coedes - Receuil... nhufng ndi khac: - Epigraphia Birmanica (EB) in Pe Mauntin and Gordon H Luce; Inscriptions of Burma- Oxford University Press 1931,1939,1956.; EB 1-part II: Old Burma-Early Pagan - Pe Maung Tin... Rangoon, Burma 1899 - A Barth et A Bergaigne- Inscriptions sanskrites du Cambodge et du Campa, J.A 1888; - H.L Shorto, The 32 Myos in the Medieval Mon Kingdom - SOAS London 1963 - Louis Finot Notes