Stanford biological anthropology the natural history of humankind 4th edition c2017 1

Biological Anthropology The Natural History of Humankind S S SOUTH SUDAN This page intentionally left blank Biological Anthropology The Natural History of Humankind Fourth Edition Craig Stanford University of Southern California John S Allen University of Southern California Susan C Antón New York University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo VP, Product Development: Dickson Musslewhite Publisher: Charlyce Jones-Owen Editorial Assistant: Laura Hernandez Program Team Lead: Maureen Richardson Project Team Lead: Melissa Feimer Program Manager: Rob DeGeorge Project Manager: Cheryl Keenan Art Director: Maria Lange Cover Art: Craig Stanford Director, Digital Studio: Sacha Laustein Digital Media Project Manager: Amanda A Smith Procurement Manager: Mary Fischer Procurement Specialist: Mary Ann Gloriande Full-Service Project Management and Composition:   Lumina Datamatics, Inc./Nancy Kincaid Printer/Binder: RR Donnelley/Kendallville Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Text Font: SabonLTStd 10.5/12 Acknowledgements of third party content appear on page 605, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page DK Maps designed and produced by DK Education, a division of Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL DK and the DK logo are registered trademarks of Dorling Kindersley Limited Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/ PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and REVEL are exclusive trademarks in the U.S and/or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Names: Stanford, Craig B (Craig Britton) | Allen, John S (John Scott) | AntÓn, Susan C Title: Biological anthropology : the natural history of humankind / Craig Stanford, University of Southern California, John S Allen, University of Southern California Susan C Anton, New York University Description: Fourth edition | Boston : Pearson, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015030804 | ISBN 9780134005690 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Physical anthropology–Textbooks Classification: LCC GN25 S73 2017b | DDC 599.9–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015030804 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Student ISBN 10: 0-13-400569-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-400569-0 A la Carte ISBN 10: 0-13-432385-8 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-432385-5 “To all our students, past and present, and to our long time publisher Nancy Roberts.” Brief Contents Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology? PART I  Mechanisms of Evolution Origins of Evolutionary Thought Genetics: Cells and Molecules Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability 13 35 68 96 121 PART II  Primates The Primates Primate Behavior 160 PART III  Paleontology and Primate Evolution Fossils in Geological Context Origin of Primates 226 202 260 PART IV The Human Fossil Record 10 Early Hominins 291 11 Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo331 12 Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals 370 13 The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens406 PART V New Frontiers in Biological Anthropology 14 Evolution of the Brain and Language 15 Biomedical Anthropology 16 The Evolution of Human Behavior 17 Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology iv 439 467 497 526 Contents Prefacexi About the Authors Introduction What Is Biological Anthropology? xviii Anthropology and Its Subfields Foundation | The Subfields of Anthropology The Scope of Biological Anthropology Paleoanthropology5 Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology Paleopathology and Bioarchaeology Forensic Anthropology Primatology8 Human Biology The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology 10 Summary • Review Questions • Key Terms PART I  Mechanisms of Evolution Origins of Evolutionary Thought 13 What Is Science? The Early Thinkers The Roots of Modern Science Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life 15 16 16 18 The Road to the Darwinian Revolution 19 Comte de Buffon  •  Georges Cuvier  •  Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire  •  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell The Darwinian Revolution The Galápagos Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 21 22 25 Alfred Russel Wallace Insights and Advances: Darwin versus Wallace? The Response to Darwin Science and Creationism 28 30 31 Insights and Advances: What Is Intelligent Design? 32 Summary • Review Questions • Key Terms Genetics: Cells and Molecules 35 Genetics37 The Study of Genetics 37 38 Genetic Metaphors: Blueprints, Recipes, or What? The Cell 39 Cell Anatomy 40 Insights and Advances: Cloning Controversies DNA Structure and Function DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level 42 43 43 DNA Function I: Replication DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division 44 45 50 Mitosis Innovations: The Wide World of RNA 54 Insights and Advances: Biochemical Individuality 56 Meiosis  • Different Kinds and Numbers of Chromosomes  •  Chromosomal Abnormalities Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research Indirect versus Direct Research Methods PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA 59 59 61 Mitochondrial DNA  • Ancient DNA Summary • Review Questions • Key Terms Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype 68 From Genotype to Phenotype 70 The ABO Blood Type System 71 Obesity: A Complex Interaction 71 Mendelian Genetics 73 75 Mendel’s Postulates Linkage and Crossing Over 77 Mutation77 79 Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease Insertion and Deletion Mutations 80 Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good 81 X-Linked Disorders 83 Mendelian Genetics in Humans 83 Genetics beyond Mendel 85 Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment 87 Insights and Advances: Popular Mendelism and the Shadow of Eugenics Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts Innovations: A New Genetic Era Genes and Environments 88 90 90 91 93 Summary • Review Questions • Key Terms The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species How Evolution Works Where Does Variation Come From? How Natural Selection Works Other Ways by Which Evolution Happens 96 97 97 98 99 Gene Flow  •  Genetic Drift  •  Sexual Selection: Darwin’s Other Great Idea Classification and Evolution Taxonomy and Speciation 105 105 v Genetics: Cells and Molecules 63 Figure 2.20  Schematic map of the human mitochondrial genome D-Loop Human Mitochondrial Genome 16,569 base pairs in total Complex I genes (NADH dehydrogenase) Complex III genes (ubiquinol: cytochrome c oxidoreductase) Transfer RNA genes Complex IV genes (cytochrome c oxidase) Complex V genes (ATP synthase) Ribosomal RNA genes clonally from generation to generation Second, mtDNA is passed on only through the mother because an offspring’s mtDNA comes from the mitochondria floating in the cytoplasm of the egg The mitochondria of the sperm are concentrated in the tail region of the cell and are not injected into the egg with the nuclear DNA at fertilization All of your mtDNA came from your mother, and if you are a male, you are an mtDNA evolutionary dead end The Y chromosome acts as the male version of the mtDNA: It undergoes minimal recombination and is passed on only through males It is also being used in evolutionary studies of populations Ancient DNA  Bones as old as 100,000 years can yield DNA PCR is essential for recovering ancient DNA sequences, as the DNA in bone is often fragmentary or degraded In general, it is easier to amplify mtDNA rather than nuclear DNA There are thousands of copies of mtDNA per cell, thus there are potentially many more ­individual copies of mtDNA than nuclear DNA in bony remains, which may be used as a ­target for amplification (Figure 2.21 on page 64) However, recent advances in molecular ­techniques make it possible to recover not only mtDNA but nuclear DNA sequences as well For example, in looking at the ancient DNA of extinct relatives of humans, the sequencing of the entire human genome provides a comparative ­database 64  Chapter Figure 2.21  Recovery process of ancient DNA 1) Excavation of bone 2) Selection of sample Tooth Intact bone fragment (Clean and dry conditions) 0.5–1.0 grams of sample sufficient 3) Clean and grind sample: removal of surface or drill into bone 4) Chemicals and enzymes applied to extract fragmentary DNA 5) PCR-primers selected to amplify relatively short (