Chapter 01: General Concepts Liebgott: The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry, 4th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE “Anatomy” comes from Greek root words that mean .” a “study of the body b “to classify c “to cut up d “study of movement e “replica of the gods ANS: C To cut up Anatomy is derived from two Greek root words that mean “to cut up.” The term applied to the study of human form and structure as seen with the naked eye is a gross anatomy b neuroanatomy c imaging anatomy d cellular analysis e physical examination ANS: A Gross anatomy Gross anatomy is the study of human form and structure as seen with the naked eye The study of details of anatomical structure to the level of basic tissue and cell architecture is a neurology b regional anatomy c microbiology d immunology Test Bank for The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry 4th Edition By Liebgott e histology ANS: E Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Histology Histology is the study of details of human tissue as seen through a microscope, ranging from basic tissue and cell architecture to ultrastructural elements of tissues and cells Noninvasive study of living subjects as revealed by radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography is a surface anatomy b imaging anatomy c neuroanatomy d gross anatomy e X-ray studies ANS: B Imaging anatomy Imaging anatomy is the noninvasive study of living or dead subjects by conventional radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography Which connective tissue contains chondroblasts and has no neurovascular elements? a Blood vessels b Bone c Ligaments d Cartilage e Muscle ANS: D Cartilage Cartilage is the supporting connective tissue consisting of cells (chondroblasts, which give rise to chondrocytes) There are no neurovascular elements within cartilage In its early stages, the fetal skeleton consists primarily of _ a sesamoid bone b cartilage c short bone d condyle e epicondyle ANS: B Cartilage During early development, most of the fetal skeleton is present as cartilage Calcification is a characteristic of _ a cartilage b muscle c vessels d nerves e bone ANS: E Bone The intercellular matrix of bone becomes calcified for rigidity and strength Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Which of the following statements is true about bone? a Interstitial growth is not possible, and appositional growth takes place only below b c d e the covering periosteal layer Periosteum consists of an outer layer of osteoblasts and a fibrous inner layer Blood cells are formed in the fibrous outer layer White blood cells and phosphorus are stored in bone All of the above ANS: A Because of bone’s rigid structure, interstitial growth is not possible Appositional growth takes place only below the covering layer of bone Periosteum consists of a fibrous outer layer and an inner layer of osteoblasts Blood cells are formed in bone marrow Diploë is found in _ a long bones b short bone c condyles d epicondyles e flat bones ANS: E Flat bones Flat bones consist of a sandwich: two layers of compact bone encasing a cancellous layer called the diploë 10 The rounded end of a bone with a smooth articular surface covered by cartilage is _ a epicondyle b sesamoid c condyle d trochanter e crest ANS: C Condyle The condyle the rounded or widened end of aBasis bone with a smooth articular surface covered by cartilage The Testis Bank for The Anatomical of Dentistry 4th Edition By Liebgott epicondyle is a ridge of bone above the condyle that provides muscle attachment Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 11 The malleolus is found on bones of the a upper arm b leg c thigh d shoulder e skull ANS: B Leg The malleoli are two bony prominences found on bones of the leg that serve to bind the lower leg to the ankle Malleoli are not found on any other bones 12 A gently rounded depression in bone that may provide space for muscles or a concave area for joint surfaces is a _ a foramen b fissure c fossa d sesamoid e tubercle ANS: C Fossa Fossa is a gently rounded depression that in some cases provides space for muscles and in other cases denotes the smooth concave area for joint surfaces 13 Foramen ovale and foramen magnum both describe which feature of bone? a A notch in the end of a bone b An elongated space between two bones c A rounded depression that provides space for muscle d A raised process or ridge e A hole for nerves and vessels to pass through ANS: E A hole for nerves and vessels to pass through Foramen is a hole in the bone that allows structures such as nerves and vessels to pass through 14 Which of the following statements is FALSE? a A joint is an articulation between two or more bones b Amphiarthrodial joints allow partial movement c Joints may be composed of fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or a combination d e of both All joints allow some movement A syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint ANS: D All of the statements are true, except D Synarthrodial joints allow no movement between the bones they unite Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 15 The peg-and-socket articulation between the roots of teeth and the maxillary or mandibular alveolar process is what type of joint? a Syndesmosis b Gomphosis c Suture d Diarthrodial e None of the above ANS: B Gomphosis A gomphosis joint is in the form of a peg-and-socket articulation between the roots of teeth and the maxillary or mandibular alveolar process 16 The temporomandibular joint is an example of a _ a fibrous joint containing a disc b fibrous joint without a disc c cartilaginous joint d synovial joint containing a disc e symphysis joint ANS: D Synovial joint A synovial joint is freely movable Some synovial joints contain discs interposed between articular surfaces The temporomandibular joint is an example of a synovial joint containing a disc 17 A freely moveable shoulder is an example of a _ a ball-and-socket multiaxial joint b hinge joint c uniaxial joint d plane joint e condyloid joint ANS: A Ball-and-socket multiaxial joint.for A ball-and-socket multiaxial joint one bony4th surface that is By ball-shaped and a second surface Test Bank The Anatomical Basis ofhas Dentistry Edition Liebgott that is a reciprocal socket, which allows movement in all planes The shoulder is an example of a ball-and-socket multiaxial joint Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 18 The three types of muscle tissue in the body are a temporalis, cardiac, and striated b skeletal, striated, and cardiac c cardiac, smooth, and fibrous d smooth, fibrous, and temporalis e skeletal, smooth, and cardiac ANS: E Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac The three types of muscle tissue in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Skeletal muscle is also known as striated because it appears striped in a histological section 19 Muscles that encircle openings, such as the eye and mouth, and can open or close the opening are called _ muscles a pennate b sphincter c parallel d fusiform e converging ANS: B Sphincter Sphincter muscles encircle openings, such as the eye and mouth, and may contract to close the opening Pennate muscle is structured for power In fusiform muscle, the fibers converge at both origin and insertion 20 A contraction of skeletal muscle that contracts or tenses the muscle but produces no movement is characterized as _ a antagonistic b isotonic c prime d isometric e synergistic ANS: D Isometric Isometric contractions of skeletal muscle contract or tense the muscle but produce no movement An example is tensing the stomach muscles Isotonic contractions produce actual movement around a joint 21 Which of the following is TRUE about smooth muscle? a Smooth muscle lacks the striations of skeletal muscle b Smooth muscle cells are long and tapered c Generally smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow viscera and tubes d Hollow organs, such as the gallbladder, contain smooth muscle e All of the above ANS: E All of the statements are true about smooth muscle Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 22 An anatomical system consisting of fluid, a pump, and a system to transport fluid is best described as the system a nervous b musculoskeletal c cardiovascular d genitourinary e pulmonary ANS: C Cardiovascular The cardiovascular system consists of a quantity of fluid, a pump (the heart), and a series of tubes (veins, arteries, and capillaries) that contain the fluid 23 Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia are terms used to describe which structure? a Blood vessels b Brain c Lung d Smooth muscle e Cartilage ANS: A Blood vessels Most blood vessels consist of three coats, or tunics Tunica intima is the innermost coat, tunica media is the middle coat, and tunica adventitia is the outer layer 24 The exchange of gases and metabolites takes place between blood and other tissues via _ a arteries b veins c arterioles d ventricles e capillaries ANS: E Capillaries Capillaries large that accommodate volumes of 4th blood The exchange of gases and metabolites Testform Bank fornetworks The Anatomical Basislarge of Dentistry Edition By Liebgott takes place through the endothelial barrier of capillaries, not through veins and arteries Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 25 Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular system is FALSE? a Each vein has a companion artery b Venules drain capillary beds and coalesce with one another to form veins c Generally, arteries have thicker walls than veins d Blood leaves the heart via arteries and returns via veins e All of the above statements are false ANS: A Veins generally accompany arteries, but in some instances veins are found without companion arteries All of the other statements are true 26 During fetal development, CO2/O2 exchange takes place at the a heart b lungs c brain d liver e placenta ANS: E Placenta During fetal development, the lungs are not functioning CO2/O2 exchange takes place at the placenta 27 Which of the following statements best describes changes in the newborn circulation system at birth? a Few substantive changes take place at birth The circulation system is nearly b c d e complete in the 8th month of the mother’s pregnancy Various fetal veins and arteries close spontaneously and eventually undergo fibrosis, thus closing off fetal shunts between arterial and venous circuits The major fetal shunts remain open for few days after birth until the newborn’s lungs are fully functioning The umbilical vein and umbilical artery continue to function for some days after birth and then eventually become thrombosed None of the above is true ANS: B Various fetal veins and arteries close spontaneously The lungs expand and begin to function at birth Spontaneously the ductus arteriosus closes and eventually undergoes fibrosis Similarly the ductus venosus is obliterated, thus closing off the three major fetal shunts between the arterial and venous circuits The umbilical vein and arteries become thrombosed when the umbilical cord is cut Pressure in the left atrium increases and closes the flaplike foramen ovale, which becomes fused after time 28 Two types of lymphocytes present in the lymph are a B cells and erythrocytes b T cells and leukocytes c erythrocytes and leukocytes d B cells and T cells e T cells and erythrocytes ANS: D B cells and T cells Lymph contains two types of lymphocytes—B cells and T cells B cells mature in bone marrow and are carried by the blood to the lymph nodes T cells mature in the thymus gland and are carried by the blood to the lymph nodes Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 29 Large groupings of lymph nodes are located in the a leg and forearm b axilla and groin c intestines and stomach d mandible e esophagus ANS: B Axilla and groin Lymph nodes are found in groups throughout the body, but two particularly large groupings are in the axilla and groin 30 Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? a Drainage of tissue fluid and protein back to the blood venous system b Conduction of fat from the intestines to the blood venous system c Manufacture of erythrocytes d Manufacture of antibodies e Proliferation and circulation of lymphocytes ANS: C Manufacture of erythrocytes All of the aforementioned are functions of the lymphatic system, except for C Erythrocytes are produced in the marrow of long bones 31 Which of the following is the best general description of the purpose of the nervous system? a To regulate body temperature b To produce fundamental body components, such as blood cells c To combat invasive foreign tissues d To integrate and interpret stimuli and direct the body to respond in the appropriate e manner To facilitate healing after an organ has been damaged ANS: D Test Bank for The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry 4th Edition By Liebgott Integrate and interpret stimuli and direct the body to respond in the appropriate manner The human nervous system is a complex and specialized system thatfile reacts the external and internal environment by integrating and interpreting incoming stimuli and Full at to https://TestbankDirect.eu/ directing the body to respond in the appropriate manner 32 The two types of cells that populate the nervous system are _ a neurons and neuroglia b micron and neuron c leukocyte and micron d neuroglia and dermis e leukocyte and erythrocyte ANS: A Neurons and neuroglia Neuroglia and neurons are the primary cells of the nervous system Leukocytes and erythrocytes are blood cells 33 The nervous system components that occur at the intercellular junctions of nerve processes or between nerve processes and cells of effector organs are _ a proteins b neuroglia c axons d synapses e dendrites ANS: D Synapses Synapses occur at the intercellular junctions of nerve processes or between nerve processes and cells of effector organs Neuroglia are nonreactive nerve cells 34 Which of the following is true statements about neuroglia? a Neuroglia are nonreactive cells that fulfill a supportive role b Neuroglia maintains homeostasis in the extracellular environment c Neuroglia are a primary component of the nervous system d Neuroglia electrically insulate nerve processes from each other e All of the above are true ANS: E Statements A through D are true about neuroglia 35 Neuronal bodies that are grouped and found in the central part of the spinal cord, on the surfaces of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, and scattered throughout the central nervous system are called a myelin b gray matter c ganglions d neurons e axons ANS: B Gray matter Gray matter is the term for neuronal bodies that are grouped and found in the central part of the spinal cord, on the surfaces of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, and scattered throughout the central nervous system Neurons are nerve cells Ganglia are collections of neuronal cell bodies that are outside of the central nervous system Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 36 The component of the nervous system that contains the brain and the spinal cord is the nervous system a peripheral b somatic c efferent d afferent e central ANS: E Central The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord The peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves outside of the central nervous system 37 The somatic nervous system controls which activities? a Involuntary smooth muscle or glandular tissue activities b Minute-to-minute vegetative functional activities of glands c Voluntary and reflex skeletal muscle activities d Reactions to emergency situations e All of the above ANS: C Voluntary and reflex activities The somatic nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and reflex activities The visceral (autonomic) nervous system controls involuntary smooth muscle, minute-to-minute functions of glands, and reactions to emergency situations 38 Axons that carry impulses TOWARD the CNS or higher centers are a neurotransmitters b afferent fibers c ganglia d efferent fibers e neurilemma ANS: B Test Bank for The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry 4th Edition By Liebgott Afferent fibers Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS or toward higher centers They also are referred to as sensory or ascendingFull fibers Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 39 Axons that carry impulses AWAY from the CNS to muscles and glands are _ a neurotransmitters b afferent fibers c ganglia d efferent fibers e neurilemma ANS: D Efferent fibers Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands They also are referred to as motor or descending fibers Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS 40 General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feature primary, secondary, and tertiary _ a axons b neurons c efferent fibers d viscera e neurilemma ANS: B Neurons General sensory pathways feature three sets of neurons—primary, secondary, and tertiary The tertiary neurons synapse with neurons in the sensory cortex of the brain 41 The sympathetic division of the visceral (autonomic) nervous system is _ a necessary to sustain life b concerned with minute-to-minute control of activities of glands c responsible for controlling the heart and opening gut sphincters d expendable and may be cut with no loss of life e none of the above ANS: D The sympathetic division of the visceral nervous system is expendable and may be cut with no loss of life The parasympathetic division is necessary to sustain life and is concerned with minute-to-minute control of the viscera and glands 42 How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? a b c d 12 e 31 ANS: D 12 There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which originate in the brain Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 43 How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? a b c d 12 e 31 ANS: E 31 There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves 44 The trigeminal nerve, which innervates the face and scalp, is a _ a cranial nerve b spinal nerve c splanchnic nerve d ganglion e glossopharyngeal nerve ANS: A Cranial nerve The face and anterior scalp are innervated largely by the trigeminal nerve, which is cranial nerve V 45 The moist internal lining of the gut, the respiratory tract, and the genitourinary tract is _ a skin b mucous membrane c epidermis d dermis e all of the above ANS: B Mucous membrane The linings of the gut, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract are mucous membrane, which is kept moist by mucous glands Skin is external, not internal, lining Epidermis and dermis are layers within skin Test Bank for The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry 4th Edition By Liebgott 46 Skin color is controlled by the amount of _ in the skin a epidermis Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ b dermis c hair d mucous e melanin ANS: E Melanin Skin color varies from pale to dark, depending on the amount of melanin present 47 The underlying connective tissue layer of skin is the _ a epidermis b membrane c dermis d thick skin e thin skin ANS: C Dermis Dermis is the underlying connective tissue layer of skin Epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of skin 48 Skin that covers the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet and is devoid of hair is a thick skin b thin skin c mucous membrane d dermis e transitional skin ANS: A Thick skin Thick skin covers the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet It is devoid of hair, and its surface is ridged for protection against wear Thin skin covers the remainder of the body 49 Skin produces _ when exposed to sunlight a vitamin C b adipose tissue c vitamin D d subcutaneous tissue e hair ANS: C Vitamin D Vitamin D production takes place in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight 50 Which of the following statements is true about fascia? a Two basic layers are superficial and deep fascia b There is no clear demarcation between fascia and dermis c It contains collagenous and elastic fibers d It may contain deposits of water and fat e All of the above are true ANS: E All of the above statements are true Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/