Test bank for criminological theory a brief introduction 4th edition by miller

Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Table of Contents Chapter – Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview [page 79] Chapter – Classical and Neoclassical Criminology [page 89] Chapter – Biosocial Theories of Crime [page 99] Chapter – Psychological Theories of Crime [page 109] Chapter – The Social Ecology of Crime [page 119] Chapter – Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of Crime [page 128] Chapter – Strain Theories of Crime [page 138] Chapter – Control Theories of Crime [page 147] Chapter – Theories of Social Conflict [page 157] Chapter 10 – Evaluating and Integrating Theory [page 167] Answer Key [page 144] Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ CHAPTER Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview Chapter Multiple Choice How is criminology different from criminal justice science as a field of study? a Criminology, by definition, is focused on the making of and breaking of laws b Criminologists have less disagreements among themselves c Criminal justice is less focused on finding “solutions” to the crime problem d Criminal justice always defines criminal behavior differently Answer: A Objective: The role of criminology in the field Page number: Level: Basic Contemporary criminology began during what time period? a The time of ancient Babylonia b The Code of Hammurabi time period c The late 18th century age of Enlightenment d The late 20th century Answer: C Objective: History of criminology Page number: Level: Basic Which philosophers emphasized free will over blind faith and superstition? a Rousseau b Voltaire c Locke d All of the above Answer: D Objective: History of criminology Page number: Level: Basic What type of justice system existed prior to an emphasis on reasoning in the evolution of criminology? a Communal warfare Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ b Family-revenge model c Paid policing model d International law Answer: B Objective: Ancient times of crime Page number: Level: Basic Which group believed that isolation, labor, and Bible reading would result in repentance, or rehabilitation? a The ancient Babylonians b Philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke c Those early Americans who held the Salem Witch Trials d Philadelphia Quakers Answer: D Objective: History of criminology Page number: Level: Intermediate Which historical legacy of the Classical School continues to push for the achievement of deterrence as an objective of the criminal justice system? a Neoclassicism b The Enlightenment c Positivism d Determinism Answer: A Objective: Classical school Page number: Level: Basic Which of the following is an example of a principle underlying the concept of deterrence? a Certainty b Severity c Celerity d All of the above Answer: D Objective: Deterrence theory Page number: Level: Basic Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Determinism takes the position that human behavior may be caused by biological, psychological, and/or factors a spiritual b environmental c labor market d decision making Answer: B Objective: Assumptions of criminology theories Page number: Level: Intermediate During what time period did the Chicago School begin to influence criminological thought? a 1880–1889 b 1900–1919 c 1920–1940 d 1950–1960 Answer: C Objective: Chicago School Page number: Level: Intermediate 10 Which of the following concerns the process of actually identifying how you are going to measure theoretical concepts? a Conceptualization b Operationalization c Characterization d All of the above Answer: B Objective: Theory testing Page number: 6-7 Level: Basic 11 Criminality refers to the of offending among and between social groups a extent and frequency b individual differences c constant patterns d definitions Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer: A Objective: Criminology Page number: Level: Intermediate 12 Which of the following is an example of a research question that primarily addresses the dependent variable of criminality, not locale? a Why are rates of gun ownership and crime more correlated in Southern states? b Why is there more homicide in Memphis than in Phoenix? c Why are males more criminal than females? d Why does crime itself exist? Answer: C Objective: Theory testing Page number: Level: Difficult 13 Correlation speaks to the _ of two variables, or the direction and strength of fluctuation in a dependent variable by an independent variable a spuriousness b covariance c constant influence d sequence Answer: B Objective: Theory testing Page number: Level: Intermediate 14 Which of the following statements would represent an example of where a positive correlation would most typically be found? a A social group’s level of drug use and level of involvement in crime b A social group’s level of educational attainment and level of involvement in crime c The minimal impact of a gang awareness program in preventing gang membership d The change in crime rates due to changes in locale Answer: A Objective: Theory testing Page number: Level: Difficult 15 Criminology is focused on: Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ a the actual practices of law enforcement, legal processes, and corrections b extensive forensic lab testing to understand criminals and crime c overseeing the operations and organization of the criminal justice system d understanding the various causes of crimes Answer: D Objective: Goals of criminology Page number: Level: Difficult 16 Of the following, which is most likely to make a theory scientific? a Well-conceptualized variables b Explainable opinions c Falsifiable statements d Consistent premises Answer: C Objective: Page number: Level: Difficult 17 Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements required for causation in the context of scientific theorizing? a Appropriate locale for locating a sample to study b Logical basis for believing a causal relationship exists c A time sequence of cause and effect elements c Correlation, indicating strength and direction of influence Answer: A Objective: Assessing theory Page number: Level: Intermediate 18 Which of the following make up the criteria necessary to be met in order for a program, treatment modality, or practice to be considered evidence based? a Causality, lack of spurious, logical based b Previous implementation and delivery, scientific evaluation finding effectiveness, successful replication c Logical based, fair, successful replication d Temporal order, logical based, lack of spurious Answer: B Objective: Evidence-based Practice Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page number: 10 Level: Intermediate 19 Micro-level is to macro-level as: a culture is to structure b culture is to subculture c individual is to society d positive is to negative Answer: C Objective: Applying theory Page number: Level: Intermediate 20 Durkheim and Parsons are attributed to the development of which theoretical perspective? a Symbolic interactionism b Functionalism c Classicism c Neoconservatism Answer: B Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime Page number: Level: Basic 21 Which sociological perspective has conditioned criminology in ways where looking at value conflicts and inequalities are seen as fruitful? a Functionalism b Conflict c Interactionism d Egalitarianism Answer: B Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime Page number: Level: Basic 22 Marxist and feminist criminology have been most conditioned by which sociological perspective? a Functionalism b Conflict Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ c Interactionism d Egalitarianism Answer: B Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime Page number: Level: Basic 23 Much criminological theorizing generates what kind of research? a Basic b Pure c Advanced d Applied Answer: D Objective: Purpose of criminology Page number: Level: Basic 24 Which of the following perspectives has influenced several theories including learning theory, reintegrative shaming, and routine activities theory? a Symbolic interactionism b Functionalism c Conflict d Realism Answer: A Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime Page number: Level: Basic 25 What does theory provide students investigating crime? a Provides a scientific orientation for studying crime b Grounds modes of inquiry into systematic analysis c Identifies cause and effect relationships d All of the above Answer: D Objective: Purpose of theory Page number: Level: Basic Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Chapter True-False Trial by battle and trial by ordeal both were vested in the spiritual notion of divine intervention a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Evolution of criminology Page number: Level: Basic The first dominant paradigm in American criminology was Neoclassicism a TRUE b FALSE Answer: FALSE Objective: Classical School over time Page number: Level: Basic Determinism assumes that the causes of behavior can be identified and that they can enable predictions about behavioral outcomes that will be likely to occur given certain conditions a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Positive School of crime Page number: Level: Intermediate The Chicago School is most known for its development of the social ecology model of thought a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Social Ecology Page number: Level: Basic A dependent variable is the cause while an independent variable is the effect a TRUE b FALSE Answer: FALSE 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Objective: Components of Theory Page number: Level: Basic Crime rates, as distinguished from criminality, denote the level of crime in a given locale a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Criminal Justice System and Criminology Page number: Level: Intermediate A correlation that is near zero indicates a weak relationship between the independent and dependent variable(s) a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Assessing theory Page number: Level: Difficult Spuriousness is something that scientific theories strive to avoid a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Assessing theory Page number: Level: Intermediate A micro-level theory usually focuses on demographic compositional differences (e.g., age, gender, and ethnic composition) more so than a macro-level theory a TRUE b FALSE Answer: FALSE Objective: Application of theory Page number: Level: Difficult 10 Learning theory is derived from the social conflict perspective a TRUE b FALSE 11 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer: FALSE Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime theories Page number: Level: Basic 11 The correlation between two variables can be positive or negative a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Components of Theory Page number: Level: Intermediate 12 As defined by Cressey (1978) criminology is focused on the processes of making and breaking laws a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Comparing criminology and criminal justice Page number: Level: Basic 13 Showing that the independent variable occurred prior to the dependent variable is NOT necessary to prove causality a TRUE b FALSE Answer: FALSE Objective: Analysis of research Page number: Level: Difficult 14 Evidence-based practice is a concept that entails scientific research and has emerged in recent years in applied fields such as criminal justice a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Criminology or criminal justice research Page number: 10 Level: Basic 15 Research-practitioner partnerships are argued to be mutually beneficial and are necessary to demonstrate effectiveness and accountability 12 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ a TRUE b FALSE Answer: TRUE Objective: Direction of Criminology and Criminal Justice System Page number: 10 Level: Intermediate Chapter Fill in the Blank Trial by battle and trial by ordeal are examples of solutions to feuds and represent the _ _ of justice Answer: family-revenge model Objective: Evolution of Criminology Page: Level: Intermediate _ involves the sacrifice of some personal freedom by endorsement of governmental law enforcement in exchange for protection and benefit of all Answer: social contract Objective: Enlightenment Period Page: Level: Intermediate _ focuses on the process of making and breaking laws Answer: Criminology Objective: Goals and purpose Page number: Level: Basic The _ era focused on free will versus demonic possession when discussing the reasons for crime Answer: Enlightenment (also acceptable: Classical) Objective: History of criminology Page number: Level: Basic The Chicago school perspective and researchers such as Shaw and McKay, Merton and Sutherland established a paradigm that linked causes of crime to the Answer: environment Objective: Chicago School 13 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page: Level: Difficult The notions of the classical school were later revised by legal reformers and this came to be known as Answer: neoclassicism Objective: Classical School over time Page number: Level: Difficult Cesare Lombroso illustrated a _ in his work which was associated with determinism Answer: criminal type (also acceptable: born criminal) Objective: Positive School of Crime Page: Level: Intermediate _ is the foremost dependent variable in criminology Answer: Crime (acceptable variations include Criminal offending, Delinquency, Crime involvement) Objective: Research in criminology and criminal justice Page number: Level: Basic The functionalist perspective contends social order is realized because people reach an agreement on what behaviors that they deem are acceptable, otherwise known as _ Answer: general normative consensus Objective: Leading perspectives of social life Page number: Level: Difficult 10 takes the position that human behavior is caused by factors specific to the individual, such as biological and psychological issues Answer: Determinism Objective: Positive School of Crime Page number: Level: Basic Chapter Matching Match the word listed in Column to its description in Column 14 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Column 1 Criminologists Criminal Justice Criminality Criminology Column a Focused on the process of making and breaking laws b Seek to understand how the creation of criminal law defines misbehavior and concerned with various causes of crime c Denotes the extent and frequency of offending by a societal group, such as the young, minorities, non-citizens, etc d Concerned with the actual practices of law enforcement, legal process , and corrections *b *c *c *a Objective: Differentiating between criminal justice and criminology Page number: 1, Level: Basic Match the perspectives listed in Column to its description in Column Column 1 Classical School Determinism Chicago School Positivism Column a Emphasized human behavior is caused by factors specific to the individual b Emphasized application of scientific method by stressing the identification of patterns and consistencies in observable facts c Emphasized relationships between criminal behavior and punishment d Demonstrated crime is product of social ecology *c *a *d *b Objective: Learning the evolution of criminology Page number: Level: Intermediate Match the terms listed in Column to its description in Column Column 1 Correlation Column a Identifying measurable indicators for variables Operationalization b Something that varies and is not constant, typically termed causes and effects c Systematic explanation composed of statements indicating an outcome’s causal and associated elements d Presence of a relationship between observable Theory Variables 15 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ phenomena *d *a *c *b Objective: Understanding the nature of theories Page number: 5, Level: Basic Chapter Essay Describe how classical and positive schools of criminology perspectives differ from one another Answer: • Free will versus scientific determinism: o The Classical School said that people have free will and the ability to choose behavior through reason o Positive School said that behavior is caused by biological, psychological, and sociological forces outside of a person’s control • Punishment (deterrence) versus treatment (rehabilitation): The classical school used swift, certain, and sufficiently harsh punishment to deter people from committing crimes The positive school used treatment to rehabilitate the person • Study of criminal law versus study of individual offender: The classical school focuses on preventing crime and promoting justice The positive school focuses on the causes of crime and the medical, psychological, and social characteristics of individual offenders o The classical school made legal reforms and developed a criminal code o The positive school produced indeterminate sentencing and parole boards Objective: Learn and understand the different approaches between the Positive and Classical Schools of Crime Page number: 2-5 Level: Intermediate Describe the four main components necessary to demonstrate causality? Answer: • Correlation—causal factors and the events or things to be explained should accompany one another • Temporal order—causal factors must be temporarily prior to the event or things they explain • Non-spurious—Associations between a hypothetical causal factor and the events or things must not be due to other factors • Logical basis—Sound reasoning for proposed theory or causal relationship 16 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Objective: Understanding causality between components within theory Page number: 7-8 Level: Intermediate Compare and contrast micro and macro-level explanations for crime giving examples of both Answer: • Micro-level theory focuses on individual and small-group behavior (ex Face-to-face interaction) • Macro-level theory looks to the structural properties of society (ex Social inequality, culture, and demographic characteristics) Objective: Identifying the different levels crime is studied and researched Page number: Level: Intermediate What is the role of criminological theory for research purposes? Can theoretical explanations be integrated/combined to better explain criminal behavior? Answer: • Defines some part of the social world as problematic, deserving of study • Specifies certain questions for study • Provides answers to questions • Includes empirical tests of theory (research) • Suggests directions for social policy based on theory and research Objective: Learning the purpose of research and study of criminology Page number: 5, Level: Difficult Chapter Critical Thinking/Discussion Questions The textbook explained that theory and research are inextricably linked with criminal justice policy Explain this relationship by discussing one specific theory and one policy implication that can be drawn from that theory Answer: • Provides a scientific orientation to the phenomena of crime • Grounds several styles of inquiry in a logic of systematic analysis • Relationships between causes and effects can be identified • Composes a knowledge base to assist decision making and planning concerning crime problems • Advancing knowledge in general • Generate practice and policy implications 17 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Objective: Learning the purpose of theory Page number: Level: Difficult Describe and discuss why criminologists recognize the origins of criminality in the Enlightenment period? Answer: • Philosophers observed superiority of reason based instead of blind faith • Introduced new way of logical thinking • Paved way to general view of social order • Social contract was introduced demonstrated the relationships between criminal behavior, punishment and criminal justice system in general • Classical School of Criminology • Deterrence theory was introduced and emphasized free will and rationality • Crime was no longer believed to be a function of religion, superstition, or myth • Crime was seen as result of free will • Revised formal social control • Introduced an emphasis on studying criminal behavior Objective: Learning the evolution of criminology Page number: 5, Level: Difficult 18 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ ... between observable Theory Variables 15 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/... Deterrence theory Page number: Level: Basic Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/... sociological perspective? a Functionalism b Conflict Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition by Miller Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/