Lý thuyết ngữ pháp tiếng Anh

The conditionals Form of the conditionals: If S1 + V1, If clause S + V (conditional tense) main clause Types of the conditional sentences Cã loại câu điều kiện: Loại I: điều kiện xảy tơng lai Loại II: điều kiện thật, không xảy Loại III: điều kiện thật không xảy khứ 2.1 Type I: Probable Use: diễn tả điều kiện, giả định xảy tơng lai Form: If S1 + V1(present simple), S + V (will/ shall + V×nfinitive) Eg: If she eats too much she will get fat easily Trong mƯnh ®Ị chÝnh (main clause) cã thĨ thay thÕ will/ shall b»ng may, can, might, must, should ®Ĩ thĨ sắc thái ý nghĩa khác nhau: If – present simple, main – may/ might (possibility) Eg: • If – present simple, main – may (permission) Eg: • If – present simple, main – can (permission / ability) Eg: • If – present simple, main – must/ should (offer/ advice) Eg: 2.2 Type II Unreal conditions in the present Use: diễn tả điều kiện, giả định thật xảy không mong muốn xảy Form: If S1 + V1(past simple), S + V (would + V×nfinitive) Eg: If I were the president of the USA I would stop the war right away (in fact, I am not the president of the USA) If a burglar came into my house at night I would scream (I don’t expect there is a burglar in my house) NOTE: Trong mệnh đề if cần ý cách sư dơng cđa ‘to BE’: If + were not If + was cho tất eg: If I were you I would tell her the truth If the students were absent today they would be punished strictly 2.3 Type III: Unreal conditions in the past • Use: diƠn tả điều kiện thật khứ • Form: If If S1 + V1(past perfect), + had PII S + V (would + have PII) , would have PII Eg: If I had worked harder at school I would have sat in a comfortable office now If I had been born in England I would have spoken English very well Chó ý ‘HAD’ cã thĨ đợc đảo lên trớc, đầu câu (có thể bỏ IF) If you had listened to me this would never have happened Ỉ Had you listened to me this would never have happened Một số cấu trúc khác tơng ứng với mệnh đề IF If : Eg: • Even if = even though : thËm chÝ lµ Eg: • Unless = if + not Eg: • Whether ………… not = If …… or …… Eg: • But for/ been for = If it were not for/ If it hadnt been for : không Eg: Otherwise : không Eg: If only : giá nh Eg: Wish + S + V: −íc, mong (i) wish + V-present : ®iỊu −íc sÏ x¶y ra, cã thËt eg: (ii) wish + V-past : điều ớc không xảy (type II) eg: (iii) wish +V-past perfect : điều ớc thật, xảy (type III) eg: Víi (ii) vµ (iii) : hèi tiÕc vỊ mét việc xảy Exercises: Rewrite these sentences with the same meanings I only bought the dog because my children wanted a pet If …………… I would love to live in Paris for a year If only……………… I would love to be in a secluded (hẻo lánh) beach in Mexico I wish…………… I was drowning but he saved me If he …………………… He lost his money because he wasn’t careful If ………… I’ll only help you if you promise to try harder Unless ………………… I am afraid that I haven’t got time to listen to you I wish …………… It was his own fault that he lost his job He was late for work every morning If ……………… I am having a lot of trouble now because I lost my passport last week If I ………… 10 I only made that terible mistake because I wasn’t If I …………………… 11 I am sorry I didn’t invite her to my wedding party I really wish……………… 12 Without his help we would all have died If it…………… Indirect speech (reported speech) Types of indirect speech - statements - questions - commands, requests, advice Statements in indirect speech Khi biến đổi câu từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp cần thực số thay đổi về: - (tense) - đại từ (pronoun) tính từ sở hữu (possessive adjectives) - Trạng từ chØ thêi gian, vÞ trÝ (adverbs of time and places) - đại từ định (identifying pronoun) a, Tense * General rule: - Khi ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt chia ë đơn, câu tờng thuật giữ nguyên, biến đổi Eg: - Khi động từ tờng thuật chia khứ, động từ câu tờng thuật phải lùi khứ Eg: Direct speech 1, simple present Eg: “I put my coat overthere” 2, present continuous Eg: ‘They are cooking in the kitchen’ 3, present perfect Eg: ‘She has lost her car key’ 4, present perfect continuous Eg: “I have been washing my clothes” 5, simple past Eg: ‘She wrote a letter to him’ 6, future: will + V Eg: “We will put the tent here” 7, future continuous: will + be + Ving Eg: Indrect speech Ỉ Ỉ Ỉ Ỉ Ỉ Ỉ Ỉ simple past past continuous past perfect: have/ has + PII past perfect continuous: had + been + V-ing past perfect: had + PII conditional : would + V conditional continuous: would + be + V-ing Note: nÕu c©u trùc tiÕp câu điều kiện loại II va III, chuyển sang gián tiếp động từ không thay đổi Note: Nếu câu trực tiếp câu điều kiện loại II III không thực biến đổi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp (giữ nguyên thì) Eg: “If my children were older I would remarry”, he said Ỉ He said that if his children were older he would remarry “If the weather hadn’t been bad they would have visited us” , said the old lady Ỉ The old lady said that if the weather ha®n’t been bad they would have visited her b, Pronoun and possessive adjective: Đại từ tính từ sở hữu thờng đợc biến đổi tử thứ thứ hai thành thứ 3, trừ trờng hợp ngời nói tự tờng thuật lại lời nói mình: Eg: This and these - this these đợc chuyển thành that those eg: - ngoµi this vµ that cã thĨ chuyển thành the câu gián tiếp eg: c, expressions of time and place in indrect speech Direct Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Next week/ month Last week/ month A year/ day ago Indrect That day The day before Two days before The next day/ the following day In two days’ time The following week/ month The previous week/ month A year/ day before/ the previous year/ day here there Questions in indirect 2.1 Yes/ No question Direct question: He said to me, ‘Do you live here?’ Indirect question: He asked me if I lived there Khi tờng thuật lại câu hỏi, sử dơng ®éng tõ t−êng tht ASK thay thÕ cho SAY Form: S1 + asked + IF + S2 + V2 Note: Với câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng: will you/ would you/ could dùng để yêu cầu đề nghị, lời mời, lệnh có thề dùng cÊu tróc rót gän cđa ®éng tõ t−êng tht: Ask sb to st Tell sb to st Invite sb to st Eg: He asked me, “Will you be there tomorrow?” Ỉ He asked me if I would be there the day after Ỉ He asked me to be there the day after “Would you like to live in New York?” he asked Ỉ He asked me to like to live in New York Ỉ He ask me if I would like to live in New York 2.2 WH-question - “Who are you?” the teacher asked me The teacher asked me who I was - “Where did you study?”, she asked me Ỉ She asked me where you had studied - “What can I help you?” the shop assistant said to me Ỉ The shop assistant asked me what she could help me Commands, requests, advice in indirect speech Direct: He said, “Come in” Indirect: He told me to come in Direct: “V + O”/ “V + O, please” Indirect: S1 + Vintroductory + to V + O Các động từ tờng thuật (Vintroductory): tell, ask, command, encourage, request, invite, recommend, … Direct: “Don’t V + O”/ “Don’t V + O, please” Indirect: S1 + Vintroductory + not to V + O Eg: “Don’t sit there”, she said to the children Ỉ She told the children not to sit there The passive voice (Câu bị động) Example: Active: The farmers/ grow/ rice in the fields S V O Passive: Rice / is grown / by the farmers in this fields S V by + O Form of passive voice Active: S+ V +O Passive: S + to BE + PII + by O Eg: • Steps to transfer a sentence from active into passive voice - xác định vị trí S V O câu chủ động - chuyển O câu chủ động thành S câu bị động - V ặ to BE + PII (note: to BE chia theo động từ câu chủ động) - S chủ động ặ O đứng sau giới từ BY câu bị ®éng Active Passive S Ỉ by + O V Ỉ to Be + PII O ặS Quy tắc biến ®ỉi ®éng tõ: V Ỉ to BE + PII Tense of verbs Active Passive Simple present S + V(s, es) + O S + am/ is/ are + PII + (by O) present continuous S + to be (am/ is/ are) +V-ing +O S + to be + being + PII + (by O) 3, Present perfect S + have/ has + PII + O S + have/ has + been + PII + (by O) 4, Simple past S + V-ed + O S + was/ were + PII + (by O) 5, Past continuos S + to be (was/ were) +V-ing +O S + was/ were + being + PII + (by O) S + have/ has + PII + O S + had + been + PII + (by O) S + to be going to V + O S + to be going to + be + PII + (by O) Past perfect Future • to be going to • will S + will V + O S + will be + PII + (by O) Giíi tõ “By + O” 3.1 Cã thĨ bá “by + O” nÕu chđ thĨ hành động không rõ ràng, không cụ thể hay không cần thiết phải nhắc đến; nhằm nhấn mạnh hành động đối tợng bị tác động không quan trọng chủ thể hành động - Schủ động đại từ bất định: someone/ somebody/ anyone/ anybody/ no one/ no body/ something/ etc Eg: - Schủ động đại từ nhân xng: I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ They Eg: - Schđ ®éng là: people Eg: 3.2 Không phải tât Schủ động chuyển thành Obị động đứng sau giới từ BY * Quy tắc: Nếu Schủ động chủ thể gây hành động (V) ặ by + O Eg: Mr John teaches me Ỉ I am taught by Mr John Nếu Schủ động phơng tiện để thực hành động (V) không đợc dùng giới từ by mà phải sử dụng giới từ khác nh−: “in/ with + O” - danh tõ chØ chÊt liÖu: in pencil, in ink, etc Eg: This letter is written in pencil - danh từ ngôn ngữ: in Vietnamese, in English, in Chinese, etc Eg: “Kieu story” was written in Chinese - danh tõ chØ ph−¬ng tiƯn thùc hành động: with a pencil, with a knife, with a stick, etc Eg: The picture is cut with a knife Dạng bị động V có tân ngữ - tân ngữ trực tiếp (direct object) - tân ngữ gián tiếp (indirect object) Eg: active : She / gave / me / a present S V OCI O CD I / was given / a present (by her) S V OCD A present / was given to / me (by her) S V OCI NÕu ®éng tõ cã tân ngữ (trực tiếp, gián tiếp), chuyển sang bị động chuyển cách: chuyển tân ngữ gián tiếp trực tiếp làm chủ ngữ Cần ý cấu trúc động từ để biến đổi phù hợp (eg: thêm giới từ TO) Eg: The waiter brings the menu to me Ỉ Ỉ He was throwing something at me Ỉ Ỉ Passive: Exercises I Put the sentences into passive voice My brother uses this old bicycle He came home so late That’s why his mother punished him My father often washed my clothes when I was small 4, They spent a lot of money on the computer games 5, Someone told her about the truth of his life  ... danh tõ chØ chÊt liÖu: in pencil, in ink, etc Eg: This letter is written in pencil - danh từ ngôn ngữ: in Vietnamese, in English, in Chinese, etc Eg: “Kieu story” was written in Chinese - danh... passport last week If I ………… 10 I only made that terible mistake because I wasn’t If I …………………… 11 I am sorry I didn’t invite her to my wedding party I really wish……………… 12 Without his help we... these sentences with the same meanings I only bought the dog because my children wanted a pet If …………… I would love to live in Paris for a year If only……………… I would love to be in a secluded (hẻo