LY THUYET NGU PHAP TIENG ANH

TRNG M TING ANH Nhng õm tit khụng mang trng õm c rỳt gn thnh õm yu hn://, /i/, // m tit cha nguyờn õm cng di thỡ cng cú kh nng trng õm t ri vo nú Nguyờn õm ba > nguyờn õm ụi > nguyờn õm n di > nguyờn õm n > nguyờn õm yu /i /, / e / , /u /, / ei/, / ai/ , / oi/ , /au/, / ei/ , /ai/, /oi /, / u/, /au/ Nguyờn õm yu / / khụng bao gi nhn trng õm a s cỏc ng t cú trng õm ri vo õm tit cui (Ngoi tr: answer , enter , offer , listen , happen , open, borrow, follow, promise, conquer, publish, determine, encounter) a s cỏc danh t v tớnh t cú trng õm ri vo õm tit th nht (Ngoi tr: machine, mistake , alone ,canal, cigar, finance, marine, mature, police, romance, disaster, potato, cathedral, tobbaco) Nhng t cú t õm tit tr lờn TA thng ri vo AT th k t cui lờn T ghộp: Danh t: AT u ca t (sunrise, breakdown), Tớnh t: AT u ca t (bad-tempered, good-looking), Trng t: AT u ca t (downstream), ng t: AT u ca ng t (overlook, overflow), Phrasal verb: particle (turn off, hand out) Cỏc hu t nhn trng õm 1- ade : lemonade 2- oo: bamboo (ngoi tr childhood) 3- ique: unique 4- mentary: documentary 5- ee/ -eer: engineer (ngoi tr: coffee, committee, reindeer, employee) 6- ese: Vietnamese 7- ette: cigarette ( ngoi tr etiquette) 8- esque: picturesque 9- aire: millionaire 10- self : myself 11- ain (v) : maintain 12- dict (v) : predict 13- pel (v): compel 14 fer (v): prefer 15- test (v) : detest 16 rupt (v): erupt 17 press (v): express 18 tract (v): attract 19 sist (v) : assist 20 mit (v): commit 21 ect (v): affect 22- vert (v): convert Cỏc hu t khin trng õm t ri vo õm tit trc nú 1- tion: condition 2- sion: division (ngoi tr television) 3- ic / ical: terrific, musical (ngoi tr: Arabic, arithmetic, catholic, lunatic , politics, rhetoric) 4- ity: ability 5- ial: facial 6- ual: individual 7- itive: competitive 8- logy: biology 9- graphy: biography 10- etry: trigonometry 11- eous: advantageous 12- ious: delicious 13- ety: society 14- iance: reliance 15- ience: impatience 16- ient: convenient 17- iency: proficiency 18- ian: technician 19- ium: gymnasium 20- nomy: economy 21- meter: parameter 22- ury: injury 23- ory: memory 24- ute: contribute Chu y: -ance, ant, ary: t gc mt õm tit + ~ -> TA T th nht, t gc hai T + ~ va T co N di hoc N ụi hoc cú 02 P -> T T th hai, cỏc trng hp khỏc -> Trng õm T th nht Servant, importance, centenary, consonant Cỏc hu t khin trng õm ca t ri cỏch nú mt õm tit 1- ate: communicate 2- ary: January (Ngoi tr: extraordinary) 3- tude: attitude ite: opposite 5- ative: initiative Cỏc tin t khụng nh hng n v trớ trng õm un-: unchanged im- : impossible in-: incomplete ir- : irregular dis- : disadvantage non- : non-smoker pre- : prewar post-: postwar re-: rewrite 10 over- : overestimate 11 under- : underdeveloped (ngoi tr: understatement, undergrowth, underground, undergarment) 12 il-: illegal 13 en-: enable Cỏc hu t khụng nh hng n v trớ trng õm ca t 1- ful 2- less 3- able 4- al 5- ous 6- ly 7- er/or ing 9- ise/ize 10- en 11- ment 12 ness 13- ship 14- hood 15- ism 16- ive 17 - ish QUY TC PHT M ED : cú cỏch phỏt õm chớnh /t/ : nhng t cú tn cựng : f , s , sh , ch , p , x , v nhng ng t cú t phỏt õm cui l " s" Ex: liked , stopped /id/ :nhng t cú tn cựng l : t, d Ex : needed , wanted /d/ : nhng trng hp cũn li Ex: lived , studied Note : ting anh cú mt s tớnh t manh hỡnh thc ng t uụi ed , khụng tn cựng l t, d nhng c c l /id/ :Naked , crooked , aged , wretched , ragged , rugged , learned , unmatched , beloved , supposedly , allegedly, deservedly , markedly PRESENT TENSES HIN TI N - Thúi quen - Chõn lý - Chu k u n - Bỡnh lun th thao trc tip - Vit sỏch, bỏo - Thnh ng - Tng lai: thi gian biu, s kin ln, lch trỡnh tu, xe, trn u ln * Cỏc cm t thng dựng: from time to time, every now and then, occasionally, generally, always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, * Nhn mnh dựng do/ does + V: He does love you! HIN TI TIP DIN S + am/ is/ are + V-ing - Hnh ng ang xy ti thi im núi - Hnh ng ang xy xung quanh thi im núi - Hnh ng cú tớnh tm thi - S vic ang bin chuyn, thay i - Phn nn: always, forever, constantly - Tng lai: k hoch sp xp cho hnh ng xy TL * Cỏc cm t thng dựng: now, right now, for now, at the moment, at present, for the time being, today, these days, this week, KHễNG DNG THè TIP DIN - í kin: agree, disagree, deny - T duy: believe, consider (coi nh), doubt (hoi nghi), expect (mong i), imagine (tng tng), know, mean (cú ngha l), realise (nhn ra), suppose (coi nh), suspect (nghi ng), think (+of: cho rng), understand - Tn ti: exist - Tỡnh cm: adore (ngng m, yờu quớ), appeal (thu hỳt), desire (khao khỏt), dislike, envy (ghen t), fear (lo s), forgive (tha th), hate, like, love, mind (phin), need, prefer (thớch hn), satisfy (tho món), trust (tin tng), want, wish - Tri giỏc: appear (dng nh), seem (cú v), sound (nghe cú v), look (nhỡn cú v), taste (cú v), recognise (nhn ra), smell (cú mựi) - S hu: have, belong, possess, consist, contain, cost, lack, own, owe HIN TI HON THNH S + have/ has + P2 - Hnh ng bt u quỏ kh, kộo di liờn tc n hin ti c bao lõu: for + khong thi gian since + im thi gian quỏ kh/ QK n since then - Hnh ng tớnh cho n thi im hin ti: so far, up to now, until now - Hnh ng ó tng/ cha tng xy tớnh cho n hin ti: ever, never - Hnh ng xy bao nhiờu ln/ bao nhiờu th tớnh cho n hin ti Its + the first/ second/ third/ + time + HTHT - Hnh ng xy quỏ kh, kt qu hin ti - Hnh ng va mi xy ra: just, recently, lately, in the last few days - Hnh ng cha xy nh mong i (cõu -, ?): yet - Hnh ng xong trc mong i: already - Sau so sỏnh nht - Hnh ng ó xy khong thi gian cha kt thỳc: today, this evening, this year, HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN S + have/ has been V-ing - Hnh ng bt u QK, kộo di liờn tc n hin ti, ang xy hin ti v cú th tip tc n TL - Hnh ng va mi chm dt, cú hu qu/kt qu tm thi PAST TENSES QU KH N S + Ved S+ was/ were - Hnh ng xy quỏ kh, chm dt quỏ kh, khụng liờn quan n hin ti - S tht quỏ kh - Nhn mnh dựng did + V: He did love you! QU KH TIP DIN S + was/ were + V-ing - Hnh ng ang din ti mt thi im quỏ kh - Hnh ng ang din xung quanh mt thi im quỏ kh - S bin chuyn, thay i quỏ kh - Phn nn quỏ kh: always, forever, constantly - Hai hnh ng song song quỏ kh - Mt hnh ng ang din (QKTD) thỡ mt hnh ng xen vo (QK) QK QU KH HON THNH S + had P2 - Hnh ng xy v hon tt trc mt hnh ng QK hoc mt thi im QK QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN S had been V-ing - Hnh ng/ tỡnh din liờn tc ti mt thi im QK USED TO - Thúi quen QK - S tn ti ca s vt QK WOULD - Hnh ng thng xy ra, lp i lp li QK WAS/ WERE GOING TO V - Hnh ng ó c d nh nhng khụng xy QK FUTURE EXPRESSIONS TNG LAI N S will V - Phng oỏn vụ cn c cho tng lai - Quyt nh ti thi im núi - Hy vng, ha, t chi * Shallch dựng cho ch ng I, we TNG LAI TIP DIN S will be V-ing - Hnh ng ang din ti mt thi im tng lai TNG LAI HON THNH S will have P2 - Hnh ng hon tt trc mt thi im/ hnh ng TL - Hnh ng kộo di ti mt thi im TL c bao lõu TNG LAI HON THNH TIP DIN S will have P2 - Hnh ng bt u QK, kộo di liờn tc n mt thi im TL v ang din ti thi im ú TNG LAI GN am/ is/ are going to V - D nh cho tng lai - D oỏn s vic TL da vo du hiu hin ti CC CU TRC KHC V TNG LAI To be to V: sp t chớnh thc/ phi lm gỡ to be about to sth: sp sa lm gỡ to be on the point of doing sth: sp sa lm gỡ to be on the verge of doing sth: cú nguy c s to be due to V: s n hn lm gỡ to be bound/ certain / sure to V: chc chn s lm gỡ to be (highly) (un)likely + to V / that + TL : rt/ khụng cú kh nng s The chances are that + TL: rt cú kh nng s Theres every + chance / likelihood + of sth V-ing: rt cú kh nng s Theres a strong / a distinct chance/ possibility that + TL: rt cú kh nng s Theres very + little / no + chance / likelihood that + TL: rt ớt/ khụng cú kh nng s Theres a slim/ slight possibility of sth V-ing: rt ớt kh nng s The odds are against sth: rt ớt kh nng s S TNG HP CH NG V NG T Ch ng ca cõu l hai danh t ni vi bng and - Nu hai danh t cựng ch mt ngi /vt -> ng t chia s ớt - Nu hai danh t cựng ch hai ngi /vt -> ng t chia s nhiu Vớ d: The director and actor is here The director and the actor are here (ch ng ch mt ngi o din kiờm din viờn -> ng t s ớt) (ch ng chhai ngi khỏc nhau: o din v din viờn -> ng t s nhiu) Cõu cú hai danh t lm ch ng ni vi bng: with, together with, along with, accompanied by, -> ng t chia theo danh t th nht Vớ d: added to, in addition to, as well as, including The girl with her brothers is here Cõu cú hai danh t lm ch ng ni vi bng: or, nor, not only but also, either or, neither nor -> ng t chia theo danh t th hai Vớ d: You or I am wrong Not only my friends but also my brother doesnt want to go Ch ng ca cõu l The number of + Ns nhiu -> ng t s ớt : The number of good students is high The numbers of + Ns nhiu -> ng t s nhiu: The numbers of good students are high A number of + Ns nhiu -> ng t s nhiu: A number of good students are ready for the exam Ch ng l cỏc cm t All , Most, Some, Half, The majority , The minority , %, x/y , None + of danh t s ớt -> ngt s ớt All , Most, Some, Half, The majority , The minority , %, x/y , None + of danh t s nhiu -> ngt s nhiu Vớ d None of the students are lazy 99% of your success depends on your hard-work Cỏc danh t sau luụn luụn l s nhiu: police, staff, cattle, poultry, crew, clergy, troops, goods, congratulations, army Vớ d: The police are here Cỏc i lng ch tin, thi gian, lng, khong cỏch, kớch c luụn luụn l s ớt Vớ d: Twenty five minutes is not enough Ch ng l hai danh t ni vi bng of -> ng t chia theo danh t th nht Vớ d: The legs of the table are too short The + Adj ch mt tng lp, mt dõn tc -> ng t s nhiu Vớ d: The rich are not always happy (Ngi giu khụng phi lỳc no cng vui) 10 Tờn mụn hc, bnh, chớ, a danh nu tn cựng bng s chia ng t s ớt Vớ d: Physics is my favourite subject The United States is a large country 11 Cõu cú ch ng l There thỡ ng t chia theo danh t th nht sau ch ng Vớ d: There is a dog, two cats and three birds in the garden 12 Ch ng l hai danh t ni vi cu trỳc both and -> ng t chia s nhiu Vớ d: Both you and I are wrong 13 Ch ng l danh t bt u bng: every , no , any -> ng t chia s ớt Vớ d: Everything is ready 14 Each, Every, Neither, Either of + Ns nhiu -> ng t chia s ớt Vớ d: Each of the students is ready 15 Many a + Ns nhiu -> Vs ớt CU IU KIN Cu trỳc c bn Loi zero Hin ti n IF Hin ti n Loi (cú th xy tng lai) S will V Loi (trỏi vi chõn lý/ s vic HT -> ko th xy ra) S would V Loi ( trỏi vi s vic QK) S would have P2 IF QKHT Loi mixed 2-3 (hnh ng QK, kqu HT) S would IF QKHT Loi mixed 3-2 (chõn lý ko thay i, gi nh cho QK) S would have P2 IF QK IF Hin ti IF QK (n/ TD) V Cu trỳc bin i Loi (cú th xy tng lai) IF S should V, S Should S V, will S will V (ng nh m) V If should = If happen to = If should happen to din t s khụng chc chn Loi (trỏi vi chõn lý/ s vic HT -> ko th xy ra) IF S were Were S (toV) , S would V (to V) , S would V Note: Cu trỳc ny tuyt i khụng c dựng vi cỏc ng t tnh ti hoc ch trng thỏi t Loi ( trỏi vi s vic QK) Had S P2 , S would have P2 Nu khụng vỡ thỡ Loi (trỏi vi chõn lý/ s vic HT -> ko th xy ra) If it were not Were it for Sb/sth, not for sb/sth, S would S V would But for Sb/sth, S would V Without Sb/sth, S would V V Loi (trỏi vi s vic QK ) Had it not been for But for sb/sth, S sb/sth, S would have P2 would have P2 Without Sb/sth, S would have P2 If + Adj/ P2 / cm gii t , If so, : nu vy In case: phũng trng hp Provided, Providing, As long as: l Suppose, Supposing, Imagine: Gi s CU C = IF ONLY c cho tng lai I wish S would c cho hin ti I wish S Ved c cho quỏ kh I wish S had P2 V SO THAT, SUCH THAT, TOO TO V, ENOUGH TO V SO THAT: Quỏ n ni m gia cõu so Adj Adj + a/an + Ns ớt m c Adv many + Ns nhiu few + Ns nhiu much + Nkhụng m c little + Nkhụng m c * Chỳ ý: that so that vit lin l t ni, cú ngha l m (ch mc ớch) u cõu So + Adj/ Adv + o ng + that E.g So nice was she that we all like her SUCH THAT: Quỏ n ni m gia cõu such a/an/ - + Adj + N a lot of + Ns nhiu a lot of + Nkhụng m c that E.g She is such a nice girl that we all like her * Ch dựng a, an vi Ns ớt m c khụng dựng gỡ nu l Ns nhiu hoc Nkhụng m c * Chỳ ý: such that vit lin thỡ cú ngha nh so great/ bad/ much/ little that ( quỏ tt hoc quỏ t, quỏ nhiu hoc quỏ ớt -> tựy theo ngha ca cõu) E.g His anger was such that he couldnt say a word -> such that = so great that u cõu Such + be + N + that E.g Such was his anger that he couldnt say a word TOO TO V: Quỏ nờn khụng th too Adj/ Adv (+ for sb/sth) to V E.g The water is too cold (for us) to drink ENOUGH TO V: lm gỡ enough + N (for sb/sth) to V Adj/ Adv enough (for sb/sth) to V * CH í Trong cõu sothat hoc such that phi gi tõn ng Trong cõu too toV hoc enough to V KHễNG dựng tõn ng E.g: The water is so cold that we cant drink it The water is too cold (for us) to drink it O NG o ng l s o trt t t hoc tr ng t cõu nhm nhn mnh ý ngha m cõu ỳng ng phỏp O TNH T / TRNG T o tớnh t/ trng t lờn u cõu v dựng AS hoc THOUGH sau tớnh t/ trng t -> Cú ngha l : Mc dự Adj + as/ though + S1 V1 , S2 V2 Rich as he is, he is very mean ( Mc dự ụng ta giu nhng ụng ta rt keo kit) Vớ d: o tớnh t/ trng t lờn trc ch ng cu trỳc : No matter how , However -> Cú ngha l: Cho dự Vớ d: No matter how Adj / Adv + S1 V1 , S2 V2 However Adj / Adv + S1 V1 , S2 V2 No matter how hard he tried, he couldnt open the door (Cho dự c gng nh th no, anh y khụng th m c ca) o tớnh t lờn trc danh t cu trỳc: So that : -> Cu trỳc cú ngha l: n ni m so Adj + a/an N + that Vớ d: He is so intelligent a student that he can answer all the questions (Anh y thụng minh n ni m anh y cú th tr li tt c cõu hi) Chỳ ý: Trong cu trỳc ny ch dựng c vi danh t m c s ớt vi a hoc an o tớnh t / trng t v ng t to be/ tr ng t/ ng t khuyt thiu lờn trc ch ng cu trỳc: So that : -> Cu trỳc cú ngha l: n ni m Vớ d: So Adj + be / tr ng t + that So intelligent is he that he can answer all the questions (Anh y thụng minh n ni m anh y cú th tr li tt c cõu hi) So quickly did he run that no one could catch him (Anh ta chy nhanh n ni m khụng cú th bt c anh ta) o ng t to be lờn trc ch ng cu trỳc: Such that : -> Vớ d: Cu trỳc cú ngha l: n ni m Such + be + S that Such is his intelligence that he can answer all the questions (Trớ thụng minh ca anh y tt n ni m anh y cú th tr li tt c cõu hi) o ng cõu so sỏnh hn So sỏnh hn + be + S Bigger than London is New York o ng phn cui cõu so sỏnh bng/ so sỏnh hn (New York ln hn London) Tt c cỏc cõu sau u ỳng: I have more friends than him/ he does/ does he I have as many friends as him/ he does/ does he TRY AS MAY / MIGHT : Cu trỳc ny cú ngha l: mc dự c gng rt nhiu nhng khụng th Dựng cho hin ti: Dỳng cho quỏ kh: Try as I may, I cant open the door Try as I might, I couldnt open the door O TON B NG T CHIA LấN TRC CH NG *** Khi cỏc trng t ch a im, trng ng ch phng hng chuyn ng ng u cõu thỡ ng t chớnh cú th o lờn trc ch ng Trng t ch a im: Here, There, On, At , In , Inside, Outside, In front of , Behind, Vớ d: Outside the house was standing a horse Trng ng ch phng hng: Out, Up, Into, Down, Vớ d: Out flew the bird Chỳ ý: KHễNG O NG nu ch ng cõu l i t: I, we, you, they, he , she, it Vớ d: Outside the house he stood O TR NG T / NG T TO BE / NG T KHUYT THIU LấN TRC CH NG I o ng cõu n : Khi cỏc t/ cm t mang ngha ph nh ng u cõu: 1.No , Not, Neither, Nor, Never (before, again, in my life, ), Seldom, Barely, Hardly, Little, Scarcely At no time :không On no/any account = on no/any condition: không lí In/under no circumstances = In no way: Dự hon cnh no cng khụng Only by : cách làm 6.Only after : sau làm Only when + a clause + o ng: 8.Only with: với Only then/ later: sau lúc 10.Only if + a clause + o ng: 11 Only in this way: cách 12.By no means: hoàn toàn không 16.Not+ Object+ Vaux+s+v 17 No longer: Khụng na 18 Nowhere: Khụng ni no II o ng cõu phc Mói cho ti Not until + im thi gian/ mnh 1, mnh o ng Vớ d: Not until 1995/ Not until she told me, did I know the truth ***Chỳ ý: Cu trỳc sau cng cú ngha l mói cho ti nhng KHễNG O NG It is/ was NOT UNTIL + im thi gian/ mnh + THAT + mnh Vớ d: It was not until 1995/ she told me that I knew the truth Va mi thỡ ó a Vớ d: Hardly / Seldom/ Barely/ Scarcely + had S P + when S Ved Hardly had I opened the door when I saw him ( Tụi va m ca thỡ thy anh y) b Vớ d: No sooner + had S P + than S Ved No sooner had I opened the door than I saw him ( Tụi va m ca thỡ thy anh y) Khụng nhng m cũn Not only + o ng + but + S + also + V hoc Not only + o ng + but + S + V + as well Vớ d: Not only is he intelligent but he also sings well Khụng th ny cng chng th Vớ d: Ch m Vớ d: Neither + o ng + nor + o ng Neither did they go by bus nor did they go by car Only when + mnh , mnh o ng Only when she told me, did I know the truth O NG TRONG CU IU KIN Cõu iu kin loi : B If v dựng should ng u cõu Vớ d: If he goes to London, he can visit her = Should he go to London, he can visit her Cõu iu kin loi : B If v dựng Were ng u cõu, nu cõu ng t chớnh l ng t thng thỡ dựng to V Vớ d: If he went to London, he could visit her = Were he to go to London, he could visit her Cõu iu kin loi : B If v o Had lờn trc ch ng Vớ d: If he had gone to London, he could have visited her = Had he gone to London, he could have visited her CU HI UễI Phn u khng nh thỡ phn uụi ph nh Phn u ph nh thỡ phn uụi khng nh Phn u cú cỏc yu t ph nh nh: no, none, neither, hardly, seldom, rarely, scarely, barely thỡ phn uụi khng nh Ch ng l every , no., any thỡ uụi l they Chỳ ý I am , arent I? I am not , am I? Cõu mnh lnh (+) / (-), will you? Lets ., shall we? used to V., didnt .? had better , hadnt .? has/ have got , hasnt/ havent .? There , .there? RT GN MNH QUAN H To V - Sau t ch s th t: first, second, next, last, She was the first that came -> She was the first to come - Sau only, very She was the only person that knew the truth -> She was the only person to know the truth - Sau so sỏnh nht She is the best person that can it -> She is the best person to it - Ch mc ớch I have a lot of books which I have to read -> I have a lot of books to read V-ing - MQH thỡ tip din My sister is the girl who is wearing a blue dress -> My sister is the girl wearing a blue dress - MQH ch thúi quen hay hnh ng ang tin trỡnh xy My sister who works in America can help you -> My sister working in America can help you - MQH ch nguyờn nhõn: wish, desire, want, hope, know, think, believe, expect Anyone that wants to see me has to phone me -> Anyone wanting to see me has to phone me P2 - MQH th b ng The book which was written by Tom is very interesting Noun Phrase Ms Young, who is our librarian, lent me this book Adjective Phrase The play was performed on the stage which is bare of scenery Prepositional Phrase I want to borrow the book which is on the table MODAL VERBS I CAN a Nng lc thc hin - ABILITY - can ch kh nng luụn cú th thc hin - be able to ch vic cn n lc mi thc hin c b Kh nng xy - POSIBILITY - can : ch s phng oỏn cú l s xy E.g: She can be late - must: ch s phng oỏn chc chn s xy E.g: She must be late - cant: ch s phng oỏn chc chn s khụng xy E.g: She cant be late Chỳ ý: khụng dựng mustnt phng oỏn II MUST HAVE TO a must : t bn thõn thy phi lm iu ú # have to: quy nh phi lm iu ú b mustnt # not have to: mustnt : cm khụng c lm , nu lm gõy hu qu nghiờm trng not have to: khụng cn phi lm, nhng lm cng khụng III NEED a S dng nh ng t thng - Cõu khng nh: He needs to housework - Cõu ph nh: He doesnt need to housework - Cõu nghi vn: Does he need to housework? - Cõu b ng: The room needs to be cleaned / The room needs cleaning b S dng nh ng t khuyt thiu - Cõu khng nh: He need housework - Cõu ph nh: He neednt housework - Cõu nghi vn: Need he housework? - Cõu b ng: The room need be cleaned IV MAY MIGHT: phng doand kh nng cú l s xy E.g: He may be late V COULD: - Tng lai: Phng oỏn kh nng cú th xy E.g: He could be late - ngh/ - Quỏ kh ca can (nng lc thc hin ability) E.g: He could swim when he was years old VI Should = ought to: nờn lm gỡ VII WELL - JUST S dng well hoc just nhn mnh cõu cú may, might, could PAST MODAL VERBS MAY (NOT) HAVE P2 / MIGHT (NOT) HAVE P2 50% - Phng oỏn cú l ó xy / khụng xy quỏ kh COULD (NOT) HAVE P2 a 70% - Phng oỏn cú l ó xy / khụng xy quỏ kh b ó cú kh nng xy quỏ kh nhng khụng xy c ó cú kh nng thc hin vic gỡ quỏ kh nhng khụng lm * could have P2 v might have P2 cũn cú ngha phn nn v chuyn ỏng l c lm nhng li khụng lm QK MUST HAVE P2 99% - Phng oỏn chc chn ó xy quỏ kh CANT HAVE P2 99% - Phng oỏn chc chn ó khụng xy quỏ kh MUSTNT HAVE P2 Cm khụng c lm gỡ nhng lm mt ri SHOULD HAVE P2 = OUGHT TO HAVE P2 ó nờn lm gỡ nhng ó khụng lm SHOULDNT HAVE P2 = OUGHT NOT TO HAVE P2 ó khụng nờn lm gỡ nhng lm mt ri NEEDNT HAVE P2 ó khụng cn lm gỡ nhng lm mt ri DIDNT NEED TO V = DIDNT HAVE TO V ó khụng cn lm gỡ v ó khụng lm SUBJUNCTIVE Trong cõu SUBJUNCTIVE ng t gi nguyờn dng ( cú th dựng SHOULD trc ng t) Vớ d: They suggested that she be at home hoc They suggested that she should be at home * Danh sỏch ng t yờu cu s dng SUBJUNCTIVE: SUGGEST, DEMAND, ASK, ADVISE, REQUIRE, REQUEST, DECREE, ANNOUNCE, PROPOSE, STIPULATE, URGE, COMMAND, INSIST, ORDER, RECOMMEND, URGE, MOVE (vi ngha " ngh" dựng mt cuc hp trang trng, khụng phi vi ngha "di chuyn") Ch ng + V + that + mnh subjunctive Thớ d: + The president requests that you be present at the meeting * Danh sỏch tớnh t yờu cu s dng SUBJUNCTIVE: IMPORTANT, NECESSARY, ESSENTIAL, CRUCIAL, VITAL, ADVISABLE, MANDATORY, NATURAL, IMPERATIVE, SUGGESTED, PROPOSED, REQUIRED, It + be + Adj + that + mnh subjunctive Thớ d: + It is essential that we vote as soon as possible * Mt s thnh ng bt bin dựng n SUBJUNCTIVE: GOD BLESS AMERICA! (Cỏc chớnh tr gia Hoa K thng núi cõu ny!) LONG LIVE THE KING ! (Cõu ny tng t nh: c Vua Vn Tu) LONG LIVE THE QUEEN ! (tng t: N Hong Vn Tu!) BE THAT AS IT MAY, (dựng bt u cõu, cú ý i loi nh "Cú th l nh vy, nhng ", "C cho l vy i, nhng " hm ý bn chp nhn li ngi khỏc núi cú th ỳng, nhng khụng th tỏc ng n suy ngh ca bn) * Danh sỏch danh t yờu cu s dng SUBJUNCTIVE: ADVICE, REQUIREMENT, REQUEST, SUGGESTION, PROPOSAL, NECESSITY, IMPORTANCE, Ch ng + be + that + mnh subjunctive Thớ d: + It is his requirement that she go home early CU CH (CLEFT SENTENCE) Cõu ch l cu trỳc nhm nhn mnh mt phn ca cõu bng cỏch a nú vo cu trỳc : It + be+ phn nhn mnh+ that+ phn cũn li Vớ d: Nhn mnh ch ng: It is she that has helped me (Chớnh cụ y l ngi ó giỳp tụi) Nhn mnh tõn ng: It is him that I help Nhn mnh trng ng: It is in this house that I was born Nhn mnh c mnh : It is because he is hard-working that he is the best student in my class Chỳ ý: cú th dựng who thay cho that nhn mnh ch ng CC CU TRC KHC WOULD RATHER/ WOULD SOONER: MUN HN Mt ch ng Hai ch ng Hin ti/ Tng lai S would rather V S1 would rather S2 + Ved Quỏ Kh S would rather have P2 S1 would rather S2 + had P2 AS IF/ AS THOUGH: NH ỳng s tht: khụng lựi thỡ ca ng t Vớ d: He walks as if his leg is broken ( anh y i nh chõn anh y gy -> chõn b gy tht!) Sai s tht: lựi thỡ Vớ d: He walks as if his leg were broken ( anh y i nh chõn anh y gy -> chõn khụng b gy -> gi v!) MAKE DO a DO + the/some +V-ing 1.do the cooking: nu n 2.do the washing: git qun ỏo 3.do the cleaning: lau nh the bathing: tm the gardening: lm b DO + possessive adj + N research: nghiờn cu business: kinh doanh the housework: lm cụng vic ni tr military service: thi hnh ngha v quõn s ones best: c gng ht sc ones task: lm cụng vic c giao ones duty: lm nhim v ones job/work: lm cụng vic Lu ý: a good deed: lm mt vic thin a good job: lm mt vic tt c DO + academic subjects (mụn hc) mathematics: chuyờn v ngnh toỏn physics: chuyờn v ngnh lý chemistry: chuyờn v ngnh hoỏ literature: chuyờn v chng d MAKE + N +prep make a decision on: quyt nh make an attempt at: c gng make an effort at: n lc make a suggestion to: ngh make a contribution to: úng gúp make a complaint about: phn nn, than phin e MAKE (a/an) + N (as a fixed phrase): make noise: lm n make the bed: dn ging make a speech: c din make a date: hn hũ make a journey: i du lch make a fortune: lm giu make an arrangement: xp t make a preparation: chun b make a mistake: phm li 10 make an offer: ng ý, ngh 11 make progress/success: tin b/thnh cụng 12 make war: tuyờn chin, gõy chin Lu ý: commit a crime: phm ti give a lecture: ging bi, thuyt trỡnh give a performance: biu din give orders: lnh give a lesson: ging bi play a game: chi trũ chi play a musical instrument: chi nhc c write a book: vit sỏch do do the the the the booking: gi ch trc shopping: mua sm washing up: chộn bỏt table-laying: xp dn bn n harm: lm hi 10 ones assignment: lm cụng tỏc/ bitp 11 ones hair: ct túc 12 something/everything: lm mt vic gỡ ú/lm mi vic 13 computations: lm cỏc phộp tớnh 14 ones exam: lm bi thi history: chuyờn v ngnh s geography: chuyờn v ngnh a lý biology: chuyờn v ngnh sinh vt make an apology to: xin li make a fuss over/about: lm om sũm lờn make fun of: ch nho 10 make use of: s dng 11 make room for: dnh ch cho 12 make allowance for: chiu c ti 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 make make make make make make make make make make make make make trouble: quy ri, gõy ri friends: kt bn conversation: m thoi a (telephone) call: gi in a mark: ỏnh du an effort: n lc a trial: th nghim a tea: pha tr a coffee: pha c phờ a question: t cõu hi a promise: hn a report: bỏo cỏo a plan: lp k hoch write a poem: lm th 10 write a piece of music: son nhc 11 draw/paint a picture: v tranh 12 take a picture: chp hỡnh 13 take a photograph: chp nh 14 build a house: xõy nh 15 build a building: xõy cao c NOUNS + PREPOSITIONS FOR ON OVER TO WITH admiration crave credit cure desire disregard provision recipe respect responsibility room sympathy an authority ban comment effect influence impact restriction tax be in authority have control be in dispute over sth access an alternative an attitude an exception a solution an answer the reply a threat a witness contrast link quarrel relationship PREPOSITIONS + EXPRESSIONS AFTER after all IN in advance in the balance in all likelihood in all probability in answer to in any case in charge of in collaboration with in comparison with in comfort in decline in demand in dispute in distress in the early stages in earnest in the end in favour of in fear of in good condition in harmony in high spirit in jeopardy in one way or another in practice in recognition of in response to in short in time in trouble in turn AT at any rate at fault at first sight at the first/ second attempt at the end at large ON on average on approval on a regular basis on behalf of on the contrary on good terms with on loan on the market on its merits on offer on purpose on the verge of BEYOND beyond belief beyond a joke beyond the shadow of a doubt BY by coincidence by mistake by the time by rights by surprise OUT OF out of breath out of control out of danger out of doors out of practice out of all proportions out of reach out of stock out of work out of the blue out of steam out of nowhere UNDER under age under the circumstances under control under over of under an obligation under pressure under stress under repair under suspicion FOR for fear of for life not for long for the foreseeable future for the time being for good WITH with the exception of with intent to with regard to with a view to WITHIN within reach within season WITHOUT without a chance without delay without exception without a word ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION For Vital Essential(2) Customary Available Happy(3,7) Anxious(3) Furious(8,9) Eligible Hungry Sorry(3) Perfect Adequate Necessary(2) Appreciated Satisfied(7) Granted Known Noted Boastful Qualified(6) Appropriate In Rich Unusual Deficient Experienced Expert(10,11) Engaged Fluent Unusual Successful Excellent (9) Negligent Proficient(9) Weak Absorbed To Immune Impervious Liable(1) Prone Mean Pleasant Equal Obedient Acceptable Amenable Analogous Equivalent Loyal Inferior Native Necessary Sensitive Familiar(7) Fatal Adapted Applied Offensive Indispensable Irrelevant Satisfactory Hostile Attach Exposed Limited Polite Superior Answerable Blind/deaf Conductive Detrimental With Popular Equipped Bored Delighted(9) Content Angry Bored(8) Commensurate Connected Compared (2) Incompatible Obsessed Preoccupied Busy (9) Friendly Generous(3) Gentle Identical(2) Sympathetic Trouble Trilled Charged Impatient Indignant Clever About Annoyed(7,9) Certain Pleased(7) Right Excited Serious Upset Wrong(7) Glad Sad Nervous Easy Mad Careful Disappointed(6,7,9) Guilty Sure Shy (4) Crazy Curious Enthusiastic Pessimistic Cautious(4) Complacent Optimistic Superstitious Of Aware Characteristic Guilty(3) Typical Regardless Accustomed Composed Opposite Horrified Scared Doubtful Suspicious Dull Ambitious Careful(3,7) Careless(3) Confident Short Worthy Conscious Irrespective Indicative Independent Considerate (+ toward) Contemptuous Critical Ignorant Intolerant Void From Absent Divorced Isolated Tired (4) Absent Derived Safe Missing Free (4) By Surprised(9) Discouraged Baffled Detained Distress Plagued Amazed Puzzled(3) At Hopeless Brilliant Skilled Clumsy Astonished (8) Shocked(8) Terrible Alarmed Skilful(6) Good(1,2) 10 On Based Keen(2) Dump Dependent CU SO SNH SO SNH BNG as as : dựng cõu +, - , ? so .as: dựng cõu Cu trỳc Adj Adv much/ little + Nko m c many/ few + Ns nhiu Adj + a/an + N m c s ớt as as Nhiu/ t gp my ln half twice three times four times times + so sỏnh bng o ng He ran as quickly as Tom Tom did did Tom Khụng h bng nowhere near nothing like + so sỏnh bng SO SNH HN Cu trỳc Adj/Adv ngn more / less more/less more/less more/ less more/ fewer + er + Adj/ Adv di + Adj + a/an N m c s ớt + Adj + Ns nhiu/ko m c + N ko m c + Ns nhiu + than THE + so sỏnh hn: Of the two girls, Hoa is the taller quite, a bit, a little bit, slightly, much, far, a lot + so sỏnh hn So sỏnh cp tin mt ch ng: thng dựng vi thỡ tip din * Adj/ Adv ngn: -er and -er It is getting colder and colder * Adj/ Adv di: more and more She is more and more beautiful So sỏnh cng th ny thỡ cng th the + so sỏnh hn (+ S1 V1), The colder it was, the more frightened I felt the + so sỏnh hn (+ S2 V2) SO SNH NHT the Adj/Adv ngn + est the most/ least + Adj/ Adv di by far + so sỏnh nht Most c dựng vi ngha l very thỡ khụng cú the ng trc v khụng ng ý so sỏnh He is most generous Nhng tớnh t sau õy thng khụng cú dng so sỏnh + perfect - hon ho ; + unique - nht; + extreme - cc k; + supreme - ti cao; + top - cao nht; + absolute - tuyt i + prime - cn bn; + primary chớnh; + matchless - khụng cú i th; + full - y, no; + empty - trng rng + square vuụng; + round trũn; + circular - trũn, vũng quanh; + trianglular - cú ba cnh; + wooden - bng g + yearly - hng nm; + daily - hng ngy; + monthly - hng thỏng CCH S DNG A, AN & THE Dựng an vi: T bt u bng nguyờn õm (trong cỏch phỏt õm, ch khụng phi cỏch vit) Bao gm: Cỏc t bt u bng cỏc nguyờn õm a, e, i, o: an aircraft, an empty glass, an object Mt s t bt u bng u, y: an uncle, an umbrella Mt s t bt u bng h cõm: an heir, haft an hour ,an honour (mt nim vinh d) Cỏc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an SOS; an MSc (mt thc s khoa hc), an X-ray (mt tia X) Dựng a vi: Dựng a trc cỏc t bt u bng mt ph õm Mt s trng hp bt u bng u, y, h VD: a university, a uniform, a union, a year income, a European (mt ngi u); a one-legged man (mt ngi tht chõn) Mt danh t m u bng "uni " a university/ a uniform/universal/ union, Europe, Trong phõn s: 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth CCH DNG "THE" - Trc mt danh t ó c xỏc nh c th v mt tớnh cht, c im, v trớ hoc ó c cp n trc ú, hoc nhng khỏi nim ph thụng, cng bit +The boy in the corner is my friend (C ngi núi v ngi nghe u bit ú l cu no) +The earth is round (Ch cú mt trỏi t, cng bit) -Vi danh t khụng m c, dựng the nu núi n s vt c th, khụng dựng the nu núi chung +Sugar is sweet (Ch cỏc loi ng núi chung) +The sugar on the table is from Cuba (C th l ng trờn bn) DựngThe : The + N + gii t + N: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico Dựng trc so sỏnh nht, only + N: The only way, the best day Dựng cho thp niờn: In the 1990s The + N + i t quan h + m ph: The man to whom you have just spokenis the chairman The + Ns ớt ch mt loi vt, cõy, vt: The whale = whales(loi cỏ voi) The + Ns ớt ch mt nhúm ngi : The small shopkeeper: Gii ch tim nh The + Adj ch mt tng lp, mt dõn tc: The old = The old people; The + tờn i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thụng: The BackChoir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles The + tờn t bỏo (khụng chớ)/ tu bin/ cỏc khinh khớ cu: The Times/ TheTitanic/ The Hindenberg The + h ca mt gia ỡnh s nhiu = gia ỡnh nh: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith andchildren Cể THE + Dựng trc tờn cỏc i dng, sụng ngũi,bin, vnh v cỏc cm h (s nhiu) + Trc tờn cỏc dóy nỳi:The Rocky Mountains + Trc tờn nhng vt th nht vtr hoc trờn th gii:The earth, the moon + The schools, colleges, universities+of+danh t riờng: The University of Florida + The + s th t + danh t: The third chapter + Trc tờn cỏc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu kin tờn khu vc ú phi c tớnh thoỏ The Korean War (=> The Vietnameseeconomy) + Trc tờn cỏc nc cú hai t tr lờn (ngoi tr Great Britain): The United States, The Central AfricanRepublic + Trc tờn cỏc nc c coi l mt quno hoc mt qun o: The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, TheHawaii + Trc tờn cỏc ti liu hoc s kin lch sThe Constitution, The Magna Carta + Trc tờn cỏc nhúm dõn tc thiu s:The Indians + Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc c th: The Solid matter Physics + Trc tờn cỏc nhc c cp n cỏcnhc c ú núi chung hoc chi cỏc nhcc ú KHễNG DNG THE + Trc tờn mt h: Lake Geneva + Trc tờn mt ngn nỳi: Mount Vesuvius + Trc tờn cỏc hnh tinh hoc cỏc chũm sao: Venus, Mars + Trc tờn cỏc trng ny nu trc nú l mt tờn riờng: Stetson University + Trc cỏc danh t i cựng vi mt s m: Chapter three, Word War One + Trc tờn cỏc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh ph, qun, huyn:Europe, Florida + Trc tờn bt kỡ mụn th thao no: baseball, basketball + Trc cỏc danh t tru tng (tr mt strng hp c bit): freedom, happiness + Trc man mang ngha "loi ngi" Mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison,hospital, school, class, college, university: - KHễNG DNG the i n ú hoc ú vi mc ớch chớnh - PHI DNG the n ú hoc ú KHễNG vỡ mc ớch chớnh CCH S DNG ANOTHER, OTHER, OTHERS, THE OTHER(S), ANY OTHER, ANOTHER 1) - another + N m c s ớt mt cỏi na, mt cỏi khỏc, mt ngi na, mt ngi khỏc (= one more) - Nu danh t l ó bit -> cú th b danh t i, ch cn dựng another 2) - one another (lm gỡ) ln VD: In my class, the students often help one another 4)- another cu trỳc one after another/ the other (liờn tip ht ngi ny/cỏi ny n ngi khỏc/cỏi khỏc) 5)- another + few/ s t + N s nhiu: thờm mt s lng bao nhiờu na VD: I need another few minutes 6)- another of the/ my/ + N s nhiu = one of the/ my/ + danh t s nhiu THE OTHER The other (+N s ớt m c) - Ngi/ Vt cũn li hai ngi/ hai vt VD: I have two cars One car is in the garage The other (car) is in front of the house - the other day = a few days ago - on the other hand The other + N s nhiu = The others - Nhng ngi/ nhng vt cũn li mt hp xỏc nh VD: There are 30 students in my class Ten students are boys The other students/ The others are girls one of the other + N s nhiu -Mt nhng ngi/ vt mt hp xỏc nh VD: This is one of the other letters we received about him most/ some of the other + N khụng m c - S vt/ s vic gỡ khỏc VD: I have got most of the other information OTHER other + N s nhiu = others KHễNG BAO GI C DNG OTHERS + DANH T S NHIU - Nhng ngi/ nhng vt khỏc no ú (khụng xỏc nh) VD: Some people like dogs Other people/ Others cant stand them any other + N s ớt m c - Mt ngi/ vt bt k no khỏc ( khụng xỏc nh) VD: America is more powerful than any other country in the world every other + N s ớt m c - Ch s cỏch quóng u n VD: I often go swimming on every other day: Monday, Wednesday and Friday some other + N khụng m c: iu/ cỏi gỡ khỏc (khụng xỏc nh) VD: I dont like this kind of coffee I want some other coffee - other than = except for: ngoi tr - something or other: iu/ cỏi gỡ ú ( khụng xỏc nh) S HU CCH noun's + noun: Ch c dựng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khụngdựng cho cỏc vt: The student's book, The cat's legs i vi danh t s nhiu ó cú sn "s" uụi ch cn dựng du phy: The students' book Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khụng "s" uụi phi dựng y du s hu cỏch: The children's toys, The people's willing Cú hai danh t cựng ng s hu cỏch thỡ danh t no ng gn danh t b shu nht s mang du s hu: Paul and Peter's room i vi nhng tờn riờng hoc danh t ó cú sn "s" uụi cú th ch cn dựng du phy The boss' car = the boss 's car [bosiz] ; Agnes' house = Agnes 's [siz] house S hu cỏch cng c dựng cho thi gian (nm, thỏng, thp niờn, th k): The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp niờn 90; The 21st century's prospects Dựng cho cỏc nm tr xuõn v thu Nu dựng s hu cỏch cho hai ny thỡ ngi vit ó nhõn cỏch hoỏ chỳng Ngy ngi ta dựng cỏc nm nh mt tớnh t cho cỏc danh t ng sau, ớt dựng s hu cỏch The Autumn's leaf: chic lỏ ca nng thu Dựng cho tờn cỏc cụng ty ln, cỏc quc gia: The Rockerfeller's oil products; China's food i vi cỏc ca hiu cú ngh nghip c trng ch cn dựng danh t vi du s hu: In a florist's; At a hairdresser's c bit l cỏc tim n vi tờn riờng: The Antonio's Dựng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch mt s thnh nga: stone's throw from (Cỏch ni õu mt tm ỏ nộm) CCH C V VIT PHN S T s: - Luụn dựng s m: one, two, three, four, five Vớ d:- 1/5 = one / fifth - 1/2 = one (a) half Mu s: + Cú hai trng hp: Nu t s l mt ch s v mu s t ch s tr xung thỡ mu s dựng s th t (nu t s ln hn thỡ mu s ta thờm s) Vớ d:- 2/6 : two sixths - 3/4 = three quarters Nu t s l hai ch s tr lờn hoc mu s t ch s tr lờn thỡ mu s s c vit tng ch mt v dựng s m, gia t s v mu s cú ch over Vớ d:- 3/462 = three over four six two - 22/16 : twenty-two over one six (t s cú ch s ) Nu l hn s: Ta vit s nguyờn (c theo s m) + and + phõn s (theo lut c phõn s trờn) Vớ d:- 3/5 = two and three fifths - 6/7 = five and six sevenths - 1/4 = six and a quarter Trng hp c bit Cú mt s trng hp khụng theo cỏc qui tc trờn v thng c dựng ngn gn nh sau: + 1/2 = a half hoc one (a) half + 1/4 = one quarter hoc a quarter (nhng Toỏn hc c dựng l one fourth) + 3/4 = three quarters + 1/100 = one hundredth + 1% = one percent hoc a percent + 1/1000 = one thousandth - one a thousandth - one over a thousand VERBS + PREPOSITIONS ABOUT agrue about sth be concerned about sth be worried about sth boast about sth decide about sth protest about sh think about sth dream about sth AGAINST insure sth against sth protest against sth AT look at, glace at, stare at sth guess at sth hint at sth marvel at sth FOR account for sth allow for sth apologize to sb for sth blame sb for sth to be to blame for sth care for sb/sth cater for sb/sth charge sb + $ + for sth count for sth provide sth for sb opt for sth OF accuse sb of sth convict sb of sth remind sb of sth suspect sb of sth take notice of sb/sth consist of sth dispose of sth rob sth of sth deprive sb of sth IN be absorbed in sth be engrossed in sth specialize in sth involve sb in sth result in sth succeed in sth be engaged in sth FROM bar sb from swhere benefit from sth derive sth from sth stem from sth evolve from sth result from sth deter sb from sth differ from sth distinguish A from B differentiate A from B distract sb from sth exempt sb from sth expel ab from a place refrain from sth resign from sth suffer from sth translate from A to B free sb from sth differ from detract from ON base A on B blame sth on sb focus on sth concentrate on sth centre A on B decide on sth depend on sb/sth elaborate on sth impose A on B insist on sth / sb on doing sth pride oneself on sth instruct sb on sth reflect on sth advise on sth WITH acquaint sb with sth associate sb with sth charge sb with sth be cluttered with sth coincide with sth collide with sth comply with sth concern with sth confront with sth confuse A with B equip A with B WITH be crammed with sth deal with sb/sth discuss sth with sb face with sth pack with sth plead with sb to sth provide sb with sth tamper with sth trust sb with sth agree with sb/sth interfere in/with TO answer to sth response to sth reply to sth appeal to sth apply A to B apply oneself to doing sth attend to sth attribute sth to sb commit oneself to doing sth confess to sth devote oneself to doing sth prefer A to B react to sth refer to sth resign oneself to sth resort to sth see to doing sth subject someone to sth be subjected to (doing) sth succeed to sth stick to sth adhere to sth MANY, MUCH, A FEW/FEW, A LITTLE/LITTLE & ANY A lot of v lots of: - Khụng cú s khỏc bit gia a lot of v lots of C hai ch yu ng trc danh t khụng m c s ớt, danh t s nhiu v i t Vớ d: A lot of my friends want to emigrate - Nhiu bn ca tụi mun xut cnh Lots of us think it's time for an election - Nhiu ngi chỳng tụi ngh ó n lỳc phi bu c A lot of time is needed to learn a language - Cn nhiu thi gian hc mt ngụn ng Lots of patience is needed, too - Cng cn cú nhiu kiờn nhn Plenty of: - Plenty of thng ớt trang trng hn Ch yu nú c dựng trc danh t khụng m c s ớt v danh t s nhiu Nú hm ý v nhiu Vớ d: Dont rush Theres plenty of time - ng chy vi Cũn nhiu thi gian m Plenty of shops take cheques - Nhiu ca hng ly ngõn phiu A large amount of, a great deal of, a large number of: - Nhng thnh ng ny c s dng nh a lot of v lots of, nhng trang trng hn A large amount of, a great deal of thng c dựng vi danh t khụng m c A large number of c dựng trc danh t s nhiu v ng t theo sau cng s nhiu A lot v a great deal of cú th dựng nh trng t Vớ d: On holiday, we walk and swim a lot - Vo k ngh chỳng tụi i v tm nhiu Cỏch s dng little, a little, few, a few Little + danh t khụng m c: rt ớt, khụng (cú khuynh hng ph nh) A little + danh t khụng m c: cú mt chỳt, Few + danh t m c s nhiu: cú rt ớt, khụng (cú tớnh ph nh) A few + danh t m c s nhiu: cú mt chỳt, Trong mt s trng hp danh t trờn ó c nhc n thỡ phớa di ch cn dựng little hoc few nh mt i t l (cng ging nh i vi other/another; this/that) Are you ready in money Yes, a little Quite a few + m c = Quite a bit + khụng m c = Quite a lot of + noun = rt nhiu MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF & LOTS OF TRONG MT S TRNG HP KHC Much & many Many i vi danh t m c v much i vi danh t khụng m c: Tuy nhiờn much of cú th i vi tờn ngi v tờn a danh: I have seen too much of Howard recently.(Gn õy tụi hay gp Howard) Not much of Denmark is hilly.(an mch khụng cú my i nỳi) Many/much of + determiner (a, the, this, my ) + noun +You cant see much of a country in a week +I wont pass the exam I have missed many of my lessons Many v much dựng nhiu cõu ph nh v cõu nghi vn, cõu khng nh cú th dựng cỏc loi t khỏc nh plenty of, a lot, lots of thay th Tuy vy ting Anh, much v many c dựng bỡnh thng cõu khngnh Much has been written about the causes of unemployment in the opinion of manyeconomists Much dựng nh mt phú t (much ng trc ng t nhng ng sau very v sau cu trỳc ph nh ca cõu): I dont travel much these days (much = very often)I much appreciate your help (much=highly)We very much prefer the country to the town.Janet much enjoyed her stay with your family Much, too much / many, so many ( nhn mnh) dựng c lp sau mnh chớnh, trc danh t m nú b ng The cost of a thirty-second commercial advertisement on a television show is $300,000, much too much for most business Many a + singular noun + singular verb Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge.(Bit bao chng trai kin ó nn lũng trc mt th thỏch nh vy) I have been to the top of the Effeil tower many a time Manys the + {smt that / sbody who} + singular verb Manys the student who couldnt follow the post-graduate courses at universities andcolleges under the pressure of money (Bit bao nhiờu sinh viờn ó khụng th theo hc cỏc trng H v C thiu tin) Manys the promise that has been broken.(Bit bao nhiờu li ó b phn bi) GRADABLE UNGRADABLE ADJECTIVES fairly, slightly, a (little] bit, somewhat, very + gradable adj almost, nearly, practically, virtually, absolutely + ungradable adj Adverb + Adjective bitterly cold, disappointed, divided, hostile, humiliated, hurt, opposed, resented, resentful, upset completely acclimatised, alone, different, drained, empty/full, extinguished, immune (from/to sth), incapable (of sth), incomprehensible, lost, negative, new, open (with sb) (= honest), overlooked, revised, right/wrong, untenable deeply ashamed, attached (to sb/sth) (= strong feeling for), conscious, conservative, depressed, disappointed, disturbed, divided, embedded, embittered, hurt, indebted (to sb), ingrained, in love with, involved, involved (in sth), lamented, meaningful, moving, religious, rutted entirely absent, beneficial, clear, different, false, fitting, free, global, impersonal, loyal, new, obvious, serious, unconvincing, unexpected heavily armed, booked, built, censored, criticised, embroiled (with sblsth), flavoured, guarded, involved (in sth), muscled, polluted, populated, protected, publicised, regulated, represented, scented, soiled, taxed hideously bad, burnt, deformed, disfigured, disfiguring, effective, embarrassing, expensive, injured, lurid, mangled, scarred, swollen, ugly, unhygienic highly commended, contagious, controversial, critical, dependent, developed, educated, enjoyable, flexible, intelligent, mobile, paid, personal, polished, political, popular, publicised, qualified, recommended, regarded, relevant, resistant, respected, significant, skilled, specialised, technical, toxic, trained, unlikely, valued, volatile painfully acute, aware, evocative, learned, loud, obvious, self-conscious, sensitive, shy, slow, small, sparse, thin perfectly arranged, balanced, capable, fitting (= appropriate), formed, genuine, good, healthy, normal, placed, proper, rational, reasonable, (all) right, safe, still, straightforward, understandable, valid seriously damaged, exposed, hit (= damaged), ill, impaired, rich, threatened, undermined, wealthy totally abandoned, abused, alien, anaemic, decent, destroyed, different, embarrassed, harmless, homogeneous, honest, impervious (to sth), inadequate, incompetent, integrated, irresistible, logical, new, normal, overpowering, stiff, surprising, unacceptable, unbelievable, undefined, unjustified, wasted utterly abandoned, alone, appalled, careless, dejected, destroyed, devoted (to sb), different, disastrous, fearless, futile, impossible, irresistible, lacking, ruthless, tragic, unacceptable, unattainable, unquestioning, useless, wrecked COMPOUND ADJECTIVES TYPES EXAMPLES N- Ved air-conditioned, hand-embroided, star-studded, handpicked, heart-broken, tongue-tied, sundried, hand-made, moss-covered, lion-hearted, home-grown, home-brewed N- Ving time-consuming, eye-catching, hair-raising, breath-taking, mouth-watering, recordbreaking, labour-saving, thought-provoking, house-warming, heart-warming N-Adj carefree, sugarfree, trouble-free, praiseworthy, worldwide, blameworthy, brand-new, world-famous, knee-deep, self-reliant, snow-white, steel-gray, pitch-dark, noteworthy Adj- Ved ready-made, deep-fried, single-breasted, hard-earned, clean-shaven, long-haired, ill-advised, little-known, Adj-N deep-sea, full-length, last-minute, clear-blue, Adj- Ned high-heeled, loud-mouthed, short-sighted, short-sleeved, grey-haired, blue-eyed, absentminded, short-sighted, old-fashioned, open-minded, tight-fisted, kind-hearted, cold-blooded, high-spirited, empty-headed Adj/ Adv- Ving hard-working, easy-going, good-looking, awful-tasting, far-reaching, free-standing, longsuffering, ever-lasting, never-ending Adv-Ved well-organized, well-behaved, well-mannered, badly-injured, smartly-dressed, hotlydebated, well-known , brightly-lit, deeply-rooted, well-informed, densely-populated, widely-recognized, high-respected, never-defeated , outspoken , well-built, ill-bred = illeducated, newly-lit = newly-born Number - Ned four-eyed, three-dimensioned, double-edged, 20th-century Number - N four-star, two-door, twenty-page, forty-mile Phrasal Verb worn-out, made-up, run-down, off-putting, cut-off ... UNGRADABLE ADJECTIVES fairly, slightly, a (little] bit, somewhat, very + gradable adj almost, nearly, practically, virtually, absolutely + ungradable adj Adverb + Adjective bitterly cold, disappointed,... well-organized, well-behaved, well-mannered, badly-injured, smartly-dressed, hotlydebated, well-known , brightly-lit, deeply-rooted, well-informed, densely-populated, widely-recognized, high-respected, never-defeated... answer all the questions (Anh y thụng minh n ni m anh y cú th tr li tt c cõu hi) So quickly did he run that no one could catch him (Anh ta chy nhanh n ni m khụng cú th bt c anh ta) o ng t to be lờn