Hongjun Li Editor Radiology of Infectious Diseases Volume 123 Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume Hongjun Li Editor Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume Editor Hongjun Li Beijing You An Hospital Capital Medical University Diagnostic Radiology Department Beijing China ISBN 978-94-017-9875-4 ISBN 978-94-017-9876-1 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9876-1 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015943785 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and People's Medical Publishing House 2015 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media B.V Dordrecht is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) I am unwilling to alienate my wife, daughter, seniors, friends, and students However, in order to publish this book, I had to give up my chances of enjoying family gatherings, and I had to give up chances of having good times with the seniors and my friends to write To my wife, Dongying Bao, I dedicate this treatise, for her support, encouragements, and trust to my persistence in academic career development To my daughter, Zhen Li, I dedicate this treatise, for giving me strength To my leaders and my team, I dedicate this treatise, to appreciate their powerful support to my work Hongjun Li Foreword I In recent years, remarkable progress has been achieved in the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China However, along with social development, environmental and human behaviors change As a consequence, new infectious diseases have been identified, with recurrence of traditional infectious diseases, both of which impose great challenges to the healthcare system in China Complications of infectious diseases and their proper management are of great importance to the therapeutic outcomes of the diseases and the quality of patients’ life, which deserve focused scholarly and clinical attention Radiology, as an essential method for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these complications, constitutes an important procedure in the whole course of preventing and controlling infectious diseases Although recent years witness an increasing number of publications in radiology, those concerning infectious diseases are rare Committed to clinical application and basic research of radiology of infectious diseases for years, Prof Li has gained much experience and abundant data in this field Based on his previous gains and contributions, he, as the chief editor, led vii viii Foreword I his team composed mainly by professionals from the Department of Radiology at Beijing You’an Hospital to finish compiling this treatise, Radiology of Infectious Diseases, within years This book falls into parts, with 59 chapters in about million bytes and over 3,000 figures The comprehensive and original content makes it a treatise with newness and importance in the field of radiology I believe and expect that the publication of this book plays a positive role in preventing and controlling the infectious diseases as well as in promoting the development of radiology Academician of Chinese Engineering Academy Fuwai Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing, China Foreword II The profound changes of environment and human behaviors have produced tremendous impacts on the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases, such as SARS in 2004, influenza caused by H1N1 in 2009, and influenza caused by H7N9 in 2013 The current occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases are characterized by continual emergence of new infectious diseases and recurrence of traditional infectious diseases, which impose threats to the health of human beings Since the common cause of death in patients with infectious diseases is the occurrence of complications, the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these complications turn out to be critical for the survival and quality of life of the patients While diagnostic imaging, such as CT, X-ray, and MRI, plays an important role in the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of complications, radiology thus constitutes an important procedure for the favorable outcomes of infectious diseases The insufficient systematic knowledge about radiology of infectious diseases and the urgent need for its clinical application underline the compilation and publication of this book Currently, scientific literature on systematic theories about the clinical radiology of the 39 national legitimated and over 10 infectious diseases is still rarely found The classical original treatise, Radiology of Infectious Diseases, has not been published Previous radiological data on infectious diseases is either lost or scattered, which necessitates their collection, summarization, and systematic studies for compilation of a treatise It is urgent to incorporate relevant ix 394 L Li and X Zhang Case Study 12 A female patient aged 43 years complained of fever, cough, and chest pain for days By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b Fig 29.6 Pulmonary malaria with pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, and pleural effusion (a, b) CT scanning demonstrates thickened, increased, and deranged bronchovascular bundles in both lungs, patches of consolidation shadows with the pulmonary hilum as the center, and small quantities of pleural effusion in both lungs Case Study 13 a b c Fig 29.7 Pulmonary malaria with alveolar edema (a–c) CT scanning demonstrates diffusive ground-glass opacities in both lungs 29 Malaria 29.7.2.3 PET The metabolic rate of glucose in both lungs is demonstrated with diffusive decrease 29.7.3 Abdominal Lesions Abdominal malaria most commonly involves the liver and spleen, followed by the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract The manifestations include hepatomegaly, liver dysfunction, gallbladder wall edema, splenomegaly or megalosplenia, spleen infarction, spleen rupture and hemorrhage, portal hypertension, gastrointestinal wall swelling, ascites, and mild edema of both kidneys 29.7.3.1 Ultrasound Hepatosplenomegaly is commonly demonstrated There are also thickened echoes from the liver parenchyma, dilated hepatic portal vein and splenic vein as well as ascites In the cases with spontaneous spleen rupture, the area under the splenic capsule on the diaphragmatic surface is demonstrated with crescent-shaped low echo Ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasound can provide valuable information for the diagnosis of spleen infarction, which is demonstrated with enlarged spleen and singular or multiple wedge-shaped or irregular low echo area in the spleen parenchyma In the cases with complicating hemorrhage, the hemorrhage lesions are demonstrated with high echo Ultrasonography demonstrates irregular or wedge-shaped filling defects in the spleen Gallbladder wall edema is demonstrated with thickened gallbladder wall and decreased echo Kidney edema is demonstrated with poorly defined corticomedullary interface and decreased echo 29.7.3.2 CT Scanning Hepatosplenomegaly is commonly demonstrated, and in some cases even megalosplenia, with enlarged volume By plain 395 scanning, the density of the enlarged spleen and the enlarged liver is demonstrated to be decreased, while by contrast scanning, the density is progressively enhanced, with stronger enhancement of the liver than that of the spleen (Fig 29.8) Occasionally, the liver is enlarged with increased density, which is speculated to be the result of hemosiderosis in the liver due to extensive rupture of erythrocytes (Fig 29.9) By plain scanning, spleen infarction is demonstrated as multiple wedge-shaped, bar-shaped, or map-like low-density lesions at the margin of the spleen, whose pathogenesis may be related to hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial system due to hyperfunctional removal of the spleen By contrast scanning, infarction of the spleen is demonstrated with no enhancement of the lesions And the wedge-shaped lesions are typical demonstration of splenic infarction Radiological studies of animal models have demonstrated that bar-shaped low-density lesions are organized thrombi formed by infected erythrocytes in the dilated splenic vein Kim et al reported that the lesions in the spleen are reversible By follow-up reexaminations, the bar-shaped low-density lesions in the spleen can disappear, with simultaneous normal size of the spleen The liver dysfunction is demonstrated with intrahepatic lymphatic stasis (Fig 29.10) Megalosplenia and multiple splenic infarctions are common in the cases of severe P falciparum malaria (Fig 29.11) In addition, there are also edema surrounding the gallbladder wall and the portal vein, ascites, spontaneous rupture of the spleen, and subcapsular hemorrhage, which are common in the patients with P vivax malaria The involvement of kidney has manifestations of acute renal insufficiency or failure Plain scanning demonstrates decreased density of both kidneys and poorly defined corticomedullary interface Otherwise, the enhanced lesions with patchy attenuation are demonstrated (Fig 29.12) Gastrointestinal malaria is commonly demonstrated as extensive gastrointestinal wall edema and ascites (Fig 29.13) 396 L Li and X Zhang Case Study 14 A male patient aged 30 years, an enthusiastic traveler, complained of fever, chills, and poor appetite for month By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b c d Fig 29.8 Abdominal malaria with hepatosplenomegaly and splenic infarction (a) Plain CT scanning demonstrates increased volumes of the liver and the spleen (b) Contrast CT scanning demonstrates irregular-shaped low-density area at the arterial phase in the spleen, with internal spots and flakes of slightly high-density shadows (c) By contrast scanning, the spleen is demonstrated with wedge-shaped and strips of low-density shadows in the spleen at the venous phase, with stronger enhancement of the liver than that of the spleen (d) By contrast scanning, the spleen is demonstrated still with wedge-shaped slightly low-density areas in the spleen at the equilibrium phase 29 Malaria 397 Case Study 15 a b c d Fig 29.9 Abdominal malaria with hepatomegaly (a) Plain CT scanning demonstrates increased volume of the liver as well as obviously higher density of the liver parenchyma than that of the spleen parenchyma (b–d) Contrast scanning demonstrates stronger enhancement of the liver than that of the spleen Case Study 16 (For case detail and figures, please refer to Kim EM et al Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2010, 83 (6): 1202.) A male patient aged 52 years complained of fever and chills 398 L Li and X Zhang Case Study 17 A male patient aged 17 years, with a history of traveling in the epidemic area of malaria, complained of high fever and poor appetite for days By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b c d Fig 29.10 Abdominal malaria with hepatosplenomegaly and intrahepatic lymphatic stasis (a) Plain CT scanning demonstrates slightly enlarged volume of the liver, strips, and ring-shaped slightly low-density shadows at both sides of the right and left branches of the intrahepatic portal vein and slightly enlarged volume of the spleen (b–d) Contrast scanning demonstrates no enhancement around the intrahepatic portal vein and inferior vena cava, with strips of low-density track sign and circular low-density halo sign 29 Malaria Case Study 18 A female patient aged 65 years, a woman living in a rural area, complained of intermittent fever, nausea, and a c 399 anorexia for half a month By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive b d Fig 29.11 Abdominal malaria with megalosplenia and splenic infarction (a) Plain CT scanning demonstrates obviously increased volume of the spleen, which exceeds the abdominal midline, as well as rightward shifts of the stomach and abdominal aorta due to com- pression Multiple strips of low-density lesions are demonstrated in the spleen with blurry boundaries (b, c) Contrast scanning demonstrates no enhancement of the low-density lesions in the spleen with well-defined boundaries (d) Demonstrations by sagittal scanning Case Study 19 (For case detail and figures, please refer to Kim EM et al Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2010, 83 (6): 1202.) A female patient aged 52 years complained of fever and left abdominal pain She reported no history of trauma By laboratory test, she was definitively diagnosed with P vivax infection 400 L Li and X Zhang Case Study 20 A male patient aged 17 years complained of fever and low back pain for days and oliguria for day a b c Fig 29.12 Renal malaria (a) Plain CT scanning demonstrates decreased density of both kidneys and poorly defined corticomedullary interface (b, c) Contrast scanning demonstrates enhancement of the lesions with patchy attenuation 29 Malaria 401 Case Study 21 A male patient aged 47 years complained of fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea for days By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b c Fig 29.13 Intestinal malaria and ascites (a–c) CT scanning demonstrates swelling of the intestinal wall and the colon wall Contrast CT scanning demonstrates no abnormal enhancement There are also liquid density shadows surrounding the intestinal canal 29.7.3.3 MR Imaging The liver is demonstrated with enlarged volume in slightly long or equal T1 and slightly long T2 signals The gallbladder is demonstrated with thickened wall in slightly long or equal T1 and slightly long T2 signals The portal vein and the splenic vein are demonstrated to be widened The spleen is demonstrated with increased volume or megalosplenia in slightly long or equal T1 and slightly long T2 signals Splenic infarction is demonstrated with irregular, wedge-shaped, or map-like long T1 and long T2 signals in the spleen; otherwise, strips of filling are detected in the dilated splenic vein by Gd-DTPA contrast imaging Spleen rupture is demonstrated as short T1 signal lesions under the spleen capsule or in the spleen parenchyma By routine imaging, there are thickened wall of the gastrointestinal tract and absence of the 3-layered structure of the intestinal wall with slightly long T1 long T2 signals that are poorly defined In the abdominal cavity, multiple long T1 and long T2 signal shadows are demonstrated, which are high signals by T2WI fat-suppression imaging The parenchyma in both kidneys is poorly defined in long T1 long T2 blurry signals 29.7.3.4 PET A group of animal experiments have demonstrated diffusively increased 18F-FDG uptake in the whole spleen of the experimental monkeys infected by plasmodia, with an average SUV of 5.1 ± 0.6 that is significantly higher than that before the infection (the average SUV is 1.6 ± 0.7) Case Study 22 Animal experiments (For case detail and figures, please refer to Kawai S et al Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2006, 74 (3): 353.) 402 L Li and X Zhang 29.7.4 Subcutaneous Soft Tissue Changes In the cases of malaria, extensive swelling of the subcutaneous soft tissues can be observed 29.7.4.2 CT Scanning CT scanning demonstrates thickened subcutaneous soft tissues and increased density of the subcutaneous fat (Fig 29.14) 29.7.4.1 Ultrasound Ultrasound demonstrates decreased echo of subcutaneous soft tissues Case Study 23 A female patient aged 49 years complained of fever, diarrhea, and systemic soreness and pain for 11 days By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b c d Fig 29.14 Abdominal wall edema and the intestinal wall of malaria and ascites (a–d) CT scanning demonstrates extensive swelling of the abdominal wall and the intestinal wall as well as liquid density shadows surrounding the intestinal canal 29 Malaria 29.7.4.3 MR Imaging MR imaging demonstrates thickened subcutaneous soft tissues The high signals of the subcutaneous fats are partly or wholly replaced by slightly long T1 and slightly long T2 signals T2WI fat suppression demonstrates no obvious decrease of the signals 403 29.7.5 Multiple Organ Involvement Simultaneous involvement of the liver, spleen, and lungs is the most common (Fig 29.15), followed by simultaneous involvement of the liver, spleen, and brain (Fig 29.16) and simultaneous involvement of the liver and lungs (Fig 29.17) And simultaneous involvement of the liver, spleen, lung, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and soft tissues is rare Case Study 24 A female patient aged 18 years complained of high fever, cough, and hepatic pain for days By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b c Fig 29.15 Multiple organ involvement of malaria with pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and hepatosplenomegaly (a, b) CT scanning demonstrates diffusive distribution of ground-glass opacities in both lungs and bilateral pleural effusion in small quantities (c) The liver and the spleen are demonstrated with enlarged volumes 404 L Li and X Zhang Case Study 25 A female patient aged 39 years complained of fever, cough, and headache for days By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b c Fig 29.16 Multiple organ involvement of malaria with brain edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and hepatomegaly (a, b) Sulci and fissures in bilateral cerebral hemispheres are demonstrated to be narrowed or blurry Some sulci are demonstrated with slightly increased density Small strips of d high-density shadows are observable at the posterior horn of bilateral cerebral ventricles (d) Diffusive distribution of ground-glass opacity in both lungs is demonstrated, with bilateral pleural effusion (c, d) The liver is demonstrated with an enlarged volume 29 Malaria 405 Case Study 26 A female patient aged 43 years complained of fever, hepatic pain, and poor appetite for days By blood smear, plasmodia were detected positive a b Fig 29.17 Multiple organ involvement of malaria with pulmonary infection and hepatomegaly (a) CT demonstrates diffusive distribution of ground-glass opacities in both lungs (b) The liver is demonstrated with an enlarged volume 29.8 Diagnostic Basis 29.8.1 Diagnosis of Malaria Patients with a history of visiting the epidemic area during the prevailing season of malaria or patients with a history of blood transfusion within past weeks, who complain of periodic chills, fever, and sweating but no obvious symptoms during the intervals or with accompanying progressive anemia and splenomegaly, should be suspected with malaria The following blood smear with positive finding of plasmodia can define the diagnosis Some patients have clinical manifestations resembling to those of malaria but with negative finding by blood smears For these cases, if the possibility of other diseases can be excluded, chloroquine medication to treat malaria can be administered as a trial for days Those with alleviated symptoms after treatment can be diagnosed with malaria and coma, with accompanying severe headache, vomiting, and anemia, should be suspected with malaria Blood smear with positive finding of plasmodia provides important basis to define the diagnosis Brain CT scanning and MR imaging of patients with malaria demonstrate different degrees of brain edema and hemorrhage as symmetrical low-density areas or long T1 long T2 signals in the basal ganglia The lesions can also be found in the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the semioval centrum, and the corpus callosum, which are radiologically demonstrated as inflammatory edema or hemorrhage Patients with malaria may also experience increased pressure, cell counts, and protein level in their cerebrospinal fluid but normal glucose level 29.8.2.2 Pulmonary Malaria 29.8.2 Diagnosis of Malaria-Related Complications 29.8.2.1 Cerebral Malaria In the epidemic area of malaria during summers and autumns, patients with fever, chills, sleepiness, or convulsion Patients with malaria are clinically characterized by respiratory symptoms, such as cough and expectoration By auscultation, scattering dry and moist rales can be heard in both lungs X-rays and CT scanning demonstrate thickened lung markings, butterfly sign, patchy shadow, and consolidation shadow 406 L Li and X Zhang 29.8.2.3 Malarial Nephropathy 29.9.3 Brain Tumors Blackwater Fever Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia are necessary for the diagnosis of HUS Radiological examinations can demonstrate hepatosplenomegaly and edema surrounding the portal vein Brain tumors have chronic onset with the conditions progressively aggravate The patients commonly experience symptoms of headache, vomiting, visual impairments, epilepsy, limb paralysis, and no fever or low-grade fever Brain radiology demonstrates substantial space-occupying lesion in brain tissue, which enlarges along with the illness course Malarial Nephropathy Malarial nephropathy can be diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, such as hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, or urodialysis, and laboratory findings of CREA and BUN levels 29.9 Differential Diagnosis 29.9.1 Pneumonia Most cases of pulmonary malaria are radiologically demonstrated with thickened pulmonary markings or interstitial changes, which are nonspecific In some severe cases, the radiological demonstrations include lobular pneumonia, segmental pneumonia, and lobar pneumonia, which are similar to pulmonary changes caused by other pathogenic bacteria However, pulmonary malaria has short course of illness and rapid absorption of the lesions Most of the pulmonary lesions are absorbed within week Antimalarial medication is especially effective to alleviate and cure malaria 29.9.2 Encephalitis By blood smear, plasmodia may not be detected positive in the cases of cerebral malaria Therefore, it should be differentiated from encephalitis B and viral meningoencephalitis Cerebral malaria is common in children and adults visitors, with common manifestations of anemia and hepatosplenomegaly They usually have no obvious meningeal irritation sign and basically normal findings by the cerebrospinal fluid examination If necessary, blood smear can be repeatedly performed for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis Viral encephalitis has a chronic onset and commonly occurs in teenagers, with symptoms of fever and accompanying fatigue, dizziness, temperament changes, and mental abnormalities By the cerebrospinal fluid examination, the findings indicate virus infection of the central nervous system, with increased cells counts and protein and normal levels of glucose and chlorides T2WI of MRI demonstrates scattered or infused high-signal area, while T1WI demonstrates equal or low signal with different degrees of space-occupying effect 29.9.4 Amebic Liver Abscess The disease is clinically characterized by remittent fever with profuse sweating Chloroquine has certain curative effect for it, especially for swelling and pain of the liver In such cases, the WBC count and the neutrophil percentage obviously increase X-ray demonstrates elevated right diaphragm and limited movement Ultrasound can demonstrate liquid level segment in the hepatic region Chocolate pus can be drawn by liver puncture References Cordoliani YS, Sarrazin JL, Felten D, et al MR of cerebral malaria AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;9(5):871–4 Kawai S, Ikeda E, Sugiyama M, et al Enhancement of splenic glucose metabolism during acute malarial infection: correlation of findings of FDG-PET imaging with pathological changes in a primate model of severe human malaria Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74(3): 353–60 Kim EM, Cho HJ, Cho CR, et al Abdominal computed tomography findings of malaria infection with Plasmodium vivax Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83(6):1202–5 Nickerson JP, Tong KA, Raghavan R Imaging cerebral malaria with a susceptibility-weighted MR sequence AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30(6):e85–6 Patankar TF, Karnad DR, Shetty PG, et al Adult cerebral malaria: prognostic importance of imaging findings and correlation with postmortem findings Radiology 2002;224(3):811–6 Yadav P, Sharma R, Kumar S, et al Magnetic resonance features of cerebral malaria Acta Radiol 2008;49(5):566–9 Suggested Reading Bae K, Jeon KN CT findings of malarial spleen Br J Radiol 2006;79(946):e145–7 Das CJ, Sharma R Central pontine myelinolysis in a case of cerebral malaria Br J Radiol 2007;80(960):e293–5 Gamanagatti S, Kandpal H MR imaging of cerebral malaria in a child Eur J Radiol 2006;60(1):46–7 Xu RG, Pei XP, Zhang MC, et al X-ray demonstrations of pulmonary lesions in the cases of malaria: a report of 27 cases Northwest J Natl Def Med 2009;30(4):268–70 Index A Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 176, 213, 214, 351 Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), 197 AIDS dementia complex (ADC), 23, 182, 191, 192, 328, 370, 389, 390 Anthrax, 3–10, 198, 205 Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 182, 191, 192, 328, 370, 389, 390 Aspergillus, 171 B Bacillary dysentery, 11–16, 18, 19, 31, 33–35, 81, 174, 175, 185, 351, 382 Brucellosis, 37–62, 91, 355 C Cat scratch disease (CSD), 63–68 Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), 69–73 Cholera, 75–82, 171, 175 Contrast scan, 21, 25, 32, 54, 59, 68, 93, 109, 182, 219, 220, 223, 244, 245, 248–250, 278, 291, 323–325, 330, 334, 336–340, 343, 346, 347, 370, 371, 379, 381–383, 395–400 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 83, 84, 86, 87 D Diphtheria, 83–87 Dysentery, 9, 11–35, 81, 174, 175, 185, 211, 351, 382 E Echinococcosis, 315, 317, 333–348 Epidemic encephalitis B, 34, 102, 159 Epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF), 119, 158, 204 Epidemic parotitis (EP), 91 Excretory urography, 251, 256 F Filariasis, 204, 307–314 Flow void phenomenon, 68 Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), 8, 34, 99, 100, 128, 159, 164, 178, 181–183, 389, 390 G Gonorrhea, 103–112 Group A-β hemolytic streptococcus, 259, 260 H Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), 204 Hepatic tuberculosis, 248–249 Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE), 292 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 62–64, 213, 250, 351 Hydatidosis/hydatid disease, 315–348 I Influenza, 147, 158, 177, 193, 212 Interventional ultrasound, 19–23, 32, 33, 40, 41, 54, 56–58, 65–68, 79, 81, 86, 92, 93, 106–111, 117, 135, 139, 150, 158, 163, 178, 181, 185, 204, 236, 248, 249, 251, 273, 278, 298, 299, 310, 312, 313, 321, 322, 328, 333, 336–338, 346, 347, 352, 361–365, 367, 378, 382, 389, 395, 402, 406 K Kala-azar, 349–355 L Legionnaires disease, 121–129 Leprosy, 131–141, 355 Leptospirosis, 9, 143–159, 203–205 Lyme disease (LD), 161–166 M Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 61, 321, 333, 337, 363 Magnetic resonance cine (MRC), 321 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 27, 106–112, 117, 128, 139, 190, 281, 298, 302, 311, 312, 370, 389, 406 Malaria, 34, 355, 385–406 Measles, 177, 264 MR hydrography, 327, 330, 333, 337, 342 N Neonatal tetanus, 167–170 P Paratyphoid fever, 295–303 Pertussis, whooping cough, 187 Pin echo, SE, 332 Plague, 9, 195–205 Poliomyelitis, 40, 166 Psittacosis, 73, 207–212 Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), 217 Pulmonary tuberculosis, 34, 61–62, 159, 194, 213–258, 347 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and People’s Medical Publishing House 2015 H Li (ed.), Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume 2, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9876-1 407 408 R Retrograde pyelography, 338 Route of transmission, 3, 11–12, 37, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89–90, 114, 121, 143–144, 161, 173, 187, 196, 207, 213, 260, 267–268, 295, 308, 317, 349–350, 358, 386 Rubella, 264–265 S SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), 207, 208, 212 Scarlet fever, 259–265 Schistosomiasis, 12, 35, 158, 355, 357–383 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 207, 208, 212 Source of infection, 3, 5, 11, 37, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 95, 103, 114, 121, 131, 143, 144, 161, 172, 187, 196, 207, 213, 260, 267, 295, 308, 317, 349, 358, 386 Streptococcus suis, 113–119 Susceptible population, 12, 38, 63, 70, 83–84, 95–96, 114, 122, 131–132, 144, 161, 173, 188, 207, 213, 260, 268, 296, 308, 317, 358, 386 Syphilis, 18, 267–292, 355 Syphiloma, 268 Index T T1 weighted imaging (T1WI), 23, 26–28, 30, 45, 65, 66, 68, 92, 93, 99, 107, 108, 110, 155, 158, 164, 169, 170, 178, 180–182, 191, 192, 231, 236, 245–249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 279, 281, 326, 327, 329–332, 335–337, 339, 340, 342–344, 346–348, 363, 370, 371, 374–376, 383, 406 T2 weighted imaging (T2WI), 23, 26, 34, 45, 57, 59, 61, 65, 66, 68, 92, 93, 99, 107, 108, 110, 117, 119, 155, 158, 164, 165, 169, 170, 178, 180–184, 191, 192, 230, 231, 236, 245–249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 279, 281–283, 311, 312, 326, 327, 329–332, 335, 336, 339–344, 346–349, 363, 370, 371, 374–376, 389, 390, 401, 403, 406 Typhoid fever, 9, 12, 147, 158, 295–303, 355, 382 Typhus, 89–94, 158, 355 V Vibrio cholerae, 75–82, 184 Viral hepatitis, 39, 382 Visceral leishmaniasis, 349–355 ... mortality of infectious diseases All the firsthand data in the book lay a solid foundation for further research in radiology of infectious diseases Radiology of Infectious Diseases, edited by Prof Hongjun... professionals working in the field of medical radiology Ke Xu Chairman, Radiology Branch of Chinese Medical Association Preface Definition for Radiology of infectious diseases: Radiology of infectious. . .Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume Hongjun Li Editor Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume Editor Hongjun Li Beijing You An Hospital Capital Medical University Diagnostic Radiology