2014 annual update in intensive care and emergency medicine 2014

2014 Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014 Edited by J.-L.Vincent 123 Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014 The series Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is the continuation of the series entitled Yearbook of Intensive Care Medicine in Europe and Intensive Care Medicine: Annual Update in the United States Jean-Louis Vincent Editor Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014 Editor Prof Jean-Louis Vincent Erasme Hospital Université libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium jlvincen@ulb.ac.be ISSN 2191-5709 ISBN 978-3-319-03745-5 ISBN 978-3-319-03746-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03746-2 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, 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Contents Common Abbreviations Part I xi Infections and Sepsis Fever Management in Intensive Care Patients with Infections P Young and M Saxena Review on Iron, Immunity and Intensive Care L T van Eijk, D W Swinkels, and P Pickkers 17 Sepsis Guideline Implementation: Benefits, Pitfalls and Possible Solutions 31 N Kissoon Antimicrobial Dosing during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation P M Honoré, R Jacobs, and H.D Spapen Corticosteroids as Adjunctive Treatment in Community-Acquired Pneumonia O Sibila, M Ferrer, and A Torres Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in the ICU A A Kalanuria, M Mirski, and W Ziai Part II 43 53 65 Optimal Oxygen Therapy A Re-evaluation of Oxygen Therapy and Hyperoxemia in Critical Care S Suzuki, G M Eastwood, and R Bellomo 81 Normoxia and Hyperoxia in Neuroprotection P Le Roux 93 v vi Part III Contents Mechanical Ventilation Intubation in the ICU: We Could Improve our Practice 107 A De Jong, B Jung, and S Jaber Oral Care in Intubated Patients: Necessities and Controversies 119 S Labeau and S Blot Sleep and Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients 133 C Psarologakis, S Kokkini, and D Georgopoulos The Importance of Weaning for Successful Treatment of Respiratory Failure 147 J Bickenbach, C Brülls, and G Marx Part IV Lung Protective Strategies Protective Lung Ventilation During General Anesthesia: Is There Any Evidence? 159 S Coppola, S Froio, and D Chiumello Protective Mechanical Ventilation in the Non-injured Lung: Review and Meta-analysis 173 Y Sutherasan, M Vargas, and P Pelosi Dynamics of Regional Lung Inflammation: New Questions and Answers Using PET 193 J Batista Borges, G Hedenstierna, and F Suarez-Sipmann Non-conventional Modes of Ventilation in Patients with ARDS 207 L Morales Quinteros and N D Ferguson Part V Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS: A Clinical Syndrome or a Pathological Entity? 219 P Cardinal-Fernández, A Ballén Barragán, and J A Lorente Novel Pharmacologic Approaches for the Treatment of ARDS 231 R Herrero, Y Rojas, and A Esteban Outcome of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Causes of Death, Survival Rates and Long-term Implications 245 M Zambon, G Monti, and G Landoni Contents Part VI vii Pulmonary Edema Quantitative Evaluation of Pulmonary Edema 257 T Tagami, S Kushimoto, and H Yokota Distinguishing Between Cardiogenic and Increased Permeability Pulmonary Edema 269 O Hamzaoui, X Monnet, and J.-L Teboul Part VII Early Goal-directed Therapy and Hemodynamic Optimization Extravascular Lung Water as a Target for Goal-directed Therapy 285 M Y Kirov, V V Kuzkov, and L J Bjertnaes Real-life Implementation of Perioperative Hemodynamic Optimization 299 M Biais, A Senagore, and F Michard Update on Perioperative Hemodynamic Monitoring and Goal-directed Optimization Concepts 309 V Mezger, M Habicher, and M Sander Macro- and Microcirculation in Systemic Inflammation: An Approach to Close the Circle 325 B Saugel, C J Trepte, and D A Reuter Part VIII Monitoring Cardiac Ultrasound and Doppler in Critically Ill Patients: Does it Improve Outcome? 343 J Poelaert and P Flamée The Hemodynamic Puzzle: Solving the Impossible? 355 K Tánczos, M Németh, and Z Molnár A New Generation Computer-controlled Imaging Sensor-based Hand-held Microscope for Quantifying Bedside Microcirculatory Alterations 367 G Aykut, Y Ince, and C Ince Part IX Fluid Therapy Pulse Pressure Variation in the Management of Fluids in Critically Ill Patients 385 A Messina and P Navalesi viii Contents Albumin: Therapeutic Role in the Current Era 395 A Farrugia and M Bansal Part X Cardiac Concerns Inotropic Support in the Treatment of Septic Myocardial Dysfunction: Pathophysiological Implications Supporting the Use of Levosimendan 407 A Morelli, M Passariello, and M Singer Supraventricular Dysrhythmias in the Critically Ill: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications 421 E Brotfain, M Klein, and J C Marshall The Pros and Cons of Epinephrine in Cardiac Arrest 433 J Rivers and J P Nolan Part XI Ischemic Brain Damage Preventing Ischemic Brain Injury after Sudden Cardiac Arrest Using NO Inhalation 449 K Kida and F Ichinose Neurological Prognostication After Cardiac Arrest in the Era of Hypothermia 461 C Sandroni, S D’Arrigo, and M Antonelli Part XII Gastrointestinal Problems Stress Ulceration: Prevalence, Pathology and Association with Adverse Outcomes 473 M P Plummer, A Reintam Blaser, and A M Deane Surgical Complications Following Bariatric Surgery 487 P Montravers, P Fournier, and P Augustin Acute Liver Failure 503 L A Possamai and J A Wendon Contents Part XIII ix Renal Issues Lung/Kidney Interactions: From Experimental Evidence to Clinical Uncertainty 529 D Schnell, F Vincent, and M Darmon Shifting Paradigms in Acute Kidney Injury 541 W De Corte, I De Laet, and E.A.J Hoste Part XIV Coagulation and Bleeding Early Identification of Occult Bleeding Through Hypovolemia Detection 555 A L Holder, G Clermont, and M R Pinsky Optimizing Intensity and Duration of Oral Antithrombotic Therapy after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 569 G Biondi-Zoccai, E Romagnoli, and G Frati The Utility of Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) or Thromboelastography (TEG) in Non-bleeding ICU Patients 583 K Balvers, M.C Muller, and N.P Juffermans Part XV Electrolyte and Metabolic Disorders and Nutrition Sodium in Critical Illness: An Overview 595 Y Sakr, C Santos, and S Rother Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices for Use in the ICU 613 R T M van Hooijdonk, J H Leopold, and M J Schultz Nutritional Therapy in the Hospitalized Patient: Is it better to Feed Less? 627 S A McClave Glutamine Supplementation to Critically Ill Patients? 639 J Wernerman Part XVI Sedation Early Goal-directed Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients 651 Y Shehabi, R Bellomo, and S Kadiman Assessment of Patient Comfort During Palliative Sedation: Is it always Reliable? 663 R Deschepper, J Bilsen, and S Laureys 782 VCO2 m L· min–1 a 32 § § 24 #§ #§ 16 # # CLP 27°C H 2S CLP 27°C Vehicle CLP 38°C H 2S CLP 38°C Vehicle Sham 27°C H 2S Sham 27°C Vehicle Sham 38°C H 2S Sham 38°C Vehicle b 12 #§ 10 CLP 27°C H 2S CLP 27°C Vehicle CLP 38°C H 2S CLP 38°C Vehicle Sham 27°C H 2S Sham 27°C Vehicle Sham 38°C H 2S Sham 38°C Vehicle Glycemia mmol · L–1 Fig 3a, b Whole body CO2 production (VCO2 ) (3a), glycemia (3b), endogenous glucose production (3c), and direct, aerobic whole body glucose oxidation (3d) in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated, normo(38 °C; gray columns) and hypothermic (27 °C; blue columns) mice undergoing sham surgery (light gray and light blue columns) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)induced sepsis (dark gray and dark blue columns) during inhalation of vehicle (open columns) and 100 ppm H2 S (hatched columns) Data for sham-surgery are adapted from [16] All data are mean ˙ SD, n = 8–11 per group, # designates p < 0.05 vs normothermia, § designates p < 0.05 CLP vs sham, $ designates p < 0.05 H2 S vs vehicle P Asfar et al 60 § 40 $ # 20 CLP 27°C H 2S § #§ #§ CLP 27°C H2S 80 CLP 27°C Vehicle d CLP 27°C Vehicle CLP 38°C H 2S § CLP 38°C H2S 0.8 CLP 38°C Vehicle Sham 27°C H 2S Sham 27°C Vehicle Sham 38°C H 2S c CLP 38°C Vehicle # Sham 27°C H2S Sham 27°C Vehicle Sham 38°C H2S Sham 38°C Vehicle Sham 38°C Vehicle Glucose production mg · g–1· h–1 Fig 3c, d Continued Glucose oxidation % of infused isotope Is Pharmacological, H2 S-induced ‘Suspended Animation’ Feasible in the ICU? 783 § 0.6 #§ #§ 0.4 0.2 P Asfar et al Leak ratio L/E % 784 70 § CLP 27°C H 2S CLP 27°C Vehicle Sham 27°C H 2S Sham 27°C Vehicle CLP 38°C H 2S CLP 38°C Vehicle Sham 38°C H 2S 20 Sham 38°C Vehicle 45 Fig Leak state O2 consumption , i e., the respiratory activity necessary to compensate for the proton leakage, slipping, and cation-exchange along the inner mitochondrial membrane, as a fraction of the maximal O2 consumption in the uncoupled state, obtained from liver tissue of anesthetized and mechanically ventilated, normo- (38 °C; gray columns) and hypothermic (27 °C; blue columns) mice undergoing sham surgery (light gray and light blue columns) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis (dark gray and dark blue columns) during inhalation of vehicle (open columns) and 100 ppm H2 S (hatched columns) Data for sham-surgery are adapted from [16] All data are mean ˙ SD, $ designates p < 0.05 H2 S vs vehicle Primed-continuous Na2 S administration (initial bolus of 0.2 mg/kg, followed by mg/kg/h over 12 hours of resuscitation) improved survival when compared to vehicle (survival: 71 %), regardless of whether the Na2 S infusion was started two hours before (pre-treatment: survival 100 %) or simultaneously with (survival 91 %) the initiation of blood withdrawal, or at the start of re-transfusion of shed blood (post-treatment: survival 90 %) [30] However, a significant decrease in core temperature (Fig 1b) and organ protection were only present in the group of animals treated simultaneously with the initiation of hemorrhage Apparently, both the cumulative H2 S dose as well as the rate of its generation assume importance for the effects on metabolism and organ protection, in particular under low flow conditions and/or circulatory shock: In swine undergoing cardiac arrest, primed-continuous Na2 S (0.3 mg/kg followed by 0.3 mg/kg/h over two hours) injected one minute after the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) reduced blood pressure and cardiac output during early resuscitation [21] Increasing the Na2 S dose (1.0 mg/kg followed by 1.0 mg/kg/h) was associated with impaired neurological recovery Even injection of comparable total amounts may have markedly different effects due to the different rate of H2 S generation: In vitro slow H2 S release from the H2 S donor GYY4137 exerted anti-inflammatory and -apoptotic effects, whereas shortterm, high peak free sulfide levels resulting from incubation with NaSH induced the Is Pharmacological, H2 S-induced ‘Suspended Animation’ Feasible in the ICU? 785 opposite response [48] In vivo, this concept was confirmed in swine undergoing myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: A primed-continuous Na2 S infusion was superior to bolus injection [39] Conclusions The concept of “buying time in suspended animation” [49] has been discussed in the literature for more than a century Originally induced by rapid external body cooling, any pharmacological measure allowing for a therapeutic, on demand induction of ‘suspended animation’ is of particular interest because of the undesired side effects of hypothermia per se Therefore, the landmark paper demonstrating that inhaling H2 S could induce a reversible, suspended animation-like hypometabolism [3], produced much excitement among researchers in the field of shock and critical illness Numerous pre-clinical studies are currently available on H2 S-related organ protection, but the effects on energy metabolism remain a matter of debate In this context, the well-established toxic blockade of cytochrome c oxidase by H2 S may assume particular importance Most studies so far suggest that the beneficial effects of H2 S are at least in part independent of an H2 S-induced metabolic depression and, in particular, any decrease in core temperature However, other data suggest that H2 S-related hypometabolism may enhance the organprotective properties The mechanism behind H2 S-induced hypometabolism is still not fully understood, and, moreover, the feasibility of H2 S-induced suspended animation in larger animals has been questioned Clearly, if possible at all, achieving a suspended animation-like status in larger animals and humans will be more difficult and require much more time because of the small surface area/mass ratio Again the available data are equivocal, suggesting that at least hibernating isolated organs remains an option Even in larger species, data on the effects of H2 S on mitochondrial function and morphology suggest that its supplementation during circulatory shock provides protective reduction rather than toxic inhibition of cellular respiration Finally, according to the currently available literature, neither inhalation of gaseous H2 S nor injection of the soluble sulfide salts, NaSH or Na2 S, is likely to become part of clinical practice because of damage to the airway mucosa and possibly toxic peak sulfide concentrations, respectively, but slow H2 S-releasing molecules may enable these limitations to be overcome Hence, there is “nothing rotten about hydrogen sulfide’s medical promise” [50], and H2 S clearly remains a “hot molecule” [51] in the field of research for a possible pharmacological induction of suspended animation-like hypometabolism Acknowledgements Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 200, DFG RA 396/9-2), the Land Baden-Württemberg (Innovationsfond Medizin), and the Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (Vertragsforschungsvorhaben M/SABX/8A004) 786 P Asfar et al References Suspended animation Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_animation Accessed Nov 2013 Singer M, De Santis V, Vitale D, Jeffcoate W (2004) Multiorgan failure is an adaptive, endocrine-mediated, metabolic response to overwhelming systemic inflammation Lancet 364:545–548 Blackstone E, Morrison M, Roth MB (2005) H2 S induces a suspended animation-like state in mice Science 308:518 Volpato GP, Searles R, Yu B et al (2008) Inhaled hydrogen sulfide: a rapidly reversible inhibitor of cardiac and metabolic function in the mouse Anesthesiology 108:659–668 Blackstone E, Roth MB (2007) Suspended animation-like state protects mice from lethal hypoxia Shock 27:370–372 Morrison ML, Blackwood JE, Lockett SL, Iwata A, Winn RK, Roth MB (2008) Surviving blood loss using hydrogen sulfide J Trauma 65:183–188 Bos EM, Leuvenink HG, Snijder PM et al (2009) Hydrogen sulfide-induced hypometabolism prevents renal ischemia/reperfusion injury J Am Soc Nephrol 20:1901–1905 Faller S, Ryter SW, Choi AM, Loop T, Schmidt R, Hoetzel A (2010) Inhaled hydrogen sulfide protects against ventilator-induced 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Pediatr Crit Care Med 9:129–130 28 Haouzi P (2011) Murine models in critical care research Crit Care Med 39:2290–2293 29 Simon F, Scheuerle A, Gröger M et al (2011) Effects of intravenous sulfide during porcine aortic occlusion-induced kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury Shock 35:156–163 30 Bracht H, Scheuerle A, Gröger M et al (2012) Effects of intravenous sulfide during resuscitated porcine hemorrhagic shock Crit Care Med 40:2157–2167 31 Mortola JP (1993) Hypoxic hypometabolism in mammals News Physiol Scie 8:79–82 32 van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P (2011) Implications of nonshivering thermogenesis for energy balance regulation in humans Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R285– R296 33 Hosgood SA, Nicholson ML (2010) Hydrogen sulphide ameliorates ischaemia-reperfusion injury in an experimental model of non-heart-beating donor kidney transplantation Br J Surg 97:202–209 34 Wagner F, Wagner K, Weber S et al (2011) Inflammatory effects of hypothermia and inhaled H2 S during resuscitated, hyperdynamic murine septic shock Shock 2(35):396–402 35 Wagner F, Scheuerle A, Weber S et al (2011) Cardiopulmonary, histologic, and inflammatory effects of intravenous Na2 S after blunt chest trauma-induced lung contusion in mice J Trauma 71:1659–1667 36 Esechie A, Enkhbaatar P, Traber DL et al (2009) Beneficial effect of a hydrogen sulphide donor (sodium sulphide) in an ovine model of burn- and smoke-induced acute lung injury Br J Pharmacol 158:1442–1453 37 Minamishima S, Bougaki M, Sips PY et al (2009) Hydrogen sulfide improves survival after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation via a nitric oxide synthase 3-dependent mechanism in mice Circulation 120:888–896 38 Sodha NR, Clements RT, Feng J et al (2008) The effects of therapeutic sulfide on myocardial apoptosis in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33:906–913 39 Osipov RM, Robich MP, Feng J et al (2009) Effect of hydrogen sulfide in a porcine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion: comparison of different administration regimens and characterization of the cellular mechanisms of protection J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 54:287–297 40 Sodha NR, Clements RT, Feng J et al (2009) Hydrogen sulfide therapy attenuates the inflammatory response in a porcine model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138:977–984 41 Osipov RM, Robich MP, Feng J et al (2010) Effect of hydrogen sulfide on myocardial protection in the setting of cardioplegia and cardiopulmonary bypass Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 10:506–512 42 Hunter JP, Hosgood SA, Patel M, Rose R, Read K, Nicholson ML (2012) Effects of hydrogen sulphide in an experimental model of renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury Br J Surg 99:1665– 1671 788 P Asfar et al 43 Chen Z, Chen H, Rhee P et al (2005) Induction of profound hypothermia modulates the immune/inflammatory response in a swine model of lethal hemorrhage Resuscitation 66:209– 216 44 Cooper CE, Brown GC (2008) The inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase by the gases carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide: chemical mechanism and physiological significance J Bioenerg Biomembr 40:533–539 45 Gröger M, Matallo J, McCook O et al (2012) Temperature and cell-type dependency of sulfide effects on mitochondrial respiration Shock 38:367–374 46 Leverve X, Batandier C, Fontaine E (2007) Choosing the right substrate Novartis Found Symp 280:108–121 47 Drabek T (2012) Hydrogen sulfide-curiouser and curiouser! Crit Care Med 40:2255–2256 48 Whiteman M, Li L, Rose P, Tan C, Parkinson DB, Moore PK (2010) The effect of hydrogen sulfide donors on lipopolysaccharide-induced formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages Antioxid Redox Signal 12:1147–1154 49 Roth MB, Nystul T (2005) Buying time in suspended animation Sci Am 292:48–55 50 Leslie M (2008) Nothing rotten about hydrogen sulfide’s medical promise Science 320:1155– 1157 51 Aslami H, Schultz MJ, Juffermans NP (2011) Hydrogen sulfide: a hot molecule Anesthesiology 115:921–922 Index A Abdominal surgery 161, 179, 331 Acetaminophen 503 Acetylcholine 415 Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 583 – protein C (APC) 233, 235, 334 Activator protein (AP) 54 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) 436, 569 – kidney injury (AKI) 45, 529, 541, 719 – Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) 542 – liver failure 503 – myocardial infarction (AMI) 85, 569, 717, 718 – respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 58, 70, 83, 147, 159, 173, 207, 219, 231, 245, 257, 269, 285, 290, 387, 412, 506, 516, 534, 706, 767 – tubular necrosis 546 Adaptative support ventilation (ASV) 152 Adaptive immunity 23 Adenosine 755 – diphosphate (ADP) 570 – triphosphate (ATP) 435 AGREE tool 36 Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) 211 Albumin 291, 395 Alcohol 602 Aminoglycosides 44 Ammonia 505, 511 Anemia 17, 24 Anesthesia 159, 667, 776 Angiotensin 236, 553, 597 – converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 26 – receptor blockers 26 Antibiotic 32, 53, 58, 65, 511 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 596 Antifungals 44, 48 Antihistamines 238 Antimicrobial 43 Anti-oxidant 401 Antipyretics 513 Antithrombin (AT) 570, 583 APACHE II score 629, 633, 641 Apoptosis 226, 400, 505 Arrhythmia 392, 422, 426 Artificial neural networks (ANN) 563 Aspirin 573 Asthma 275 Asystole 437 Atelectasis 109, 160, 181, 494 Atelectrauma 174 Atrial fibrillation 427 – natriuretic peptide (ANP) 597 Automatic electrical defibrillator (AED) Autophagy 629 Autopsy 223, 715 Awareness 667 449 B Barbiturates 465, 515 Bariatric surgery 487 Barotrauma 247 Berlin definition 221, 246, 258 Beta-blockade 442 Bicarbonate 598 Bioimpedance 285, 313 Biomarkers 164, 544 Biometrics 679 Bispectral (BIS) monitors 667 Bivalirudin 570 Bleeding 555, 571 J.-L Vincent (Ed.), Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03746-2, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 789 790 Bloodstream infection 631 Body mass index (BMI) 631 – surface area (BSA) 347 Bradykinins 533 Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) 224 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 69, 232 B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) 274, 597 Bundles 73 Burden of critical illness 689 Burst-suppression 465 C Calcium 408, 429 – channel blockers 26 – influx 99 Carbapenems 45, 72 Cardiac arrest 86, 433, 452, 461 – conduction system 423 – dysfunction 421 – output 84, 302, 310, 320, 331, 355, 357, 414, 422, 777 – surgery 167, 571 – transplantation 347 Cardiogenic pulmonary edema 263, 269, 274, 292 Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) 220, 452, 545, 571, 775 – resuscitation (CPR) 433, 449, 695, 698, 784 Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) 543 Casualty 747 Cell adhesion molecules 237 Central venous catheter 614 – venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2 ) 32, 315, 329, 357 – venous pressure (CVP) 289, 309, 328, 356, 387, 558 Cephalosporin 72 Ceramide 234 Cerebral blood flow (CBF) 94, 514 – edema 511, 517 – perfusion pressure (CPP) 97, 513 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 463 Checklists 699 Chest compressions 434 Children 31 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 55, 84, 275, 385, 535, 633 Ciprofloxacin 47 Classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm 564 Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) 543 Index – pulmonary infection score (CPIS) 68 Clopidogrel 571, 572, 574 Closed-loop systems 153 Clostridium difficile 477 Coagulation 417 Coagulopathy 517, 583, 749 Colistin 48 Colloids 399 Comfort 663 Communication 663, 711 Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 53, 479 Compartment syndrome 750, 758 Composite endpoints 548 Computed tomography (CT) 251, 285, 351, 465, 492, 513 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 107, 187 – renal replacement therapy (CRRT) 43 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) 292, 400 – care units (CCU) 769 Corticosteroids 53, 759 Cost containment 715 C-reactive protein (CRP) 57, 429, 750 Creatinine 542 Cryoprecipitate 755 Crystalloids 399, 753 CT see computed tomography Cytochrome c oxidase 785 Cytokines 516, 531, 533, 534 D Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) 194 Dead space 140 Decelerating flow 208 Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) 717 Delirium 652, 659 Demeclocycline 603 Dental plaque 121 Depolarization 424 Desflurane 670 Desmopressin 607 Dexmedetomidine 654 Diabetes 598 – insipidus (DI) 604 Dialysate 614 Diaphragm 150, 209 Diastolic function 412 Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) 219, 258 Digoxin 409 Diuretics 292 Index Dobutamine 333, 407, 414 Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders Dopamine 597 Doppler 371, 317, 343 Dyspnea 664 Dysrhythmias 421 791 737 E Echocardiography 317, 327, 412 Edema 197, 226, 257 Elastance 112, 175 Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) 148 Electroencephalogram (EEG) 134, 657, 669 Electromyography (EMG) 212 Electrophysiology 464 Emergency department 39 – room 770 Encephalopathy 511 Endocarditis 719 End-of-life 770 – decisions 664 Endothelial cells 174 Endotoxin signaling 236 Endotracheal tube (ETT) 66, 122, 149 Enteral nutrition 475 Enterocytes 640 Epinephrine 433, 440 Epithelial growth factor (EGF) 239 Error 690 Erythrocytes 18 Erythropoietin (EPO) 21, 26, 239, 760 E-selectin 94 Esophageal Doppler 357 – Doppler monitoring 317 Ethics consultation service 729 Etomidate 111 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 43, 245, 755 Extravascular lung water (EVLW) 257, 276, 285, 330 – lung water index (EVLWI) 312 F FAST HUG mnemonic 476 Feedback loops 37 Feeding 518 Ferroportin 22 Fever Fibrin 584 Fibroblasts 270 Fibroscopy 115 Fibrosis 226 Finger vein scanner 685 Fingerprinting 683 Fluconazole 48, 73 Fluid compartments 595 – optimization 320 – responsiveness 347 – resuscitation 295, 753 – therapy 386 Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) 760 Frailty 542 Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) 517, 753 – whole blood 756 Functional capillary density 372 – magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 667 – residual capacity (FRC) 108, 160, 174 Furosemide 291 G Gait 682 Gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABAA ) 139 Gastrectomy 488 Gastric motility 476 Gastrointestinal bleeding 473 Global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) 287, 310, 328, 357 – end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI) 390 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 415, 531, 544 Glucose 520 – monitoring 613 – oxidase 616 Glutamine 512, 639 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors 570 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 174 Goal-directed therapy 285 Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) 20 – factors 239 Guidelines 31, 88, 665, 761 H Heart rate variability (HRV) 559 Heat shock protein 4, 239 Hemoconcentration 277 Hemodialysis 26 Hemodilution 43, 44 Hemofiltration 607 Hemorrhage 556, 781 – control 752 Heparin 570 Hepatic encephalopathy 511 Hepatitis 503 792 Hepcidin 17, 19 High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) 209 Histamine-2 receptor blockers (H2RBs) 476 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 194, 689 Hyaluronan 239 Hydrocortisone 334, 516 Hydroxyethyl starch solutions (HES) 395 Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) 93, 95 Hypercapnia 150, 247, 532 Hyperglycemia 60, 436 Hypernatremia 60, 603, 605 Hyperoxemia 81, 166 Hyperoxia 93, 94 Hyperthermia 7, 513 Hypertonic saline 514, 754 Hyperventilation 515 Hypervolemia 602 Hypoalbuminemia 400 Hypocapnia 515 Hyponatremia 598 Hypotension 349, 556 Hypothalamus Hypothermia 450, 461, 514, 587, 780 Hypothyroidism 600 Hypovolemia 309, 515, 556 Hypoxemia 81, 160, 220, 246, 532 Hypoxia 779 – inducible factor (HIF) 20, 232 I Ibuprofen Identification 680 Imaging 368 Immunity 17 Impedance 314 Incident dark field 368 Indocyanine green (ICG) 286 Indomethacin 515 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 23 Infection 2, 65, 630, 757 Inflammation 21, 25, 193, 234, 325, 633 Inhaled nitric oxide 449, 452 Inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) 545 Innate immunity 23 Inotropes 82 Insulin 619 – like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-7) 545 Integrin 237 Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 94, 416 Index Interleukin (IL) – 326 – 247 – 18 545 International normalized ratio (INR) 583 Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) 160, 515 Intracranial hypertension 511 – pressure (ICP) 512, 602, 760 Intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) 286, 312 – thermal volume (ITTV) 260, 286 Intravenous fluids 34 Intubation 107 Inulin clearance 532 Iron 17 Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) 449, 451, 530, 777 Istaroxime 409 J Jugular venous pressure (JVP) 270 K Ketamine 656 Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM 1) 545 L Lactate 436, 606, 694 Laser Doppler 332 Left bundle branch block (LBBB) 569 – ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 411 – ventricular end-diastolic area (LVEDA) 310 – ventricular function 344 Levosimendan 407 Linezolid 47 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 429, 585 Lithium 760 Liver support devices 518 – transplantation 518 Long-term outcome 249 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 718 Lung stress 174 – ultrasonography 275 – kidney interactions 529 – protective ventilation 159, 160, 176 Lymphatics 633 Lymphocytes 5, 270, 436 M Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 531 Macrophages 201, 270, 530 Index Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 96, 285, 465, 513 Major adverse kidney events (MAKE) 548 Mannitol 513, 601 Mean arterial pressure (MAP) 98 Mechanical ventilation 32, 58, 133, 147, 173, 195, 294, 482, 690, 709 – ventilator 385 Melena 473 Meropenem 45 Meta-analysis 180, 302, 477, 547, 639 Methylprednisolone 54, 438 Microbes 21 Microcirculation 325, 331, 367 Microcirculatory flow index (MFI) 372 MicroRNA 238 Midazolam 658 Milrinone 408 Mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (mini-BAL) 69 Mitochondria 150 Mitral regurgitation 349 Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) 507 Molecular absorbance recirculation system (MARS) 519 Monocytes 201 Moral distress 723 – Distress Scale (MDS) 725 Mortality 6, 22, 65, 87, 231, 247, 248, 396, 475, 497, 544, 547, 607, 635, 639, 652, 707 Mouthwashes 125 MRI see magnetic resonance imaging Multidisciplinary care 705 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) 245 – organ failure 498 Myeloperoxidase 531 Myocardial dysfunction 407 Myocarditis 718 N Nanomedicine 239 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 97, 316, 332, 758 Net adverse clinical events (NACE) 570 Neurally-adjusted ventilator assist (NAVA) 141, 152, 212 Neurogenic pulmonary edema 294 Neuromuscular blocking agents 248, 532 Neuronal NOS (nNOS) 94 Neuroprotection 93 Neutrophil 5, 66, 167, 455, 530 – gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) 545 793 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) 781 Nitric oxide (NO) 326, 397, 409, 422, 451 Nitrogen 642 Nitroglycerin 334 Non-conventional ventilatory modes 207 – invasive mechanical ventilation 110, 144 – rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep 134 – steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 10 Norepinephrine 333, 516, 781 Normoxia 93 Nosocomial infection 634 Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) 549 N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-BNP) 349 Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ÄB) 4, 23, 234 Nutrition 627 Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) 633 O Obese 487, 635 Obesity 108, 189 Omega-3 fatty acids 759 Omeprazole 477 Oncotic pressure 396 One-lung ventilation 189 Oral care 119 Organization 738 Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging 332, 362, 367 Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) 505 Overfeeding 636 Oxidative stress 24 Oxygen 616 – consumption – delivery (DO2 ) 309, 330, 355, 407, 557 – extraction (O2 ER) 356 – supply 319 – therapy 81 – toxicity 82, 94 P Pain 666 Palliative sedation 663 Pancreatitis 225, 331 Paracetamol Parenteral nutrition (PN) 627, 643 Pathogens 67 Patient-ventilator dyssynchrony 139 Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) 33 PEEP see positive end-expiratory pressure 794 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) 569 Pericardial tamponade 350 Pericarditis 385, 719 Peri-infarct depolarizations (PIDs) 96 Perioperative hemodynamic monitoring 309 – hemodynamic optimization 299 Phagocytosis 66 Pharmaconutrition 640 Phenylephrine 435, 442 Phosphate 518 Phospholipase A2 55 Physician assistants 710 Piperacillin-tazobactam 46 Plasminogen activator inhibitor type (PAI-1) 583 Platelet aggregation 571 – mappingTM 587 Platelets 749, 755 Pleth variability index 317 Pneumonia 53, 161, 224, 300, 480, 493 see also ventilator-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia Point-of-care (POC) 572 Position 109 Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 110, 159, 173, 195, 207, 221, 247, 258, 271, 291, 347, 535, 718 – pressure ventilation 531 Positron emission tomography (PET) 96, 195, 285 Post-cardiac arrest syndrome 450 – operative complications 495 – traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 250, 751 Povidone-iodine 125 Prasugrel 571, 574 Predicted body weight (PBW) 260 Pressure regulated volume control (PRVC) 208 – support ventilation (PSV) 110, 140, 390 Procalcitonin 757 Progesterone 760 Proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR ) 234 Prone position 248 Propofol 465, 654, 669, 670 Proportional-assist ventilation (PAV) 141, 152 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Prostaglandins 6, 597 Protected specimen brush (PSB) 69 Index Protein kinase G (PKG) 451 Prothrombin complex concentrates 756 – time (PT) 583 Protocols 127 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) 476 Pseudohyponatremia 601 Pseudomonas 69 Pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) 269, 271, 310, 328, 384, 558, 719 – artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) 269, 289, 311, 387 – blood volume (PBV) 287 – complications 177 – edema 257, 269, 285, 530 – embolism (PE) 275, 493, 717 – hyperinflation 388 – thermal volume (PTV) 260, 287 – transcapillary escape rate (PTCER) 196 – vascular permeability index (PVPI) 258, 276, 288 Pulse contour analysis 357, 559 – pressure variation (PPV) 310, 316, 329, 385, 388, 559 Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 434 Pulsus paradoxus 385 Pyelonephritis 599 Q Quality improvement 735 – of life 249, 549 R Randomized controlled trial (RCT) 56, 125, 161, 173, 248, 750 Ranitidine 478 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 134, 670 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 24, 82, 95, 150, 409 Recruitment 111, 166 Renal recovery 548 – replacement therapy (RRT) 294, 510, 541, 628 Renin-angiotensin system 236 Resolvins 234 Resources 34 Respiratory failure 147 Resuscitation 767 Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) 433 Richmond Agitation Sedation scale (RASS) 656 Right ventricle 346 Index – ventricular dysfunction 274 – ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) 311 – ventricular failure 247 – ventricular performance 414 Rivaroxaban 572, 574, 576 Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) 754 S S-100B protein 464 Sedation 139, 651, 653, 711 Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) 74 Sellick maneuver 113 Sepsis 2, 22, 31, 247, 286, 289, 328, 349, 401, 507, 510, 559, 689, 776 Septic shock 57, 274, 289, 320, 407, 623 Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) 493, 507, 644 Sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging 332, 362, 367 Simulation 760 Sleep 133 Sodium 595 – nitroprusside (SNP) 442 Spectroscopy 616 Sphingosine 1-phosphate 233 Statins 233, 235 Status epilepticus 463 Stress ulceration 473 Stroke 84, 85 – volume 347 – volume variation (SVV) 292, 302, 310, 316, 559 Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) 294, 606 Sucralfate 476 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 531 Supraventricular arrhythmias 428 Surviving Sepsis Campaign 33 Suspended animation 775 Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) 599, 600 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) 35, 506, 629 – vascular resistance (SVR) 84, 314, 326 Systolic pressure variation (SPV) 316, 559 T Tachycardia 85, 493, 556 Teicoplanin 47 Temperature 3, 98 Therapeutic hypothermia 456, 461, 760 795 Thermodilution 259, 288, 360 – methods 286 Thoracic surgery 166 Thromboelastography (TEG) 517, 583, 754 Ticagrelor 571, 575 Tidal volume 167, 176, 209, 214, 347, 517 Tigecycline 48, 73 Tissue Doppler 346 – factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) 583 – oxygen saturation (StO2 ) 362 – perfusion 372 Toll-like receptor (TLR) 174, 194 – like receptor (TLR4) 4, 236 Tolvaptan 603 Tonicity 596 Toothbrushing 126 Tranexamic acid (TxA) 747, 760 Transcapillary flow 270 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 669 Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 318, 343 Transferrin 19 Transforming growth factor-ˇ (TGF-ˇ) 20 Transfusion 24, 180, 320, 333, 756 Transpulmonary pressure 189 – thermodilution 259, 264, 276, 312 Trauma 220, 288, 587, 694, 747 – systems 752 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 95, 751 Triage 38 Trigger receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) 239 Troponin 516 – C 410 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 4, 23, 174, 194, 247, 326, 429, 531 U Ultrasonography 275 Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) 225 V Vancomycin 47 Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 416 Vasodilation 413 Vasopressin 438 Velocity 273, 426 Venous-to-arterial CO2 360 Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch 83 Ventilator-associated condition (VAC) 70 – associated pneumonia (VAP) 65, 119, 149, 477, 709 796 – induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) 213 – induced lung injury (VILI) 147, 159, 173, 194, 246 Ventricular fibrillation 434, 450 Videolaryngoscopes 113 Videomicroscopy 332 Viral infections Vitamin K 518 Voriconazole 48, 73 Index W Warfarin 574, 575 Waveform analysis 560 Weaning 147 – failure 387 Work of breathing 175 Wound infection 749, 757 X Xerostomia 122 ... Intensive Care Medicine in Europe and Intensive Care Medicine: Annual Update in the United States Jean-Louis Vincent Editor Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014 Editor.. .Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014 The series Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is the continuation of the series entitled Yearbook of Intensive. .. J.-L Vincent (Ed.), Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03746-2_1, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland and BioMed Central Ltd 2014 P