2009 yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine annual volumes 2009 www dof3tna net

Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Edited by J.-L Vincent 2009 Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2009 Edited by J.-L Vincent With 172 Figures and 96 Tables Prof Jean-Louis Vincent Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital, Universit´e libre de Bruxelles Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium ISBN 978-3-540-92275-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISSN 0942-5381 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about the application of operative techniques and medications contained in this book In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature Typesetting: FotoSatz Pfeifer GmbH, D-82166 Gräfelfing Printing: Stürtz GmbH, D-97080 Würzburg 21/3150 – – Printed on acid-free paper V Table of Contents I Genomics and Proteomics Rethinking Sepsis: New Insights from Gene Expression Profiling Studies B.M Tang, S.J Huang, and A.S McLean Mitochondrial Genetics and Sepsis A Pyle, P Chinnery, and S Baudouin 14 Lung Proteomics in Intensive Care E Kipnis and K Hansen 23 II Inflammatory Response The Host Response to Sepsis T.J Hommes, W.J Wiersinga, and T van der Poll 39 Endotoxin Tolerance: Mechanisms and Clinical Applicability A Draisma, J.G van der Hoeven, and P Pickkers 51 Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction during Sepsis O Huet, A Harrois, and J Duranteau 59 Measurement of Carbon Monoxide: From Bench to Bedside F Corrˆea, F.E Nacul, and Y Sakr 65 Monitoring Immune Dysfunction in Septic Patients: Toward Tailored Immunotherapy F Venet, A Lepape, and G Monneret 81 III Current and Future Management of Sepsis Source Control in the ICU J.J De Waele, M.M.L.G Malbrain, and I.E De laet 93 IgM-enriched Immunoglobulins in Sepsis F Esen and S Tugrul 102 Clarithromycin: A Promising Immunomodulator in Sepsis E.J Giamarellos-Bourboulis 111 High-flow Hemofiltration as an Adjunctive Therapy in Sepsis P.M Honor´e, O Joannes-Boyau, and W Boer 119 Economic and Social Burden of Severe Sepsis E Silva and D.V Araujo 129 VI Table of Contents IV Proposed Targets for New Therapies Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Sepsis and Potential Anti-apoptotic Strategies S Weber, B Baessler, and S Schroeder 141 The Pivotal Role of Beta-adrenoreceptors in Critical Illness Pathophysiology G.L Ackland and A.J Patterson 151 Non-septic Acute Lung Injury and Inflammation: Role of TLR4 E Lorne, H Dupont, and E Abraham 162 Hydrogen Sulfide: A Metabolic Modulator and a Protective Agent in Animal Models of Reperfusion Injury C Szab´o, P Asfar, and P Radermacher 171 V Septic Shock ‘Myocardial Depression’ or ‘Septic Cardiomyopathy’ K Werdan, A Oelke, and U Müller-Werdan 183 Determinants of Tissue PCO2 in Shock and Sepsis: Relationship to the Microcirculation A Dubin, V.S.K Edul, and C Ince 195 Refining the Tools for Early Goal-directed Therapy in Septic Shock E Kipnis, E Robin and B Vallet 205 VI Intravenous Fluids Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis: More than Just a Simple Dilutional Effect S.S Abdel-Razeq and L.J Kaplan 221 Old versus New Starches: What We Know about their Differences? C Hartog, F.M Brunkhorst, and K Reinhart 233 Impact of Hydroxethyl Starch on Renal Function G Marx, L Hüter, and T Schuerholz 243 Rational Approach to Fluid Therapy in Acute Diabetic Ketoacidosis J Ochola and B Venkatesh 254 VII Hemodynamic Support Cardiac Filling Volumes and Pressures in Assessing Preload Responsiveness during Fluid Challenges R.-M.B.G.E Breukers, R.J Trof, and A.B.J Groeneveld 265 Update on Preload Indexes: More Volume than Pressure G Della Rocca, M.G Costa, and L Spagnesi 275 Monitoring Arterial Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output using Central or Peripheral Arterial Pressure Waveforms J Smith, L Camporota, and R Beale 285 Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation for the Treatment of Hypotension I Cinel, A Metzger, and R.P Dellinger 297 Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring: A Personal Perspective M.R Pinsky 306 Table of Contents VIII Airway Management Endotracheal Intubation in the ICU S Jaber, B Jung, and G Chanques 313 Pediatric Advanced Airway Management Training for Non-anesthesia Residents A Nishisaki, V.M Nadkarni, and R.A Berg 322 Automatic Tube Compensation in the Weaning Process J Cohen, M Shapiro, and P Singer 332 IX Mechanical Ventilation Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac and Pulmonary Indications: Improving Patient Safety R Kopp, S Leonhardt, and S Kowalewski 341 Patient-ventilator Interaction during Non-invasive Ventilation P Jolliet, D Tassaux, and L Vignaux 350 Variable Mechanical Ventilation: Breaking the Monotony M Gama de Abreu, P.M Spieth, and P Pelosi 359 Life-threatening Asthma: Focus on Lung Protection H Quiroz Mart´ınez and N.D Ferguson 372 X Respiratory Monitoring Bedside Monitoring of Diaphragm Electrical Activity during Mechanical Ventilation C Sinderby, L Brander, and J Beck 385 Electrical Impedance Tomography E.L.V Costa, R Gonzalez Lima, and M.B.P Amato 394 Regional Ventilation Delay Index: Detection of Tidal Recruitment using Electrical Impedance Tomography T Muders, H Leupschen, and C Putensen 405 Different Approaches to the Analysis of Volumetric Capnography F Suarez Sipmann, S.H Böhm, and G Tusman 413 Variation in Extravascular Lung Water in ALI/ARDS Patients using Open Lung Strategy F.J Belda, G Aguilar, and C Ferrando 424 Clinical Utility of Extravascular Lung Water Measurements X Monnet and J.-L Teboul 433 XI Perioperative Management Rationalizing the Use of Surgical Critical Care: The Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing S.J Davies and R.J.T Wilson 445 Advanced Minimally Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of the High-risk Major Surgery Patient D.W Green 461 VII VIII Table of Contents Post-pneumonectomy Pulmonary Edema D Cook, E Powell, and F Gao-Smith 473 The Role of Phenylephrine in Perioperative Medicine C Ertmer, A Morelli, and M Westphal 483 Role of the Calcium Sensitizer, Levosimendan, in Perioperative Intensive Care Medicine S Rehberg, P Enkhbaatar, and D.L Traber 498 Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in Adult Cardiac Surgery B.C Creagh-Brown and T.W Evans 511 XII Cardiac Function Use of Natriuretic Peptides in the Emergency Department and the ICU T Reichlin, M Noveanu, and C Mueller 523 Abnormalities of the ST Segment D Gallo, J.M Pines, and W Brady 531 Functional Mitral Regurgitation in the Critically Ill J Poelaert 543 XIII Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Feedback to Improve the Quality of CPR J Yeung, J Soar, and G.D Perkins 555 The Post-cardiac Arrest Syndrome J.P Nolan and R.W Neumar 565 Use of a Standardized Treatment Protocol for Post-cardiac Resuscitation Care M.A Kuiper, P.E Spronk, and M.J Schultz 575 Therapeutic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest G Ristagno and W Tang 589 XIV Renal Function Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Illness F Adams and B Venkatesh 603 The Role of Biomarkers in Cardiac Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury A Shaw, M Stafford-Smith, and M Swaminathan 612 Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin: An Emerging Biomarker for Angina Renalis P Devarajan 620 XV Hepatosplanchnic Function How does Intra-abdominal Pressure Affect the Daily Management of My Patients? I.E De laet, J.J De Waele, and M.L.N.G Malbrain 629 ICG Clearance Monitoring in ICU Patients E Levesque and F Saliba 646 Table of Contents Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis: Defining and Managing Organ Dysfunction D Shawcross and J Wendon 658 XVI Nutrition The Curse of Overfeeding and the Blight of Underfeeding N.-H.W Loh and R.D Griffiths 675 Enteral Feeding during Circulatory Failure: Myths and Reality M.M Berger and R.L Chiolero 683 Enteral Nutrition with Anti-inflammatory Lipids in ALI/ARDS A Pontes-Arruda and S.J DeMichele 695 Glutamine Supplementation in ICU Patients A Berg, O Rooyackers, and J Wernerman 705 XVII Glucose Control Burn Causes Prolonged Insulin Resistance and Hyperglycemia G.G Gauglitz and M.G Jeschke 719 Glucose Variability in Critically Ill Patients N.A Ali, J.S Krinsley, and J.-C Preiser 728 XVIII Adrenal Function Corticosteroid Biology in Critical Illness: Modulatory Mechanisms and Clinical Implications M Williams and D.K Menon 741 Corticosteroid Treatment of Patients in Septic Shock C.L Sprung, S Goodman, and Y.G Weiss 753 XIX Coagulation New Anticoagulants: Anti-IIa or Anti-Xa Agents? C.M Samama 763 Emergency Reversal of Anticoagulants M Levi 769 XX Neurological Aspects The Role of Imaging in Acute Brain Injury R.D Stevens, A Pustavoitau, and P van Zijl 783 Monitoring and Managing Raised Intracranial Pressure after Traumatic Brain Injury M Smith 801 Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy S Siami, A Polito, and T Sharshar 809 IX X Table of Contents XXI Malignancies Acute Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management M Darmon, M Roumier, and E Azoulay 819 Life-threatening Neurological Complications in Patients with Malignancies S Legriel and E Azoulay 828 Should We Admit Critically Ill Cancer Patients to the ICU? D.D Benoit, P.O Depuydt, and J.M Decruyenaere 845 XXII Drug Dosing Optimizing Drug Dosing in the ICU X Liu, P Kruger, and M.S Roberts 859 Relevant CYP450-mediated Drug Interactions in the ICU I Spriet and W Meersseman 870 XXIII Sedation and Analgesia Sedation and Pain Management in the ICU M.A Mirski and J.J Lewin III 881 The Role of Dexmedetomidine in Intensive Care R Rahman West, A Rhodes, and R.M Grounds 906 Monitoring Delirium in the ICU M Seeling, A Heymann, and C Spies 915 XXIV ICU Management Intensive Care for the Elderly: Current and Future Concerns H Wunsch, A.T Jones, and D.C Scales 935 ICU Performance: Managing with Balanced Scorecards K Shukri and F.S.M Ali 944 XXV End-of-Life Issues Towards a Neuro-scientific Explanation of Near-death Experiences? A Vanhaudenhuyse, M Thonnard, and S Laureys 961 Managing Conflict at the End-of-Life K Hillman and J Chen 969 Strengths and Weaknesses of Substitute Decision Making in the ICU A Lautrette, E Azoulay, and B Souweine 979 Subject Index 989 984 A Lautrette, E Azoulay, and B Souweine lowing their involvement in decision-making [33] Preventing the effects of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder should be a priority for the medical team A proactive communication strategy decreases these symptoms in family members of patients who die in ICU [34] Studies are needed to assess whether this strategy could be used to decrease similar symptoms in substitute decision-makers Strengths for the Medical Team (Table 1) Substitute Decision-making is the Wish of ICU Staff Members Nurses and doctors are in favor of families being involved in decision-making A French study reported that of 2754 ICU staff members, 91 % of physicians and 83 % of non-physicians (nurses and assistant nurses) believed that participation in decision-making should be offered to families [17] However, only 39 % of physicians had involved family members in decisions The authors suggest that the gap between intention and practice may indicate that ICU staff members in France are in a transitional period from paternalism to autonomy These results show that substitute decision-making is the wish of the ICU team, but that practice is dependent on the evolving concept of patient autonomy, which differs between countries XXV Substitute Decision-making Requires Communication with the Family The process of substitute decision-making involves close communication between family members and the ICU team The major communication is about information on diagnosis, prognosis and treatment The information given by the ICU team physician is an essential element in the involvement of the family in substitute decisionmaking A recent questionnaire survey reported that most surrogate decision-makers have good understanding and excellent staff communication [35] Another study reported that adequate communication, feeling supported, and achieving the appropriate level of care for their family member were key determinants of satisfaction with decision-making in the ICU [16] The satisfaction of surrogates and their involvement in substitute decision-making require good communication based on clear, relevant information Weaknesses for the Medical Team (Table 1) The Substitute Decision-maker Requires an Assessment of Capacity The patient’s and surrogate‘s level of capacity is assessed by the physician, which entails several drawbacks Physicians are not trained to make this assessment and tend to make a subjective judgement In most cases they compare the patient’s decision with that they consider to be in the patient’s best interest, whereas they should assess capacity on the basis of objective, concrete facts [29] Several ICU members could be asked to assess capacity, thereby decreasing subjectivity Often only one assessment is made of decision-making capacity instead of regular re-assessments as the patient’s condition changes Strengths and Weaknesses of Substitute Decision Making in the ICU 985 Substitute Decision-making is an Interpretation also for Physicians Upadya and colleagues reported substantial differences between patients, physicians, and family members in the understanding of living wills [36] Misunderstanding of medical vocabulary and of a patient’s will, can be confusing for family members Often, the ICU physician is not the attending patient’s physician and so has not had sufficient time to discuss the patient’s beliefs or will arrangements The patient’s declarations can be interpreted according to the physician’s own wishes and, as a result, the ICU team and the family can differ widely in their interpretation of the patient’s intentions Strengths for the Community (Table 1) Substitute Decision-making is the Wish of Legislators Over the two last decades, many countries have created a legal framework for patients’ rights The legislation of these countries is consistent with the patient autonomy model [29, 37 – 40] Although the laws of these countries reflect the same approach, there are several differences in the mode of designation of surrogates and in their decisional authority Weaknesses for the Community (Table 1) Substitute Decision-making is not a Consensual Process The legal power of surrogates varies between countries In some countries, surrogates have a decisional role, while in others their role is merely consultative In North America (US, Canada), patient-designated surrogates have a decisional role Figure shows the legal framework of surrogacy in Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland Of these European countries, France confers the weakest power to surrogates in decision-making [37] The role of patient-designated surrogates is established by the laws of the country In the absence of a specific designation, some countries appoint a surrogate according to legal hierarchy In other countries there are no legal provisions when the patient has not designated a surrogate [37, 40] In some countries, including England, the surrogate can have durable power of attorney In others countries, including France, the patient is invited to designate a surrogate on each admission to hospital [37, 40] Conclusion The process of substitute decision-making allows physician and patient to maintain the latter’s autonomy The surrogate gives expression to the patient’s values in making decisions that will be in the best interest of the patient This represents a major advance in the doctor-patient relationship Although patient, physician, surrogate, and the community gain a lot from the process, certain difficulties prevent it from being put into general use Some measures could improve substitute decision-making such as developing tools to assess patients’ or surrogates’ decision-making capacity, preventing the projection of surrogate’s wishes onto those of the patient, XXV 986 A Lautrette, E Azoulay, and B Souweine decisional power of surrogate legislation when patient incapacitated and without designated surrogate consultative role of surrogate no legislation when patient incapacitated and without designated surrogate XXV Fig Legislations in eight western European countries removing surrogates’ guilt feelings, raising the awareness of physicians and the general population, and training physicians Anticipating the difficulties of substitute decision-making should be a priority in developing a reliable and effective process References Schneiderman LJ, Kaplan RM, Pearlman RA, Teetzel H (1993) Do physicians’ own preferences for life-sustaining treatment influence their perceptions of patients’ preferences? J Clin Ethics 4: 28 – 33 Arnold RM, Kellum J (2003) Moral justifications for surrogate decision making in the intensive care unit: implications and limitations Crit Care Med 31:S347 – 353 Appelbaum PS (2007) Clinical practice Assessment of patients’ competence to consent to treatment N Engl J Med 357: 1834 – 1840 Teno J, Lynn J, Wenger N, Phillips RS, et al (1997) Advance directives for seriously ill hospitalized patients: effectiveness with the patient self-determination act and the SUPPORT intervention SUPPORT Investigators Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment J Am Geriatr Soc 45: 500 – 507 Collins LG, Parks SM, Winter L (2006) The state of advance care planning: one decade after SUPPORT Am J Hosp Palliat Care 23: 378 – 384 Morrison RS, Olson E, Mertz KR, Meier DE (1995) The inaccessibility of advance directives on transfer from ambulatory to acute care settings JAMA 274: 478 – 482 Prendergast TJ (2001) Advance care planning: pitfalls, progress, promise Crit Care Med 29: N34 – 39 Covinsky KE, Goldman L, Cook EF, et al (1994) The impact of serious illness on patients’ families SUPPORT Investigators Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment JAMA 272: 1839 – 1844 Strengths and Weaknesses of Substitute Decision Making in the ICU Ferrand E, Bachoud-Levi AC, Rodrigues M, Maggiore S, Brun-Buisson C, Lemaire F (2001) Decision-making capacity and surrogate designation in French ICU patients Intensive Care Med 27: 1360 – 1364 10 Puchalski CM, Zhong Z, Jacobs MM, et al (2000) Patients who want their family and physician to make resuscitation decisions for them: observations from SUPPORT and HELP Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment Hospitalized Elderly Longitudinal Project J Am Geriatr Soc 48:S84 – 90 11 Sehgal A, Galbraith A, Chesney M, Schoenfeld P, Charles G, Lo B (1992) How strictly dialysis patients want their advance directives followed? JAMA 267: 59 – 63 12 Emanuel EJ, Fuchs VR (2008) Who really pays for health care? The myth of ”shared responsibility” JAMA 299: 1057 – 1059 13 White DB, Curtis JR, Lo B, Luce JM (2006) Decisions to limit life-sustaining treatment for critically ill patients who lack both decision-making capacity and surrogate decision-makers Crit Care Med 34: 2053 – 2059 14 Emanuel EJ, Emanuel LL (1992) Proxy decision making for incompetent patients An ethical and empirical analysis JAMA 267: 2067 – 2071 15 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Chevret S, et al (2003) Opinions about surrogate designation: a population survey in France Crit Care Med 31: 1711 – 1714 16 Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Rocker GM, et al (2003) Decision-making in the ICU: perspectives of the substitute decision-maker Intensive Care Med 29: 75 – 82 17 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Chevret S, et al (2004) Half the family members of intensive care unit patients not want to share in the decision-making process: a study in 78 French intensive care units Crit Care Med 32: 1832 – 1838 18 Esteban A, Gordo F, Solsona JF, et al (2001) Withdrawing and withholding life support in the intensive care unit: a Spanish prospective multi-centre observational study Intensive Care Med 27: 1744 – 1749 19 Nelson JE, Mercado AF, Camhi SL, et al (2007) Communication about chronic critical illness Arch Intern Med 167: 2509 – 2515 20 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Chevret S, et al (2002) Impact of a family information leaflet on effectiveness of information provided to family members of intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165: 438 – 442 21 Hines SC, Glover JJ, Babrow AS, Holley JL, Badzek LA, Moss AH (2001) Improving advance care planning by accommodating family preferences J Palliat Med 4: 481 – 489 22 Fagerlin A, Ditto PH, Danks JH, Houts RM, Smucker WD (2001) Projection in surrogate decisions about life-sustaining medical treatments Health Psychol 20: 166 – 175 23 Shalowitz DI, Garrett-Mayer E, Wendler D (2006) The accuracy of surrogate decision makers: a systematic review Arch Intern Med 166: 493 – 497 24 Ciroldi M, Cariou A, Adrie C, et al (2007) Ability of family members to predict patient’s consent to critical care research Intensive Care Med 33: 807 – 813 25 Vig EK, Taylor JS, Starks H, Hopley EK, Fryer-Edwards K (2006) Beyond substituted judgment: How surrogates navigate end-of-life decision-making J Am Geriatr Soc 54: 1688 – 1693 26 Ankeny RA, Clifford R, Jordens CF, Kerridge IH, Benson R (2005) Religious perspectives on withdrawal of treatment from patients with multiple organ failure Med J Aust 183: 616 – 621 27 Orr RD, Genesen LB (1997) Requests for “inappropriate” treatment based on religious beliefs J Med Ethics 23: 142 – 147 28 Cuthbertson SJ, Margetts MA, Streat SJ (2000) Bereavement follow-up after critical illness Crit Care Med 28: 1196 – 1201 29 Welie SP, Dute J, Nys H, van Wijmen FC (2005) Patient incompetence and substitute decisionmaking: an analysis of the role of the health care professional in Dutch law Health Policy 73: 21 – 40 30 Bramstedt KA (2003) Questioning the decision-making capacity of surrogates Intern Med J 33: 257 – 259 31 Pochard F, Azoulay E, Chevret S, et al (2001) Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients: ethical hypothesis regarding decision-making capacity Crit Care Med 29: 1893 – 1897 32 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Kentish-Barnes N, et al (2005) Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 987 – 994 987 XXV 988 A Lautrette, E Azoulay, and B Souweine 33 Siegel MD, Hayes E, Vanderwerker LC, Loseth DB, Prigerson HG (2008) Psychiatric illness in the next of kin of patients who die in the intensive care unit Crit Care Med 36: 1722 – 1728 34 Lautrette A, Darmon M, Megarbane B, et al (2007) A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU N Engl J Med 356: 469 – 478 35 Rodriguez RM, Navarrete E, Schwaber J, et al (2008) A prospective study of primary surrogate decision makers’ knowledge of intensive care Crit Care Med 36: 1633 – 1636 36 Upadya A, Muralidharan V, Thorevska N, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA (2002) Patient, physician, and family member understanding of living wills Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166: 1430 – 1435 37 French Senate (2004) Patients rights at the end-of-life in European countries Comparative Law Study n°139, November 2004 Available at: http://www.senat.fr/lc/lc139/lc1390.html Accessed Nov 2008 38 French Public Health Code, law of March 2002 on Patients Rights, article: L1111 Available at: http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000227015&dateTexte =Accessed Nov 2008 39 Jox RJ, Michalowski S, Lorenz J, Schildmann J (2008) Substitute decision making in medicine: comparative analysis of the ethico-legal discourse in England and Germany Med Health Care Philos 11: 153 – 163 40 Truog, RD, Campbell ML, Curtis JR, et al (2008) Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College of Critical Care Medicine Crit Care Med 36: 953 – 963 XXV 989 Subject Index Abciximab 777 Abdominal compartment syndrome 629, 688 – perfusion pressure (APP) 632 Accelerometer 559 Acetaminophen 167, 686 Acetylcholine 54 Acidosis 225, 229, 633 Acinetobacter 115 Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 771 – protein C (APC) 3, 45, 111, 192, 812 Active compression-decompression (ACD) 299 Acute bowel injury 640 – coronary syndrome 527, 531, 537, 567 – kidney injury (AKI) 603, 612, 620, 819 – lung injury (ALI) 24, 158, 162, 362, 400, 405, 424, 438, 527, 581, 637, 668, 695, 849, 938 – myocardial infarction (AMI) 342, 533, 578 – on-chronic liver failure 658 – respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 71, 85, 189, 257, 277, 341, 414, 424, 433, 473, 491, 503, 756, 953 – – failure 350 Adapted Cognitive Exam 888 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 14, 151, 499 Admission 846, 970 Adrenal insufficiency 316, 662, 757 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 662, 741 Advance directives 970, 980 Age 936 Airway management 322 – pressure release ventilation (APRV) 364 Alanine 707 Albumin 224, 237, 260, 475, 638, 653, 861, 866 Alcohol 478 Alkaline phosphatase 649 Allopurinol 823 Alpha2 agonists 896 Alpha2a receptor 906 Amino acids 707, 814, 927 Ammonia 662, 795 Anaerobic threshold 447, 450 Analgesia 583, 803, 909, 964 Analgesic therapy 882 Anemic hypoxia 199 Anesthesia 413, 463, 485, 892, 966 Angiography 792 Angiotensin 664 – converting enzyme (ACE) 191 Annexin 55 Anoxia 964 Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 793, 796 Antibiotics 100, 105, 605, 866, 872 Anti-C5a antibodies 48 Anticoagulants 763, 769 Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) 637 Antidote 763 Antioxidant 61, 705 Antiplatelet agents 776 Antithrombin 45, 766 Anxiolysis 883 Aortic stenosis 165 APACHE II score 4, 134, 660, 866, 955 Apixaban 766 Apolipoprotein A1 31 Apoptosis 15, 46, 84, 141, 698, 730, 811 Apoptotic cell death 64, 500 Arachidonic acid 696 Arginine 63 Arrhythmia 185, 189, 756, 819 Arterial pressure 285 – waveform 285 Ascites 665 Ascorbate 811 Aspirin 770, 776 Asthma 71, 362, 372, 746 Atelectasis 362, 438 Atrial fibrillation 765, 769 Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) 577 Automatic tube compensation 332 Autonomy 975, 986 Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure 374, 398 Autoregulation 812 990 Subject Index Bacteremia 850 Bag-valve-mask ventilation 322 Barbiturates 804, 884 Bariatric surgery 447 Barotrauma 323, 377 Base deficit 225 Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) 882 Benign early repolarization 539 Benzodiazepines 569, 884, 893 Beta-adrenoreceptors 151 – blockers 448, 667 Bicarbonate 622 Biguanide 722 Bilirubin 65, 648 Bioimpedance 437, 686 Biomarkers 23, 603, 612, 620 Biphasic intermittent positive airway pressure (BiPAP) 364 Bleeding 236, 776 Blood glucose 581 Body mass index (BMI) 525, 640 Bohr dead space 415 Bowel ischemia 691 Bradycardia 912 Brain dead 571 – edema 566 – injury 566, 783, 788 – tissue oxygen tension 806 Brainstem 796 Bronchiectasis 71 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 29, 367, 850 Bronchodilators 373 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 77 Bronchoscopic procedures 401 Bronchospasm 416 B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) 187, 523 Bundle 313 – branch block (BBB) 531 Burden of illness 133, 915 Burn 639, 719, 862 – shock 281 Burst suppression 571 Calcium 152, 498, 512 – channel blockers 895 Calgranulin 31 Cancer 822, 829, 845 Capnography 317, 413 Carbamazepine 872 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 173, 413 – – production (VCO2) 196, 464 – monoxide 65, 171 Cardiac arrest 297, 565, 589, 793, 797, 965 – failure 157, 342, 684 – index 280 – output 209, 266, 285, 289, 308, 375, 415, 439, 453, 462, 596 – power 186 – surgery 107, 279, 347, 486, 511, 515, 605, 612, 683, 909 Cardiogenic pulmonary edema 355, 527, 849 – shock 281, 505, 683 Cardiomyopathy 186, 541 Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) 175, 247, 341, 490, 503, 513, 605, 683 – exercise testing 445, 462 – resuscitation (CPR) 288, 297, 328, 413, 493, 506, 555, 567, 575 Caspase 44, 142, 145 Catalase 811 Catecholamines 155, 483, 757 CD14 84 Cell surface marker expression 86 Central nervous system (CNS) 730, 774 – venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) 308, 580 – – pressure (CVP) 205, 266, 275, 569, 634 Cerebral blood flow (CBF) 566, 580, 590, 785, 891 – – volume (CBV) 785 – edema 259, 792 – perfusion pressure (CPP) 566, 580, 801, 897 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 709, 784, 801, 811, 830 Cesarean section 487 Chemokine 724 Chemoreflex sensitivity 190 Chemotherapy 659, 834, 847 Chest compressions 555, 584 Child-Pugh score 650 Children 322 Cholecystitis 691 Cholinergic nervous system 47 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 309, 334, 350, 416, 478, 491, 746, 971 Cirrhosis 650, 658 Cisatracurium 864 Clara cell 10 kDa secretory protein (CC10) 31 Clarithromycin 111 Clinical trials 121, 134 Clonidine 885, 896 Clopidogrel 770, 777 Coagulation 44, 236, 486, 570 – cascade 226 Coagulopathy 664 Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) 585 Cofilin 33 Cognitive Test for Delirium (CTD) 920 Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) 243 Colloids 221, 233, 243, 606 Communication 971 Co-morbidities 937 Complement 48, 104 Compliance 637 Subject Index Computed tomography (CT) 94, 395, 425, 783, 801, 828 Concanavalin A 85 Conciliation 975 Conflict 970 Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) 911, 918 Congenital heart disease 515 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 66, 332, 364, 376 – renal replacement therapy (CRRT) 708, 953 – venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) 119, 582 Cooling blankets 593 Corneal reflexes 576 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) 280, 451, 549, 685, 910, 940 – perfusion pressure 595 Corticosteroids 71, 741, 753 Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) 741 Cortisol 255 – binding globulin 743 Cost 946 – utility 131 – effectiveness 129 Craniectomy 804 C-reactive protein (CRP) 33, 70, 99, 478, 605, 721, 850 Creatine 787 Creatinine 245, 614 – clearance 492, 604, 667, 865 Crystalloids 228, 237, 259 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 151, 188 – guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) 512 Cycling 354 Cyclosporine 873 Cystatin C 604, 607, 614, 616 Cysteine-rich protein (CYR61) 604, 606 Cytochrome C 14 – P450 861, 870, 907 Cytokine 52, 120, 146, 189, 474, 696, 742, 810 Cytomegalovirus 10 Cytopathic hypoxia 201 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) 86 Dabigatran 766 Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) 41 Dead space 413 – – ratio 414 Death effector domains (DEDs) 143 – induced signaling complex (DISC) 143 Debridement 95 Debriefing 560 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 764 Defibrillation 556, 575 Dehydration 248 Delirium 809, 883, 911, 915, 937 Dementia 916, 971 Dendritic cells 146 Derecruitment 400, 428 Desmopressin 776 Dexamethasone 743 Dexmedetomidine 885, 896, 906 Dextran 250 Diabetes 734 Diabetic ketoacidosis 254 Dialysis 708 Diaphragm 385 Diarrhea 691 Diastolic function 502 Diazepam 895 Differential gel-electrophoresis (DIGE) 31 Diffusion tensor imaging 784 Dipeptide 705 Disease severity Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 44, 342, 809, 833 Diuretics 661, 823 Diverticulitis 95 Dobutamine 192, 206, 213, 281, 446, 498, 502 Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders 584, 939 Dopamine 288, 719 Dopexamine 685 Double indicator dilution technique 434 Drainage 94 Droperidol 885 Drotrecogin alfa (activated) 134 Drug dosing 859 Dynamic hyperinflation 352 Dysoxia 200 Dyspnea 524 Early-goal directed therapy 205 Echocardiography 186, 209, 267, 278, 446, 665, 668 Edema 426, 630, 638, 665, 794, 861 Effectiveness 130 Efficiency 952 Eicosanoids 475 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 695 Ejection fraction 271 Elastase 744 Elderly 935 Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) 394, 405 Electrocardiogram (EKG) 276, 387, 448, 524, 531, 557, 964 Electroencephalogram (EEG) 571, 582, 795, 804, 841, 888, 964 Emergency department (ED) 372 Encephalitis 790 Encephalopathy 783, 809, 834, 883 991 992 Subject Index End-diastolic volumes 269 – expiratory gas volume 408 Endocarditis 543, 544 End-of-life 938, 969, 982 Endorphin 964 Endothelial cells 730 – dysfunction 59 – function 53 Endothelin 606, 664 Endotoxemia 147 Endotoxic shock 46, 201, 502 Endotoxin 104, 188, 190, 684 – tolerance 51 Endotracheal intubation 313 – tube 402, 333 End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) 461 Energy requirements 675 Enoxaparin 764 Enoximone 505 Enteral nutrition 683, 695 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) 25 Ephedrine 469 Epidemiology 40 Epinephrine 156, 486, 594, 720 Epithelial lining fluid 32 Eptifibatide 777 Erythromycin 112 Erythropoietin (EPO) 585, 834 Esophageal Doppler 209, 462, 463 Esophagogastrectomy 458 Ethical guidelines 974 Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) 901 Etomidate 316 Exercise 446 Exhaled breath 33 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 341 Extravascular lung water (EVLW) 424, 433, 476 Extubation failure 336 Factor Xa inhibitors 763 Fas-associated death domain (FADD) 143 Fatty acid 699 Feeding 641, 675 Fentanyl 583, 873, 885, 890 Fetuin A 604, 609 Fever 583 Fibrinogen 43, 664, 775 Fibrosis 71 Filling pressures 270, 275 Fish oil 695 Flagellin 42 Fludrocortisone 746 Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) 784, 837 – challenges 265 – loading 314 – responsiveness 635 – resuscitation 639, 667 – therapy 439, 476 Flumazenil 894 Fondaparinux 764 Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) 226, 479, 773 Functional brain imaging 788 – mapping 10 – residual capacity (FRC) 374, 673 – testing 85 Furosemide 501, 606 Futility 970 Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) 788, 810, 893 – linolenic acid (GLA) 695 Gastric tonometry 195, 690 Gastrointestinal failure 690 Gelatin 236, 248 Gelsolin 31 Gene expression Genetic variability 40, 863 Genome 25 Genomic heterogeneity Genomics 24 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 709 – Outcome Scale 795, 802, 809 Global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) 425, 435 – – – – index (GEDVI) 278, 635 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 523, 604, 623 Glucagon 255, 720 Glucocorticoid receptor 746 Gluconeogenesis 705, 721 Glucose 721, 794 – control 567, 569, 679 – transporters (GLUT) 813 – variability 728 Glutamate 662, 795, 811 Glutamine 666, 705 Glutathione 61, 171 Glycogenolysis 720 Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) 85, 848 Granzyme B 606 Gravimetry 433 Greyson Near-death Experience Scale 963 Growth hormone 255 Haldane effect 227 Haloperidol 885, 898, 925 Haplogroups 17 Head injury 157 – trauma 709 Healthcare organizations 949 Heart failure 445, 498, 523, 689 (see also cardiac failure) – rate 278, 623 Subject Index – – variability 190, 359 – transplantation 514, 516 Heat shock proteins (HSP) 33, 166 Heliox 380 Hematological malignancies 848 Hematology patient 640 Heme oxygenase 65 Hemodilution 245 Hemodynamic monitoring 306, 461, 498, 646 Hemofiltration 119 Hemoglobin 212, 228, 784 Hemolytic uremic syndrome 623 Hemophilia 776 Hemorrhagic shock 155, 281, 300 Heparin 582, 763, 770 – induced thrombocytopenia 765 Hepatic blood flow 646, 862 – encephalopathy 661, 790, 794 – surgery 651 Hepatopulmonary syndrome 668 Hepatorenal syndrome 664, 667 Hepatosplanchnic hemodynamics 649 Heterogeneity High frequency ventilation 440 – mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) 46, 166 – pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 29 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR 9, 83 – umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) 60 Hyaluronic acid 43, 165 Hydrocortisone 111, 754 Hydrogen peroxide 500 – sulfide 171 Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 225, 233, 243, 504, 622 Hyperammonemia 886 Hypercalcemia 834 Hypercapnia 344, 377 Hypercapnic failure 849 Hypercarbia 964 Hyperchloremia 223 Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis 221 Hyperinflation 378 Hyperkalemia 820, 821, 902 Hyperlactatemia 173 Hypernatremia 756 Hyperoncotic solutions 250 Hyperphosphatemia 820 Hypertonic saline 402, 803 Hyperventilation 557, 803 Hypervolemia 638 Hypoglycemia 680, 728 Hypokalemia 255, 570, 581 Hypomagnesemia 570, 581 Hyponatremia 886 Hypophosphatemia 570 Hypotension 301, 375, 568 Hypothermia 173, 533, 569, 570, 575, 578, 589, 664, 804 Hypothermic circulatory arrest 288 Hypovolemia 315 Hypoxemia 309, 313 Hypoxia 154, 173 Hypoxic hypoxia 197 – pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) 512 ICU performance 944 Idraparinux 765 Ileus 633 Immune dysfunction 88 – enhancing nutrients 688 – suppression 9, 40, 46 Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 87, 828 Immunoglobulin 88, 102 Immunomodulation 120 Immunoparalysis 84 Immunosuppression 81, 141, 155, 745 Immunotherapy 81 Impedance 286, 366 – threshold device 297 Indirect calorimetry 677 Indocyanine green (ICG) 684 – – clearance 646 – – dilution 212, 234 Infection 666, 678, 697, 729, 831 Inflection point 419 Inhalational anesthetics 379 Inhaled nitric oxide 511 Injury severity score (ISS) 225 Inodilators 210 Inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE-1) 724 Inspiration 407 Insulin 728, 814 – like growth factor (IGF)-1 721 – – – – binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) 31 – resistance 719 Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 502 Interleukin (IL)-1 9, 142 – – receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) 39 – (IL-6) 33, 226, 500, 605, 782 – (IL-8) 113, 367 – 10 (IL-10) 698 – 18 (IL-18) 604, 615 Intoxication 917 Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) 95, 629 – – pressure (IAP) 629, 665 – aortic balloon pump (IABP) 287, 683, 685 Intracerebral hemorrhage 765, 785, 783, 789 Intracranial hypertension 803 – pressure (ICP) 299, 567, 578, 591, 636, 663, 801, 882, 897, 907 Intramucosal pH (pHi) 685 Intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) 275, 279 993 994 Subject Index – pressure 303, 406 – – regulation 297 – thermal volume (ITTV) 425 Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) 351, 378 Intubation 377 Ipratropium 375 Ischemia/reperfusion 55, 163, 174, 477, 567 Ischemic cardiomyopathy 543 – heart disease 451 – hypoxia 199 Isoflurane 487 Isoproterenol 153 Jugular venous oximetry 806 Keratinocyte 11 Ketamine 316, 883, 884, 964 Kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 604, 606, 615, 616 – transplantation 621 Lactate 215, 222, 492, 580, 794 Lactic acidosis 840 Lactulose 663 Laparoscopy 638 Laryngoscopy 316 Laser-Doppler 198 Leadership performance 946 Left ventricular aneurysm 540 – – ejection fraction (LVEF) 503 – – end-diastolic area (LVEDA) 275 – – – – pressure (LVEDP) 276 – – hypertrophy 533, 536 – – stroke work index (LVSWI) 503 Length of stay (LOS) 881 Leukemia 834 Leukocyte reprogramming 52 Leukotriene 475, 695 Levosimendan 192, 201, 498 Lipid mediators 695 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 8, 39, 43, 51, 66, 83, 103, 697, 748, 810 Lipoproteins 42 Lipoteichoic acid 43 Lipoxins 695 Liquid chromatography 27 Liver failure 239 – transplantation 648, 651 – type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) 624 Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient 971 Long QT syndrome 189 Lorazepam 885, 894 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 763, 770 Lung echography 437 – function 406 – proteomics 23 – transplantation 342, 516 Lymphatic drainage 477 Lymphocyte 46, 82, 85, 141 – dysfunction 86 Lymphoma 829 Macrolides 112 Macrophage 246, 678 – colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 144 – migration inhibitory factor (MIF) 48 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 398, 425, 437, 663, 784, 809, 828 – – spectroscopy (MRS) 787, 840 Malignancies 828 Malnutrition 685 Mannitol 803 Masks 355 Mass spectrometer 26 Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) 29 Mean arterial pressure (MAP) 280, 462, 485, 499, 580, 634, 684, 805 – transit time (MTT) 786 Mechanical ventilation 108, 115, 359, 372, 377, 385, 633, 680, 937 Mediastinitis 97 Mediation 975 Medical Emergency Team (MET) 971 Melagatran 775 Melanoma 829 MELD scores 662 Meningitis 145, 790, 830 Meperidine 892 Messenger RNAs 24 Meta-analysis 924 Metabolic acidosis 301, 902 – alkalosis 745 Metaraminol 468 Metastases 829 Metered dose inhaler (MDI) 373 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 98 Methylprednisolone 747, 753, 873 Microarray 5, 605 Microcirculation 53, 195, 212 Microdialysis 863 Microvasculature 730 Midazolam 378, 583, 873, 885 Milrinone 503 Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) 888, 981 Minnesota Sedation Assessment Tool (MSAT) 887 Mitochondria 84, 499 Mitochondrial biogenesis 19 – dysfunction 811 – genetics 14 Subject Index Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 8, 47, 66, 172, 679, 748 Mitral regurgitation 543, 546 – valve disease 689 Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) 212, 308 Molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS) 653, 663 Monocyte 114, 146 – chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 723 – deactivation 52 – dysfunction 82 Morbidity 98, 924 Morphine 688, 875, 884, 909 Mortality 39, 95, 102, 106, 121, 208, 372, 516, 651, 685, 729, 753, 805, 846, 937 Motor Activity Assessment Scale (MAAS) 887 Multimodal monitoring 806 Multiple organ dysfunction 16, 116 – – – – syndrome 185 – – failure 846 Myocardial contractility 167 – depression 183, 188 – dysfunction 502, 589 – hibernation 185 – infarction 55, 544, 686 (see also acute myocardial infarction) – ischemia 175, 580 Myocarditis 533 Myopericarditis 540 N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) 787 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) 604 N-acetylcysteine 648 Naloxone 891 Nasogastric tube 632 Natriuretic peptide 488, 523 Near-death experiences 961 – infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 54, 308 Neonatal intubation 324 Nephrocalcinosis 824 Nephrotoxic agents 622 Network analysis Neurally-adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) 364, 385 Neuroleptics 884, 898 Neuromuscular blockers 637 Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) 584 Neutrophil function 666 – gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) 248, 604, 605, 615, 620 Nicotine 191 Nitrate 511 Nitrates 667 Nitric oxide (NO) 16, 53, 59, 163, 171, 201, 226, 511, 591, 719, 749, 810 – – synthase (NOS) 167, 724 Nitroglycerine 511 Nitroprusside 54, 511 Non-heart-beating organ donation 962 – invasive ventilation (NIV) 315, 350, 376, 848 – ST-elevation-myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 186 – steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 661, 883 Norepinephrine 190, 215, 288, 314, 492, 688, 689, 758 Normovolemic hemodilution 234 Nosocomial infections 85, 142 N-terminal pro BNP (NT-proBNP) 523 Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) 6, 47, 165, 228, 697 Nucleotide-binding oligodimerization domain protein (NOD1) 44 Nursing Instrument for the Communication of Sedation (NICS) 887 Nutrition 679 Obesity 525, 640, 678, 732 Oleic acid 436 One-lung ventilation 362 Open lung strategy 424 Opioid receptor 889 Opioids 889 Organ donation 571, 962 Osmolarity 730 Osmotic nephrosis 246 Oxidative damage 477 – phosphorylation 14 – stress 59, 70, 811 Oxidized phospholipids 165 Oxygen 20 – consumption (VO2) 195, 447, 684 – debt 445 – delivery (DO2) 306, 568 – extraction 212, 791 – free radicals 477 – transport 201 Pain 881 Pancreatitis 97, 281 Paracentesis 631, 554 Paracetamol (see acetaminophen) Paraneoplastic syndromes 834 Parenteral nutrition 677 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 41 Patient data management system (PDMS) 927 – ventilator interaction 350, 385 Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) 41 Peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) 373 – inspiratory pressure (PIP) 429 Pentasaccharides 771 Peptidoglycan 43 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) 568, 578 995 996 Subject Index Performance 950 Perfusion pressure 285 Perioperative optimization 461 Peritonitis 98, 144, 302 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) 697, 724 Peroxynitrite 61 Pharmacodynamic alterations 862 Pharmacokinetic alterations 859 – interactions 870 Pharmacokinetics 889, 896, 907 Phenobarbital 872 Phenothiazine 900 Phenylephrine 483 Phenytoin 569, 872, 895 Phosphodiesterase 152, 498 Phospholipids 698 Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) 970 Phytohemagglutinin 85 Plasma volume 223 Platelet 45, 59 – activating factor (PAF) 719 Pleth variability index 463 Pleural effusion 401 Pleuropericardiotomy 638 Pneumococcal pneumonia 112 Pneumocystis 851 Pneumocytes 474 Pneumomediastinum 372 Pneumonectomy 473 Pneumonia 97 Pneumoperitoneum 633 Pneumothorax 372, 401 Poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP-1) 63 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 25, 832 Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs) 228, 698 Polyneuromyopathy 753 Portal hypertension 660, 666 Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 265, 276, 315, 361, 405, 424, 437, 634, 650 Positron emission tomography (PET) 785, 829, 967 Potassium-dependent ATP (KATP) channels 172 Preload 634 – indexes 275 – responsiveness 265, 307 Pressure support 353 – – ventilation (PSV) 332 Prinzmetal’s angina 538 Procalcitonin (PCT) 24, 69, 106 Prone position 342 Propofol 315, 679, 803, 883, 884, 885, 888, 900, 909 Proportional assist ventilation (PAV) 364, 387 Propranolol 158 Propylene glycol 895 Prostacyclin 59, 515 Prostaglandin 650, 695 Protamine 771 Protease-activated cell receptors (PARs) 45 Protein binding 860 – kinase C (PKC) 153, 697 Proteinuria 617, 623 Proteolysis 719 Proteomics 5, 23 Protocols 728 Pruritus 238 Pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) 208, 266, 439, 513, 568 – – occlusion pressure (PAOP) 275, 424, 433, 527 – blood volume (PBV) 426, 435 – edema 267, 428, 438, 473 – embolism 34 – hypertension 491, 513, 547 – thermal volume 425 – vascular permeability index (PVPI) 438 Pulse contour 465 – oximetry 461 – pressure 209 – – variation (PPV) 307, 636 Pumpless extracorporeal lung assist 344 Pyelonephritis 97 Quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) 130 Ramsay Sedation Score 887, 910 Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) 59, 512 – oxygen species (ROS) 15, 59, 162, 695, 719 Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) 47 Recombinant activated factor VII (rVIIa) 772 – nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (rNAPc2) 775 – tissue type plasminogen activator (rtPA) 582 Recruitment 398, 405, 428 Regional ventilation delay index 405 Remifentanil 873, 884, 890, 911 Renal blood flow 637 – failure 666 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway 634 Reperfusion injury 589 Resource utilization 946 Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) 449 Resuscitation performance 558 Rhabdomyolysis 902 Rheumatic disease 543 Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) 887, 925 Right ventricular dysfunction 504, 523 – – ejection fraction (RVEF) 513 Subject Index – – end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) 275, 635 – – – – systolic volume index (RVESVI) 503 – – failure 513 – – function 547 Ringer’s lactate 236 Risperidone 925 Rituximab 821, 839 Rivaroxaban 766 Rocuronium 317 Safety 313, 946 Salbutamol 375, 427 SAPS II score 756 Scorecards 944 Scoring system 945 Sedation 583, 803, 881 – Agitation Scale (SAS) 887 Sedatives 661 Seizures 569, 895, 899 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 900 Sellick maneuver 317 Sepsis 3, 14, 39, 59, 69, 81, 93, 102, 111, 119, 129, 141, 195, 201, 302, 741, 748, 883 Septic cardiomyopathy 183 – encephalopathy 790, 795, 809 – shock 48, 60, 81, 157, 205, 271, 287, 298, 491, 502, 649, 700, 745, 753 Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) 60, 70, 99, 106, 132, 648, 660, 690 Serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) 743 Serotonin 964 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 34 – sepsis 233, 276, 502, 729 Shear stress 60 Side-stream dark field imaging (SDF) 54 Signal transduction Simulator 327 Single immunoglobulin-IL-1R-related molecule (SIGIRR) 43 – nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 17, 41 – photon emission CT (SPECT) 785 Sinusitis 97 Sleep 966 Sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE3) 604 Soft tissue infections 96 Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) 584 Source control 93 Spinal anesthesia 326, 489 Splanchnic blood flow 491, 684 Spontaneous breathing trial 337 Stable isotope isobaric labeling 28 Standard mortality ratio (SMR) 938, 945 ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 531, 578 Steroids 812 Stress 541, 675, 728 Stroke 235, 769, 783, 789, 833 – volume 285, 451 – – variation (SVV) 307, 465, 636 Strong ion difference (SID) 221, 258 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 789, 792 Sublingual capnometry 195 Substitue decision 979 Succinylcholine 314, 317 Suctioning 400 Sufentanil 873 Superoxide 60 – dismutase (SOD) 61, 163, 811 Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) 29 Surfactant 31, 364, 399 Surrogate 982 Sustained low efficiency dialysis (SLED) 123 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) 107, 660, 685, 747 – vascular resistance (SVR) 462, 486, 658 Tacrolimus 873 Takastubo cardiomyopathy 541 Terlipressin 667 Thallium scintigraphy 446 Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) 132 Thermal double dilution technique 425 Thermodilution 267, 277, 425, 437 Thiopental 888 Thrombin 766 – inhibitors 774 Thrombocytopenia 664, 833 Thromboelastography 236, 664 Thrombolytic therapy 582 Thromboxanes 695 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 908 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 743 Tidal volume 353, 387, 390, 419, 428 Tissue factor 44 – – pathway inhibitor (TFPI) 45 – oxygen saturation (StO2) 308 Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP) 43 – like receptor (TLR) 10, 40, 51, 83 – – – (TLR4) 162 Torsades-de-pointes 899 Toxic shock 749 Trace elements 665 Transcranial Doppler 467 Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 487, 544 Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 52, 698 Transfusion 213, 479 – related acute lung injury (TRALI) 479 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) 661 Translocation 851 Transpulmonary dilution techniques 434 Transthoracic impedance measurements 561 997 998 Subject Index Trauma 389, 544, 920 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 583, 788, 796, 801, 891 Triage 852, 936 Trial design Tricarboxylic acid cycle 63 Tricuspid valve 278 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) 44 Troponin 186 Tumor lysis syndrome 819 – necrosis factor (TNF) 4, 39, 51, 60, 66, 83, 111, 155, 367, 476, 719, 811, 862, 872 Ubiquinol cytochrome C reductase 60 Ubiquitination 25 Ultrasound 94, 631 Uncoupling proteins (UCP) 15 Unfolded protein response (UPR) 724 Uric acid 819 Valproate 569 Valsalva maneuver 287 Valve operations 515 Vancomycin 866 Vancouver Interaction and Calmness Scale (VICS) 887 Vanilmandelic acid (VMA) 332 Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 502 – endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 475 – surgery 487 Vasculitis 789 Vasoactive agents 291 Vasoconstriction 53, 912 Vasodilation 63 Vasogenic edema 794 Vasopressin 210, 667, 741, 776, 810 Vasopressors 206 Vasospasm 793 Veno-occlusive disease 640 Venous return 299, 557 – to-arterial carbon dioxide difference [(v-a)CO2] 212 Ventilation-associated lung injury (VALI) 367, 405, 427 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 111, 385, 583 – induced lung injury (VILI) 165, 226, 501 Ventilatory equivalent for CO2 452 Ventricular assist device 516 – fibrillation 557, 570, 591 – interdependence 513 Viral pneumonia 851 Vitamin E 61 – K 764, 769 – – antagonists 772 Vitamins 477, 665, 700 Volume therapy 275 Volumetric canography 413 Volvulus 633 Von Willebrand factor (vWF) 54 – – disease 776 Warfarin 874 Weaning 332, 911 Weighted Core Experience Index (WCEI) 963 White blood cell (WBC) count 69 Workforce performance 946 Work of breathing 351 Xanthine oxidase (XO) 60, 163 Xenon-enhanced CT 785 .. .Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Edited by J.-L Vincent 2009 Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2009 Edited by J.-L Vincent With 172 Figures and 96 Tables Prof... Department of Intensive Care and Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 1105 AZ Amsterdam Netherlands Seeling... USA Trof RJ Department of Intensive Care VU University Medical Center De Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam Netherlands Tugrul S Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medical Faculty of