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Cấu trúc
INFD01_01
Infectious Diseases 1 Introduction
Course Objectives
Bacterial structure 1
Gram stain
Bacterial structure 2
Bacteria with unusual cell walls
INFD01_02
Bacterial growth 1
Bacterial growth 2
INFD01_03
Bacterial genetics
INFD01_04
Endotoxin (LPS)
Exotoxin 1
Exotoxin 2
Exotoxin 3
INFD02_01
Infectious Diseases 2 Introduction
Culture of Bacteria
Systemic Infectious Diseases
INFD02_02
Pneumonia
INFD02_03
Pharyngitis
Epiglottitis
Otitis
INFD02_04
Gastroenteritis and Food Poisoning 1
Gastroenteritis and Food Poisoning 2
INFD02_05
Urinary Tract Infections
INFD02_06
Musculoskeletal Infections
INFD02_07
Meningitis
INFD02_08
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
INFD03_01
Infectious Diseases 3 Introduction
Gram Positives
Gram Positive Cocci 1
Cluster Cocci
Gram Positive Cocci 2
Catalase + in CGD
Protein A
INFD03_02
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
INFD03_03
Streptococcus Species
Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococcus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Viridans Streptococci
Beta- and Gamma-Hemolytic Streptococcus
Streptococcus 1
Subacute Endocarditis
Streptococcus 2
INFD03_04
Non-Spore-Forming Aerobic Gram + Rods
Spore-Forming Aerobic Gram + Rods
Anthrax
Spore-Forming Anaerobic Gram + Rods
Non-Spore-Forming Gram + Rods
INFD04_01
Infectious Diseases 4 Introduction
INFD04_01b
Gram negative cocci 1
Neisseria
Gram Negative Cocci 2
INFD04_02
Coccobacilli
INFD04_03
MacConkey Agar
INFD04_04
Non-Lactose Fermenting Bacteria
INFD04_05
Typhoid Fever
Escherichia coli
Yersinia
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio sp. vs Campylobacter jejuni
Legionella pneumophila
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Other Gram Negatives
INFD05_01
Infectious Diseases 5 Introduction
Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Caseous Necrosis
Ghon Complex
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
Leprosy
INFD05_02
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
INFD05_03
Spirochetes
Leptospirosis
Lyme Disease
Yaws
Syphilis
INFD05_04
Zoonotic Diseases
INFD05_05
Rickettsiae
Rickettsial Diseases
Chlamydiae 1
Chlamydiae 2
Chlamydia trachomatis
INFD06_01
Infectious Diseases 6 Introduction
General Characteristics 1
Conidia of Sporothrix
General Characteristics 2
Forms of Fungi
INFD06_02
Cutaneous Mycoses
Tinea corporis vs versicolor
INFD06_02b
Sporotrichosis Lymphangitis
INFD06_03
Systemic Mycosis
INFD06_04
Histoplasmosis
INFD06_05
Blastomycosis
INFD06_06
Coccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
INFD06_07
Candida albicans
Aspergillosis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Mucormycosis
INFD07_01
Slide Number 1
Protozoa vs Helminths
INFD07_02
Giardiasis
Amebiasis
INFD07_03
Toxoplasmosis
INFD07_04
Trypanosoma
Leishmaniasis
INFD07_05
Plasmodium Species
Babesiosis
INFD07_06
Trichomoniasis
INFD07_07
Helminths (worms)
INFD07_08
Cestodes (tapeworm) 1
Cestodes (tapeworm) 2
INFD07_09
Hookworms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichinellosis
Elephantiasis
Toxocara canis
INFD07_10
Flukes
Schistosoma 1
Schistosoma 2
INFD08_01
Infectious Diseases 8 Introduction
General Characteristics
INFD08_02
Viral Replication
INFD08_03
Cellular Effects
INFD08_04
Vaccination
INFD08_05
DNA Viruses
INFD08_06
Herpesviruses
HSV
VZV
EBV
CMV
HHV-6: Sixth Disease (Roseola Infantum)
HHV-8: Kaposi’s Sarcoma
INFD08_07
Hepadnavirus and Adenovirus
INFD08_08
Parvovirus B19: Fifth Disease
INFD08_09
Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus, Poxvirus
INFD08_10
Molluscum Contagiosum
INFD09_01
Infectious Diseases 9 Introduction
General Principles
INFD09_02
Picornaviruses
INFD09_03
Rotavirus
INFD09_04
Orthomyxovirus
INFD09_05
Togavirus
Rubella
Paramyxoviruses
Measles
INFD09_06
Mumps
INFD09_07
Rabies
INFD09_08
Arboviruses
INFD09_09
Hepatitis
Hepatitis B Serology
INFD09_10
Structure of Genes of HIV
HIV Diagnosis
Clinical Stages of HIV
INFD09_11
Prion Diseases
INFD09_12
ToRCHeS Infections
Syphilis
INFD10_01
Infectious Diseases 10 Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Definitions
INFD10_02
Cell Wall Inhibitors
Penicillins
Cephalosporins 1
Cephalosporins 2
Other Cell Wall Inhibitors
INFD10_03
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Other Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
INFD10_04
Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
INFD10_05
Fluoroquinolones
INFD10_06
polymyxins
INFD10_07
Anti-TB Drugs
INFD10_08
Mechanisms of Bacterial Drug Resistance
INFD11_01
Infectious Diseases 11 Introduction
Antifungal 1
Antifungal 2
Antifungal 3
INFD11_02
Antiparasitic
INFD11_03
Antiviral
Anti-Influenza
Antiherpetics
Antiretroviral
Protease Inhibitors
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Fusion Inhibitors
INFD11_04
Interferons
INFD11_05
Antibiotics Contraindicated in Pregnancy
Nội dung
Introduction to Bacteriology Lecture I Jonathan Faiwiszewski, M4, UMDNJ INFID1_1 INFID1_1-1 INFID1_11 Course Objectives: To understand the following topics and how they may be tested on USMLE Step 1: - Bacteriology - Infectious Diseases - Stains -Gram positive -Gram negative - Mycology - Parasitology - Virology - Antibiotics INFID1_1-2 INFID1_12 INFID1_1 Kaplan Immunology and Microbiology 2011: Figure II-2-1 FA 2012: 146.2 • FA 2011: 136.2 • FA 2010: 138 ME 3e: 113 INFID1_1-3 Gram Stain • Gram positive—purple • Gram negative—red Commons.wikimedia.org Used with permission FA 2012: 146.2 • FA 2011: 136.2 • FA 2010: 138 ME 3e: 113 INFID1_1-4 Kaplan Immunology and Microbiology 2011: Figure II-2-1 FA 2012: 146.2 • FA 2011: 136.2 • FA 2010: 138 ME 3e: 113 INFID1_1-5 Bacteria with unusual cell walls: • Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma: • Contain sterols on the cell membrane • No cell wall • Chlamydia • Cell wall lacks muramic acid • Mycobacterium • Cell wall contains mycolic acid FA 2012: 147.2 • FA 2011: 137.2 • FA 2010: 139 ME 3e: 113 INFID1_1-6 Kaplan Immunology and Microbiology 2011: Figure II-2-4 FA 2012: 154.1 • FA 2011: 142.2 • FA 2010: 144 ME 3e: 112 INFID1_2-1 Kaplan Immunology and Microbiology 2011: Figure II-2-4 FA 2012: 154.1 • FA 2011: 142.2 • FA 2010: 144 ME 3e: 112 INFID1_2-2 Genetics • Transformation: • Uptake of free DNA from environment by competent cells • Transposition • Transposons (DNA sequences) insert themselves to new positions in single cell • Conjugation: gene transfer from donor cell to recipient cell • F+ x F• Hfr x F- • Transduction: transfer of bacterial DNA via phage vector • Generalized • Specialized: HUS, TTP, botulism, cholera, diphtheria, Streptococcus pyogenes FA 2012: 154.2 • FA 2011: 143.1 • FA 2010: 145 ME 3e: 170 INFID1_3- Endotoxin (LPS) • • • • Part of the gram-negative outer membrane Heat stable Activates macrophages Toxic portion is lipid A FA 2012: 153.2 • FA 2011: 142.1 • FA 2010: 144 ME 3e: 114 INFID1_4- FA 2012: n/a • FA 2011: 191 • FA 2010: 191 ME 3e: 121 INFID10_8-1 Other Anti-microbials Jonathan Faiwiszewski, M4, UMDNJ INFID11_1-1 INFID11_1- • Amphotericin B – – – – Used for systemic mycoses Binds to ergosterol in fungal membranes to form pores DOC for: Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Mucor, and others Adverse effects: nephrotoxicity, arrhythmias, anemia • Nystatin – Same mechanism as amphotericin B – Only topical form because of its toxicity – Used for candida infection FA 2012: 214.1, 214.2 • FA 2011: 192 • FA 2010: 192 ME 3e: 140 INFID11_1- • Azoles – – – – Inhibit ergosterol synthesis Used for systemic infections Some in the class can cross the blood-brain barrier Adverse effects: gynecomastia, hepatotoxicity • Flucytosine – Converted in fungal cell into 5-fluorouracil – Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression • Caspofungin/Mycofungin – Inhibit beta glucan synthesis – Used for invasive aspergillosis FA 2012: 214.2, 214.5 • FA 2011: 193 • FA 2010: 192 ME 3e: 140 INFID11_1- • Terbinafine – – – – Topical antifungal Used for dermatophytes Inhibits squalene epoxidase Toxicity: GI distress, rash • Griseofulvin – – – – Oral antifungal Used for dermatophytes Disrupts microtubule formation; blocks mitosis Adverse effects: teratogenic, carcinogenic FA 2012: 215.1, 215.2 • FA 2011: 193 • FA 2010: 193 ME 3e: 140 INFID11_1- • Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine – Anti-folic metabolites – Used for toxoplasmosis, malaria • Quinines – Used for malaria – Block heme polymerase • Bendazoles – Inhibit glucose uptake • Pyrantel pamoate – Nicotinic receptor agonist • Ivermectin – Stimulates GABA transmission • Praziquantel – Increases calcium influx FA 2012: 215.3, 215.5 • FA 2011: 194 • FA 2010: 193 ME 3e: 122-131 INFID11_2- FA 2012: 216 • FA 2011: 195.1 • FA 2010: 193 ME 3e: 135 INFID11_3- FA 2012: 216 • FA 2011: 195 • FA 2010: 194 ME 3e: 135 INFID11_3- FA 2012: 217 • FA 2011: 196 • FA 2010: 194 ME 3e: 135 INFID11_3- Antiretroviral Agents • • • • • Protease inhibitors (PI) Nucleoside reverse trascriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) Fusion inhibitors HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) – Two NRTIs + one PI – Two NRTIs + one NNRTI • HAART is initiated when: – CD4 count less than 350 – AIDS-defining illness FA 2012: 218.1 • FA 2011: 197.1 • FA 2010: 195 ME 3e: 105 INFID11_3- Protease Inhibitors • Drugs: – Atazanavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir • Mechanism: – Inhibit viral aspartate protease • Adverse effects: – – – – Hyperglycemia Inhibit CYP3A4 Thrombocytopenia Lipodystrophy FA 2012: 218.1 • FA 2011: 197.1 • FA 2010: 195 ME 3e: 105 INFID11_3- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors • NRTIs: – Zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine • NNRTIs: – Nevirapine, efavirenz • Adverse effects: – Bone marrow suppression – Peripheral neuropathy FA 2012: 218.1 • FA 2011: 197.1 • FA 2010: 195 ME 3e: 105 INFID11_3- Fusion Inhibitors • Drug: – Enfuvirtide • Mechanism: – Binds viral gp41 and inhibits fusion of HIV to CD4 cells • Adverse effects: – Hypersensitivity reactions – Local injection reactions FA 2012: 218.1 • FA 2011: 197.1 • FA 2010: 195 ME 3e: 105 INFID11_3- Interferons • Interferons are proteins made by virus-infected cells • Interferon-α: – Used in hepatitis B and C, Kaposi’s sarcoma • Interferon-β: – Used in multiple sclerosis • Interferon-γ: – Used in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) FA 2012: 218.2 • FA 2011: 198.1 • FA 2010: 196 ME 3e: 109 INFID11_4- Antimicrobial Adverse Effect Sulfonamides Kernicterus Aminoglycosides Ototoxicity Fluoroquinolones Cartilage damage Erythromycin Cholestatic hepatitis in mom Metronidazole Teratogenic Tetracyclines Discolored teeth, inhibit bone growth Ribavirin Teratogenic Griseofulvin Teratogenic Chloramphenicol Gray baby syndrome FA 2012: 219.1 • FA 2011: 198.2 • FA 2010: 196 ME 3e: 118-121 INFID11_5- ... 2011: 142 .1 • FA 2010: 144 ME 3e: 1 14 INFID1 _4- Exotoxin • Heat labile except Staphylococcus aureus • immunogenic FA 2012: 152.1-153.1 • FA 2011: 141 .1 • FA 2010: 143 ME 3e: 1 14 INFID1 _4- Med... 152.1-153.1 • FA 2011: 141 .1 • FA 2010: 143 ME 3e: 115 INFID1 _4- FA 2012: 152.1-153.1 • FA 2011: 141 .1 • FA 2010: 143 ME 3e: 115 INFID1 _4- Infectious Diseases Jonathan Faiwiszewski, M4, UMDNJ INFID2_1-1... mycolic acid FA 2012: 147 .2 • FA 2011: 137.2 • FA 2010: 139 ME 3e: 113 INFID1_1-6 Kaplan Immunology and Microbiology 2011: Figure II-2 -4 FA 2012: 1 54. 1 • FA 2011: 142 .2 • FA 2010: 144 ME 3e: 112 INFID1_2-1