Strictly based on the latest CISCE Curriculum OSWAAL BOOKS rumrurrmm tmi\OO ~ CHEMISTRY Includes: • ISC Solved Paper, 2018 • Solved Specimen Question Paper, 2018 issued by CISCE • ISC Examination Paper, 2017 with Marking Scheme (Qualitative Analysis), Issued by CISCE • Latest Handwritten Toppers' Answers • Previous Years' Solved Papers upto 2018 • Previous Years' Board Questions modified as per the latest CISCE pattern for Academic Year 2018-19 • Suggestions for students by CISCE • Topics and Concepts found Difficult/Confusing by students • OSWML BOOKS 1/11, Sahitya Kunj, M.G Road, Agra- 282002, UP (India) Ph.: 0562 2857671, 2527781 email: contact@oswaalbooks.com website: www.oswaalbooks.com 0504 Disclaimer: Oswaal Books has exercised due care and caution in collecting the data before publishing this book lnspite of this if any omission, inaccuracy or printing error occurs with regards to the data contained in this book, Oswaal books will not be held responsible or liable Oswaal Books will be grateful if you could point out any such error or your suggestions which will be of great help for other readers Ahmedabad Ahmed nagar Akola Amroha Aurangablld BarnaIa Bilaspur Chennai Coimbatora Dahod Daltonganj Dehredun Gulbarga Guntur Guwehati Hasan Hosur Hyderabad Jagraon Jalna Jeypore Keojhar PORT BLAIR HYDERABAD VIJAYAWADA VISAKHAPATNAM GUWAHATI TINSUK!A MUNGER MUZAFFARPUR PATNA DURG IWPUR DE~! 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Solved Specimen Paper- 2018 ISC Examination Paper, 2017 with Marking Scheme (Qualitative Analysis) (Issued by CISCE) Handwritten Toppers' Answers- 2017 1-17 Solid State Topic Classification of Solids, Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells Topic Packing in Solids and Calculation of Density of Unit Cell Topic Defects in Solids, Electrical and Magnetic Properties, Band Theory of Metal Solutions Topic Solution, Different Measures of 18-37 Topic Rate of a Chemical Reaction and Topic Adsorption, Factors Affecting Topic Haloalk.anes Topic Haloarenes 149 -166 Topic Alcohols and Phenols: Methods of Preparation, Properties and Uses Topic Ethers: Methods of Preparation, Properties and Uses 55-68 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 189- 217 Topic Aldehydes and Ketones: Methods of Preparation, Properties and Uses Topic Carboxylic Acids : Methods of Preparation, Properties and Uses 13 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 14 Biomolecules 69 - 82 Topic Carbohydrates Topic Proteins, Hormones, Vitamins Catalysis 218- 233 234 - 248 and Nucleic Acids Topic Colloidal State 15 Polymers 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life 83 - 99 Topic Principles and Methods of Extraction Topic Metallurgy of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Iron and Silver and Uses of Metals and their Alloys 137 - 148 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 167 - 188 Adsorption and Absorption General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements 124 - 136 Topic d-Biock.: 3d, 4d and Sd Series Topic f-Biock Elements Topic Preparation and Properties of 10 Haloalkanesand Haloarenes Topic Catalysis, its Types and Enzyme d-And f-Biock Elements Group 15 Elements (Nitrogen Family) Group 16 Elements (Oxygen Family) Group 17 Elements (Halogen Family) Group 18 Elements (Noble Gases) IU PAC Nomenclature of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds Topic Isomerism, Werner's Theory, VBT, CFT, Stability and Importance of Coordination Compounds Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction Topic Order of a Reaction, Integrated Rate Equations and Half Life of a Reaction Topic Concept of Energy, Collision Theory and Arrhenius Equation Surface Chemistry 100 - 123 Topic Topic Topic Topic Topic1 ConceptofComplexes, Ligands, Reactions, Galvanic Cells, Emf of a Cell, Standard Electrode Potential, Nernst Equation and Electrochemical Series Topic Conductance and Kohlrausch's Law Topic Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis, Batteries and Corrosion Chemical Kinetics p-Biock Elements Coordination Compounds 38 - 54 Electro Chemistry 34 - 48 49 - 63 Potassium Permanganate and Potassium Dichromate Concentration of Solids in Liquids, Solubility of Gases in Liquids, Solids Solutions Topic Raoult's Law, Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions Topic Colligative Properties, Determination of Molecular Mass of Solute, Abnormal Molecular Mass and Van't Hoff Factor Topic Electrochemical Cells, Redox - 16 17 - 24 25 - 33 (3) 249-258 259-264 DO Alfred B Nobel (21 Oct., 1833 - 10 Dec., 1896) Business Leader, Engineer, Chemist, Scientist, Inventor, Philanthropist Born in Stockholm, Sweden, Alfred Nobel worked at his father's arms factory as a young man Intellectually curious, he went on to experiment with chemistry and explosives In 1864, a deadly explosion killed his younger brother Deeply affected, Nobel developed a safer explosive: dynamite Nobel used his vast fortune to establish the Nobel Prizes, which has come to be known for awarding the greatest achievements throughout the world He died of a stroke in 1896 Information in this section is sourced from various available sources Though all efforts have been made to make sure it is trustworthy, Oswaal Books shall not be responsible for mistakes, if any (4) PREFACE The Indian School Certificate Examination has been designed as an examination, through the medium of English, in accordance with the recommendations of the New Education Policy 1986 It is pursued after a two-year course of studies beyond the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (Class 10) Examination or its equivalent The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examination is committed to serving the nation's children, through high quality educational endeavours, with a commitment to excellence 'We can not always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.' -Franklin Delano Roosevelt (32nd President of USA) With this objective in mind, we at Oswaal Books have tried to design this help-book to provide the students with a logical and easy to use tool for learning Self-study and traditional classroom learning complement one another When used together, they help students learn and retain information better We hope that this book will surely function as an excellent supplement to the existing course books and the students will be able to confidently confront the examinations Questions incorporated in this book follow the pattern and Marking Guidelines of the Council to guide the candidates to answer with precision This will aid students to get familiar with the examination techniques This book contains the content as per the prescribed Syllabus and Pattern outlined by the Council and the topics have been covered elaborately and accordingly It contains brief description of chapters and more than sufficient questions The remarkable feature is the inclusion of Answering Tips and Examiner's Comments at the end of every question, which will empower the students to comprehend their mistakes and rectify them This book would not have taken shape without the support of our authors and editors We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to them There is always a scope for improvement and any constructive suggestion will be heartily considered Together we can make this book stand in the category as 'One of the Best' Wish you Happy Learning! -Team Oswaal (5) Topics Found Difficult by Candidates Examination Paper 2017 l Concepts of molarity based on (grams/litre)/ molecular weight for pure substances and morality based on titre value l Difference between precipitate and solution l Principles of formal group analysis Examination Paper 2016 l Numerical problems of relative molecular mass and mole,Van't Hoff factor and l l l l l l l l l its relation with molecular weight, calculation of degree of dissociation Anisotropic nature of graphite, calculation of edge length (a) and radius (r) of unit cell Chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle Electrolytic conductance, calculation of emf of the cell and cell representation, Nernst equation Ionic equilibria, calculation of pH value, solubility and solubility product Bronsted-Lowry's concept for acid and base Buffer action of basic buffer Preparation of inorganic compounds General electronic configuration of inner transition elements Conversion of organic compounds, balancing of equations and named organic reactions Chemical tests to distinguish between organic compounds Examination Paper 2015 l Relative molecular mass and mole (numerical problems), abnormal molecular l l l l l l l l weights Solid state, voids and defects in solid state Ionic equilibria (numerical problems) concept of solubility product, ionic product and common ion effect Electrolytic conductance, electrode potential and Nernst equation Nomenclature, isomerism, hybridization and geometry of coordination compounds Balancing of equations for inorganic compounds Organic conversions, named reactions and balancing of equations Bio molecules Polymers Examination Paper 2014 l Relative molecular mass and mole l Chemical kinetics l Chemical equilibrium l Electrolyte conductance l Coordination compounds l Preparation of inorganic compounds l Ionic equilibria l Organic conversions and balanced equations l Named organic reactions (Balz-Schiemann’s reaction) (6) Concepts in which Candidates got Confused Examination Paper 2017 l Certain colours like buff precipitate l Solubility of mixture or preparation of original solution for group separation l Use of neutralized sodium carbonate extract for confirmatory test of anion l Identification of gases l Systematic analysis from group zero to IV and reporting absence and presence of groups Examination Paper 2016 l Van't Hoff factor and molecular weight l Anisotropic and isotropic l Common ion effect and solubility product l Total number of particles in bcc and fcc unit cell and their relationship l Paramagnetic and diamagnetic l Edge length (a) and radius (r) of various types of cubic unit cell and their l l l l relationship Buffer action of acidic and basic buffer Concept of oxidation and reduction of SO2 Gibb's free energy and emf of cell in terms of spontaneity Types of polymerization and polymer Examination Paper 2015 l Vant Hoff factor, calculation of degree of dissociation l Azeotropic mixtures, ideal and non-ideal solutions l Order and molecularity of reaction, calculation of time period for the decomposition of radioactive elements by 1st order kinetics l Le Chatelier’s principle, change in equilibrium with change in pressure and temperature l Electrolytic conductance, numerical problems, calculation of Eocell and Ecell by using Nernst equation l Calculation of solubility from solubility product, common ion effect and buffer solution l Nomenclature, isomerism, hybridization and geometry of coordination compounds l Conversion of organic compounds, conditions and catalyst, named organic reactions l Polymerisation, biomolecules Examination Paper 2014 l Van Hoff factor and colligative properties l Raoult’s Law and elevation of boiling point l Calculation of activation by using slope of the graph l Unit in numerical l Le Chatelier’s principle l Isomerism and hybridization in coordination compounds l Organic conversions l Named reactions l Biomolecules (7) Suggestions for Students ð Read questions carefully and understand what is required before attempting ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð the question Practice numerical problems regularly, solve the numerical stepwise with correct formula and write the answer with correct unit Learn complete and balanced equations along with the conditions, in inorganic and organic compounds Avoid selective study Practice writing the IUPAC names for coordination compounds as well as organic compounds Learn both positive and negative chemical tests in organic reactions Learn the shapes and hybridization of molecules with diagram While solving numerical problems, proper steps should be followed, i.e formula, substitution and correct answer with units Avoid selective study, give equal importance to all the topics Practice more numerical problems Solve the problems step-wise with correct formula and units Learn both positive and negative chemical tests in organic reactions as it will help in distinguishing between organic compounds Learn the reactions both organic and inorganic with proper conditions Always write the correct balanced equations Do not give dual statements for any answer Learn to write the key words in the answer Numericals should be practiced regularly Practice organic conversions with correct conditions Write the correct balanced chemical equations Read the question carefully and understand what is required before attempting the answers Study chemical tests to distinguish between organic compounds Write the formula then substitute the values and calculate the answers with correct units (8) LATEST SYLLABUS CHEMISTRY CLASS 12 There will be two papers in the subject Paper I: Theory hours 70 marks Paper II: Practical : Project Work Practical File hours 20 marks marks marks PAPER (THEORY) - 70 Marks There will be no overall choice in the paper Candidates will be required to answer all questions Internal choice will be available in two questions of marks each, two questions of marks each and all the three questions of marks each S.No UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE Solid State Solutions Electrochemistry Chemical Kinetics Surface Chemistry General Principles and Processes of Isolation Elements p- Block Elements d- and f-Block Elements Coordination Compounds 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 13 Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen 14 Biomolecules 15 Polymers 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life Physical Chemistry 25 Marks Inorganic Chemistry 20 Marks Organic Chemistry 25 Marks Total PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks 70 Marks Solid State Solids: their classification based on different binding forces such as: ionic, covalent molecular; amorphous and crystalline solids (difference), metals Type of unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, number of atoms per unit cell (all types) Calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties Band theory of metals Conductors, semiconductors (n and p type) and insulators (i) Crystalline and amorphous solids (ii) Definition of crystal lattice, unit cell; types of unit cell (scc, fcc, bcc); calculation of the number of atoms per unit cell; relationship between radius, edge length and nearest neighbour distance Calculation of density of unit cell, formula of the compound – numericals based on it; packing in – D, packing fraction in scc, fcc, bcc with derivation; voids – types, location, formation (derivation of radius of voids) (iii) Characteristics of crystalline solids; ionic (NaCl), metallic (Cu), atomic (diamond and graphite) (iv) Point defects: Stoichiometric, nonstoichiometric and impurity defects (F- centres) (v) Electrical properties: Conductors, semiconductors (n & p types) and insulators (Band Theory), piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity (vi) Magnetic properties: diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic Solutions : Study of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, liquid in liquid, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Colligative properties Raoult's law of relative lowering of vapour pressure (1st & 2nd), elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure Use of colligative properties in determining molecular masses of solutes, abnormal molecular mass association and dissociation, van't Hoff factor (9) 250 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII (d) Thermosetting polymers : These polymers are cross linked or heavily branched molecules, which on heating undergo extensive cross linking in moulds and again become infusible These cannot be reshaped e.g., bakelite, urea-formaldehyde resins etc zz Mechanism of Polymerisation : (i) Free radical Polymerisation : It is initiated by molecules like tert-butyl peroxide CH3 CH3 CH3 | | | 373 − 423 K CH3 −− C −− O −− O −− C −− CH3 → 2CH3 −− C −− O repersented as In | | | CH3 CH3 CH3 (Tert butoxy free redical) n CH == CH CH = CH In +CH == CH → In −− CH −− CH → In −− CH −− CH −− CH −− CH → (ii) Vinyl Polymerisation : (a) Chain initiation step : In −− (CH −− CH )n • Initiation → In • In • + CH == CH → In −− CH −− CH | | Cl Cl (b) Chain propagation step : • CH == CH | Cl • In −− CH == CH + CH == CH → In −− CH == CH − CH −− CH → | | | | Cl Cl Cl Cl • In −− (CH == CH)n − C H −− CH | | Cl Cl (c) Chain termination step : • In −− (CH = CH)n − CH −− CH → In −− (CH = CH)n − CH −− CH −− CH −− CH | | | | | | Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl (CH == CH )n −− In | Cl (iii) Chain Transfer agents : Those reagents which generate free radicals and led to lowering of the average molecular mass of the polymer and enter the chain, e.g., CCl4 H | • ~~~ CH −− CH −− CCl → ~~~ CH −− C −− Cl −− CCl | | C6 H C6 H (iv) 1, 4-Polymerisation in conjugated diene : = CH R +CH2 = = CH2 CH = R CH2 = CH2 CH = CH R CH2 = CH CH = CH2 ation Polymeris H H C R C H2C C CH2 cis 1, 4-structure _ CH2 H n R H2C C C trans 1, 4-structure n POLYMERS | 251 (v) 1, 2-Polymerisation : (vi) Cationic addition Polymerisation : When initiator is cationic in nature, on addition to the double bond, it would generate carbocation If functional group attached to vinyl group is electron releasing, it will undergo cationic polymerisation, e.g., propene will undergo cationic polymerisation (a) Chain initiation step : ⊕ H+ + CH == CH → CH3 −− CH | | CH3 CH3 (b) Chain propagation step : ⊕ ⊕ CH3 −− CH + CH == CH → CH3 −− CH −− CH −− CH | | | | CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 (c) Chain termination step : CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3 = CH CH2 = CH2 CH3 CH3 CH (CH2 CH)n CH3 CH3 +H CH3 CH (CH2 CH2 CH3 n + CH)n CH3 CH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 n Polymer (vii) Anionic Polymerisation : When initiator is n-butyl lithium or KNH2, on addition to double bond, it would generate carbanion If functional group attached to vinyl group is electron withdrawing such as —CN, —Cl, —COOCH3, —C6H5, it will undergo anionic polymerisation (a) Chain initiation step : (b) Chain propagation step : H 2N CH2 + CH K + nCH2 CN (c) Chain termination step : H 2N CH2 (CH CH H 2N CH2 CN CH2) CH K (CH CN + H+ H 2N CH2 CH CH2) CH K + CN n CH2 CH2 CN CN CN n CN zz Condensation Polymers : (a) Polyesters : These are polymers having large number of ester linkage, e.g., (i) Terylene : It is resistant to action of chemical and solvent It has a low moisture absorbing power It is also called dacron It is used in dress materials like sarees It is used as a blend with cotton and wool to give terycott and terywool 252 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII (ii) Glyptal or Alkyd resin : These are three dimensional cross-linked polymers It is tough and flexible It is used in adherant paints, lacquers and building materials like asbestos and cement (b) Polyamides : Those polymers which have large number of amide linkages are called polyamides, e.g., (i) Nylon-6, : It can be cast into sheets or fibres Nylon fibres have high tensile strength They are tough and resistant to abrasion They are also elastic in nature It is used to make bristles of toothbrush, climbing ropes, fishing nets and parachute fabrics It is a condensation polymer of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine O O nH2N (CH2)6NH2 + nOH C (CH2)4 C OH 523 K (ii) Nylon-6 : It can be cast into sheets or fabrics It is tough and strong O NOH C Beckman rearrangement H2SO4 NH2HOH – H 2O Oxidation O2 Cyclohexane O Cyclohexanone Cyclohexanoxime CH2 NH CH2 CH2 H 2C CH2 Caprolactum (iii) Nylon-6, 10 : It is a polymer of hexamethylene diamine and decanedioyl chloride (sebacoyl chloride) O O nH2N (CH2)6 Hexamethylenediamine NH2 + nCl C (CH2)8 C Cl heat Decanedioxyl chloride HN (CH2)6 H O O N C(CH2)8 C Nylon-6, 10 + HCl POLYMERS | 253 (c) Phenol-formaldehyde resin (Bakelite) : It is heat resistant thermosetting plastic (d) Melamine-formaldehyde resin : It is thermosetting plastic which is unbreakable zz Differences between chain growth and step growth polymerisation : S.No Chain Growth Polymerisation Step Growth Polymerisation Concentration of monomers disappears early in the reaction Concentration of monomers steadily throughout the reaction Reaction is fast and polymer is formed at once The polymer is formed in gradual steps There is very little change in the molecular mass throughout the reaction The molecular mass of polymer increases throughout the reaction Increase in reaction time increases the yield but molecular weight is affected a little Long reaction time is required to get high molecular mass polymer Only one repeating unit is added at a time Any two species present can react decreases Reaction mixture contains only monomer, All molecular species are present at any stage polymer and growing chain zz Differences between addition and condensation polymerisation : S.No Addition Polymerisation Condensation Polymerisation They are formed by adding monomers to a growing polymer chain without loss of any molecule Monomers combine together with the loss of small molecules like H2O, NH3, CO2, CH3OH, etc They are formed compounds Monomers have di or poly functional groups from unsaturated 254 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII It involves chain reaction e.g., polyethene, It does not involve chain reaction e.g., Nylon-6, polypropene, PVC, teflon etc 6, Nylon-6, terylene, glyptal, bakelite, etc zz Low density polyethene : It is produced by free radical polymerisation at high temperature (200°C) and high pressure about 1000 atm It is branched chain zz High density polyethene : It is produced by polymerisation of ethene in presence of Ziegler Natta catalyst at temperature below 100°C and pressure less than 100 atmosphere It is linear polymer zz Biodegradable polymers : Those polymers which are biodegradable, i.e., decomposed by micro-organisms and not cause water pollution, e.g., PHBV, Poly (Glycolic acid) and Poly (Lactic acid) etc (i) PHBV (Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxy valerate) : It is a copolymer of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid in which the monomers are connected by ester linkages The properties of PHBV vary according to ratio of both the acids 3-hydroxybutyric acid provides stiffness and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid provides flexibility to copolymer It is used in speciality packaging, orthopaedic devices and even in controlled drug release It is biodegradable (ii) Poly (Glycolic acid) and Poly (Lactic acid) are biodegrable polymers and used in sutures Dextron was the first bioabsorbable suture made from biodegradable polyesters for post operation zz Natural and Synthetic Polymers : Natural Polymers S.No Polymer Monomer Class Uses Cellulose β-Glucose Biopolymer Occurs in cotton, cell wall Starch α-Glucose Biopolymer Food material plants Proteins Amino acids Biopolymer Essential for growth Nucleic acid Nucleotides Biopolymer Essential for life perpetuation Rayon (Artificial silk) β-Glucose Processed cellulose Fabrics, surgical dressings Natural rubber cis-Isoprene (cis-2methyl-1, 3-butadiene) Natural Polymer Used for vulcanisation Gutta percha trans-Isoprene Natural Polymer Rubber like material storage tyres in after Synthetic Polymers S Polymer Monomer Class Uses No Polyethene Ethene (CH == CH ) Addition and Chain growth Electrical insulator, packing materials, films, bottles etc Polypropene Propene (CH3 −− CH == CH ) Addition and Chain growth Storage tanks Polystyrene Styrene (C6 H −− CH == CH ) Addition and Chain growth In combs, plastic handles, toys Polyvinyl (PVC) CH == CHCl Addition and Chain growth Pipes, raincoats, vinyl floorings Polytetrafluoroethene PTFE (Teflon) CF2 == CF2 Addition and Chain growth Non-stick kitchenwares, electrical insulator chloride battery POLYMERS Polymonochlorotrifluoroethene Cl | F −− C == CF2 | 255 Addition and Chain growth Non-stick kitchenwares Addition and Chain growth Substitute of glass and decorative material Addition and Chain growth Lacquers, films, house piping Monochlorotrifluoroethene Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Perspex, Lucite or Acrylite) Polyethyl acrylate CH3 −− C −− COOCH3 || CH Methyl methacrylate CH == CH −− COOC H Ethyl-2-propenoate Polyvinyl acetate CH == CH −− O −− COCH3 Addition and Chain growth Floor covering and fibres 10 Vinylite Vinyl chloride and Vinyl acetate Addition and Chain growth Vinyl floorings 11 Polyacrylonitrile Acrylane (orlon) CH == CH −− C ≡≡ N Vinyl cyanide (Acrylonitrile) Addition and Chain growth It closely resembles wool 12 Buna-S 1, 3-Butadiene and styrene Addition and Chain growth Automobile tyres 13 Buna-N 1, 3-Butadiene and Acrylonitrile Addition and Chain growth Used for storing oil and solvents 14 Neoprene 2-Chloro-1, 3-butadiene (Chloroprene) Addition and Chain growth Insulation, conveyor belt 15 Thiokol 1, 2-Dichloroethane and sodium polysulphide Condensation polymer Rocket propellent 16 Poly-β-hydroxybutyrateco-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV) OH | CH3 −− CH −− CH −− C OOH Condensation polymer As packaging, orthopaedic and in controlled drug release or OH | CH3 −− CH −− CH −− CH −− COOH 17 Nylon-2-Nylon-6 Glycine (H2NCH2COOH) and aminocaproic acid H2N(CH2)5COOH Condensation polymer Biodegradable polymer 18 Polyesters (Terylene) Dacron Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol Condensation and step growth Ropes, safety belts, tyre cords 19 Glyptal (Alkyd resin) Phthalic acid and ethylene glycol Condensation and step growth Binding material, paints and Lacquers 20 Nylon-6 Caprolactam (cyclic amide) Condensation and step growth Fibre, plastic, tyre-cords and ropes 21 Nylon-6, Adipic acid methylenediamine Condensation and step growth Socking, ropes 22 Bakelite Phenol and formaldehyde Condensation and step growth Electric switches and switch-ISC-s 23 Melamine formaldehyde resin Melamine and HCHO Condensation and step growth Crockery 24 Urea resin Urea and HCHO Condensation and step growth Crockery and laminated sheets formaldehyde and hexa- shirts, 256 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII Know the Terms zz Plasticizers : These are the substances which are added in the formation of polymers in order to alter their physical properties zz PMMA : It represents polymethylmethacrylate zz PAN : It represents polyacrylonitrile zz PTFE : It represents polytetrafluoroethene zz PCTFE : It represents polymonochlorotrifluoroethene Very Short Answer Type Questions (a) Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the brackets : (adipic acid, natural, softening, acrylonitrile, styrene, glycerol, hexamethylenediamine, synthetic, α-amino acid, hardening, butadiene, ethylene, butadiene) (i) Nylon-6, is prepared from ……… and ……… [ISC- 2003] (ii) Proteins are …… polymers of …… [ISC- 2001] (iii) Polymers which are capable of repeated ……… on heating and ……… on cooling are thermoplastic polymers (iv) Buna-N is a copolymer of ……… and ……… (v) Buna-S is a copolymer of ……… and ……… Ans (i) adipic acid, hexamethylenediamine (ii) natural, α-amino acid (iii) softening, hardening (iv) butadiene, acrylonitrile (v) butadiene, styrene (b) Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative from the choices given : (i) The polymer formed by the condensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid [ISC- 2017, 09] (1) Teflon (2) Bakelite (3) Dacron (4) Nylon-6, (ii) Natural rubber is a : [ISC- 2014] (1) Polyester (2) Polyamide (3) Polyisoprene (4) Polysaccharide (iii) The fibre obtained by condensation of ethylene glycol and torephthalic acid is : [ISC- 2009] (1) Nylon-6, (2) Dacron (3) Teflon (4) Bakelite (iv) The material used as coating for non-sticky pans is : [ISC- 2001] (1) Polystyrene (2) Terylene (3) Teflon (4) PVC Ans (i) (4) Nylon-6, (ii) (3) Polyisoprene [ISC Marking Scheme 2014] Mark each Examiner's Comment Some candidates gave the answer as ‘polyamide’ or ‘polyester’, whereas the correct answer was ‘polyisoprene’ (iii) (1) Dacron (iv) (3) Teflon (c) Answer the following questions : (i) Name the monomeric units of Nylon-6, [ISC SQP 2015] Ans Hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid (ii) Is a homopolymer or copolymer? Ans Homopolymer because it contains single type of monomeric unit (iii) Which of the following is a fibre : Nylon, Neoprene, PVC? Ans Nylon (iv) Name a polymer used as a substitute for wool Ans PAN (Polyacrylonitrile) (v) Name the catalyst used in the preparation of high density polythene Ans Triethylaluminium and titanium tetrachloride (Ziegler-Natta catalyst) (vi) Give one use of novolac Ans Used in paints (d) Match the following : (i) Thermosetting (a) Condensation plastics polymer [ISC- 2017] (ii) Dacron (b) One type of monomers [ISC- 2005, 15] (iii) Homopolymer (c) Bakelite (iv) Copolymers (d) Two or more types of monomers (v) Polythene (e) Addition polymer Ans (i) Thermosetting plastics — Bakelite (ii) Dacron — Condensation polymer (iii) Homopolymer — One type of monomers (iv) Copolymers — Two or more types of monomers (v) Polythene — Addition polymer POLYMERS Short Answer Type Questions-I Q What is the common name of the polymer obtained by the polymerization of caprolactum? Is it addition polymer or condensation polymer? [ISC- 2017] Ans Nylon-6 It is a condensation polymer Q Name the monomers and the type of polymerisation in each of the following polymers : (i) Terylene (ii) Polyvinyl chloride [ISC- 2016] Ans (i) Terylene : Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid Condensation polymerisation ( ii) Polyvinyl chloride : Vinyl chloride Addition polymerisation [ISC Marking Scheme 2016] Examiner's Comment Many candidates were unable to write the correct monomers of Terylene Some wrote incorrect polymerisation ANSWERING TIPS | 257 Marks each Ans (i) Protein : Type of polymerisation—Condensation Monomers -α-amino acids ( ii) Polyethylene : Type of polymerisation—Addition Monomers - Ethylene Q What are polyamides? Give one example of a polyamide and name its monomers [ISC- 2011] Ans Polymers which contain amide linkages are called polyamides Nylon-66 is a polyamide which contains adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine as monomers Q Give one example each of addition and condensation polymer Name the monomers in each case [ISC- 2008] Ans Addition polymer : Polythene Monomer unit is ethene Condensation polymer : Terylene Monomer units are terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol Students should know about polymers, their monomers and types of polymerisation in detail Q Name the monomers and the type of polymerisation in each of the following polymers : (i) Polyester (ii) Bakelite [ISC- 2015] Ans (i) Polyester : Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (or formulae of monomers) Condensation polymerisation ( ii) Bakalite : Phenol and formaldehyde Condensation polymerisation [ISC Marking Scheme 2015] Examiner's Comment (i) The monomers given were wrong in several cases The type of polymerisation given by some candidates was ‘addition’ polymerisation instead of ‘condensation’ polymerisation (ii) Most candidates wrote cross linked polymerisation instead of condensation polymerisation Q Name the type of polymerisation (addition or condensation) and name the monomers in each of the following polymers : (i) Protein (ii) Polyethylene [ISC- 2012] Q What are polyolefins? Give the reaction for the preparation of polythene, a polyolefin [ISC- 2007] Ans Polyolefins are the polymers derived unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins) from Polythene is prepared by the addition polymerisation of ethylene by two methods : (i) At low pressure (ii) At high pressure Q Give the monomers of the following polymers : (i) Teflon (ii) Bakelite [ISC- 2005] Ans (i) Teflon : Tetrafluoroethylene ( ii) Bakelite : Phenol and formaldehyde Q (i) Give one example of polyester used as a synthetic fibre : 258 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII (ii) Name the compounds from which polyester is prepared (iii) What type of polymerisation takes place in the formation of the polyester from these compounds? [ISC- 2000] Ans (i) Terylene (ii) Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (iii) Condensation polymerisation Q 10 What are polyester? Give one example of polyester and the monomers [ISC SQP 2015] Ans Polyesters are the polymers which contain an ester group Glyptal is an example of polyester with phthalic acid ethylene glycol HO—CH2—CH2—OH as monomers Short Answer Type Questions-II Q What are thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers? Give one example of each kind [ISC- 2001, 10] Ans Thermoplastic polymers are the polymers which are capable of repeated softening on heating and hardening on cooling They have linear or slightly branched long chain molecules e.g., polythene Thermosetting polymers are the polymers which cannot be remoulded repeatedly They are highly branched e.g., Bakelite Q.2 (i) What type of polymerisation takes place when a polyester is formed? Give one example of a polyester and name the monomers from which it is formed? (ii) Give two examples of natural polymers [ISC- 2009] Ans (i) Condensation polymerisation of dicarboxylic acids with dihydroxy alcohols (diols) takes place when a polyester is formed and Marks each Terylene is an example of a polyester Its monomers are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. (ii) Natural rubber, protein Q.3 (i) Give any one example of a cross-linked synthetic polymer (ii) With reference to the polymer named by you (a) Write the compounds from which it is prepared (b) Give one physical property of the crosslinked synthetic polymer [ISC- 2006] Ans (i) Bakelite (ii) (a) It is prepared from phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of basic catalyst. (b) Cross-linked synthetic polymers are hard, rigid and brittle Know the Links xx en.wikipedia.org xx www2.chemistry.msu.edu xx www.pslc.ws qqq 16 CHAPTER SYLLABUS CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE Chemistry in medicines– analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines Chemistry in food–preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants Soaps and detergents – Classifications and their cleansing action Quick Review zz Drug or Medicines : Chemical substances used for treatment of diseases and for reducing pain are called drugs or medicines zz Chemotherapy : It is the science in which chemicals are used in treatment of diseases These chemicals destroy zz zz zz the micro-organism without affecting to any material extent, the tissues (of the host) Drug Manufacturing : There are two factors which are kept in mind for designing a drug (i) Drug target (ii) Drug metabolism Interaction of drugs with targets : (i) Drugs interact with macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid which performs specific functions in our body (ii) Some proteins act as receptors because they are important for communication system (iii) Some proteins carry polar molecules across the cell membrane (iv) Nucleic acids are responsible for genetic information for cell Types of drugs on the basis of therapeutic action : (i) Analgesics : These are the medicines which give relief from pain They are of two types : (a) Non-narcotic (non addictive) analgesics : Aspirin (2-acetoxy benzoic acid), paracetamol, phenylbutazone or butazolidine etc are the common examples of this group Aspirin is the most common analgesic with antipyretic properties It has also anti blood clotting action It also reduces body temperature in fever (b) Narcotic analgesics : These are the drugs which produce sleep and unconsciousness e.g., opium, alkaloids like morphine, codeine, heroine (morphine diacetate) etc These are, however, addictive drugs, hence used in severe pain only (ii) Antiseptics : These are the chemicals which prevent the growth of micro-organisms or kill them but are not harmful to human beings These are applied externally to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts and diseased skin surface Dettol (chloroxylenol + a-terpeneol), Bithional, Furacin, dilute solution of boric acid is common example of antiseptics (iii) Disinfectant : These are chemicals which kill micro-organisms or prevent their growth but are not safe for human beings These are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage systems Some substances can act as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant by varying the concentration For example, 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one percent solution is disinfectant (iv) Tranquillizers : It is a group of chemical substances which is used in the treatment of stress and severe mental stress These are essential component of sleeping pills and psychotherapeutic drugs These are of two types : (a) Barbiturates : (Derivatives of barbituric acid)– These are sleep inducing and hence also called hypnotics e.g., Veronal, Amytal, Neubutal, Luminal and Seconal (b) Non-hypnotic tranquilizers : Chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate are relatively mild tranquilizers which are used for relieving tension Equanil is another non hypnotic tranquilizer which is used for controlling depression and hypertension Valium, Serotonin, Serotonin, Reserpine etc are some other tranquilizers 260 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII (v) Antimicrobials : These are drugs which are used to cure diseases caused by a variety of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus etc Antibiotic, antiseptic and disinfectants etc are all antimicrobials (vi) Antibiotics : These are the chemical substances (prepared wholly or partially by chemical synthesis) which in low concentration, either kill or inhibit the growth-organisms Penicillin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic whereas ampicillin and amoxicillin are wide spectrum antibiotics which exert antimicrobial activity on more than one type of micro-organisms (vii) Sulpha drugs : These are derivatives of sulphanilamide These have antibacterial powers and are used as medicines for various diseases These are also used as antibiotics Sulpha drugs used against diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria etc e.g., sulphadiazine, sulphathiazole (viii) Antifertility drugs : These are the chemical substances used to control the pregnancy in woman e.g., norethindrone and ethinylestradiol etc (ix) Antihistamines : These drugs are also called as antiallergy drugs and are used to treat allergy e.g., skin rashes, conjunctivitis, inflammation of conjunctive of eye and rhinitis (inflammation of nasal mucosa) e.g., diphenylhydramine, chlorpheniramine zz Antioxidants : These are the other important and necessary food addictives These compounds retard the action of oxygen on the food and thereby help in its preservation They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process e.g., butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and butyrated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) are used as antioxidants zz Antacid : An antacid is a substance that removes the excess of acid and raises the pH of stomach to appropriate level The most commonly used antacids are magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate etc zz Differences between antiseptics and disinfectants : Antiseptics Disinfectants (i) Antiseptics are applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers, diseased skin surfaces (i) Disinfectants are applied to inanimate object such as floors, drains, instruments etc (ii) Example : Furacine, dettol (ii) Example : 0.2 to 0.4 of chlorine in aqueous solution, sulphur dioxide in low concentration (iii) They are less toxic than disinfectants (iii) They are more toxic than antiseptics zz Chemicals in food : Chemicals are added to food for various purposes like, for preservation, for enhancing their appeal and for adding nutritive value etc Some uses are discussed below: (i) Artificial Sweeteners : These are the chemical compounds which are non-nutritive in nature and used as substituents for sugar in foods and beverages specially soft drinks Some common artificial sweeteners are : (a) Saccharin : It is useful as a sugar substitute for diabetic persons and those who need to control their calorie intake (b) Aspartame : It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine Aspartame is used only in cold foods and soft drinks as it is unstable at cooking temperature (c) Alitame : It is high potency sweetener The control of sweetness of food is difficult while using alitame (d) Sucrolose : It is trichloro derivative of sucrose It is stable at cooking temperature zz Food preservatives : Food preservatives are the substances which are capable of inhibiting or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification of the food e.g., sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite zz Soaps : Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids like oleic acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid zz Preparation of soap : Fats (esters of fatty acids with glycerol) when boiled with aqueous alkali (NaOH or KOH) give sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids: This reaction is known as saponification The soap obtained by this process is in colloidal form It is precipitated from this solution by adding sodium chloride The filtrate left after removal of soap is called spent lye CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE | 261 zz Types of soap : (i) Toilet soap : These are used for bathing and are prepared by using better grade of fat or oil Excess alkali is removed by using colour and perfumes are added for making it more attractive (ii) Floating soap: It is prepared by beating tiny air bubbles before it hardens (iii) Transparent soap : It is prepared by dissolving the soap in ethanol followed by evaporating the excess solvent (iv) Shaving soap : It is prepared by adding glycerol which prevents rapid drying and rosin which forms sodium rosinate for lather (v) Medicated soap : It is prepared by adding antiseptics (vi) Laundry soap : It is prepared by adding fillers like sodium rosinate, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate and borax (vii) Soap chips : It is made by running a thin sheet of melted soap into a cool cylinder ( viii) Granular soap : It is prepared by drying miniature soap bubbles (ix) Soap powders : It is a mixture of soap and some abrasives like finely divided sand or powered punice zz Disadvantage of soap : It does not work in hard water as hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions These ions combine with soap and form insoluble salt as scum 2RCOONa + CaCl2 ắđ (RCOO)2Ca + 2NaCl zz Synthetic detergent : These are of three types : (a) Anionic detergents : These are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons e.g., sodium dedecylbenzene sulphonate These are used in toothpaste and household works CH3(CH2)16CH2OSO3– Na+ : Alkylbenzene sulphonate (b) Cationic detergents : These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride [CH3—(CH2)15—N+ (CH3)3]+Cl– These have germicidal property (c) Non-ionic detergents : They not contain any ion in their constitution e.g., liquid dish wash detergents e.g esters formed by reaction between stearic acid and polyethylene glycol zz Biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents : Detergents which contain straight chain hydrocarbons are biodegradable On the other hand, detergents which have branched chain hydrocarbons are nonbiodegradable and this leads to environmental pollution Know the Terms zz Neurologically active drugs : The drugs which are used to cure tension and anxiety zz Hypnotics : These are sleep inducing medicines zz Salting out of soap : This is the process by which soap is separated from glycerol zz Fillers : The chemical substances which are added to laundry soaps e.g., sodium silicate, borax etc Very Short Answer Type Questions (a) Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/ words from those given in the brackets : (soft, ionic, estrogen, oxytocin, oxygen, chlorine, stress, hard, progesterone, potassium, acidity, relieve pain, sodium, mental diseases, sodium benzoate) (i) Synthetic detergents can be used in both ………and ……… water Mark each (ii) Anti fertility drugs are mixture of ……… and ……… derivative (iii) Soaps are ……… or ……… salts of long chain fatty acids (iv) ……… and ……… are the most common food preservatives (v) Tranquilizers are chemical substances used for the treatment of ……… and other ……… 262 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII Ans (i) soft, hard (ii) estrogen, progesterone (iii) sodium, potassium (iv) table salt, sugar (v) stress, mental diseases (b) Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative from the choices given : (i) Which one of the following is used as Antihistamine? (1) Omeprazole (2) Choramphenicol (3) Diphenhydramine (4) Norethindrome (ii) Aspirin is : (1) Acetyl salicylic acid (2) Benzoyl salicylic acid (3) Chloro benzoic acid (4) Anthranilic acid (iii) The oxidant which is used as an antiseptic is: (1) KBrO3 (2) KMnO4 (3) CrO3 (4) KNO3 (iv) Which among the following is not an antibiotic? (1) Erythromycin (2) Oxytocin (3) Penicillin (4) Tetracycline (v) Compound which is added to soap to impart antiseptic properties is (1) Sodium lauryl sulphate (2) Sodium dodecylbenzenesulforcate (3) Rosin (4) Bithinonal (vi) Equanil is (1) Artificial sweetener (2) Tranquilizer (3) Antihistamine (4) Antifertility drug (vii) Glycerol is added to soap : Ans Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against a single organism or disease and referred to as limited spectrum antibiotics, e.g, Penicillin G (ii) What is the cause of a feeling of depression in human beings? Name a drug which can be useful treating depression Ans Low level of nor adrenaline is responsible for the feeling of depression in human beings. Iproniazid is a drug, used to counteract the effect of depression. (iii) What is meant by narrow spectrum antibiotics? Ans The antibiotics which kill or inhibit a short range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria are known as narrow spectrum antibiotics. (iv) State a reason for the following statement : The use of sweetener aspartame is limited to cold food and drinks Ans It is unstable at high temperature. (v) What is tincture of iodine and what is it used for? Ans It is the solution of 2-3% alcohol in water Iodoform is used as an antiseptic for wounds. (vi) Define the following and give one example: Tranquilizers Ans It is a group of chemical substances which is used for the treatment of stress and severe mental stress For example, Meprobamate (vii) What is meant, by broad spectrum antibiotic? Ans Broad Spectrum Antibiotic: Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria e.g., Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin etc. (viii) Name the main constituents of dettol Ans Chloroxylenol and a-terpineol. (d) Match the following : (1) as a filler (i) Sucrolose (a) Antibiotics (2) to increase lathering (ii) Noradrenaline (b) Antioxidant (3) to prevent rapid drying (iii) Salvarsan (c) Analgesic (4) to make soap granules (iv) BHA (d) Tranquilizer (v) Aspirin (e) Artificial Sweatener Ans (i) (3) Diphenhydramine (ii) (1) Acetyl salicylic acid (iii) (2) KMnO4 (iv) (2) Oxylocin (v) (4) Bithinonal (vi) (2) Tranquilizer (vii) (3) to prevent rapid drying (c) Answer the following questions : (i) What are limited spectrum antibiotics ? Give one example Ans (i) Sucrolose — Artificial sweetener (ii) Noradrenaline — Tranquilizer (iii) Salvarsan — Antibiotics (iv) BHA — Antioxidant (v) Aspirin — Analgesic CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE Short Answer Type Questions-I Q Explain the following terms with suitable examples: (i) Cationic detergents (ii) Anionic detergents Ans (i) Cationic detergents: These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides and bromides, e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide These have germicidal property (ii) Anionic detergents: These are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons, e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate These are used in toothpaste and household works Q Describe and illustrate with an example, a detergent Ans They are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonated long chain hydrocarbons e.g., sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate, i.e., sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate. CH3(CH2)11 — Ans Biodegradable detergents : Detergents which are decompose by microororganism present in the environment are called biodegradable detergents These detergents have linear alkyl chains Sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium dodecylbenene sulphate are examples of biodegradable detergents Non-biodegradable detergents : Detorgents which are not degraded by microorganism are called nonbiodgradable detergents Such detergents cause environmental problem It is observed that such detergents contain branched chain which is not attacked by bacteria Example of non-biodegradable detergents is given below : Short Answer Type Questions-II Q.1 (a) Pick out the odd one from among the following on the basis of their medicinal properties mentioning the reason : Luminal, Seconal, Phenacetin, Equanil (b) Give an example of substances that can act as a disinfectant as well as antiseptics depending upon its concentration (Specify concentration) (c) Name any two macromolecules chosen as drug targets Ans (a) Phenacetin is an antipyretic, while the rest are tranquillizers. (b) 0.2% solution of phenol acts as antiseptic whereas 1% solution of phenol acts as disinfectant (c) Carbohydrate, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids (Any two) Q.2 (a) Give two examples of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets (b) What are antiseptics? Give an example Marks each (ii) Disinfectant : These are chemicals which kill microorganisms or prevent their growth but are not safe for human beings These are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage systems Some substances can act as an antiseptics as well as disinfectant by varying the concentration For example, 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one percent solution is disinfectant Q What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents? Give one example of each class —SO3– Na+ Q Differentiate between disinfectants and antiseptics Give one example of each group Ans (i) Antiseptics : These are the chemicals which prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them but are not harmful to human beings These are applied externally to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts and diseased skin surfaces Dettol (chloroxylenol + a-terpeneol), bithional, furacin, dilute solutions of boric acid are common example of antiseptics | 263 Marks each (c) Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold foods and soft drinks? Ans (a) Carbohydrates lipids, proteins enzyemes nucleic acids (Any two) (b) Antiseptics are the chemical substances which are used to kill or prevent the growth of microbes e.g., Dettol/Iodoform/Boric acid/ phenol (or any other correct example). (c) Because it is unstable at cooking temperature. Q.3 (a) Which one of the following is a food preservative equanil, morphine, sodium benzoate? (b) Why is bithional added a soap? (c) Which class of drug is used in sleeping pills? Ans (a) Sodium benzoate is a food preservative. (b) Bithional is added to soaps to reduce the odours produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin due to its antiseptic properties. (c) Tranquillizers. 264 | Oswaal ISC Chapterwise/Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII Q.4 (a) What class of drug is ranitidine? (b) If water contains dissolved Ca2+ ions, out of soaps and synthetic detergents, which will you use for cleaning clothes? (c) Which of the following is an antiseptic? 0.2% phenol, 1% phenol Ans (a) It is an antacid and helps in removing acidity of stomach. (b) As the water contains Ca2+ ions, therefore it is hard water Hence synthetic detergents are preferred over the soaps for cleaning the clothes because calcium salts of detergents are soluble in water while calcium salts of soaps are insoluble As a result, a lot of soap is wasted. (c) 0.2% solution of phenol is used as an antiseptic Know the Links xx en.wikipedia.org xx www.chemtikids.com qqq ... based on the latest CISCE Curriculum OSWAAL BOOKS rumrurrmm tmiOO ~ CHEMISTRY Includes: • ISC Solved Paper, 2018 • Solved Specimen Question Paper, 2018 issued by CISCE • ISC Examination Paper,... issued by CISCE for Academic Year 2018-19 ISC Solved Paper- 2018 ISC Solved Specimen Paper- 2018 ISC Examination Paper, 2017 with Marking Scheme (Qualitative Analysis) (Issued by CISCE) Handwritten... All questions are compulsory Question is of 20 marks having four sub parts, all of which are compulsory Question numbers to carry marks each, with any two questions having internal choice Question