Encyclopedia of biodiversity vol 1

Editor-in-Chief Simon Asher Levin, Moffett Professor of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Associate Editors Robert Colwell, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA Gretchen Daily, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA Jane Lubchenco, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Harold A Mooney, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Universitat Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany G David Tilman, University of Minnesota St Paul, Minnesota, USA International Editorial Advisors Dan Cohen, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Rita R Colwell, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, USA Francesco di Castri, National Research Center of France, Montpellier, France Paul R Ehrlich, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA Thomas Eisner, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA Niles Eldredge, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA Paul Falkowski, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Tom Fenchel, University of Copenhagen, Helsingoer, Denmark Diana H Wall, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Madhav Gadgil, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Stephen Jay Gould, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Francesca Grifo, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA Masahiko Higashi, Kyoto University (deceased), Kyoto, Japan Yoh Iwasa, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan John H Lawton, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks, United Kingdom Sir Robert May, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Ortwin Meyer, Universitat Bayreuth Bayreuth, Germany Norman Myers, Consultant in Environment and Development, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom Michael J Novacek, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA Sir Ghillean Prance, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom Michael Rosenzweig, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA Nigel Stork, Research Center for Tropical Rainforest, Ecology and Management Cairns, Queensland, Australia Monica G Turner, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Marvalee H Wake, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA Brian H Walker, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Lyneham, Australia Edward O Wilson, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Dedication Dedicated to the memory of three encyclopedia authors, Takuya Abe, Masahiko Higashi, and Gary Polis, and their colleagues Shigeru Nakano and Michael Rose, who perished March 27, 2000 in a tragic boating accident while on a research trip in Baja California Masahiko Higashi was also a member of the Board of International Editorial Advisors ACID RAIN AND DEPOSITION George R Hendrey Brookhaven National Laboratory I II III IV V Acid Deposition Causes of Acid Rain Precipitation Chemistry Effects Regulation phytoplankton Microscopic plants that live suspended in the water column I ACID DEPOSITION A Acid Rain GLOSSARY acid deposition The combination of acid rain plus dry deposition; a term preferred over ‘‘acid rain.’’ acid rain Rain, fog, snow, sleet, or hail with pH less than 5.6 aerosols Fine particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere, with diameters less than 5.5 Ȑm alkalinity The acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of water: ANC ϭ [HCO3Ϫ ϩ CO32Ϫ ϩ OHϪ] Ϫ [Hϩ] cation exchange capacity The total of exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb dry deposition Deposition of dry pollutants from the atmosphere including gases and aerosols macrophytes Vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, and macro-algae metric ton 1000 kg periphyton Community of organisms dominated by algae growing on submerged surfaces In the mid-1970s the existence of highly acidic rain became widely known because it appeared to be reducing biodiversity through acidification of surface waters This ecological problem was linked to emissions of compounds of sulfur and nitrogen from fuel combustion that are oxidized in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) and related compounds that make precipitation very acidic, commonly referred to as ‘‘acid rain.’’ Large, national-scale research projects have since found that over large areas of eastern North America and northern Europe, the deposition of these acids and related substances has led to extensive acidification of lakes and streams and the extinction of populations of fish from many surface waters Highelevation forests are injured by acid deposition and buildings and monuments are corroded Phenomena related to acid deposition reduce atmospheric visibility and impact human health This knowledge has led to the regulation of air pollutants that is effective in reducing some of these problems The most comprehensive Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume Copyright  2001 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ... rejoining of pieces of chromosomes Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume Copyright  20 01 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved 17 18 ADAPTATION segregation Allocation of. .. 2 .1 0.8 0.64 0.63 7. 61 21. 1 0.20 18 . 21 Miscellaneous Total a From NAPAP (19 90) plants, accounting for 69% of U.S SO2 emissions More than 90% of these power plant emissions are from combustion of. .. regulation of air pollutants that is effective in reducing some of these problems The most comprehensive Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume Copyright  20 01 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction