International contemporay business chapter04

>>>>>>>> Chapter Competing in Global Markets s l a o G g n i n r a Le Explain international business and why nations trade Discuss types of advantage in Explain how international trade organizations and economic communities reduce barriers to international trade international trade Describe measurements of international trade and exchange rates Identify the major barriers that confront global businesses Compare the different levels of involvement used by businesses when entering global markets Distinguish between a global business strategy and a multidomestic business strategy e d a r T s n o i t a N Why • Boosts economic growth • Expands markets • More efficient production systems • Less reliance on economies of home nations Exports: Domestically produced goods and services sold in markets in other countries Imports: Foreign-made products and services purchased by domestic consumers s e c r u o S l a n o i t a n r e t In of n o i t c u d o r P Factors of • Decisions to operate abroad depend upon availability, price, and quality of: – Labor – Natural resources – Capital – Entrepreneurship • Companies can spread risk throughout nations e h t f o e z Si l a n o i t a n r Inte e c a l p t e k r Ma • As developing nations expand into the global marketplace, opportunities grow • Many developing countries have posted high growth rates of annual GDP – United States 4.4% – China 11.1% – India 9.4% d n a e z i S n Populatio Prosperity Though developing nations generally have lower per capita income, many have strong GDP growth rates and their huge populations can be lucrative markets ng i d a r T n e T Top Partners d e t i n U e h t With States d n a e t u l o s Ab ve i t a r a p m o C e g a t n a v Ad Absolute advantage: Country can maintain a monopoly or produce at a lower cost than any competitor Example: China’s domination of silk production for centuries Comparative advantage: Country can supply a product more efficiently and at lower cost than it can supply other goods, compared with other countries Example: India’s combination of a highly educated workforce and low wage scale e d a r T g n i Measur s n o i t a N n e Betwe Balance of trade: Difference between a nation’s imports and exports Balance of payments: Overall flow of money into or out of a country Balance of payments surplus = more money into country than out Balance of payments deficit = more money out of country than in d n a s t r o xp E S U r o j a M Imports • U.S demand for imported goods is partly a reflection of the nation’s prosperity and diversity • U.S imports more goods than it exports, but exports more services than it imports d n a l a i c So C ul t ural s e c n e r e f Di • Language: Potential problems include mistranslation, inappropriate messaging, lack of understanding of local customs and differences in taste • Values and Religious Attitudes: Differing values about business efficiency, employment levels, importance of regional differences, and religious practices, holidays, and values about issues such as interest-bearing loans c i m o n o Ec s e c n e r e Dif • Infrastructure: Basic systems of communication, transportation, energy facilities, and financial systems • Currency Conversion and Shifts: Fluctuating values can make pricing in local currencies difficult and affect decisions about market desirability and investment opportunities l a g e L d n a l a c i t i l Po s e c n e r e Dif • Political Climate – Stability is a key consideration • Legal Environment – U.S law – International regulations – Country’s law – Climate of corruption Foreign Corrupt Practices Act forbids U.S companies from bribing foreign officials, candidates, or government representatives • International Regulations – Treaties between U.S and other nations – Tariffs are taxes charged on imported goods – Enforcement problems, as with piracy t n e m n r Gove n o i t p u r r Co Transparency International produces an annual corruption index for businesspeople and the general public e d a r T f o Types s n o i t c i r t Res Tariffs - taxes, surcharges, or duties on foreign products – Tariffs generate income for the government – Protective tariffs raise prices of imported goods to level the playing field for domestic competitors Nontariff Barriers - also called administrative trade barriers – Quotas limit the amount of a product that can be imported over a specified time period – Dumping is the act of selling a product abroad at a very low price – An embargo imposes a total ban on importing a specified product or all – Exchange controls through central banks or government agencies regulate the buying and selling of currency to shape foreign exchange in accordance with national policy o t s r e i r r a B g n i c u d e e R d a r T l a n o i t a Intern The world is moving toward more free trade • There are many communities and groups that monitor and promote trade • International Economic Communities reduce trade barriers and promote regional economic cooperation – Free-trade area: Members trade freely among selves without tariffs or trade restrictions – Customs union: Establishes a uniform tariff structure for members’ trade with nonmembers – Common market: Members bring all trade rules into agreement s n o i t a z i n a Org Promoting e d a r T l a n o Internati • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Most industrialized nations found organization in 1947 to reduce tariffs and relax quotas • The World Trade Organization succeeded GATT – Representatives from 151 countries – Reduce tariffs and promote trade • World Bank – Funds projects to build and expand infrastructure in developing countries • International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Operates as lender to troubled nations in an effort to promote trade l a n o i t a n r e Int Economic s e i t i n u m om C North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • World’s largest free-trade zone: United States, Canada, Mexico • U.S and Canada are each other’s biggest trading partners Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) • Free-trade zone among United States, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua • $33 billion traded annually between U.S and these countries European Union • Best-known example of a common market • Goals include promoting economic and social progress, introducing European citizenship as complement to national citizenship, and giving EU a significant role in international affairs l a b o l G g Goin  What foreign market(s) will the company enter?  Analysis of local demand, availability of resources  Existing and potential competition, tariff rates, currency stability, investment barriers  What expenditures are required to enter a new market?  What is the best way to organize overseas operations?  Good starting point for research: CIA’s World Factbook e d a r T l a n Internatio Research t n e m e v l o v n I f o s l e v e L • Risk increases with the level of involvement • Many companies employ multiple strategies • Exporting and Importing are entry-level strategies – Importing is the process of bringing in goods produced abroad – Exporting is the act of selling your goods overseas & e d a r t r e t Coun g n i s i h c n a Fr • Countertrade – international transactions that not involve currency payments but use bartering • Franchising – a contractual agreement where a local entity gains rights to sell the franchisor’s product in the foreign market • A foreign licensing agreement allows a firm to produce or sell its product • Subcontracting involves hiring local firms to distribute, produce or sell goods and services t c e r i D & g Ofshorin t n e m t s e v n I • The relocation of business processes to a lower-cost overseas location is offshoring – Not initiating business but gaining cost savings – Extremely controversial • The ultimate level of global involvement is direct investment – – – – Directly operating production and marketing in foreign country Acquisition Joint Ventures Overseas Division l a n o i t a n i Mult s n o i t a r o p r Co Multinational corporation (MNC) An organization with significant foreign operations and marketing activities outside its home country a g n i p o l e v De r o f y g e t a r t S s s e n i s u B l a n o i t a n r e Int Global Business Strategies • Firm sells same product in essentially the same manner throughout the world • Works well for products with nearly universal appeal Multidomestic Business Strategies • Firm develops products and marketing strategies that appeal to customs, tastes, and buying habits of particular national markets • Example: Spinach, egg, and tomato soup on the menu in KFC’s menu in China ... Explain international business and why nations trade Discuss types of advantage in Explain how international trade organizations and economic communities reduce barriers to international trade international. .. Describe measurements of international trade and exchange rates Identify the major barriers that confront global businesses Compare the different levels of involvement used by businesses when entering... used by businesses when entering global markets Distinguish between a global business strategy and a multidomestic business strategy e d a r T s n o i t a N Why • Boosts economic growth • Expands