Đặc điểm lâm sàng, chẩn đoán hình ảnh và kết quả điều trị phẫu thuật túi phình động mạch cảnh trong đoạn trong sọ vỡ tt tiếng anh

1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF HEALTH HANOI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DANG VIET SON CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, IMAGING AND RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF UNRUPTURED INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY ANEURYSM Field of study : Neurosurgery Code : 62720127 ABSTRACT OF MEDICAL DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI – 2019 The thesis has been completed at: HANOI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Supervisor: Nguyen The Hao Assoc Prof PhD Vo Hong Khoi PhD Opponent 1: Pham Hoa Binh Assoc Prof PhD Opponent 2: Vu Van Hoe Assoc Prof PhD Opponent 3: Le Hong Nhan PhD The thesis will be present in front of board of university examiner and reviewer lever hold at Hanoi Medical University Ha Noi, At ,On ., 2018 The thesis can be found at: National Library of Vietnam Library of Hanoi Medical University INTRODUCTION TO THESIS Aneurysm on the intracranial segment of internal carotid artery (ICA) is identified from the place that internal carotid artery exits the cavernous sinus to the point of division into the two branches of anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery In this position, the aneurysm is closely related with the important components in the skull base and obscured by the anterior clinoid process, which makes it difficult to perform surgical treatment as well as for cardiovascular interventions as the ICA is short and winding Symptoms of unruptured aneurysm of ICA are not specific; the patient was accidentally detected by brain imaging on Computer tomography (CT) scanner or Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) When the aneurysm is ruptured, there are a sudden, violent headache and signs of membranes irritability Severe symptoms include disorders of consciousness, coma and other severe systemic complications Treatment of the ruptured ICA aneurysm is still a challenge for clinicians, in which surgical removal of the aneurysm from the cerebral circulation is crucial to address the cause, avoid complications of rebleeding, and deal with the complications of ruptured aneurysm, such as cerebral vasospasm, hydrocephalus and hematoma In our country, there has been no intensive study on microsurgery for ruptured ICA aneurysm Purpose of the study - Description of clinical characteristics and imaging of ruptured internal carotid artery aneurysm - Evaluate the results of surgical treatment of ruptured internal carotid artery aneurysm THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS - This is a new systematic study on the diagnosis and treatment of ruptured ICA aneurysm in Vietnam - Assertion: The recovery of patients with ruptured ICA aneurysm was not affected by the time of surgery - Contribute to clarify the role of Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA) 64-slice have more benefit than Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) in the diagnosis of aneurysm location as well as the value of this method in the postoperative examination - Initially applied minimally invasive surgical approach (Keyhole) in the treatment of ruptured ICA aneurysm in comparison with the result of classic frontotemporosphenoidal (Yasargril) THESIS LAYOUT The dissertation consists of 134 pages, of which there are 45 tables, 22 figures and charts Problem Set (2 pages); Chapter 1: Documentation Overview (42 pages); Chapter 2: Objectives and Methods (15 pages); Chapter 3: Research Results (38 pages); Chapter 4: Discussion (36 pages); Conclusion (2 pages); List of research results published dissertations (1 page); References (159 documents including Vietnamese documents, English documents); Appendices CHAPTER I OVERVIEW 1.1 Situation of research on internal carotid artery aneurysm rupture * Worldwide In 1775, the arterial aneurysm and arteriovenous aneurysm were described by Hunter for the first time In 1875, Huntchinson described the symptoms of the ICA aneurysm arising in the cavernous sinus segment consisting of severe headache, paralyzed cranial nerves III, IV, VI and V1 In 1927, Egas Moniz invented cerebral angiography, the diagnosis and surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms was then considered to be important and continuously developed more and more complete In 1885, Victor Horseley performed a carotid artery ligation on the same side for the treatment of a giant aneurysm in skull base that had been diagnosed during surgery In 1931, Norman Dott was the first person who directly approach cerebral artery aneurysm; he performed a muscle package to strengthen the wall of the aneurysm at the ICA-bifuration On March 23, 1937, Walter Dandy used the silver V-clip to clamp the aneurysm's neck to preserve the arteries carrying the aneurysm at the posterior communicating artery Then, Dandy and Janetta reported on internal and external carotid artery ligation procedure to treat arterial aneurysm near the carvenous sinus At the same time, he also performced extra-intra cranial bypass by microscopy in 1967 A new step in the surgical treatment of the ICA aneurysm was when Nutik presented the first anterior clinoidectomy (1988) and dural skull base ring opening technique (Zin ring) of Kobeyashi's (1989) It has been shown to be effective in completely removing the intracranial segment ICA aneurysm from the circulation, reducing the mortality and complications of ruptured ICA aneurysm * In Vietnam Currently, there have been a few intensive studies about the rupture ICA aneurysm One of the authors studied about it is Nguyen The Hao, who reported on the surgical treatment of four cases of ophthalmic artery aneurysm rupture Nguyen Minh Anh with a study of aneurysm of the clinoid segment revealed that the postoperative outcome was very good at 84.1%, in which the death rate caused by surgery is 6.8% mainly occurred in groups with a wide neck or giant aneurysms 1.2 Anatomy of intracranial internal application in microsurgery carotid artery and In clinical, intracranial segment of ICA starts from the anterior clinoid process to the internal carotid artery bifuration; this segment of the artery is 1.6 to 1.9 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.6 centimeters in size with a blood flow of about 300ml/p It runs posteriorly and exteriorly at an angle of 108-110 degrees, splits into the lateral branches and ends after dividing into the two arteries: middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery At this location, the ICA aneurysm is related with nerve II, III, optic canal and pituitary glands Lateral branches include: ophthalmic artery (Ophth.A), Superior Hypophyseal artery (SupHyp.A), posterior communicating artery (PCom.A), Anterior chonoidal artery (ACh.A) and internal carotid artery bifuration (ICA – bifuration) 1.3 General characteristics of the internal carotid artery aneurysm The incidence of ICA aneurysm is about 30-40% of total intracranial aneurysms and the incidence of these aneurysms ruptured are generally low about 0.25% to 1.98% per year The average age is 45-55 years, female more than male Most aneurysms are bag shaped including neck, body and bottom of the bag The aneurysm is attached to the ICA by the neck - this is where the surgical instruments (clip) are located to completely remove aneurysm from the brain circulation 1.4 The risk factors Smoking and alcohol habits use are factors that cause weakness of blood vesselles, thereby increasing the risk of rupture of the aneurysm Hypertension: There have been many studies which have found that hypertension was not the cause of aneurysm rupture and it is independent factor, but this was the factor that affects the recovery of patients after surgery Diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia reduce the risk of rupture of the aneurysm 1.5 Diagnosis Clinical symptoms: Typically, sudden and severe headache which is not relieved by conventional painkillers They are followed rapidly by nausea and vomiting, signs of membranes irritability are common in 57-61% of cases Early loss of consciousness can occur immediately after signs of headache There may be sudden onset epilepsy at the time aneurysm rupture (12-13%) or focal neurologic deficit depending on the location of the ruptured aneurysm Brain CT Scanner is a diagnostic tool that identifies aneurysm rupture with a sign of subarachnoid hemorrhage The degree of bleeding is classified according to Fisher's classification to predict the potential for vasospasm or cerebral infarction after the rupture of the aneurysm CT Scan also identifies complications of aneurysm rupture such as: intracerebral hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus CTA 64-slice has a reported sensitivity of 67% to 100% with an accuracy of nearly 99% depending on the diagnostic center The CTA 64-slice demonstrates the superiority that can be used easily in an emergency, or needs to be repeated, on the other hand the CTA also detects calcification, thrombosis within the aneurysm that helps to orient well in surgery This method has many benefit when taking a postoperative examination with high accuracy and less complication because it is less invasion DSA is the gold standard for the diagnosis of ICA aneurysm rupture However, this is an invasive diagnostic method that is more likely to have transient or permanent neurological complications Today, this method is gradually being replaced by other methods such as CT Scaner and new nuclear MRI with very high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of ruptured ICA aneurysm 1.6 Treatment 1.6.1 Medical treatment Analgesia, respiratory control, treatment of complications of aneurysm ruptured such as water-electrolyte disturbances, epilepsy, cerebral edema and especially prophylaxis of cerebral vasopasm with Nimotop, Triple-H therapy 1.6.2 Endovascular treatment By interfering with the material into the aneurysm, it blocks the flow in the aneurysm, restricts or diverts the blood flow into the aneurysm This method has many advantages but also has limitations such as: anatomy of ICA twisting and bending caused difficulties in inserting instruments into the aneurysm, the interventional materials move when performing the procedure In particular, the risk of recirculation for ICA aneurysms is up to 15%, the risk of residual aneurysm is 2.9% and the risk of rebleeding is 1.5% 1.6.3 Surgical treatment Ruptured ICA aneurysm surgery is performed under a surgical microscope The ideal purpose of surgery is to place a clip over the neck of the aneurysm to completely remove the aneurysm from the brain circulation system, ensuring the integrity of the artery without clogging the blood vessels and respect the cerebral vascular system Approach: mainly use the Yasargril which can extend to the entire base of the skull to help expose the bottom of the brain It is used in cases of cerebral edema, which can remove the cranial bone flap if there is a risk of cerebral edema after surgery, and is especially convenient for cases where a complete exposure of anterior clinoid process is required such as aneurysm of OphthA or SupHypA Other approach is Keyhole which is less invasive and has many aesthetic advantages as well as reduces postoperative pain and shortens hospital stay CHAPTER II OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research subjects - Descriptive prospective study -Timing: from 06/2014 to 10/2017 at the Neurosurgery Department of Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi 2.1.1 Inclusion criteria  Patients diagnosed with ruptured ICA aneurysm  Patients were treated by microsurgery at the Neurosurgery Department of Bach Mai Hospital  Having full records at Bach Mai Hospital's Storage Room  Patients or family members agree to join the research team 2.1.2 Exclusion criteria  Aneurysm does not arise in the segment of ICA, the aneurysm of the posterior circulatory system  Patients diagnosed with unruptured aneurysm  Patients were treated with intravascular intervention but failed  Patient or family does not agree to join the research team 2.2 Research Methods 2.2.1 Research design  Description prospective, cross-sectional  Assessing the results of microsurgery in the treatment of rupture ICA aneurysm, in comparison with the world literature  Number of patients studied: 72 patients 2.2 Sample size P x(1- p) n n = Z2 (1- α/2) x E2 n: the number of patients needed to be included in the study group 10 Z: coefficient confidence at 95% P: proportion of patients alive through treatment Authors worldwide show that the proportion of patients surviving due to clipping the aneurysm's neck of the cerebral aneurysm is 88-96% We based on the survival rate of 96% (p = 96%) of De Jesus for the ICA aneurysm E: error in survival estimates (5%) So the estimated number of patient for research was 55 We conducted the study with 72 patients (n = 72) from 06/2014 to 10/2017 2.3 Research content Objective 2.3.1 Characteristics of research subjects - Age, gender, personal history - The time from the onset of symptoms to the hospital admission - The way onset of the disease 2.3.2 Study clinical characteristics - Clinical symptoms when hospitalized - Clinical/preoperative assessment based on WFNS (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies) scale - Assessment of postoperative clinical grade by Rankin modifield scale (mRankin) was divided into groups: Good clinical outcome group: mRankin 1-2 Average clinical outcome group: mRankin Poor clinical outcome group: mRankin 4-5 2.3.3 Imaging studies of ruptured ICA aneurysm - CT Scaner: Counting the time of shooting and complications of aneurysm rupture, assessing the level of subarachnoid hemorrhage according to Fisher, the relation between the subarachnoid hemorrhage with location ruptured ICA aneurysm - CTA 64-slice: determining the number, location, size and shape of the aneurysm ruptured, thereby determining the accuracy of the 64 CTA compared to each position of rupture Identify other cerebral arteriovenous malformations 13 increase with χ2 = 60,639 and p> 0.05 Thus eliminating the cause of the disease is necessary for the ruptured ICA aneurysm 3.1.3 The imaging features of the rupture internal carotid artery aneurysm 3.1.3.1 Computed Tomography + The level of subarachnoid hemorrhage + Subarachnoid hemorrhage detection rate in different times Signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage were highest in the first day at 69.4% and decreased in the following days to 1.4% after weeks 14 + The degree of subarachnoid hemorrhage compared to the ICA aneurysm rupture position + The level of subarachnoid hemorrhage was evenly distributed among the groups ICA aneurysm rupture, the difference in subarachnoid hemorrhage level with the aneurysm’s position was not statistically significant with χ2 = 19.568 and p> 0.05 We also did not find a correlation between subarachnoid hemorrhage level and clinical WFNS level at admission with χ2 = 8.294 There was no relationship between subarachnoid hemorrhage levels with cerebral vasospasm with p> 0.05 3.1.3.2 CTA 64-slice + Location of ICA aneurysm rupture Aneurysm ruptured was recorded in 45/72 patients at the right (62.5%) and in 27/72 patients at the left (37.5%) We also found no 15 relationship between the side and the location where the aneurysm arises in the ICA with χ2 = 3.798 and p> 0.05 + CTA 64-slice image + There were 48/72 patients having solitary aneurysm (66.6%), 23/72 patients having multiple aneurysms (33.4%) In terms of size of aneurysm: the majority were in average size of 6-10mm, accounting for 53.5% (38/72 patients), small size occupied 45.1% (32/72 patients) and large size (> 10 mm) was 1.4%, no case of giant aneurysm rupture > 25 mm + Diameter of the necks of the aneurysms was mainly 4mm in 13/72 patients (18.1%) Most aneurysm had arch / neck (NRS)> 2, accounting for 70.8% and Aspect score ≤ 1.6 accounting for 58.3% + Shape: irregular edges 42/72 patients (58.3%) and the hourglass shape (citrus, lobe) accounted for 23.6% (13/72) patients 16 + The ability to detect the position rupture ICA aneurysm on the CTA 64-slice + When comparing between the aneurysm location identified on scans compared with each position identified in the surgery we found no difference with χ2 = 198.04 and p 0.05 3.2 Results of surgical treatment 3.2.1 Characteristics in aneurysm surgery 17 We used two approach of surgery including the Yasargil 57/72 patients and less invasive approach Keyhole 15/72 patients There were 11 out of 72 patients (15.3%) had rupture of aneurysm during surgery With Yasagril approach, there were 6/57 patients having rupture during surgery accounted for 10.5% and 5/15 patients (33.3%) had this complication when applying Keyhole approach Postoperative brain injury: 2/15 patients (13.3%) had mild subdural bleeding when using Keyhole approach and the incidence of contusion in this approach was 3/15 patients (20.0%) Postoperative cerebral ischemia in Keyhole approach happened in 1/15 patients (6.7%), while the Yasargil approach were 6/57 patients (10.7%) In good clinical outcome at hospital discharge group: 41/57 patients (71.9%) were operated with Yasargil approach and 11/15 patients (73.4%) with Keyhole approach In the group with poor clinical results after surgery, there were 8/57 patients (14.1%) undergoing the surgery with Yasargil approach and none of them with Keyhole approach The postoperative clinical recovery was not associated with the use of surgical approach with  = 3,634 and p = 0,443 We performed CTA 64 slice for 70/72 patients (reaching 97.2%) after surgery There were patients who were too heavy to take a CTA The results were as follows: in the group using Yasargil approach, 52/55 patients (94.5%) had complete obliteration of aneurysm neck This incidence in the group using Keyhole approach was 14/15 patients (93.3%) We had out of 72 patients with remnant aneurysm neck, accounted for 4.3% and all of them were in the group using 1/72 patients had vascular obstruction of artery carrying aneurysm accounted for 1.4% Results of handling the aneurysm rupture between two approach were not different with  = 5.972 and p = 0.54 18 The mean operative time for the Yasargil approach was 120 ± 34,93 minutes (ranging from 75-195 minutes) and for the Keyhole approach was 100 ± 24,55 minutes (50- 150 minutes) 3.2.2 Complications after surgery 3.2.3 Clinical results after surgery 19 + mRankin evaluation results at discharge: good results 72.2% and bad results 11.1% + The visual acuity after surgery improved significantly Only out of 72 patients (11.1%) had no signs of visual recovery compared with before surgery, 14/72 patients with vision loss 2/72 patients (4.2%) have had signs of vision field recovery at discharge yet Postoperative lesion of nerve II and III decreased significantly to 4.2% compared with 5.6% and 16.7% at admission (Table 3.7) + Postoperative CTA 64-slice: The mean postoperative shooting time was ± 1.2 days We performed CTA 64-slice for 70/72 patients (97.2%) There were severe patients after surgery that could not take CTA The results were: complete obliteration 94.1%, residual neck of aneurysm 4.4%, obstruction of carried artery 1.5% + After surgery month: patients died; after months: patients died and after months: patient died The number of patients in the good and average clinical outcome groups increased from 95.5% to 98.5% after months and 12 months of treatment Of the patients at the time of examination after month, patient died of pneumonia and asthenic One patient had vision acuity recovered after surgery months but the vision field recovery was very slow, almost no recovery In the CTA-64slice, we noticed the sign of residual neck of aneurysm during the first month with 3/68 patients (4.4%) and these patients were monitored continuously in the first year We noticed that after months, only in one patient (1.9%) was able to see the residual of aneurysm neck on the film and stabilized in the first year without complications of rupture or enlargement over time 20 3.2.4 Death and disability after ICA aneurysm rupture surgery CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION 4.1 General characteristics of the study group 4.1.1 Age, sex Mean age was 55.25 ± 1.4 years, the age 40-60 years accounted for 69.2% Sex: male/female ratio: 1/1.7 (Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2) Our research is equivalent to the results of other studies suggesting that there is no difference in incidence between males and females 4.1.2 Risk factors and chronic diseases Hypertension (50%), diabetes and dyslipidemia (4.2%), alcohol and smoking habits accounted for 18.1% Chronic headaches and migraines accounted for 12.5% (Table 3.1) Our study is similar to that of Christopher LT, Feigin, and Gijn Val, which had high prevalence of hypertension but did not confirm that hypertension was associated with the risk of aneurysm rupture or only was accompanying disease Our drinking and smoking rates were lower than those of other authors in the world, probably due to the fact that the percentage of women in the study was 69%, and the drinking and smoking habits in Vietnam is less common in women 4.2 Clinical characteristics of the patients 4.2.1 Onset of the disease The way of onset included: sudden onset (76.4%), typical headache symptoms (97.2%), epilepsy (8.3%), loss of consciousness (25.5%) (Table 3.3) This result is consistent with other authors' 21 comments such as Gijn val (2001), Iihara (2003), Mayer (2005), Thinh Le Van (2009) 4.2.2 Duration of illness The time from onset to admission was 4.6 ± 4.1 days (5 hours 21 days) Patients had surgery before days accounted for 45.8% and after days was 54.2% The time from the diagnosis until the surgery was quite fast 2.31 days According to Ross, the timing of the surgery did not affect the outcome of the treatment Early surgery could shorten the patient's hospital stay Based on the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from rupture of the cerebral aneurysm which causes cerebral vasospasm immediately and peakes at 7-10 days, the need for preoperative medical treatment of vasopasm can also help improve postoperative outcomes 4.2.3 Clinical symptoms Most common were headache 94.4%; vomiting or nausea 48.6%, and meningeal syndrome 88.9% Decreased consciousness was 9.7% Focal neurological deficit: hemiplegia 13.9%, lesion of nerve II 5.6%, paralysis of nerve III 16.7% They were directly related to hematoma location as well as vasospasm, so we found that predominantly hemiplegia occurred at the posterior communicating artery with the rate of 60.0% Nerve III damage was highest when the aneurysm of PCom.A with the rate of 91.7% This may be explained by the location of the aneurysm that was directly related to the pathway of the nerve Clinical preoperative scale: ICA rupture degree 1-3 accounted for 93.0% based on WFNS (Table 3.8 and 3.10), in which the prevalence of WFNS accounted for 47.2% The level of WFNS was only 6.9% Our research was similar to other authors such as Huong Vu Quynh, Hai Vu Minh, Worrall We also did not find a link between the clinical status and the location of the rupture ICA aneurysm 22 4.3 The imaging features of the rupture ICA aneurysm 4.3.1 Computer Tomography An accurate diagnosis of 87.5% with subarachnoid hemorrhagic signs which was shown by increased density at sites such as aqueduct of Sylvius (70.8%), basal cisterns (54.2%) and interhemispheric fissure bleeding (13.9%) The degree of subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by the ruptured ICA aneurysm was mostly at Fisher level (41.7%) Our results are similar to some other authors such as Hong Minh Dang, Foroohar M The degree of subarachnoid hemorrhage evenly distributed among locations of ruptured ICA aneurysm (Table 3.17) There is no correlation between the degrees of subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm after aneurysm ruptured with p> 0.05 (Table 3.12) 4.3.2 Computed Tomographic Angiography 64-slice image + Location of ruptured ICA aneurysm: We studied 72 cases and found that the rate was: rupture of the aneurysm at the PCom.A 59.7%; the Ophth.A 12.5%; the ICA-bifurcation 9.7%; the Sup Hyp.A 8.3% ; the Ach.A 5.6% and the Dorsal ICA 4.2% The accuracy of CTA 64-slice in diagnosis of subarachnoid myocardial bleeding was 67.8% with p 60, statistically significant at p