Janice h laurence the oxford handbook of military psychology 2012a

The Oxford Handbook of Military Psychology OXFORD LIBRARY OF PSYCHOLOGY e di to r- i n - c hie f Peter E Nathan are a ed ito r s: Clinical Psychology David H Barlow Cognitive Neuroscience Kevin N Ochsner and Stephen M Kosslyn Cognitive Psychology Daniel Reisberg Counseling Psychology Elizabeth M Altmaier and Jo-Ida C Hansen Developmental Psychology Philip David Zelazo Health Psychology Howard S Friedman History of Psychology David B Baker Industrial/Organizational Psychology Steve W J Kozlowski Methods and Measurement Todd D Little Neuropsychology Kenneth M Adams Personality and Social Psychology Kay Deaux and Mark Snyder OXFORD LIBRARY OF Editor-in-Chief PSYCHOLOGY peter e nathan The Oxford Handbook of Military Psychology Edited by Janice H Laurence Michael D Matthews 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright (c) 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Oxford handbook of military psychology / edited by Janice H Laurence [and] Michael D Matthews p cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN 978-0-19-539932-5 (acid-free paper) Psychology, Military War—Psychological aspects Combat—Psychological aspects United States—Armed Forces—Medical care Psychological warfare—United States Soldiers—Mental health—United States I Laurence, Janice H II Matthews, Michael D U22.3.O85 2011 355.001’9—dc22 2011015618 987654321 Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper SHORT CONTENTS Oxford Library of Psychology About the Editors Contributors ix xi Contents xiii Chapters 1—404 Index vii 405 v This page intentionally left blank OX F O R D L I B R A R Y O F P S YC H O L O G Y The Oxford Library of Psychology, a landmark series of handbooks, is published by Oxford University Press, one of the world’s oldest and most highly respected publishers, with a tradition of publishing significant books in psychology The ambitious goal of the Oxford Library of Psychology is nothing less than to span a vibrant, wide-ranging field and, in so doing, to fill a clear market need Encompassing a comprehensive set of handbooks, organized hierarchically, the Library incorporates volumes at different levels, each designed to meet a distinct need At one level is a set of handbooks designed broadly to survey the major subfields of psychology; at another are numerous handbooks that cover important current focal research and scholarly areas of psychology in depth and detail Planned as a reflection of the dynamism of psychology, the Library will grow and expand as psychology itself develops, thereby highlighting significant new research that will have an impact on the field Adding to its accessibility and ease of use, the Library will be published in print and, later, electronically The Library surveys psychology’s principal subfields with a set of handbooks that captures the current status and future prospects of those major subdisciplines This initial set includes handbooks of social and personality psychology, clinical psychology, counseling psychology, school psychology, educational psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, methods and measurements, history, neuropsychology, personality assessment, developmental psychology, and more Each handbook undertakes to review one of psychology’s major subdisciplines with breadth, comprehensiveness, and exemplary scholarship In addition to these broadly conceived volumes, the Library also includes a large number of handbooks designed to explore in depth more specialized areas of scholarship and research, such as stress, health and coping, anxiety and related disorders, cognitive development, or child and adolescent assessment In contrast to the broad coverage of the subfield handbooks, each of these latter volumes focuses on an especially productive, more highly focused line of scholarship and research Whether at the broadest or the most specific level, however, all of the Library handbooks offer synthetic coverage that reviews and evaluates the relevant past and present research and anticipates research in the future Each handbook in the Library includes introductory and concluding chapters written by its editor to provide a roadmap to the handbook’s table of contents and to offer informed anticipations of significant future developments in that field An undertaking of this scope calls for handbook editors and chapter authors who are established scholars in the areas about which they write Many of the vi i nation’s and world’s most productive and best-respected psychologists have agreed to edit Library handbooks or write authoritative chapters in their areas of expertise For whom has the Oxford Library of Psychology been written? Because of its breadth, depth, and accessibility, the Library serves a diverse audience, including graduate students in psychology and their faculty mentors, scholars, researchers, and practitioners in psychology and related fields Each will find in the Library the information they seek on the subfield or focal area of psychology in which they work or are interested Befitting its commitment to accessibility, each handbook includes a comprehensive index, as well as extensive references to help guide research And because the Library was designed from its inception as an online as well as a print resource, its structure and contents will be readily and rationally searchable online Furthermore, once the Library is released online, the handbooks will be regularly and thoroughly updated In summary, the Oxford Library of Psychology will grow organically to provide a thoroughly informed perspective on the field of psychology, one that reflects both psychology’s dynamism and its increasing interdisciplinarity Once published electronically, the Library is also destined to become a uniquely valuable interactive tool, with extended search and browsing capabilities As you begin to consult this handbook, we sincerely hope you will share our enthusiasm for the more than 500-year tradition of Oxford University Press for excellence, innovation, and quality, as exemplified by the Oxford Library of Psychology —Peter E Nathan, Editor-in-Chief Oxford Library of Psychology viii ox f o rd l i br a ry o f p syc ho lo gy A B O U T T H E E D I TO R S Janice H Laurence Janice H Laurence is an associate professor in the College of Education at Temple University in Philadelphia Previously, she served as the director of human resource development for the Army’s Human Terrain System From 2004 to 2007, she was the director of research and analysis within the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel and Readiness) From 2000 to 2004, she was a research professor at the Naval Postgraduate School Dr Laurence spent much of her career as a social science contract researcher concentrating in the military setting She is the past editor (and current associate editor) of the journal Military Psychology Michael D Matthews Michael D Matthews is currently a professor of engineering psychology at the United States Military Academy, West Point He served as president of the American Psychological Association’s Division of Military Psychology from 2007 to 2008, and is a Templeton Foundation Senior Positive Psychology fellow Collectively, his research interests center on soldiers’ performance in combat and other dangerous contexts ix decision-making in combat will help improve training for police, fire, and other non-military organizations that respond to life-and-death situations Better treatments for combat stress will generalize to helping survivors of earthquakes and other natural disasters Advances in leadership theory and practice will improve worker morale and productivity in industry and other sectors The effective integration of minorities and other disenfranchised groups into the military may be a model for successfully doing so in the corporate sector Furthermore, such integration may enable members of such groups to pass the “litmus test” for political office The ethic of taking care of worker’s families is unparalleled in most other institutions In short, knowledge gained from military psychology improves the lives of people in all domains What can we expect for the future of military psychology? What will be the content of a similar handbook published in 2050? One can only speculate, but here are some guesses: • Autonomous and semi-autonomous military systems will be prevalent What are the human factors, broadly speaking, behind these technologies? This question will span the breadth of military psychology, from engineering psychology to the social psychology of trust • Changing culture and allegiances will be the focus of military operations, not killing great numbers of the enemy Thus, psychological and cultural knowledge will be the ammunition of the future in contrast to the emphasis on kinetic energy (i.e., bombs and bullets) of the past Successful military organizations will learn how to integrate both types of strategies (lethal and non-lethal) to obtain desired effects • Killing, when employed, will become increasingly remote and impersonal Today, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) drop bombs on targets, directed by operators seated in front of computers a half a world away Similar lethal technologies will multiply in coming years A soldier may kill a band of insurgents, then go home for dinner with his or her family The psychological implications of this have not begun to be properly investigated • Medical technology will continue to enable soldiers with wounds that were once debilitating to continue to serve These improvements will be in the area of intelligent prostheses, neural control of artificial limbs, and perhaps carbon-based computer chips that may replace neural tissue This opens a Pandora’s box of psychological issues that will need to be addressed • The traditional hierarchical nature of military organizations will become flatter and wider We already see this today, where lieutenants sometimes make decisions that battalion commanders made in past wars Leadership strategies must evolve to maximize the effectiveness of these organizational structures • In light of the military’s complex, global responsibilities, it is increasingly necessary to conduct interdependent operations across services, components, federal agencies, and national boundaries Psychology’s lessons from research on teams should be brought to bear in overcoming resistance and adapting individual Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force cultures for Joint Service, multinational coalition, and inter-agency operations There seem to be deficiencies in terms of forging shared goals, cooperation, and trust, and thinking of the “joint” groups as teams • Military personnel will increasingly be specialists and not generalists Highly educated and trained people will be needed to operate complicated systems Traditional recruitment, selection, and classification methods must be refined to identify, attract, and retain people with these skill sets • The old military system of promotion and assignment based mostly on rank and time in grade must give way to a more fluid system based on ability To retain skilled people, military pay systems must be overhauled This represents a radical departure from the current way of doing business and will require extensive support from industrial/organizational psychologists to implement • There will be another revolution in military training Virtual simulations that offer nearly 100 percent ecological validity to real warfare will be developed, allowing soldiers and their leaders to prepare as never before for combat operations Cognitive psychologists must place the right experiences at the right times into these simulations, and the parameters of training must be clearly identified In conclusion, modern military psychology is diverse, relevant, and dynamic It represents the state of the art of all of psychology There are few other sub-disciplines of psychology that are as broad and far-reaching or where the potential exists to influence the lives of so many people The editors m at t h ew s , l au re nce 403 hope that this snapshot of military psychology of the early twenty-first century has been valuable to the readers, and we hope that you will be inspired to contribute to the evolution of the field in the years to come References Boring, E G (1950) A history of experimental psychology New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts Gottman, J M., Gottman, J S., & Atkins, C L (2011) The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program: Family skills component American Psychologist, 66, 52–57 404 mil i tary psyc ho lo g y Kolditz, T (2007) In extremis leadership: Leading as if your life depended on it San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass (Wiley) Park, N (2011) Military children and families: Strengths and challenges during peace and war American Psychologist, 66, 65–72 Scales, R H (2009) Clausewitz and World War IV Military Psychology, 21(Suppl 1), S23–S35 Seligman, M E P., & Fowler, R D (2011) Comprehensive Soldier Fitness and the future of psychology American Psychologist, 66, 82–86 Seligman, M E P., & Matthews, M D (Eds.) (2011) Comprehensive Soldier Fitness [Special Issue] American Psychologist, 66, 1–86 INDEX Page numbers followed by “f ”, “t”, or “n” denote figures, tables, or notes, respectively A absolute moral thinking, terrorism, 67–68 absolutist/apocalyptic theory, terrorism, 67–68 Abu Ghraib, case study of group dynamics, 87–88 accurate projections, situation awareness, 198 action-facilitation, leadership, 166–167 Adaptability Screening Profile (ASP), 135 Adaptive Architectures for Command and Control (A2C2), team performance, 302 ad hoc military organizations See also swift trust Joint Readiness Training Center, 176–177 tailoring to mission, 177–178 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), creation, 235 Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD), NATO, 122 affective deficits, threat characteristics, 161f, 163–164, 170f Afghanistan case study of army company commander, 85–86 deployments, 4, 366 engagement simulation, 248 Groundhog Day in, 321 military and policymaking, 92 ontology pile sort totals, 108, 109f Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), 19–21 request for research (RFR) count minus area assessments, 108, 109f, 110 requests for research (RFRs), 103, 104t role of minorities, 341 sociocultural information, 100 suicide, 22 African-Americans, past and present military, 329–332 After-Action Review (AAR), collective training, 248–249, 256 Agent Orange Registry (AOR), Vietnam veterans, 22 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), 251 Aircrew Classification Battery, 139, 140 Air Force aviation screening, 138–141 Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Programs (CODAP), 131 divorce rate, 376t Families in Blue, 365 Hispanics, 333–334 History Opinion Questionnaire, 135 human factors programs, 236 Learning Abilities Measurement Program (LAMP), 137 need for psychology, postwar aviation testing, 140 Procurement Management Information System (PROMIS) model, 133 SHERLOCK projects, 246 women, 335–336 Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT), 140 Airman Classification Battery, 132 Airman Qualifying Examination (AQE), 132–133 Alaskan Natives, minority, 328 Al-Qaeda, 37–38, 65 Alternate Flight Aptitude Selection Test (AFAST), 141 altruistic suicide, terrorism, 72 American College Test (ACT), precommissioning screening, 141 American Indians, minority, 328 American Psychological Association (APA) 2005 Actions by APA Ethics Committee, Board of Directors and Council of Representatives, 53–54 2006 resolution of PENS report, 54–55 2007 resolution of PENS report, 55–58 2008 amendment, 58–59 amending Ethics Code, 60–61 Division 19, 1, 119, 120 Ethics Code, 50, 51–53 national-security-related interrogations, 50 “no justification” policy for torture, 54–55 PENS (Psychological Ethics and National Security), 51–53 petition resolution of PENS report, 59–60 amputation, soldier, 34 Animal Liberation Front, 65 anxiety, deployment, 373–374 anxiety buffer, terrorism as, 73 anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 15–17 applied experimental psychology, military performance, 2–3 Aptitude Indices (AI), composites, 132 Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 132 Armed Services Applicant Profile (ASAP), Navy, 135 Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 132, 134–135 Army See also Human Terrain System (HTS) African-Americans, 331–332 Army Family Research Program, 365 Assessment of Background and Life Experiences (ABLE), 135–136 aviation screening, 138–141 civil affairs doctrine, 96–98 divorce rate, 376t Enlisted Personnel Allocation System, 133 fatigue and training of enlisted recruits, 276 Hispanics, 332–334 human factors programs, 236 Human Terrain System (HTS), 93 Manpower Personnel Integration (MANPRINT), 237–238 need for psychology, Officer Prediction Project, 131 postwar aviation testing, 141 racial minorities, 328 Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), 141 resilience training, sleep patterns of army commanders, 279 Tier Two Attrition Screen (TTAS), 136 Army Air Forces Qualifying Examination, 139 Army Alpha test, development, 131–132 army battalion commander case study of, 84–85 individual actions of, 84–85 Army Classification Battery (ACB), 133 army company commander, case study of, 85–86 Army Culture and Foreign Language Strategy, culture, 99–100, 111 405 Army Family Research Program, 365 Army General Classification Test (AGCT), general ability, 132 Army Knowledge Online account, 10 Army Marksmanship Unit, training, 243–244 Army Medical Department (AMEDD), health assessment, Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT), assessment, Army Public Health Command, assessments, Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) non-cognitive measure, 138 officer selection, 141, 143 “Army Strong,” campaign, 11 Articles of War, gay service personnel, 345–346 ASCOPE (areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events), 96–98 Asian-Americans, minority, 328, 340 assessment high-risk military personnel, 149–155 selection and classification, 130–131 assessment center method, selection of high-risk military personnel, 150–153 Assessment of Background and Life Experiences (ABLE), Army, 135–136 Assessment of Men, Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 40 assignment systems, enlisted screening, 133–134 attitudes, team competencies, 285t Aum Shinrikyo, Japanese cult, 67 authoritarian personalities, terrorists as, 68 authority, leader and swift trust, 181 automatic processes, decision-making, 204–205 Aviation Cadet Qualifying Examination, 139 Aviation Classification Test (ACT), cognitive ability, 139–140 Aviation Psychology Program (APP), 242 aviation psychology research, 238 aviation screening officer, 138–141 postwar aviation testing, 140, 141 Aviation Selection Test Battery (ASTB), Navy, 140 B bad redundancy, boredom, 313 Baseline Officer Longitudinal Data Set (BOLDS), 142 Basic Attributes Test (BAT), 140 Basic Test Battery (BTB), Navy, 132 Basque separatist movement, 65 battle fatigue, 15 406 in d e x battlefield crime on, 84 military justice on, 82–83 rules of engagement, 81–82 behavior flexible thinking in decision-making, 223–225 sense-making, 225–227 team competencies, 285t, 286t, 287t Behavioral Analysis Program (BAP), counterintelligence, 41 behavioral deficits, threat characteristics, 161f, 164, 170f Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS), team performance, 302–303 behavioral norms, reset phase of deployment, 371–372 Belgium, military psychology, 116–118 Biographical Inventory, World War II, 140 boredom See also Groundhog Day definition, 313 deployment, 321 Groundhog Day, 312–314 Groundhog Day in Iraq, 317–320 social and psychological, 312–314 Bray, James, petition resolution, 60 Brown vs Boards of Education, 325 burns, soldier, 34 Bush, George W., naturalization and military service, 333 C cadet basic training (CBT), West Point, 208–209, 210 Cadet Evaluation Battery, development, 142 calculus-based trust (CBT), 179 campaign, “Army Strong,” 11 Camp Pendleton, group actions, 86–87 CapTech networks, European Defense Agency (EDA), 122–123 Carter, Jimmy, Keeping Faith, 41 Casey, General George, disease-finding and treatment, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) suicide, 21 Vietnam Experiences Study (VES), 17–18, 21 Central Command (CENTCOM), analytical and geospatial tools, 100 character strengths, soldier performance, 210–211 charisma, leadership, 165–166, 170f chronic pain, soldiers, 32–33 The Cinematic Society, 312 circadian rhythms, sleep, 262–264 civil affairs doctrine, Army, 96–98 civilians, Comprehensive Fitness for Civilians, 10–11 Civil Rights Act, 325 Civil War African-Americans, 329 Hispanics, 332 classification See selection and classification classification batteries, enlisted screening, 132–133 clinical interviews, Vietnam War, 17 clinical psychology, military, Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), soldier performance, 211–212 Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT), 249–250 Clustered Hypothesized Underlying Models in Sequence (CHUMS), communication analysis, 303 cognitions, team competencies, 287t, 288t Cognitive Abilities Measurement (CAM) experimental test battery, 137 test battery, 137 cognitive ability, individuals of team, 298 cognitive-behavioral treatments, mental health, 25 cognitive decision-making cognitive task analysis, 252–253 naturalistic decision making, 253 training skills, 253–254 cognitive deficits, threat characteristics, 161f, 162–163, 170f cohesion gay service personnel, 355t minorities and military, 336–339 Cold War engagement simulation, 248 minorities in military, 325 collective training See also military teams; military training After-Action Review (AAR), 248–249, 256 Distributed Mission Operations (DMO), 251–252 engagement simulation, 248 structured training, 251 virtual-networked training systems, 249–251 combat See also sense-making fatigue studies, 277–279 injuries, 384 Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) sleep studies, 268t sense-making in, 219–220 sleep and compliance with sleep in, in Southwest Asia, 277 Combat Arms Training Board (CATB), 248 combat exhaustion, 15 Combat Operational Stress Optimum, Marine Corps, 30 combat-related stress future directions, 25–26 Gulf War, 18–19 historical and contextual perspective, 15–17 mental health problems and conflicts, 17–23 mental health problems and war-zone exposure, 23–25 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 33–34 suicide among service members deployed in war zones, 21–23 terms, 16 Vietnam War, 17–18 wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, 19–21 combat self-selection, process, 226 Combat Training Centers (CTC), 248 Command Climate, 90n.1 Command Directed Evaluation, mental toughness, 30 command directed research See also Human Terrain System (HTS) data collection, 103, 111–112 data set 1, 103, 105, 108–110 data set 2, 110–111 operationally relevant, 102–103 what commander wants to know, 101–102, 105, 108t communications leadership, 166, 170f situation awareness, 200 team performance, 303 compensation, military pay, 386–387 comprehension, situation awareness, 198, 200 Comprehensive Fitness for Civilians work in progress, 10–11 Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Programs (CODAP), Air Force, 131 Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) “Army Strong” campaign, 11 concept development, 5–7, 400 establishment of Directorate of, future directions, 10–11 Global Assessment Tool (GAT), 7–8 holistic approach to fitness, 30 individual assessment, 7–8 individual training, 7–8 institutional training, master resilience trainers, 8–9 model, 7–9 physical fitness model, 6–7 program to date, 9–10 soldiers teaching soldiers, 8–9 computer adaptive testing (CAT), enlisted screening, 136–137 Computer Assisted Assignment System (COMPASS) II model, Navy, 133 Confessions of a Spy, Earley, 41 confidentiality, Global Assessment Tool (GAT), 7–8 conflict, era of persistent, Afghanistan and Iraq, 366–367 contagion theory, terrorism, 70 controlled processes, decision-making, 204–205 coping, military way of life, 392–394 Counselors in Mental Readiness, Belgium, 117 counterinsurgency field manual, 98 sense-making, 221, 229 counterintelligence operations national security, 39–41 operational psychology, 40–41 Widows, 44 Crew Awareness Rating Scale (CARS), 200 crew resource management (CRM), team training, 298–299 crime See also military justice war and, 83–84 criteria, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 16t cross-leveled personnel, families of, 369 cross-training, teams, 299 cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDTP) 2008 amendment, 58–59 international human rights, 54, 55, 57–58 cultural adaptability, training, 254–255 cultural awareness, operational psychology, 40 cultural change, military engineering, 238–239 cultural knowledge See Human Terrain System (HTS) cultural understanding, training, 254–255 culture Army Culture and Foreign Language Strategy, 99–100, 111 Command Climate, 90n.1 terrorism as phenomenon of, 70–71 understanding and adaptability, 254–255 D dangerous contexts action- and performance-facilitation, 166–167 affective deficits, 161f, 163–164 behavioral deficits, 161f, 164 charisma and trust-engendering assets, 165–166 cognitive deficits, 161f, 162–163 communication and persuasion, 166 impact of threat characteristics, 161f leadership, 158–159, 164–167 panic environments, 168–169 paralysis environments, 169 problem-defining and problem-solving, 166 problem environments, 168 psychological taxonomy, 167–170 subjective environment, 169–170 supplementing leader assets, 170–171 team performance, 171–173 threat, 159–162 unit resource depletion and replenishment, 170f death risk, deployment, 374–375 decision-making automatic vs controlled processes, 204–205 cognitive, 252–254 intuition and tactical, 203–208 swift trust, 183 deep hanging out, Iraq, 312 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 249 Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), soldier, 34 Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI), 331 Defense Manpower Data Center, Hispanics, 332 Defense Medical Surveillance System, combat and suicide, 21 Defense Race Relations Institute (DRRI), 331 Defense Research Group (DRG), NATO, 122 deindividuation, psychology as, 84 delegitimation, radicalization, 72 Department of Army Civilians (DA Civilians), 10–11 Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Defense Language Transformation Roadmap, 92 screening, Department of Defense Suicide Event Report (DoDSER), 22 Department of Veterans Affairs Gulf War, 18 war-zone exposure, 23–25 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF), 20 deployments See also military families Afghanistan and Iraq, 4, 366 behavioral norms, 371–372 boredom factor, 321 care-giving to wounded warrior, 377 challenges of, cycle, 371t during, phase, 372–375 family health outcomes, 389–390 family separation, 373 frequent relocation, 370–371 healthcare utilization, 390–391 lack of predictability, 372 loneliness, anxiety and stress, 373–374 marital satisfaction, 391–392 marital stress and divorce, 375–377 phases of deployment cycle, 370f post-, and reintegration, 375–377 pre-deployment phase, 372 preparing for, 372 programs of instructions (POIs), reset phase, 370–372 risk of injury or death, 374–375 uncertainty about, 372 i nd e x 407 depression injured soldier, 33, 35 Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF), 20–21 soldier performance, 212–213 war, 400–401 Desert Storm, PTSD in decade following, 385 detention settings, torture, 57 Developmental Leadership model, 192, 193t Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-III), 15 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 15, 16t, 66 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-V), 16 diagnostic criteria, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 16t direct assessment, operational psychology, 41–46 Distributed Mission Operations (DMO), collective training, 251–252 distributed teams, factors influencing effectiveness, 304–305 diversity See also minorities military, 326–329 minorities in military, 325–326 Division 19, American Psychological Association (APA), 1, 119, 120 divorce military spouses, 375–377 rate by service branch, 376t “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Policy, gay service personnel, 341, 345, 348–349, 360 dual-military service members, families of, 369 E Earley, Pete, Confessions of a Spy, 41 Earth Liberation Front, 65 ecological model framework See also quality of life (QOL) military quality of life, 383 economic system, definition, 105 education See also training fatigue studies, 274–277 military benefits, 387 Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) sleep studies, 267t sleep and undergraduate military, 276–277 U.S Army enlisted recruits, 276 U.S Navy enlisted recruits, 274–276 educing information, national security, 39 effort syndrome, 15 emergent states, team, 292t, 293 emotional fitness, Global Assessment Test (GAT), 9f Enduring Military Boredom: From 1750 to Present, Maeland and Brunstad, 314 408 in d e x engagement simulation, collective training, 248 engineering psychology See also military engineering psychology discipline, 232–233 Enhanced Computerized Administered Test (ECAT), enlisted screening, 137 enlisted personnel, families of junior, 368 Enlisted Personnel Allocation System, Army, 133 enlisted screening See also officer screening accession and training, 129–130 Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 134–135 Assessment of Background and Life Experiences (ABLE), 135–136 Assessment of Individual Motivation (AIM), 136 assignment systems, 133–134 classification batteries, 132–133 computer adaptive testing (CAT), 136–137 future directions, 143 job performance measurement, 134–135 Learning Abilities Measurement Program (LAMP), 137 non-cognitive testing, 135–136 recent developments, 137–138 Tier Two Attrition Screen (TTAS), 136 two world wars, 131–132 Environment, Systems and Modeling 04 (ESM04), European Defense Agency (EDA), 122–123 environmental characteristics, teams, 294–295 environmental terrorism, 65 era of persistent conflict, Afghanistan and Iraq, 366–367 ergonomics, term, 232, 233 Ergonomics Research Society (ERS), formation, 232–233 espionage, operational psychology, 41, 42–43 ethics, APA Ethics Committee, 53–54 Ethics Code See also American Psychological Association (APA) American Psychological Association (APA) amending, 60–61 presidential task force, 51–53 ethnicity See minorities European Defense Agency (EDA), military psychology, 119, 122–123 European Research Group on Military and Society (ERGOMAS), 119, 120–121 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), 65 event-based approach to training (EBAT), team training, 299, 301–302, 306 expertise, leader and swift trust, 182 expression of hatred, terrorism as, 69 F families See also military families injured soldiers, 34–35 Families in Blue, Air Force, 365 Family Global Assessment Tool, training, 10 Family Readiness Group (FRG), 371, 394 family separation, deployment, 373 family values, perceived conflict with gay service personnel, 353–354 fatalistic altruistic suicide, 72 fatalistic suicide, terrorism, 72 fatigue See also sleep sleep compliance plans in combat in southwest Asia, 277 sleep in undergraduate military education, 276–277 U.S Army enlisted recruits, 276 U.S Navy enlisted recruits, 274–276 female service members, families of, 369 field manual, counterinsurgency, 98 Filipinos, minority, 328 films See also Groundhog Day experiences of soldiers, 312 financial fitness, assessment, flexible thinking, sense-making, 223–225 Flight Aptitude Rating (FAR), aviation screening, 139–140 Flight Aptitude Selection Test (FAST), Army, 141 follower, swift trust, 182–183 Fort Benning, GA, sleep patterns in army commanders, 279 fragging, 338 freedom fighter, term, 64 frustration-aggression theory, terrorism as violence, 68–69 Future Immersive Training Environment (FITE), 247 G Gates Commission, 327 gay service personnel acceptance of, 349–351 Articles of War, 345–346 cohesion and performance, 355t compatibility of, 351–354 contemporary research, 349–357 cultural and societal variables, 359–360 disclosure of sexual orientation of, 352–353 framework for integrating, 357–360 future research, 360–361 historical events, 346t historical review, 345–349 individual variables, 357–358 Manual for Courts Martial, 345–346 military guidelines and directives, 346–347 occupational and organizational variables, 358–359 perceived conflict with military and family values, 353–354 perceived impact of, 354–357 perceived impact on military readiness, 355–356 perceived impact on unit cohesion, 354 perceived impact on unit effectiveness, 356–357 personal privacy, 351–352 policy of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,” 341, 345, 348–349, 360 surveys of, 350t Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 347–348 U.S Department of Defense Directives 1332.14 and 1332.30, 348 gender See also minorities military service, 328 social diversity in military, 328 General Classification Test (GCT), Navy, 132 geographically dispersed personnel, families of, 369 Gestalt psychology, 205 Gideon’s Spies, 42 Global Assessment Tool (GAT) confidentiality, 7–8 early results, emotional fitness, 9f Family GAT, 10 global jihad, al-Qaeda, 37–38 Global War on Terror, 185, 197, 317 goal orientation, individuals of team, 298 good redundancy, boredom, 313 Grit scale, West Point, 210–211 Groundhog Day See also boredom boredom, 311–312 day, 315 film, 312, 315 film synopsis, 314–315 high-concept film, 321n.3 in Iraq, 317–320 Murray’s character, 315 significance of, 315–316 and soldiers, 316–317 group identity, gay service personnel, 354 group psychology, terrorism as, 69–70 Guard members, families of, 368 guided team self-correction, 299 Gulf War mental health problems, 18–19 suicide, 22 women, 335 H Haditha, conflict from rules of engagement, 88–89 Hamdania, Iraq, case study of group actions on battlefield, 86–87 Handbook of Experimental Psychology, 234 hatred, terrorism as expression of, 69 health See also quality of life (QOL) combat injuries, 384 deployments and family, outcomes, 389–390 deployments and healthcare utilization, 390–391 mental, and quality of life, 384–385 military benefits, 387 well-being, 385–386 health assessment, screening, helicopter pilots, sleep studies in Iraq, 278–279 heroes, wounded soldiers, 31 Hezbollah, religious extremists, 65 high-risk military jobs assessing psychological suitability, 148–149 assessment center method, 150–153 core psychological attributes, 149 future research, 155–157 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) guidelines and principles, 150, 151t psychological interview, 153–155 structured interview components, 153–154, 155t suitability rating group, 156f undercover assessment center, 151, 152 high-speed vessel (HSV-2) Swift, sleep studies, 270–271 Hispanics See also minorities diversity in military, 327 past and present in military, 332–334 women, 336 History Opinion Questionnaire, Air Force, 135 HIV/AIDS, gay service personnel, 356 homosexuality See also gay service personnel military guidelines, 346–347 housing, military benefits, 387–388 human behavior, military understanding, human engineering, term, 233 Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL), Army, 234 human factors, military material acquisition, 236–237 Human Factors, journal, 236 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES), formation, 236 Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 119, 122 human factors scientists, serving during World War II, 234–235 Human Factors Society, formation, 236 human performance, sleep deprivation, 265 Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), categories, 105, 106t, 107t human requirements See also sleep sleep, 262–264 sleep architecture, 264–265 sleep cycles, 264f sleep deprivation, 265 Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED), 234, 236 Human Resources Research Center (HRRC), formation, 242 Human Resources Research Organization (HumRRO), training, 242, 243 Human systems, Army Manpower Personnel Integration (MANPRINT) program, 237–238 human systems integration (HSI), systems engineering, 233, 238–239 Human Terrain System (HTS) command directed and team initiated research, 101–102 creation, 93 data, 103 data set 1, 103, 105, 108–110 data set 2, 110–111 frequency count of team projects, 111f future directions, 111 list for commanders, 105, 108t ontology pile sort totals, 109f operationally relevant, 102–103 Program Development Team (PDT), 110–111 project origins, 100–101 requests for research (RFRs), 103 RFR count for Afghanistan/Iraq, 109f, 110 RFR log for Afghanistan, 104t RFRs of Iraq team, 106t, 107t Human Terrain Teams (HTTs) operationally relevant, 102–103 sociocultural information, 100 Huntington, Samuel, diversity in military, 326–327 I identification-based trust (IBT), 179 identity, wounded soldiers, 31–32 identity theory, terrorism, 74 IMOI (input, mediator, output, input) model, team effectiveness, 288–289, 291 inappropriate behavior, military dealing with, 4–5 indirect assessment, operational psychology, 41–46 individual-oriented explanatory models, terrorism, 66–69 individual skills training See also military training rifle marksmanship, 243–244 simulation, 246–248 skill retention, 244–245 systems approach, 243 training technologies, 245–246 industrial/organization (I/O) psychology, military, injury risk, deployment, 374–375 insight, decision-making, 205–206 Institute of Human Relations, engineering psychology, 236 institutional training, resilience, integration, gay service personnel in military, 357–360 Intelligence in Counterinsurgency, 98 i nd e x 409 intelligent agents, training, 254 intelligent computer-based training (ICT), 246 Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework (ICAF), stabilization plans, 98 interests and grievances, categories, 105 International Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), 119–120 international human rights, 2006 resolution, 54–55 international law, military jurisdiction, 79 International Military Testing Association (IMTA), international forum, 119, 121–122, 124 international perspective European Defense Agency (EDA), 119, 122–123 European Research Group on Military and Society (ERGOMAS), 119, 120–121 forums, 119–123 Human Factors and Medicine (HFM) panel, 119, 122 International Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), 119–120 International Military Testing Association (IMTA), 119, 121–122, 124 International Society of Military Sciences (ISMS), 119, 120–121 military psychology, 114–115, 123–128 military psychology in Belgium, 116–118 military psychology in Norway, 118–119 military psychology in Sweden, 115–116 International Society of Military Sciences (ISMS), international forum, 119, 120–121 interrogations national-security-related, 50 psychologists’ involvement, 52 research on interrogators, 53 Interservice Instructional Systems Design (ISD) model, 243 interventions, team training, 300–301 interview method, psychological suitability for high-risk jobs, 153–155 intuition bloodless learning of, 207 military decision-making, 207–208 and tactical decision-making, 203–208 I-P-O (input-process-output) model, team effectiveness, 284, 288 Iraq case study of army battalion commander, 84–85 case study of conflict in Haditha, 88–89 case study of group actions on battlefield, 86–87 410 in d e x deep hanging out, 312 deployments, 4, 366 engagement simulation, 248 Groundhog Day in, 317–320, 321 group dynamics at Abu Ghraib, 87–88 military and policymaking, 92 ontology pile sort totals, 108, 109f Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), 19–21 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 12n.2 projects conducted by teams in, 110–111 request for research (RFR) count minus area assessments, 108, 109f, 110 RFRs by subject and type, 105, 106t, 107t role of minorities, 341 sleep studies in helicopter pilots in, 278–279 sociocultural information, 100 suicide, 22 Iraq Security Forces (ISF), confidence in, 101 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 65 irritable heart syndrome, 15 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), 220 It’s a Wonderful Life, Capra film, 317 J jihad, religious motive, 68 job analysis, selection and classification, 130–131 job performance measurement, Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and, 134–135 job satisfaction benefits, 387–388 housing, 387–388 military pay, 386–387 spouse employment, 388 Joint Capability Technology Demonstration (JCTD), 247 joint doctrine, military capabilities assessment, 95–96 Joint IED Task Force, 93 Joint Improvised Explosive Device Organization (JIEDDO), Human Terrain System (HTS), 93 Joint Intelligence, 95 Joint Operations, sociocultural knowledge, 93, 94, 95–96 joint Readiness Training Center, 176–177 junior enlisted personnel, families of, 368 jus ad bellum, decision to go to war, 81 Just War Theory, Walzer, 81 K kamikaze psychology, terrorism, 67 Keeping Faith, Carter, 41 knowledge-based trust (KBT), 179 Korean War, African-Americans, 329, 330, 332 Ku Klux Klan, racist group, 65 L Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), communication, 303 leadership See also dangerous contexts; military teams; natural leader development action- and performance-facilitation assets, 166–167 charisma and trust-engendering assets, 165–166 communication and persuasion assets, 166 dangerous environments, 158–159, 170f limitations and future directions, 172–173 military psychology, 401–402 positive emotions and swift trust, 184 problem-defining and problem-solving assets, 166 resource replenishment, 164–167 shared, 305 supplementing leader assets, 170–171 swift trust, 181–182, 183–184 team, 294–295 transformational, behaviors, 182–184 learning, terrorism as, 72–73 Learning Abilities Measurement Program (LAMP), Air Force, 137 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) See also gay service personnel U.S military, 344–345 life See quality of life (QOL) literature selection, terrorism, 65–66 loneliness, deployment, 373–374 Lucifer effect, 82 M man-machine system experiments, engineering psychology, 235–236 Manpower Personnel Integration (MANPRINT), Army, 237–238 Manual for Courts-Martial gay service personnel, 345–346 Law of War, 79, 80 Marine Corps aviation screening, 138–141 Combat Operational Stress Continuum, 30 divorce rate, 376t Hispanics, 333–334 Mechanical Aptitude Tests, 132 need for psychology, sleep studies of helicopter pilots in Iraq, 278–279 women, 336 marriage See also military families deployments and marital satisfaction, 391–392 stress and divorce, 375–377 martyrdom, terrorism, 70–71 master resilience trainers, resilience, 8–9 Master Resilience Training (MRT), curriculum, 7, Mechanical Aptitude Test, Marine Corps, 132 Medal of Valor, 224 Medical Service, Belgian Defense, 117 medication, chronic pain, 33 mental fitness, military, mental health military, quality of life, 384–385 Vietnam War, 17–18 Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT-VI), soldiers and veterans, 24–25 mental toughness, soldiers, 29–30 military See also gay service personnel; quality of life (QOL) guidelines and directives, 346–347 mental health and fitness, minorities, cohesion and, effectiveness, 336–339 psychological performance, 2–3 quality of life for soldiers, 381–384 surveys of gays in the, 350t military context sense-making in, 219 swift trust factors, 181–184 Military Decision Making Process (MDMP), 204, 214 military directives, gay service personnel, 346–347, 348 military discipline, soldier performance, 209 military engineering psychology Army MANPRINT and human systems integration, 237–238 discipline, 232–233 Ergonomics Research Society (ERS), 232–233 forecast, 238–239 growth of discipline, 236 history, 233–234 human factors scientists serving during WW II, 234–235 human systems integration (HSI), 233 influence of World War II, 234–236 man-machine systems experiments, 235–236 material system acquisition, 236–238 Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS), test administration, 131 military families See also deployments; quality of life (QOL) becoming a caregiver for wounded warrior, 377 behavioral norms, 371–372 challenges for, 369–370 challenges of deployment cycle, 371t cross-leveled personnel, 369 demographics of, 367t deployments and family health outcomes, 389–390 deployments and healthcare utilization, 390–391 deployments and marital satisfaction, 391–392 dual-military service members, 369 during deployment, 372–375 era of persistent conflict, 366–367 family separation, 373 female service members, 369 formal support programs, 394–395 frequent relocation, 370–371 geographically dispersed personnel, 369 Guard and Reserve personnel, 368 identity of, 367–369 inclusion in fitness program, 10 injured soldier, 34–35 junior enlisted personnel, 368 loneliness, anxiety, and stress, 373–374 loss of predictability, 372 marital stress and divorce, 375–377 November as “Military Families Month,” 365 phases of deployment cycle, 370f post-deployment and reintegration, 375–377 pre-deployment, 372 preparing for deployment, 372 quality of life demands, 388–392 reset, 370–372 risk of injury or death, 374–375 single service members, 368–369 social construction, uncertainty about deployment, 372 military justice actions of army battalion commander, 84–85 actions of army company commander, 85–86 on battlefield, 82–83 case studies, 84–89 changes in war affecting, 81–82 crime on battlefield, 84 group actions on battlefield Hamdania, Iraq, 86–87 group dynamics in Abu Ghraib, 87–88 role of, 79–80 rules of engagement at Haditha, 88–89 war and crime, 83–84 war and military discipline, 89–90 war on terror, 81–82, 90 military law See also military justice statutes, 79–80 Military Manpower: Psychology Applied to the Training of Men and the Increase in their Effectiveness, Andrews, 242 military pay, compensation, 386–387 military personnel See quality of life (QOL) Military Psychological Institute, 115 The Military Psychologist, journal, 120 military psychology American Psychological Association, Division 19, 120 Belgium, 116–118 European Defense Agency (EDA), 122–123 European Research Group on Military and Society (ERGOMAS), 120–121 future of, 400–404 Human Factors and Medicine (HFM) panel, 122 International Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), 119–120 international collaboration, 114–115, 123–128 international forums for, 119–123 International Military Testing Association (IMTA), 121–122 International Society of Military Sciences (ISMS), 120–121 need for, 2, 400–404 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 114, 122 Norway, 118–119 science and practice, summary of handbook, 2–3 Sweden, 115–116 Military Psychology, 38, 120 military readiness, perceived impact of gay service personnel on, 355–356 military services, dealing with inappropriate behavior, 4–5 military teams behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS), 302–303 communication analysis, 303 defining effectiveness, 283–289 designing team training, 299–300 emergent states, 291t, 292t, 293 emerging challenges, 304–306 environmental characteristics, 294–295 event-based approach to training (EBAT), 301–302 factors influencing effectiveness, 289–295, 304–305 IMOI (input, mediator, output, input) model, 288–289 improving, 295–301 individual differences, 297–298 I-P-O (input-process-output) framework, 284, 288–289 measuring performance, 301–304, 305–306 research needs, 304–306 structural characteristics, 295 team competencies, 283f, 284, 285–288t team definition, 283 team inputs, 290–291 team leadership, 294–295 team processes, 291–293 team training interventions, 300–301 teamwork, 283–284 temporal characteristics, 295 training and development, 305 training methods, 298–299 training-needs analysis, 296–297 i nd e x 411 Military Testing Association (MTA), 121 military training After-Action Review (AAR), 248–249, 256 cognitive decision-making, 252–254 cognitive task analysis, 252–253 collective, 248–252 contemporary training research, 254–256 cultural understanding and adaptability, 254–255 Distributed Mission Operations (DMO), 251–252 engagement simulation, 248 future directions, 256 history, 242 individual skills, 243–248 intelligent agents in training, 256 naturalistic decision making, 253 outcome of process, 241–242 rifle marksmanship, 243–244 serious games for training, 255–256 simulation for individual, 246–248 skill retention, 244–245 structured training, 251 Think Like a Commander (TLAC), 254, 255t training cognitive decision-making skills, 253–254 training technologies for individual, 245–246 virtual-networked training systems, 249–251 military values, perceived conflict with gay service personnel, 353–354 Millennium Cohort study, minorities See also gay service personnel African-Americans in military, 329–332 Alaskan Natives, 328 American Indians, 328 Asian-Americans, 328 cohesion, and military effectiveness, 336–339 diversity in military, 326–329 future directions and debates, 340–341 Gates Commission, 327 Hispanics in military, 332–334 military and American society, 325–326 military psychology, 402 Muslim Americans, 340 Native Hawaiians, 328 Pacific Islanders, 328 status and power, 339–340 women in military, 334–336 Mission Awareness Rating Scale (MARS), 200, 201, 214 Mobile Examining Team (MET), test administration, 131 models Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF), 7–9 individual-oriented explanatory, of terrorism, 66–69 412 in d e x psychological explanation, for terrorism, 74–75 social-psychological explanatory, of terrorism, 69–72 terrorism as learning or suicide, 72–73 moral disengagement, terrorism, 70 morale, military, moral self-sanctions, terrorism, 70 moral thinking, terrorism, 67–68 mortality salience, 213 motivation individuals of team, 297 psychological interview, 153–155 swift trust, 183 multicultural teams, factors influencing effectiveness, 304 multinational qualitative study, natural leader development, 188 Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES), 248 multi-team systems (MTSs), definition, 305 Murray, Bill See also Groundhog Day Groundhog Day film, 315 representing American soldier, 218 Stripes, 317 Muslim Americans, military recruiting, 340 N narcissism, terrorism, 74 narcissistic injury, terrorism, 66 National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA), 235 National Health Survey of Gulf War Era Veterans and Their Families, mental health, 18–19 National Intrepid Center of Excellence for Psychological Health and TBI (NICOE), 34 national security direct vs indirect assessments, 41–46 educing information, 39 foundation, 39 interrogations, 50 military and, 38 operational psychology, 43–46 support to counterintelligence (CI) operations, 39–41 National Training Center (NTC), 248 National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS), assessment, 17–18 native Hawaiians, minority, 328 Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM), 206, 214, 253 natural leader development See also leadership comparison method and outcome, 192–194 developmental leadership model, 192 developmental leadership vs theoretical model of leadership, 193t fit with established leadership theory, 191–194 implications for planned leader development, 194–195 multinational qualitative study, 188 process descriptions, 189–190 starting position, 188–189 theoretical connections, 191 theoretical position, 190–191 Naval Air Warfare Center, 242 Naval Personnel Research and Development Center, 242 Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) See also sleep sleep studies in combat and operations, 268t sleep studies in naval operation, 266t sleep studies in operational environments, 265–274 sleep studies in training and education, 267t studies on high-speed vessel (HSV-2) Swift, 270–271 studies on Navy Standard Work Week (NSWW), 271–274 studies on surface ships, 269–270 U.S Navy submarines, 265–269 naval vessels See Naval Postgraduate School (NPS); sleep Navy See also sleep Armed Services Applicant Profile (ASAP), 135 aviation screening, 138–141 Aviation Selection Test Battery (ASTB), 140 Basic Test Battery (BTB), 132 Computer Assisted Assignment System (COMPASS) II model, 133 divorce rate, 376t fatigue and training of enlisted recruits, 274–276 General Classification Test (GCT), 132 Hispanics, 333–334 hours working per week on USS Chung Hoon, 272f human factors programs, 236 Navy Computer Adaptive Personality Scales (NCAPS), 138 Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC), 137 need for psychology, postwar aviation testing, 140 Rating Identification Engine (RIDE), 133 resilience skills, studies on Navy Standard Work Week (NSWW), 271–274 Systems Engineering Acquisition and Personnel Integration (SEAPRINT), 237 weekly average work time for three-week period, 273f women, 336 Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC), 137 Navy Standard Work Week (NSWW), sleep studies, 271–274 neo-Nazi group, 65 non-cognitive testing, enlisted screening, 135–136 noncommissioned officers (NCOs), resilience trainers, 8–9 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM), 119, 122 military psychology, 114, 122 Norway, military psychology, 118–119 novelty-seeking, terrorism, 68 November, Military Families Month, 365 O Obama, President B “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Repeal Act of 2010, 345 inauguration, 60 occupational fit, psychological interview, 154, 155t Office of Naval Research (ONR) engineering psychology, 236 formation, 242 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), methodological principles, 149, 151t Officer Candidate School (OCS), precommissioning program, 141 Officer Prediction Project, Army, 131 officer screening See also enlisted screening accession and training, 129–130 aviation screening, 138–141 future of officer selection, 143–144 postwar aviation testing, 140, 141 pre-commissioning screening, 141–143 screening through World War II, 139–140 Officer Selection Battery (OSB), cognitive skills, 142 operational fatigue, 15 operational psychology counterintelligence operations, 40–41 cultural differences in values, 40 definition, 37, 38 direct vs indirect assessments, 41–46 foundation, 38–46 national security, 43–46 personality assessment, 43 roots, 39 terrorist activities, 45 Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) deployment cycle, 366 mental health problems, 19–21 sleep studies on surface ships, 269–270 suicide, 22 Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) deployment cycle, 366 mental health problems, 19–21 suicide, 22 operations fatigue studies, 277–279 Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) sleep studies, 268t Optimization of Simulation-Based Training System (OSBATS), 247 organization, team analysis, 296 P Pacific Islanders, minority, 328 pain management, chronic pain, 32–33 Palestine, suicide terrorism, 71 panic environments, psychology, 168–169, 170f paralysis environments, psychology, 169, 170f paranoia, terrorism, 74 participation, sense-making, 225–227 Pendleton 8, group actions, 86–87 Penn Resiliency Program, perception, situation awareness, 198, 200 performance See also soldier performance gay service personnel, 355t performance-facilitation, leadership, 166–167, 170f performance measures, soldier, 202 Periodic Health Assessment (PHA), annual screening, personality perception, 42 psychological interview, 154, 155t terrorists as authoritarian, 68 personality disorders, terrorism, 66–67 personality traits, terrorism, 67 person analysis, team, 296–297 Personnel Research Branch, Adjutant General’s Office, 141 persuasion, leadership, 166, 170f petition resolution, American Psychological Association (APA), 59–60 physical fitness Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT), Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF), 6–7 physical injuries See soldier injuries Pilot Candidate Selection Method (PCSM), 140 pilots, sleep studies of helicopter, in Iraq, 278–279 Plessy vs Ferguson, 325 PMESII (political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure), sociocultural knowledge, 94–95 political system, Iraq and Afghanistan, 105 positive psychology, soldier performance, 209 Post-Deployment Health Assessment (PDHA) Iraq and Afghanistan wars, 19–20 war-zone exposure, 23 Post-Deployment Health Reassessment (PDHRA) Iraq and Afghanistan wars, 19–20 mandatory screening, war-zone exposure, 23 post-traumatic growth (PTG), 10, 214 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 5, 214, 400, 401 Afghanistan, 19–21 decade following Desert Storm, 385 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-III), 15 DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for, 16t Gulf War, 18–19 Iraq, 12n.2, 19–21 research for treatment, 26 soldier performance, 212–213 soldiers, 33–34 suicide and, in war zones, 22–23 veterans, 15 Vietnam syndrome, 15 Vietnam veterans, 17–18 war-zone exposure, 23–25 power, minorities in military, 339–340 pre-commissioning screening, officer, 141–143 pre-deployment phase See also deployments military families, 372 Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS), 51–53 President’s Commission on an AllVolunteer Armed Force, 327 prisoner of war (POW), soldier performance, 211–212 problem-defining, leadership, 166 Problem environments, psychology, 168, 170f problem-solving, leadership, 166, 170f process description See also natural leader development educational and national regiment context, 189–190 military mission context, 190 Procurement Management Information System (PROMIS) model, Air Force, 133 professional fitness, assessment, Program Development Team (PDT), Human Terrain System (HTS), 110–111 Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations (PLATO), 246 programs of instruction (POIs), deployment, project CLEAR, racial integration, 330, 338 projections situation awareness, 198 terrorist psyche, 67 Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS), presidential task force, 51–53 psychological explanations of terrorism See terrorism i nd e x 413 psychological fitness, concept, 5–7 psychological interview, suitability for high-risk military jobs, 153–155 psychological problems, Department of Defense (DOD) screening, psychological suitability, high-risk military jobs, 148–149 psychological taxonomy, dangerous environments, 167–170 psychology See also military engineering psychology boredom, 312–314 psychopathology, terrorism as expression of, 66–67, 74 psychosocial stability, psychological interview, 154, 155t psychotherapies, PTSD and depression, 24 publications, terrorism, 63, 64f, 76 Public Health Command Army Medical Department (AMEDD), resilience training, 10 Puerto Ricans, military, 332 Q quality of life (QOL) benefits and job satisfaction, 386–388 combat injuries, 384 coping and social support, 392–394 deployments and family health outcomes, 389–390 deployments and healthcare utilization, 390–391 deployments and marital satisfaction, 391–392 ecological model framework, 383 education, 387 family demands, 388–392 formal support programs, 394–395 future directions, 395–396 health and well-being, 385–386 housing, 387–388 mental health, 384–385 military pay, 386–387 soldiers, 381–384 spouse employment, 388 R race See also minorities social diversity in military, 328 radicalization, terrorism, 71–72 RAND Corporation Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF), 10 future attention, 25–26 mental health problems, 20 rank, leader and swift trust, 181 Rating Identification Engine (RIDE), Navy, 133 rational choice theory, terrorism as, 73 REALTRAIN simulation, 248 recognition-primed, decision-making, 206 recruitment, minorities in military, 340–341 414 in d e x relational responding, terrorism, 72 relative deprivation theory, terrorism as violence, 69 relocation, military families, 370–371 repetition, participation and, in sensemaking, 225–227 reputation, leader and swift trust, 182 research, terrorism, 75 Research Reachback Center (RRC), requests for research (RFRs), 103 Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), 131, 141 reserve personnel, families of, 368 reset phase, deployment cycle, 370–372 resilience soldiers, 30 war veterans, 21 resilience training Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF), 7–9 institutional training, master resilience trainers, 8–9 “Restore Hope,” UN Operation in Somalia, 117 revenge for suffering, terrorism, 68 Revised Flight Aptitude Selection Test (Revised FAST), 141 Revolutionary War, women, 334 Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), sense-making, 219 rifle marksmanship, training, 243–244 risk See high-risk military jobs Risk Rule, women in military, 335 Roscoe, Stanley N., aviation psychology, 238 rules of engagement case study of conflict in Haditha, 88–89 military justice, 81–82 S Samson syndrome, terrorism, 67 schematization, decision-making, 206 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), precommissioning screening, 141 selection, high-risk military personnel, 149–155 selection and classification See also enlisted screening; officer screening development and assessment, 130–131 enlisted screening, 131–138 future directions, 143–144 job analysis, 130–131 military psychology, 401 officer, 143–144 officer screening, 138–144 test administration, 131 validation, 131 selective moral disengagement, terrorism, 70 self-correction training, team, 299 self-efficacy, individuals of team, 297–298 sense-making booting up process, 221–223 “bottom up” approach, 220–221 combat, 219–220 combat self-selection, 226 coping with stress, 218–219, 220 counterinsurgency, 221, 229 definition, 218–220 dynamics of flexible thinking, 223–225 implications, 229 limitations and future directions, 229 military context, 219 non-cognitive dimensions, 228–229 participation and repetition, 225–227 processes, 227–228 “reboot” procedure, 221, 222 Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), 219 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 37 serious games, training, 255–256 service affiliation, leader and swift trust, 181–182 sexual assault training, sexual harassment-prevention training, sexual orientation See also gay service personnel disclosure by gay service personnel, 352–353 military service, 344–345 shared leadership, 305 shared mental models, definition, 293 Sharia law, briefing, 102 shell shock, 15 Shipboard Mobile Aid to Training and Evaluation (ShipMATE), 302 Sigler, Ralph, U.S Army double agent, 44–45 Simulation Networking (SIMNET) program, collective training, 249–250 simulations See also military training; training engagement, 248 individual training, 246–248 Simulation Networking (SIMNET) program, 249–250 team training, 299 virtual-networked training systems, 249–251 single-issue terrorism, 65 single service members, families of, 368–369 situation awareness (SA), 198–203, 214 adaptive control of thought model, 198 comprehension, 198, 200 developing models for specific military domains, 198–199 metrics, 199–202 models of, 198 perception, 198, 200 Situation Awareness Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (SABARS), 201 Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), 200 team, 202–203 technology and, 203 Situation Awareness Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (SABARS), 201, 202 Situation Awareness Global Assessment Tool (SAGAT), 200, 214 skills See military training sleep anger-hostility T scores, 270f architecture in humans, 264–265 army commanders at Fort Benning, GA, 279 average daily, by work environment, 271f circadian rhythms, 262–264 compliance with, in combat in Southwest Asia, 277 cycles over 8-h period, 264f daily and longest uninterrupted, episode, 268f deprivation and human performance, 265 fatigue and training effectiveness in U.S Army enlisted recruits, 276 fatigue and training effectiveness in U.S Navy enlisted recruits, 274–276 fatigue in combat and operational environments, 277–279 future directions, 279–280 helicopter pilots in Iraq, 278–279 Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), 265–274 NPS sleep studies in combat and operations, 268t NPS sleep studies in naval operation, 266t NPS sleep studies in training and education, 267t patterns over lifespan, 263f requirements in humans, 262–264 studies on high-speed vessel (HSV-2) Swift, 270–271 studies on Navy Standard Work Week (NSWW), 271–274 studies on surface ships, 269–270 total mood disturbance (TMD) scores, 270f undergraduate military education, 276–277 U.S Navy submarines, 265–269 social cohesion, gay service personnel, 354 socialization, terrorism as result of, 71 social-psychological explanatory models, terrorism, 69–72 social structure, definition, 105 social support, military way of life, 392–394 Society for Military Psychology, American Psychological Association (APA), sociocultural knowledge requirements Army civil affaires doctrine, 96–98 Army Culture and Foreign Language Strategy, 99–100, 111 counterinsurgency field manual, 98 Department of Defense, 93–100 importance of, 93 Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework (ICAF), 98 joint doctrine, 95–96 PMESII (political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure) model, 94–95 Tactical Conflict Assessment and Planning Framework (TCAPF), 98–99 sociology, boredom, 312–314 soldier See also quality of life (QOL) Groundhog Day and, 316–317 loss of identity, 31–32 soldier injuries amputation, 34 burns, 34 chronic pain, 32–33 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 33–34 toughness of, 29–30 traumatic brain injury, 34 treating family, 34–35 wounded warrior, 30–32 soldier performance See also sleep automatic vs controlled processes, 204–205 cadet basic training (CBT), 208–209, 210 character strengths and, 210–211 Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), 211–212 future directions, 213–214 instruction, 243 intuition, 207–208 intuition and tactical decision-making, 203–208 intuitive decision-making and insight, 205–206 military decision-making process (MDMP), 204 military doctrine, 209 models of situation awareness (SA), 198 naturalistic decision-making (NDM), 206 non-cognitive factors, 208–213 performance measures, 202 SA metrics, 199–202 SA model development for specific military domains, 198–199 schematization, 206 self-rating, 200–202 situation awareness (SA), 198–203 team SA, 202–203 technology and SA, 203 Values-in-Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS), 209–210 Soldier’s Fitness Tracker (SFT), compliance, 8, 11 soldiers teaching soldiers, resilience, 8–9 Somalia, “Restore Hope” operation, 117 Sons of Iraq (SOI), 101, 110 southwest Asia, sleep and compliance with sleep in combat, 277 spouse employment, military benefit, 388 Squad Combat Operations Exercise (SCOPES), simulation, 248 Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ), multicultural teams, 304 status, minorities in military, 339–340 stress deployment, 373–374 marital, in military families, 375–377 Stripes, soldiers, 317 structural characteristics, teams, 295 structured training, networked simulations, 251 subjective environments, psychology, 169–170 Subjective Workload Dominance (SWORD), situation awareness, 200 submarines See also sleep sleep studies on U.S Navy, 265–269 sub-state terrorism, 65 suicide Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 21 Groundhog Day, 320 Samson syndrome, 67 service members deployed in war zones, 21–23 terrorism as, 72 veterans, 15 war, 400 suicide bombings, 69–70, 71 suicide-prevention training, support infrastructure, military family, 366 support programs, military life, 394–395 Sweden, military psychology, 115–116 Swedish Air Force, 115 Swedish National Defense College, 116 Swedish National Defense Research Institute, 115 swift trust context, 180 dynamic factors, 183–184 expertise, 182 follower characteristics, 182–183 idealized influence, 184 individualized consideration, 184 inspirational motivation, 184 intellectual stimulation, 184 leader characteristics, 181–182 military context, 181–184 positive emotions, 184 rank and authority, 181 reputation, 182 service affiliation, 181–182 static factors, 181–183 trust vs., 178–180 systems approach, training, 243 T Tactical Conflict Assessment and Planning Framework (TCAPF), U.S Agency for International Development (USAID), 98–99 i nd e x 415 tactical decision-making, intuition and, 203–208 Tailored Adaptive Personality Assessment System (TAPAS), non-cognitive measure, 138 Targeted Acceptable Responses to Generated Events or Tasks methodology, (TARGETs), 301–302 task analysis, team, 296 task cohesion, gay service personnel, 354 team See also military teams challenges and research needs, 304–306 characteristics, 290–291 competencies, 283f, 284, 285–288t contextual factors, 294–295 definition, 283 emergent states, 292t, 293 environmental characteristics, 294–295 inputs and effectiveness, 290–291 leadership, 294–295 organizational analysis, 296 person analysis, 296–297 processes, 291–293 structural characteristics, 295 task analysis, 296, 297 task characteristics, 291 team member characteristics, 290 temporal characteristics, 295 training-needs analysis, 296–297 team-initiated research, operationally relevant, 102–103 team performance See also military teams Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS), 302–303 dangerous contexts, 171–173 measurement of military, 301–304, 305–306 military teams, 282–283 situation awareness, 202–203 teamwork, military teams, 283–284 technology, situation awareness, 203 telemental health care, soldiers and veterans, 24–25 terrorism absolutist/apocalyptic theory, 67–68 as anxiety buffer, 73 cultural phenomenon, 70–71 defining criteria, 73–74 expression of hatred, 69 expression of personality traits, 67 expression of psychopathology, 66–67 gradual process, 71–72 group psychology, 69–70 individual-oriented explanation models, 66–69 as learning, 72–73 literature selection, 65–66 problems in defining, 64–65 psychological explanation models for, 74–75 publications, 63, 64f, 76 as rational choice, 73 research on, 75 416 in d e x selective moral disengagement, 70 social-psychological explanatory models, 69–72 sub-state terrorism, 65 as suicide, 72 terrorists as authoritarian personalities, 68 as violence, 68–69 terrorist activities, operational psychology, 45 terrorist attacks, September 11, 2001, 37 terror management theory (TMT), anxiety buffer, 73 test administration, selection and classification, 131 Think Like a Commander (TLAC), training programs, 254, 255t threat See also dangerous contexts affective deficits, 161f, 163–164, 170f behavioral deficits, 161f, 164, 170f cognitive deficits, 161f, 162–163, 170f dangerous environments, 159–162, 167t expectation, 160–161 genesis of, 159–160 impact of on psychological processes, 161f intensity, 161–162, 167t nature of, 160 Tier Two Attrition Screen (TTAS), Army, 136 Time-Shared Interactive Computer Controlled Information Television (TICCIT), 246 torture APA’s “no justification” policy, 54–55, 56 definition, 55 detention settings, 57 U.N Convention against, 54 Total Military Fitness, 11 toughness, soldiers, 29–30 “Trafficking in Persons” training, 4–5 trainability, psychological interview, 153–155 training See also education; military training; sleep designing team, 299–300 effectiveness of team, interventions, 300–301 event-based approach to, (EBAT), 299, 301–302 fatigue in U.S Army enlisted recruits, 276 fatigue in U.S Navy enlisted recruits, 274–276 individual, technologies, 245–246 intelligent agents in, 256 intervention of team, 300–301 methods for team, 298–299 military dealing with issues, 4–5 military psychology, 401, 402–403 military team, and development, 305 Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) sleep studies, 267t needs analysis for teams, 296–297 physical fitness, 6–7 sense-making, 220 serious games for, 255–256 sleep in undergraduate military education, 276–277 transformational leadership, swift trust, 183–184 traumatic brain injury (TBI), 5, 34, 401 treatment, family and injured soldiers, 34–35 trench neurosis, 15 trust See also swift trust definition, 178 espionage, 41 propensity to, 182–183 taxonomies of, 179 vs swift trust, 178–180 trust-engendering, leadership, 165–166, 170f U undercover law-enforcement, interview for suitability, 153–155 Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 79, 80 gay service personnel, 347–348 just war concept, 81 violations, 90 war and crime, 83–84 unit cohesion, perceived impact of gay service personnel on, 354 United Nations Convention, definition of torture, 55 United States Constitution, military jurisdiction, 79 United States Military Academy (USMA), pre-commissioning screening, 141 unit effectiveness, perceived impact of gay service personnel, 356–357 U.S Agency for International Development (USAID), Tactical Conflict Assessment and Planning Framework (TCAPF), 98–99 U.S Army See Army; Human Terrain System (HTS) User’s Decision Aid (UDA), skill retention, 244 U.S Joint Forces Command (JFCOM), PMESII model, 94 U.S Military Academy, sports psychology, U.S Office of Naval Research (ONR), International Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), 119 V validation, selection and classification, 131 Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS), 209–210, 214 veterans Gulf War, 18–19 Vietnam War, 17–18 wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, 19–21 Vietnam Experiences Study (VES), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 17–18, 21 Vietnam syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 15 Vietnam War African-Americans, 330–332 mental health problems, 17–18 National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS), 17–18 suicide, 21 violence, terrorism as, 68–69 virtual-networked training systems, collective training, 249–251 Virtual Technologies and Environments (VIRTE), 251 Virtual Training Program (VTP), structured training, 251 W Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 381 war See also military justice changes affecting military justice, 81–82 and crime, 83–84, 89–90 military psychology, 402 warfare changing face of, 83 sense-making in, 219–220 Warfighter Training Division, Air Force, 251 war on terror global, 185 military justice, 81–82 neighborhood patrols, 90 wartime burdens, military, 327 wartime stress reactions, historical perspective, 15–17 war-zone exposure mental health problems, 23–25 wounded warriors, 30–32 well-being, health and, 385–386 West Point cadet basic training (CBT), 208–209, 210 Grit scale, 210–211 Why We Fight, Capra film, 317 Widows, counterintelligence, 44 women See also minorities diversity in military, 327 Hispanic, 336 past and present in military, 334–336 Risk Rule, 335 social diversity in military, 328 Women’s Armed Services Act, 335 Women’s Army Corps, 335 Wonderlic Personnel Test, cognitive ability, 139 World Health Organization (WHO), psychological fitness, 5–6 World War I enlisted screening, 131–132 military engineering psychology, 233–234 military psychology, 242 World War II African-Americans, 329–330 aviation screening through, 139–140 engineering psychology, 233 enlisted screening, 132 Hispanics, 332 human factors scientists serving during, 234–235 military psychology, 242 minorities and military cohesion, 338 minorities in military, 325 Norway, 118 officer selection, 141, 142 women, 334–335, 335 World War IV, 197 wounded warrior becoming a caregiver for, 377 soldiers, 30–32 Y Yom Kippur War, 224 ~StormRG~ i nd e x 417 ... of sports psychology Half of the course is devoted to teaching the skills themselves, the other half to how to impart them At the end of the course, the MRTs are expected to live the skills they... of the study of human behavior to the profession of arms, military psychology represents the concatenation of the numerous specialties and subfields of the discipline within the context of the. .. Given the relevance of the study of human behavior to the profession of arms, military psychology represents the concatenation of the numerous specialties and subfields of the discipline in the context