The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication Also by Derek Chadee THEORIES IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CURRENT THEMES IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Co-author) TRIAL BY PEERS A Social and Psychological Assessment of the Jury Also by Derek Chadee and Aleksandra Kostic´ SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS (Editors) The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication Edited by Aleksandra Kostic´ Professor of Social Psychology, University of Niš, Serbia and Derek Chadee Professor of Social Psychology, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies Selection, introduction, and editorial matter © Aleksandra Kostic´ and Derek Chadee 2015 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2015 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978–1–137–34585–1 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India To my parents: Eileen and Johnson Chadee; Dolly Ablack (grandmother) – DC To my children: Marko, Filip, and Una – AK This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures and Tables ix Acknowledgments x Notes on Contributors xi Introduction Part I Theoretical Nonverbal Neurology: How the Brain Encodes and Decodes Wordless Signs, Signals, and Cues David B Givens Neuroscience of Nonverbal Communication Milkica Nešic´ and Vladimir Nešic´ 31 Measuring Gestures David B Givens 66 Nonverbal Elements of the Voice Mark G Frank, Darrin J Griffin, Elena Svetieva, and Andreas Maroulis 92 The Expression and Perception of the Duchenne Smile Sarah D Gunnery and Judith A Hall 114 Emotional Recognition, Fear, and Nonverbal Behavior Aleksandra Kostic´ and Derek Chadee 134 Part II Applied Nonverbal Firsts: When Nonverbal Cues Are the Impetus of Relational and Personal Change in Romantic Relationships Valerie Manusov, Tony Docan-Morgan, and Jessica Harvey 153 Beyond Facial Expression: Spatial Distance as a Factor in the Communication of Discrete Emotions Ross Buck and Mike Miller 173 Theoretical Foundation for Emotion-Based Strategies in Political Campaigns Albert Mehrabian 198 vii viii Contents 10 The Impact of Nonverbal Behavior in the Job Interview Denise Frauendorfer and Marianne Schmid Mast 220 11 Nonverbal Communication in Interaction: Psychology and Literature Fernando Poyatos 248 12 Nonverbal Behavior Online: A Focus on Interactions with and via Artificial Agents and Avatars Dennis Küster, Eva Krumhuber, and Arvid Kappas 272 Author Index 303 Subject Index 313 List of Figures and Tables Figures 5.1 From left to right: a Duchenne smile and non-Duchenne smile Photos courtesy of Veikko Surakka, Professor at University of Tampere, Finland 115 8.1 Emergent dynamic systems of social and moral emotions 186 8.2 Emergent dynamic system of GREAT emotions (Gratitude, Respect, Elevation, Appreciation, and Trust) 188 Emotional reactions to a triumphant display by a swim race winner 193 8.3 12.1 Examples of the avatars created for the Facebook (left), dating (middle), and discussion forum (right) conditions Participants created these avatars using Yahoo! Avatars 287 12.2 Response times to words generated by participants about their actual and true selves per condition 289 Tables 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 General preferences for each of eight basic categories of emotion 201 Broad-based political message samples representing each of the PAD octants 205 Ratings of major political issues and conditions in terms of their pleasure, arousal, and dominance values 206 Temperament-based affinity to political messages containing promises of Pleasure (Arousal, Dominance) 210 10.1 Overview of studies investigating the relation between nonverbal behavior, inferred applicant personality traits, and actual (applicant) characteristics ix 231 312 Author Index Vujovic´, L., 287 Vukovic, J., 99 W Walters, M L., 278 Walther, J B., 272, 274, 283 Walton, J H., 97, 99 Wang, L., 146 Wartenburger, I., 56 Washburn, P V., 236 Webster, E C., 224 Webster, W W., 224 Wedderburn, A A I., 235, 236, 238 Weenink, D., 95 Wegner, D M., 280, 282 West, T V., 255 Wheatley, T., 281 Whitty, M T., 290 Wicker, B., 18 Wiemann, J M., 106 Wihardja, C., 202 Wilbur, R B., 70 Willems, R M., 53, 55 Williams, J M G., 96 Williams, P L., 12 Willis, J., 275 Wilson, S R., 272 Winter, D G., 208 Wolff, W., 50 Wood, J A., 240 Woodzicka, J., 121, 129, 237 Woodzicka, J A., 121, 129, 237 Word, C O., 236, 237, 238 Wyart, C., 178 Wysocki, C J., 178 Y Yamada, S., 276 Yamane, S., 17 Yoon, G., 284, 286 Young, A., 34, 38 Young, A W 142 Young, M P., 17 Young, S G., 122, 129 Z Zemlin, W R., 95 Zhao, S., 290 Zhu, D C., 40 Zimmerman, J., 276, 278 Zoll, R., 215 Zuckerman, M., 96 Zwan, P., 95, 97, 104 Zweyer, K., 116 Subject Index A accessories, 253 action-related language, 54, 55 activities contextual or interfering, 256 contextual or interfering non-, 256 mental, 255 non-, 255 objectual environment’s non-, 256 adaptors alter-, 251 artifactual body-, 254 audible-audible single, 251 body-, 250, 251, 253–254 object-, 250, 251, 254–255 object-mediated object-, 251 self-, 251 Adam’s apple, see laryngeal prominence adolescence, see age and advertisements, 199, 202, 203, 204, 215 affects erotic, 177 negative, 119, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207, 214 neutral, 42 positive, 46, 114, 115, 116, 117, 130, 201, 202, 225 primary, 4, 173, 174, 184 sexual, 179 affect analysis model (AAM), 70 affect arousal, 189 affectionate touch hugging, 46, 169 kissing, 46, 169 stroking, 46, 269 affectogram, 49 afferent cues (incoming), 16–18, 19–21, 22, 26–27 affordances social, 288 age and walking style (see also foot cues), 25 voice, 98–99 Age of Innocence, 266, 269 aizuchi, 84 alexithymia, 176 altruism, 179 amplitude, see also loudness, 2, 67, 75, 87, 95, 96, 104, 105, 106, 230 amygdalo-hypothalamic tract, 10 animals, 71, 106, 277, 281 crayfish, 184 fish, 15, 21, 72, 86 insects, 177 lobsters, 184 monkeys, see monkeys rats, 126 Anglo-Saxon Attitudes, 253, 254, 264, 266, 267, 268 animated films, 280 ANSA McAl Psychological Research Centre, 144 anthropoid, 17 appearance, physical, 31, 97, 98, 164, 204, 215, 280, 281 facial, 31, 123 of an artificial system, 276–279 arousability, 199, 207, 208, 211, 212, 213 artificial systems, see also robots, 6, 274, 275–279, 282 animal-likeness, 277 appearance, 276–279 black box, 275 human-likeness, 6, 276–279, 280, 281 architectural speaces, see built environment attachment, 46 attentiveness, and faces, 258 attraction, 208, 216, 221, 235 sexual, see sexual attributions, 213, 276, 278, 279, 282 313 314 Subject Index automated social sensing, 239, 240 avatars, 6, 67, 79, 87, 272–293 gender, 283–284 axial and nonaxial participants, 264 B bandwagon effects, 213 Barbary Shore, 266 BBC, 129, 291 behavior aggressive, 139, 140, 175, 258, 265 automatic (unconscious), 14, 19, 72, 73, 134, 136, 188, 239–240, 248, 250 behavioural ecology, 41 bereavement, see grief bias, 47, 146, 208, 237 Big Money, The, 256 Biobehavioral synchrony model, 46 bio-psycho-social responses, see emotions Bleak House, 260 blindness, 51, 80, 81, 116, 139, 179–180 blog blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation patterns, 44 blushing, 31, 252, 262, 267, 268 body displays, 182 body markings, 254 body-motion expressivity, bowing, 71–72, 73, 74, 281 braille, 22 brain, 1, 4, 9–27, 31–57, 78, 84, 93, 100, 115, 143, 145, 173, 178, 180 amphibian, 72 aquatic, 74 damage, 137 human, 11, 12, 19, 25, 26, 27, 54, 75, 77, 78, 180 lesions, 32, 33, 35, 37, 51, 141, 142 mammalian, 12, 13, 14, 19, 74, 77, 78 primate, 11, 17, 25, 27 50 reptilian, 10, 14, 23, 69, 74, 75, 76 brain areas, 18, 24, 38, 40, 57 basal ganglia, 10, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 40, 50, 51, 75, 77 Brodmann’s Areas, see Brodmann’s Areas Broca’s Area, 11, 12, 53, 54, 56, 78 left, 9, 20 cerebellum, 24, 25, 26 cingular cortex, 136 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 40 dorsomedial cortex, 33, 41, 145 extrageniculostriate pathway, 43 extrastriate visual areas, 43 forebrain, 11, 14, 22, 74, 75 fusiform face area, 17, 33, 34 fusiform gyrus, 34, 41, 47 hippocampus, 11, 14, 46, 74 hypothalamus, 10, 11, 45, 46, 47, 48, 178 inferior frontal cortex, 40, 41, 53 inferior frontal gyrus, 17, 37 inferior parietal lobe, 17, 36 insula, 17, 18, 20, 35, 37, 38, 57, 142 intraparietal sulcus, 35 lateral septum, 45 medial prefrontal cortex, 38 midbrain-tegmentum, 11 nucleus accumbens (NAcc), 46, 47, 48 occipital lobe, 17 occipito-temporal visual extrastriate cortex, 34 orbitofrontal cortex, 40, 136 periaqueductal gray/central gray, 45 Perisylvian language network, 55 posterior cingulate cortex, 38 posterior parietal cortex, 17, 32 posterior temporal cortex, 55 precuneus, 38 preoptic area, 45, 48 primary visual cortex, 33 pulvinar, 43 right, 9, 19, 20 rostral cingulate motor cortex, 50 septo-hypothalamo-midbrain continuum, 11 somatosensory cortex, 41, 136 stem, 10, 11, 45, 189, 190 striatum/reward system, 38 superior colliculus, 43 Subject Index superior temporal sulcus, 26, 34 supplementary motor cortex, 50 temporal association cortex, 39 temporal cortex, 11, 17, 32, 33, 36, 40, 41, 56 temporal voice area (TVA), 55, 57 temporo-parietal junction, 38 ventral premotor cortex, 36 ventral temporal route, 39 ventromedial prefrontal cortex, 39, 40 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 46 Brodmann’s Areas, (six), 20, 27 18 (eighteen), 20 37 (thirty-seven), 17 40(forty), 20 44 (forty-four), see brain, Broca’s area Brunswikian lens model, 5, 221, 228, 229, 232, 238 cue utilization, 229, 233, 238, 239 C Cakes and Ale, 252, 265 catabolism, 45 Catcher in the Rye, 265 certitude, 77, 78, 83, 84 chameleon effect, 38, 76 Chancery, In, 257 chemosignals, 47, 48, 49 child maltreatment, 141–142 childhood, see age classroom environment, 264 clothing, see also accessiories, 20, 26, 121, 204, 212 CMC, see computer-mediated communication cognition, social, 41 cognitions, 103, 198, 213 cognitive ability, 228 appraisals, 103 differentiation, 5, 212, 213, 216 functions, 200 load, 3, 93, 96, 97, 103 models, 190 paradigms, 189 315 process, 49, 52, 57, 140, 178, 184 systems, 49 color, 16, 17, 33, 75, 204, 252, 257 communication, gestural, 2, 32, 51–56, 72 interpersonal, 4, 135, 170, 173, 189–193, 272 receiving (decoding), 2, 3, 9, 12, 13, 20, 27, 72, 137, 139, 145, 176, 181, 228–229, 272, 273 sending (encoding), 2, 12, 13, 27, 35, 43, 72, 92, 176, 181, 212, 228–229, 232, 233, 273 tactile, 179–184 communicative efficacy, 181 computer, 67, 68, 75, 105, 239, 272, 273 games, 285 imaging, 24 computer-mediated communication (CMC), 273–274 conscious awareness, 16, 43 consonants, 96 conversations acoustic and visual pauses or breaks, 267–270 coinciding activities, 266–267 face-to-face, 70, 78 interlistener behaviors, 266–270 reciprocal behaviors between listener and speaker, 265–266 speaker’s and auditor’s basic behaviors, 265 speaker-auditor turn-change behaviors, 265 speaker’s secondary behaviors, 266 structural analysis of, 263–270 cortical recognition, cosmetics, 254 countries/regions, Australia, 21, 85, 181 Bali, 181 China, 21 England, 21 France, 21, 38 Greece, 11 India, 21, 85 Italy, 12, 21 Japan, 88, 181 316 Subject Index countries/regions – continued Malaysia, 21 Micronesia, 21, 85 Native North America, 21 Saudi Arabia, 21 South Africa, 85 cross-cultural studies, 3, 41, 69, 102, 139, 249, 269 cue utilization, 229, 233, 238, 239 cue validity, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238, 239 culture, 41, 42, 101, 145 and face perception, 41–42 primitive and civilized, 136 cultures, see country and ethnicity Cyberpsychology, 274 D danger cues, 145 Darwin, 2, 12, 16, 21, 23, 27, 68, 69, 79, 81, 85, 87, 88, 100, 134, 135, 138, 139, 174 David Copperfield, 254 Day of the Locust, The, 255 deaf, 24, 51, 55, 80, 81, 139 deception, 79, 103, 115, 272 decoding, see communication, receiving Deer Park, The, 262, 268, 269 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 181 depression, 87, 175, 209 development, social, 175 discrete emotions, 4, 100, 173–193 disfluencies, 82, 84, 93, 97 repeating, 97 slips of the tongue, 97 stuttering, 97, 103, 106 distances, 4, 31, 71, 173–193, 236 intimate, 173, 176, 177, 183 interpersonal, 225, 226, 227, 262 personal, 162, 173, 176, 184, 222 public, 173, 176, 177, 184–185 DNA, see deoxyribonucleic acid Dodsworth, 270 dominance, 4, 5, 23, 32, 40, 72, 99, 144, 173, 178, 184, 185, 188, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 230, 238 drugs, psychoactive, 174 Dubliners, 257 Duchenne smile, 3, 114–130 and persuasion task, 127 and social interactions, 127 duration, 120, 123, 130 intensity, 114, 123, 124, 125, 128–130 social outcomes of, 126–128 symmetry, 130 dyads, 272, 291 E EAP(Evaluation Activity Potency), see semantic differential factors ecological context, 176, 191 education, 99, 175, 224, 255, 256, 268, 275 efferent cues (outgoing), 13–16, 18–19, 21–22, 22–24, 25–26 eight octants of emotion space, 205 electromyography (EMG), 49, 114, 115 electrophysiological studies, 42, 43, 44 email, 273, 275 embodied cognition approach, 53, 56 embryology, 21 EMG, see electromyography emotion, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22, 24, 27, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 57, 70, 73, 74, 77, 78, 82, 85, 93, 94, 96, 100–103, 104, 105, 107, 116, 118, 134–146, 162, 173–193, 198–216, 252, 270, 281 assessment, 137, 162 definition, 174, 201 emergent dynamic system of, 185–187 learning, 140 moral, 4, 18, 173, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192 neural blueprint for, 13, 14–15, 74 recognition, 42, 46, 137–140, 142, 144–146 social, 184, 185, 186, 187 emotional attention, 40 contagion, 5, 212–214 Subject Index stimuli, 19, 22, 40, 43, 119, 140 valence, 85, 136, 137, 140 emotional and social intimacy, 135 emotional messages, 198, 202, 209, 211, 216 emotions, anger, 4, 11, 13, 15, 16, 23, 38, 42, 45, 68, 81, 96, 101, 102, 114, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 173, 174, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 200, 204, 205, 206, 208, 215 anxiety, 5, 19, 103, 145, 175, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 214, 215, 216, 251, 255 appreciation, 4, 5, 173, 191, 193 contempt, 4, 13, 81, 101, 102, 139, 173, 184 disgust, 4, 13, 15, 18, 19, 96, 101, 102, 104, 139, 142, 143, 173, 174, 179, 180, 182, 281 embarrassment, 19, 102, 114, 180, 182, 252 envy, 4, 173, 180, 184, 192 fear, see fear gratitude, 4, 5, 102, 173, 179, 180, 191, 193 happiness, 3, 4, 13, 38, 40, 101, 102, 103, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 139, 140, 142, 143, 173, 174, 179, 180, 182 joy, 42, 103, 118, 139, 180, 181, 259 love, 4, 102, 153, 154, 160, 167, 173, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 259, 261, 268 lust, 4, 173, 179, 182, 183 pity, 4, 173, 184, 208 pride, 4, 102, 173, 180, 182, 184 respect, 4, 5, 78, 173, 191, 192, 193, 208, 235, 277, 284, 291 sadness, 4, 13, 15, 40, 96, 101, 102, 103, 139, 142, 143, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 182, 281 shame, 4, 102, 173, 182, 184, 185, 192 surprise, 38, 77, 78, 101, 103, 139, 142, 143, 173, 174, 180, 281 trust, 4, 5, 46, 120, 127, 167, 173, 182, 183, 191, 193, 220, 276, 281 317 emotions, elements of affect, see affect communicative display, 174 physiological arousal, 174, 179 employment selection, see job interview encephalitis, 141 encoding, see communication, sending endoscopy, 178 enduring traits, 3, 98–99 age, 98–99 ethnicity, 99 gender, 99 identity, 98 personality, 99 environment, built, 250, 256–257 natural, 256, 257 interaction with, see intraction epigenetic processes, 44 ethnicity, see also countries, 3, 97, 99, 284 African-American, 157, 214, 227 Australian Aboriginal tribe, 181 Chinese, 69, 122 Indian, 80 event-related brain potential (ERP), 32, 42, 43, 44, 55 evolution of, mirror neurons, 11–13 the nonverbal brain, 9–11 expression, 114–129 of emotional states, 135 labelling tasks, 34 nonverbal behavior, 225–227 Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The, 135, 174 expressions, 13, 173–193 canine snarl, 13 facial expression, 2, 3, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 49, 56, 57, 73, 88, 100, 101, 102, 105, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 157, 158, 166, 170, 173, 174, 177, 179, 184, 188, 189, 204, 222, 229 grimace, 13, 185 318 Subject Index expressions – continued lip-compression, 11, 13, 15, 16 lip-pout, 13 smile, see also Duchenne smile, 3, 11, 13, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 164, 222, 226, 248, 259, 260, 263, 266, 281 sneer, 13, 81, 83 external components, 256–257, 261 sensible artifactual and environmental, 256 extrapyramidal motor system, 50 eye gaze, 37 eyebrows, 15, 16, 18, 141, 268 Eyeless in Gaza, 251, 255, 268 F face perception, 32–49 selective neurons (FSN), 34, 37 social relevance of the, 37–41 faces, dynamic, 35, 36, 44 static, 35, 36 face-to-face, 6, 54, 70, 78, 79, 86, 97, 234, 248, 249, 272, 273, 274, 288, 289, 290 facial feedback, 174 movements, 12, 19, 35, 49, 50, 51, 136, 138 recognition, 2, 27 Facial Action Coding System (FACS), 49, 87, 105, 114, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 174 facial displays, 182 facial features, 16, 17, 31, 50, 252, 259, 281 artificial, 253 changing, 253 dynamic, 253 permanent, 252 fear, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 19, 22, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 51, 85, 96, 101, 102, 103, 134–146, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 182, 204, 208, 213, 214, 216, 281 abstract, 144, 145 global/general, 144–146 pragmatic, 144, 145 recognition, 3, 141–144, 145 feelings of anxiety, 5, 19, 103, 145, 175, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 214, 215, 216, 251, 255 elation, 116, 200 nurturance, 175, 182 panic, 104, 175 stress, 5, 19, 47, 84, 103, 141, 143, 162, 175, 187, 191, 212–214, 216, 221 first impressions, 220, 221, 224, 228, 234, 256 Five-Item Personality Inventory, 287 fixation, 43, 46 fixed-action patterns, 75–76 coughing, 265, 268 swallowing, 19, 20, 31, 49, 73, 75, 269, 270 suckling, 75 foot cues, 25–27 arm-swing, 25–26 walking, 10, 25, 26, 27, 160, 254, 255 form, 16, 17, 33, 34, 39, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280 formants, 2, 95, 96, 99, 102 functional mahnetic resonance imagery (fMRI), 18, 24, 32, 36, 40, 41, 42, 47, 54, 55 fundamental frequency (pitch), 2, 81, 92, 95, 96, 99, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 220, 222, 226, 230, 231, 232, 237 G gender female, 48, 99, 125, 157, 208, 222, 223, 226, 227, 237, 283, 285, 293 male, 47, 48, 81, 98, 99, 121, 157, 177, 208, 222, 226, 227, 237, 283, 285 general fear scale, 144 genes serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5–HTTLPR), 45 Subject Index Genius, The 267 gesture measurement, 2, 66–88 spatial, 66–67 temporal, 66, 67–68, 80 gestures, see also communication, gestural arm-flapping, 72, 73 co-speech, 52, 55, 56 deictic/pointing, 52 giving the finger, 165 head-shaking, 73, 79 iconic, 52, 54 representational, 52, 56 upper-body, 176 gesture as simulated action (GSA) framework, 55, 56 gills, 86 Girl of the Streets, A 257 glottis, 94 Gray’s Anatomy, 12 GREAT emotions, 4, 173 187–188 and interpersonal adaptation theory, 191–193 and mutually contingent responsiveness, 188 appreciation, 4, 5, 173, 191, 193 elevation, 5, 173, 191, 193 gratitude, 4, 5, 102, 173, 179, 180, 187, 191, 193 respect, 4, 5, 187, 191, 192, 193 trust, 4, 5, 46, 120, 127, 167, 173, 182, 183, 187, 191, 193, 220, 276, 281 grief, 15, 79, 116 H hand cues, 22–25 palm-down cue, 22–23 palm-up cue, 22, 23–24 happy-face advantage, the 140 Hard Times, 270 harmonics, 96 Hazard of New Fortunes, A, 264 He Who rides a tiger, 253 head-shake, 2, 68, 69, 73, 75, 79–85, 87 health and Duchenne smile, 121 assessment, 214 319 problems, 144 voting behavior, 205, 214 hedonic valence, 144 heuristics, 275 Hidden Dimension, The, 176 Hippocrates, 12 hormones, 2, 32, 44–49 affiliation, 46, 47 gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), 177 oxytocin, 46, 47, 48 nonapeptide oxytocin, 46 steroid, 44 testosterone, 47, 177 Hotel, 254 House of Mirth,The, 266 Hound of the Baskervilles, The, 268 human computer interaction, 275, 276, 278 human development, adolescence, 56, 123, 214 conception, 47 childhood, 16, 21, 23, 51, 52, 80, 81, 86, 95, 105–106, 122–123, 136, 141–142, 175, 183, 176, 178, 267 embryo, 14, 15, 21 fetus, 15, 21 infancy, 16, 23, 46, 48, 75, 106, 179 middle-age, 210, 211, 216, 269 old age, 123, 125, 205, 210, 211, 214, 216 young adulthood, 125, 211, 216 human mirror neuron system, 18, 54 human resources, 220 human-likeness, 6, 276–279, 280, 281 Huntington’s diseasem, 142 I IAPS (see International Affective Picture System) identity, 2, 3, 31, 32, 33–37, 39, 43, 56, 98, 140, 142, 143, 166, 187, 278 gender, 284 Imitative Mind, The, 12 immediacy hypothesis, 225 impression management (IM), 223–224, 225, 227, 234, 235 320 Subject Index impression-formation, 278 Information Packaging Hypothesis, 52 Intelligence, 56, 142, 229, 230, 232, 234, 277 intensifier, 70, 82, 83, 84 interaction focused, 264 with environment, 189, 248, 249, 250, 255, 256, 259, 258, 257, 263, 265 unfocused, 264 interaction components, 257 chronemic dimension of types of perception, 258 effective function, 257 external, see external components) internal, see internal components) internal co-structurations of neutral function, 257 synaesthesia, see synaesthesia visual perception of interaction components, 258 interaction position, 190–191, 192 interactional axes, 264 interactive components, 259–261 interjections, 70 interlocutors, 1, 143, 255, 268, 269 bodily contact, 134 facial expression, 2, 3, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 27, 31, 32, 33–37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 49, 56, 57, 73, 88, 100, 101, 102, 105, 134–137, 138–140, 141, 142, 143, 157, 158, 166, 170, 173–193, 204, 222, 229 gestures, see gestures posture, 10, 21, 72, 134, 184, 185, 204, 220, 259, 260, 264 proximity, 70, 134, 159, 162, 181, 208, 221, 225 tone of voice, (see voice) internal components, 250–256 personal intelligible components, 255 sensible bodily personal components, 250–253 sensible body-related personal components, 253–255 International Affective Picture System (IAPS), 144 Internet, 6, 272–294 anonymity, 290, 291 self-disclosure, 290 students, 6, 18, 25, 144, 156, 157, 287, 291, 292, 293 isopraxism, 76–77 J job interview, 5, 220–240, 253, 281 accuracy of recruiter inferences, 233–235 applicants, 220, 221, 222, 223–228, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240 face-to-face, 234 gender, 225, 226, 227, 236, 237, 238, 240 impression management, 223, 225, 227, 234, 235 job offer, 235, 238 nonverbal behavior expression, 227–228 personality, 220, 225, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 238, 239, 240 race, 225, 227, 238, 240 recruiter nonverbal behavior, 235–236, 237 reinforcement theory, see theory salience hypothesis, 224, 227 judgment accuracy, 221, 229, 234 K Kill a Mockingbird, To, 265 kinesics, 88, 249, 250, 251, 254, 255, 263 L labelling tasks, 34 Laodicean, A 248, 260 laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple), 12, 18, 19, 20 Last Trail, The, 252, 263 lesion, see brain, lesions leaky cue (see nonverbal information) lexical decision task, 53 libertarian philosophy, 206 limbic system, 12, 19, 37, 74, 77, 78, 88, 94 Subject Index literature, 248–270 Look Homeward, Angel, 265 Lost Wagon Train, The, 251 loudness (see also amplitude), 2, 87, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 106, 226 M magnetic resonance imagery (MRI), 24, 32, 47, 94 magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measures, 32, 43 magnocellular pathway, 33 Majestic Ranch, 252 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 178 Man of Property, A, 265 mannequins, 181, 182 marriage, 170, 253 Martin Chuzzlewit, 258, 261, 262, 268, 269 McClintock effect, 178 mechanical artifacts, 256 media, 275 popular, 291 mass, 292 media, 274, see also social network sites text-based, 273 mediapsychology, 274 mediation analysis, 128 menstrual cycle, 47, 48, 178 mental effort, see cognitive load microphone, 95 mimicry of facial expressions, 38 mirroring behaviors, 264 mirror neuron system (MNS), 17, 57 models, 5, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 45, 140, 142, 189, 190, 192, 213, 214, 239 moderators methodological, 125–126 perceiver specific, 125 stimulus specific, 124 monkeys, 12, 34, 78, 80, 183 great apes, 51 macaque, 12, 34, 78, 146 rhesus, 183 spider, 183 monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), see catabolism 321 mood, 13, 14, 16, 23, 74, 116, 123, 176, 178, 179, 190, 212, 253 Moonstone, The, 262 motherese, 46 mother-to-infant gaze, 46 motor theory of speech perception, 55 muscles, 2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 49, 50, 54, 55, 68, 71, 73, 74, 79, 80, 86, 87, 94, 105, 117, 118, 119, 136, 251, 253 abdomen, 74 antigravity extensor, 10 axial, 10 bilaterally innervated, 50 branchiomeric, 15, 20, 21, 73, 79, 87 girdle, 10, 21 labial tractor, 13 larynx, 11, 19 levator scapulae, 21, 86 lip, see also orbicularis oris and labial tractor, 13, 49 longuscapitis, 68 longuscolli, 68 orbicularis oculi (cheek raiser), 114 orbicularis oris, 13, 15, 16 pectoralis minor, 21 pharynx, 19 rectus capitis anterior, 68 serratus anterior, 86 skeletal, 73 smooth, 49, 266 somatic, 15 sphincter, 13, 15 splenius, 68, 79 sternocleidomastoid, 73, 79, 80, 81 striate, 33, 49 subclavius, 21 transverse, 68 trapezius, 21, 80, 86 upper trapezius, 21, 68, 73, 86, 87 zygomatic major muscle (lip corner puller), 114 music, 19, 20, 26, 93, 180, 204, 254, 257, 259, 270 mysticism, 209, 213, 214 N neck cues, 18–20 322 Subject Index nerves, 10, 11, 18, 50, 78, 80 accessory (cranial XI), 21, 73, 80, 87 facial (cranial VII), 10, 11, 15, 73 glossopharyngeal (cranial IX), 73 somatic, 2, 14, 73, 74 special visceral, see also pharyngeal arches and nerves, accesory, 2, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 87 spinal, 10, 11, 25, 68, 71, 73, 80, 86 trigeminal nerve (cranial V), 10, 11, 15, 73 unemotional somatic, 14 vagus (cranial X), 11, 19, 21, 73, 80, 87 visceral, 13, 14, 27, 73 nervous system, 2, 9, 12, 13, 36, 72, 87, 94 autonomic, 31 enteric/visceral, 13 neuroimaging, 33, 38 neurology, 1, 12, 22, 27 neuromuscular circuits, 72, 78 neurotransmitter, 2, 32, 44, 45, 48, 177 dopamine, 45 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 45 noradrenaline, 45 serotonin, 45 New York Times, 292 noises, see paralanguage nonverbal behavior, 220–240, 272–294 communication, 10, 49, 56, 248–270 information, 31, 94, 274 nonverbal expression, 31, 261 gender differences, 125, 226–227 personality factors, 226 race differences, 227 situational factors, 225–226, 235 nonverbal self-presentation on the Internet, 282 O Octopus,The, 265, 267 Olympics, the, 116, 185, 191, 192 online, 6, 10, 129, 272–294 dating, 286, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293 discussion forums, 291, 293 ontogenetic development of the language-paralanguage-kinesics structure, 249 Other Two,The, 253, 263 P PAD models, see political campaigns palmar sweat, 251 PANAS, see Positive and Negative Affect Scale pantomime, 24, 53 paralanguage, 93, 249, 250, 251, 255, 262, 263 disfluencies, see disfluencies grunts, 93, 176 laughs, 93, 255 pauses, see pauses sounds, 10, 19, 55, 82, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 106, 251, 254, 257, 259 yawns, 93 parvocellular pathway, 11, 33 pauses, 2, 70, 82, 84, 86, 93, 97, 99, 103, 105, 106, 222, 230, 264, 267–270 absent-participation, 268 acoustic, 267 elliptical, 269 emotional, 270 external-interference, 270 external-task, 269 feedback, 265, 269 hesitation, 268 manipulative, 270 pre-response, 268 self-overlapping, 269 somatic-function, 269 thinking, 269 transitional, 268 visual, 264, 267–270 perceiver traits, 121 perception, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 26, 27, 31, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 95, 107, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 159, 163, 167, 168, 176, 221, 236, 238, 240, 249, 257, 258, 262, 277 Subject Index age differences, 122 Duchenne smile, of, 114–130 face, 2, 32–49, 53 identity, 32, 35 peripheral nerves, personal identity nodes, 43 personal sensible behavioral non-activities, 252 silence and stillness, 252 static bodily characteristics, 252 personal sensible nonbehavioral activities, 251–252 chemical reactions, 251 dermal reactions, 252 thermal reactions, 252 personality, 3, 37, 41, 50, 97, 98, 99, 190, 209, 212, 214, 215, 216, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 238, 239, 240, 250, 255, 274, 275, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291 agreeableness, 120, 209, 229, 230, 233 conscientiousness, 121, 209, 215, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232 extraversion, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233 neuroticism, 145, 198, 207, 209, 215, 229, 230, 232 openness to experience, 230 self-monitoring, 226 pharyngeal arches, 14–15, 73 pharynx, see also pharyngeal arches, 14, 15, 19 phenotypic markers, 47 pheromones, 2, 4, 32, 44, 48, 56, 173, 177, 178, 179, 188 androstadienone, 177, 179 gonadotropin releasing hormaone (GnRH), 177 primer, 178 physiological arousal, 47, 174, 179 pi statistic, 101 pitch, see fundamental frequency Pleasure-Arousability-Dominance (PAD) Temperament Model, 207–212 Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance (PAD) Emotion Model, 199–207 323 Point Counter Point, 263 politeness, 187–188, 276 political campaigns, 198–216 age-based affinities, 211 gender-based affinities, 211–212 political candidates, 5, 212 voter temperament, 209–211 voter turnout, 198, 214 political participation, 198, 214, 216 positive and negative affect scale (PANAS), 201 positron emission tomography (PET), 32, 47, 54 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 141, 143 postural change, 229 postures, 4, 9, 10, 14, 38, 52, 74, 75, 76, 173, 191, 252, 255, 258, 262 crouch, 21, 71, 72, 73, 77, 85 poverty, 199, 205 pre-statement, see also pauses, 268 prosody, 20, 50, 93 prosopagnosia, 33 proto-languages, 51 proxemics, 165, 249 psychopathology, 213 PTSD, see post traumatic stress disorder R race, 42, 99, 157, 191, 192, 225, 227, 238, 240, 284 black, 157, 208, 227, 236 white, 157, 208, 227, 236, 237 receptors, 10, 45 5–hydroxytryptamine (5–HT), 45 postsynaptic, 45 sex steroid, 45 reciprocity, 5, 162, 188, 189, 190, 193, 276 Reef, The, 252, 256, 257, 259, 263 reflexes muscular stretch, 72 spinal cord, 72, 73, 74 startle, 10 subcortical, 2, 27 tactile-withdrawal, 12, 21, 72 regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 32 relational demise, 169 324 Subject Index relational firsts, 155, 163 kiss, 13, 154, 155, 156, 161, 268 meeting one another’s family, 154 negative behavior that led to sudden dissolution, 159, 165–166 reflections of untrust worthiness, 166–167 signals of problems in relationship, 159, 163–165 time becoming aware of degree of caring, 162–163 relational turning points, 154, 155 relationships, 52, 154, 168, 169 kin, 178 mother and child, 178 romantic, 4, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 168, 169, 170 resonance, 2, 24, 94, 98, 99, 208 response length, reticular system, 10 retina, 16, 17, 32, 33 rhomboid, 21 rhythmic motor patterns, 72 robots, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283 android, 280, 283 humanoid, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283 role-playing, 124, 128 rubrospinal tract, 10 S salience hypothesis, 224, 227 salivary cortisol, 178 Sanctuary, 251, 255 sarcasm, 93 selective neurons, 34, 44 self, actual, 288, 289 true, 288, 289 self-adaptors, 251 self-assessment manikin (SAM), 144 self-esteem, 214, 215, 236 self-fulfilling prophecy, 236, 237 self-monitoring, 226 semantic differential factors, 99 activity, 199, 200, 209, 212, 214 evaluation, 199, 200, 212 potency, 199, 200, 212 sense organs, 134 ears, 141, 257 eyes, 15, 16, 34, 35, 36, 43, 114, 123, 128, 130, 141, 163, 164, 167, 250, 251, 252, 257, 259, 260, 269, 270, 281 mouth, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, 35, 54, 95, 96, 114, 120, 141, 252, 253, 254, 263, 265 nose, 15, 18, 34, 96, 252, 268, 269 skin, 39, 49, 72, 252, 283 senses, 20, 74, 77 hearing, 20, 54, 55 sight, 14, 20, 74, 257 smell, 14, 15, 31, 74, 77, 178, 251, 259 taste, 74, 77, 127, 128, 284 touch, see affectionate touch and touch vomeronasal organ, sensible signs, the intellectual evaluation of, 258–259 sensory channels, 258 sentograph, 180, 181 sex, see sexual, intercourse sexes, 18, 45, 48, 154, 155, 180, 181, 191, 233, 268, 285 boy, 160, 163, 166, 175, 269 girl, 47, 48, 66, 253, 254, 258, 262, 282 man, 21, 27, 66, 85, 88, 135, 174, 178, 251, 258, 261, 265, 282 woman, 47, 48, 66, 253, 254, 258, 262, 282 sexual, 47, 48, 49, 121, 122, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 214, 237 abuse/harassment, 214, 237 arousal, 47, 48, 179 attraction, 178 behavior, 177 intercourse, 182 orientation, 47, 48, 178 pheromones, 177 sexuality, heterosexual, 47 homosexual, 47 Ship of Fools, 253 short utterances, 229, 232 shoulder cues, 20–22 shoulder-shrug, 2, 12, 14, 21, 22, 66, 67, 68, 73, 85–87 Subject Index Silas Marner, 265 Silurian-Period, 14 single-celled organisms prokaryotes, 177 unicellular yeast, 177 Sister Carrie, 254 skin conductance response, 39 Skype, 274, 292, 293 smoking tobacco, 253 social behavior network, 44 social class, 99 social network sites Facebook, 6, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293 Google+, 274 social norms, 189–190 sociofugal effect, 250 sociopetal effect, 250 Sons and Lovers, 254 sounds, see paralanguage spatial distance, 4, 31, 173, 182 spatial measurements, 66 speaking fluency, 229, 233 speech, acoustic parameters of, 94 amplitude, see amplitude and see also loudness fundamental frequency, see fundamental frequency pauses, see pauses resonance, 94, 96, 98, 208 response length, 96 speech errors, 2, 204, 237 speech latency, speech rate, 2, 96, 98, 99, 106, 204, 230 timbre, see timbre speech production, 2, 52, 55, 100 speech style subchannel, see also voice, 92 speech, triple structure of, 250 kinesics, see kinesics paralanguage, see paralanguage verbal language, 250 spinal cord, 10, 11, 21, 25, 71, 72, 73, 74 stereotyping, 73, 75, 236–238 steroid, 44, 45, 48, 49 4, 16–androstadien-3-one (AND), 48, 49 estra-1, 3, 5(10), 16–tetraen-3-ol (EST), 48, 49 325 Study in Scarlet, A, 251 style, 23, 76, 84, 92, 93, 97, 105, 106, 107, 146, 203, 204, 209, 291 subjective experience, 175 submission, 13, 19, 71, 173, 178, 184, 185, 188 synesthesia, 6, 249, 258, 259, 262 T taboos, social, 176 tactile withdrawal, 2, 10, 27, 72 tattoos, see body markings technology, 3, 107, 273, 275, 276, 277, 279, 282, 293 tectospinal tract, 10 Tennant of Wildfell Hall, The, 251, 259, 260, 269 temperament, 5, 207, 209, 210, 215 temperature, 251, 252, 257, 265 tempo variation, 240 theories of cognition, 52 theory arousal labeling, 189 behavioral confirmation, 224, 237 cognitive valence, 193 communication accommodation, 189, 190 communication adaptation, 106 communicative, 190 conflict, 189 Darwin’s, 135, 138 Ekman’s, 128 expectancy violation, 190 interaction adaptation, 189 interpersonal adaptation (IAT), 4, 174, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193 motor, see motor theory of speech perception reinforcement, 224, 225 sentic, 180 signal detection, 66 social exchange, 183 uncanny valley, 279–282 theory of emotion, 176, 193 theory of mind, 279–282 therapy, 275 throat (see also pharynx), 1, 13, 14, 15, 19, 73, 75, 94, 96, 100, 250, 251, 265, 268 Thundering Herd, The, 258 326 Subject Index timbre, 2, 96, 98, 104, 105, 258, 260 tone subchannel, see also voice and interlocutors, 92 touch, 4, 14, 22, 46, 72, 74, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 168, 169, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188, 226 affectionate, see affectionate touch proprioceptive, 46 stimulatory, 46 touch displays, 182 traits enduring/stable, 3, 93, 98–99 masculine, 47 phenotypic, 31 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 32, 36, 54, 55 transient states, 3, 94, 99–105 cognition, 103 emotions, see emotions methodological issues, 103–105 Turn of the Screw, The, 269 Two Solitudes, 270 U U.P Trail, The, 257 ubiquitous computing, 239 uncanny valley effect, 6, 280 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 270 urban design, see also built environment, 250 V verbal subchannel, 92 vestibuloreticulospinal system, 10 vestibulospinal pathway, 10 video, 70, 80, 84, 86, 107, 124, 140, 181, 182, 273, 280 video phone, 273 videotapes, 18, 123 virtual characters, 275, 281 visual modality, 31 visual nonverbal behaviour, 231, 234 eye contact, 164, 165, 169, 220, 222, 223, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 269 facial expressiveness, 231 fidgeting behavior, 231, 232 gestures, see gestures head movement, 12, 67, 69, 70, 71, 75, 80, 84, 88, 95, 229, 230, 281 nodding, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 220, 221, 223, 226, 229, 230, 235, 237, 265 postural change, 229, 231 smiling, see also Duchenne smile, 3, 11, 13, 40 164, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 260, 263, 264, 266, 281 trunk recline, 232 vocal nonverbal behavior audio back-channelling, 232, 233, 240 pitch, see fundamental frequency short utterances, 229, 231, 232 speaking fluency, 229, 231, 233 speaking rate variation, 233 speaking time, 220, 229, 232, 234, 237, 240 speaking turns, 229, 270 voice energy, 231 vocal prosody, 173 voice disfluencies, see disfluencies speech, see speech style, 92, 93, 97, 105, 106, 107 tone, 10, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 31, 71, 72, 73, 78, 87, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 105, 106, 107, 128, 134, 165, 283 voice, interactive tools in the, 105–107 voluntary movements, 72 vowels, 96 W Way of All Flesh, The, 269 welfare, 100, 199 what pathway, see parvocellular stream where pathway, see magnocellular stream white noise, 212 Woman in white, 250, 252, 258, 260, 268 World’s Fair, 253 Y Years, The, 250, 255, 256, 257, 263, 270 ... Assessment of the Jury Also by Derek Chadee and Aleksandra Kostic´ SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS (Editors) The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication Edited by Aleksandra Kostic´ Professor of Social. . .The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication Also by Derek Chadee THEORIES IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CURRENT THEMES IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Co-author) TRIAL BY PEERS A Social and Psychological... Schmid Mast is a Professor of Psychology at the Department of Work and Organizational Psychology at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland and an Associate Editor of the Journal of Nonverbal Behavior