The new psychology of love by robert j sternberg

04:47:36 UTC The New Psychology of Love 04:47:36 UTC 04:47:36 UTC EDITED BY ROBERT J STERNBERG AND KARIN WEIS The New Psychology of Love Yale University Press New Haven & London 04:47:36 UTC Copyright ᭧ 2006 by Yale University All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers Set in Sabon Roman type by Westchester Book Services Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, New York ISBN-13: 978-0-300-11697-7 ISBN-10: 0-300-11697-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources 10 04:47:36 UTC Contents Preface vii Introduction Karin Weis Part I Biological Theories A Dynamical Evolutionary View of Love Douglas T Kenrick 15 A Behavioral Systems Approach to Romantic Love Relationships: Attachment, Caregiving, and Sex 35 Phillip R Shaver and Mario Mikulincer The Evolution of Love David M Buss 65 The Drive to Love: The Neural Mechanism for Mate Selection 87 Helen Fisher A Biobehavioral Model of Attachment and Bonding 116 James F Leckman, Sarah B Hrdy, Eric B Keverne, and C Sue Carter 04:47:44 UTC vi Contents Part II Taxonomies of Love Styles of Romantic Love 149 Clyde Hendrick and Susan S Hendrick Searching for the Meaning of “Love” Ellen Berscheid A Duplex Theory of Love Robert J Sternberg 171 184 10 Giving and Receiving Communal Responsiveness as Love Margaret S Clark and Joan K Monin 200 Part III Implicit Theories of Love 11 A Prototype Approach to Studying Love Beverley Fehr 225 Part IV Cultural Theories of Love 12 Evolutionary and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Love: The Influence of Gender, Personality, and Local Ecology on Emotional Investment in Romantic Relationships 249 David P Schmitt 13 Passionate Love: Cross-Cultural and Evolutionary Perspectives 274 Debra Lieberman and Elaine Hatfield 14 Individualism, Collectivism, and the Psychology of Love Karen K Dion and Kenneth L Dion 15 Conclusion: The Nature and Interrelations of Theories of Love 313 Karin Weis Contributors Index 329 04:47:44 UTC 327 298 Preface In the mid-1980s, the senior editor of this volume, Robert J Sternberg, thought that the field of love had become sufficiently advanced that there was room for an edited volume to be published on the psychology of love In 1988, The Psychology of Love was published by Yale University Press The volume was edited by Robert J Sternberg and Michael Barnes It had sixteen chapters, representing pretty much the full range of theories of love available at the time The volume has sold extremely well over the years, and has been a useful reference for those readers wanting an overview of the range of theories that attempt to capture the nature of love The chapters were written to provide not only theories but also the data that had been collected to support them By the beginning of the twenty-first century, The Psychology of Love was out of date New theories had been proposed, and some of the theories that had existed in 1988 had been modified Some of the old theories were no longer attracting the same level of attention they once had And the theories that were attracting attention had been bolstered by new data that were not available in 1988 Michael Barnes, who was a graduate student when The Psychology of Love was conceived, has left the field of psychology, so Sternberg teamed up with a current graduate student at the University of Heidelberg, Karin Weis, to launch The New Psychology of Love Together, they vii 04:47:48 UTC viii Preface decided on a plan for the book, selected authors for the various chapters, and edited the chapters The editors are pleased to present The New Psychology of Love Each chapter addresses the following questions: How would you define love? What theory of love you propose or utilize? What evidence is there a favoring this theory? b disfavoring the theory? How is your approach to love similar to and different from related approaches? What you view as the practical implications of your theory? Because the questions are uniform, it is possible to compare the various theories and the data that have been collected to test them Part I of the book, on biological theories, examines a “dynamical evolutionary view of love” (Douglas T Kenrick), a behavioral systems approach to romantic love relationships (Phillip R Shaver and Mario Mikulincer), the evolution of love (David M Buss), the drive to love (Helen Fisher), and a biobehavioral model of attachment and bonding (James F Leckman, Sarah B Hrdy, Eric B Keverne, and C Sue Carter) Part II, on taxonomies of love, considers styles of romantic love (Clyde Hendrick and Susan S Hendrick), searching for the meaning of “love” (Ellen Berscheid), a duplex theory of love (Robert J Sternberg), and giving and receiving communal responsiveness as love (Margaret S Clark and Joan K Monin) Part III, on implicit theories of love, has a single chapter, which presents a prototype approach to studying love (Beverley Fehr) Part IV, on cultural theories of love, deals with evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives on love in terms of emotional investment (David P Schmitt), cross-cultural and evolutionary perspectives on passionate love (Debra Lieberman and Elaine Hatfield), and individualism, collectivism, and the psychology of love (Karen K Dion and Kenneth L Dion) The conclusion, by Karin Weis, provides a discussion of the entire book We are grateful to Jonathan Brent for contracting the book, to Keith Condon for his support in seeing the book through the publication process, and to Cheri Stahl for her editorial assistance throughout the project 04:47:48 UTC Introduction karin weis Much of the universe of human interactions, as well as of people’s perceptions and understandings of the world in general, is centered on relations between couples Coupling helps people to put order in their world and to come to a better understanding of what is happening around them When the United States did not yet exist, and Columbus had not yet arrived in the Americas, people on the North American continent were already trying to make sense of their everyday lives and of the phenomena they encountered Such phenomena included thunderstorms, droughts, the spectacular settings of their homes in the canyons of the Southwest, and their relationships to each other, both within their tribe and with other nations They tried to organize their lives around construals of places and events that gave them meaning This is why, from the earliest age on, children of the Pueblo Indians learned about the world in terms of contrasts They learned about pairings such as day and night, sun and moon, men and women Their world was ordered around such divisions (Iverson, 1992) This book is also about pairs, in that it is concerned with the relationships of humans to each other, and in particular with the dyadic relationships that two humans form It is about a special kind of relationship involving these pairs of humans that in English is labeled with one word, love 04:50:40 UTC 330 Index Aujard, Y., 123 avoidance systems, 283 Bakermans-Kranenburg, M J., 136–37 Barnes, Michael: The Psychology of Love, Bartels, A., 92, 101 Bashi, J., 284 behavioral systems, 4–6, 35–37, 40–43; context and personality and, 56–58; measurement issues, 48–49; relational interdependence and, 55–58; romantic love and, 49–52 See also specific systems Bellah, R N., 300 Belsky, J., 253, 257–58 Bengston, V L., 303–4, 306–7 Berman, W H., 162 Berscheid, E., 36, 163, 225, 226, 242 “big five” personality scales (Big Five Inventory), 57–58, 156–57, 251, 257; “facets” and, 57 biological theories, 4–6 biparental caretaking, 120–22 Blehar, M C., 53 Bleske, A L., 81 Block, N., 284 Bohning, D E., 130 Bolivia, International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) and, 262 bonding and attachment, 6; brain circuits and hormonal influences, 130– 33; definitions, 116–17; early parental love and, 121t; mammalian species and, 119–20; maternal behavior and, 118–19; parental care and, 117; romantic love and, 124–28; species variation, 124; vicissitudes of, 129 Boris, T S., 235–36, 237–39 Bowlby, J., 35, 45, 135, 176–77; Attachment and Loss, 37; behavioral systems, 53; ontogenetically learned adjustments, 42; operating parameters, 40–43; system programming, 42 04:51:45 UTC Bradshaw, D., 181 brain, human: bonding and attachment and, 130–33; dopaminergic and serotonergic circuitry, 251; evolution of, 116–17 Breer, P E., 301 Brock, K F., 160 Broughton, R., 231–32, 235, 238, 251– 52 Brown, Lucy L., 91 Buss, D M., 234, 251, 254, 278–79 Button, C M., 229 caregiver-infant dyad, resiliency and, 135–36 caregiving behavioral system, 45–46; dysfunction, 51–52; empathy and, 46; goals and functions, 45–46; hyperactivating and deactivating strategies, 46; measurement issues, 48–49 Carey, C., 156 caudate nucleus, 91–92, 93 children: emotional investment of, 10–11; male investment in, 70–72 See also maternal behavior; parental care China, 230, 275–76, 300; romantic love and, 277 Cho, W., 158 Clark, E M., 160 Clark, M S., 200, 207, 215 Cohen, T., 284 collectivism, 10–11 See also psychological collectivism; societal collectivism Collier, D R., 229 Colours of Love (Lee), 149 commitment, 70–72, 83 common denominators, 11 communal relationships, 210 communal responsiveness, 8–9, 200– 203, 319–20; acceptance of, noncontingent, 206; certainty and, 208; contingency and, 205–6, 215; eliciting, 206–7; hierarchies, 207–8; importance, 205; individual differences Index and, 210–11; love and, 200, 216–17; measurement issues, 203–4; personality traits and, 211; positive and negative attributes and, 216; recipient of, 203; satisfaction and, 203–4; self and, 209; sense of love and, 207–8; trust and, 212–16, 217; types, 204–5 companionate love, 5–6, 316, 318–19 companionate love/liking, 7, 177–78 companionate versus passionate love, 226, 228 compassionate love, 7, 176–77, 180, 316; prototype analyses, 240–41 conceptions of love, 229–33; analyses, cross-cultural, 230; cultural variables and, 229–30; feature ratings, 230; individual differences, 230–33; men versus women and, 232f; personality traits and, 232–33; satisfaction and, 237–38 conceptualization of love, 171 consummate love, 319 content versus processes, 151 Contreras, R., 158–59 Cortse, A., 158 Crivello, F., 123 Cross, S E., 158 cultural variables, 4; disappearance of, 281–82; love and, 322–23; love and marriage and, 279–81; theories, 9–11 Daly, M., 82 D’Amato, F R., 134 D’Andrade, Roy, 172 Darwin, Charles, 93; Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 278 Da Silva, T., 156 Davis, M H., 49 deactivating and activating strategies, 5, 42–43, 46–47, 49, 99, 323–24 deception, 72–73 decision biases, 4, 16–17, 22–25 decision/commitment, 185–86 definitions of love, 21–22, 249–50 definitions of love, experts, 226–27 04:51:45 UTC 331 definitions of love, ordinary people, 227– 29 demographics, love styles and, 158–60 Demographic Yearbook of the United Nations, 105 Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (Darwin), 278 De Schonen, S., 123 descriptive and atheoretical approaches, 35–36 detecting kin, systems for, 285–86 Dion, K K., 309 disgust, 10, 290–91 distance-from-the-prototype measures, 235–36 divorce, 105 domains of social life, 19–21; affiliation, 19; love and, 19–21; mate retention, 20; mate-seeking, 20; parental care, 20; phenomenological components, 21; physiological components, 21; self-protection, 20; status, 19 dopamine, 6, 90, 91, 92, 94, 99, 250; in seminal fluid, 103 Draper, P., 253, 257–58 drives, 93, 99; generalized arousal systems and, 96; particular biological needs and, 96; psychobiological interactions, 102–4; romantic love and, 93 drug use: maternal bonding and, 132; “reward system” and, 101 Dubno, J R., 130 duplex theory of love, 317–18 dynamical evolutionary model: assumptions, 16–17; domains, 19–21; functionality, 30 early parental love: bonding and attachment and, 121t; romantic love similarities, 128–29 East Asia, 257 eldercare, 10–11 Ellis, B J., 97 332 Index emotion, two-factor theory, 36 emotional investment: attachment security and, 258; collectivist versus individualist cultures, 252–53; cultural variables and, 252–53; dimension, 251; early socialization and, 253; ecological stress and, 264–65; evolution and, 250; extraversion, agreeableness and, 251–52; gender and, 253–56, 261–63; individualism and, 265–66, 265f; parenting and, 255; personality and, 250–52; short-term mating and, 261; sociocultural factors and, 259t–60t; U.S ethnic groups and, 252 emotional investment scale, 263 emotions versus motivations, 92–93 empty love, 318 environmental influences, 6, 17–18, 21– 22, 28–30, 101–2; biological theories and, 134–35; emotional investment and, 10, 253; love stories and, 190; maternal behavior and, 134–36; shortterm mating and, 261, 264 eros, 7, 150–51, 153, 316–17 estrogens, 89 ethnicity/culture, love scales and, 158– 59 evolution: adaptive functions of love, 65–66; decision biases and, 16; human brain and, 116–17; kinds of love and, 315–16; long-term mating and, 70–72; psychology of love, 68–70; reproduction problems and, 321 evolutionary adaptations, evolutionary psychology of love, 36 evolved decision biases, 20–21 excitement, love and, 239 experiences of love, 5, 233–34 “facets,” “big five” personality scales and, 57 facial recognition, 123 falling in love, 38, 69, 93, 250, 281; love styles and, 7, 154–55; sex and, 103, 127 04:51:45 UTC fatuous love, 319 Feeney, J A., 161 Fehr, Beverley, 164, 230–32, 235–38, 240–41, 251–52 Fischer, E F., 124–25, 160, 276 Fisher, H., 250 Fitness, J., 233 Fletcher, G J O., 233 Flum, Y., 284 forms of love, 2–3 Frank, Robert, 71 friendship, 318; love styles and, 155–56 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, 95, 97, 106–7, 275; pair-bonding and, 130–33; romantic love and, 89–90, 91–92 further research See research needed gender: deception and, 72–73; equality indicators, 262–63; meaning of love and, 10; as status variable, 158–60 See also men versus women; women versus men Gender Development Index (GDI), 262– 63 Gender Empowerment Measure, 262– 63, 264f General Social Survey (GSS), 302–3 gene-targeting experiments, 133–35 George, M S., 130 globalization versus nationalism, 282 Goldschmidt, E., 284 great apes, 118–19 Griffin, G W., 214 group activation, 91–92 Hamner, M B., 130 Harlow, H F., 176–77 Harris, David and Clara, 76–78 Hassebrauck, M., 235 Hatfield [Walster], E., 154, 158, 163, 225, 226, 227, 279 Hazan, C., 36–40, 48, 128, 162, 181, 226–27 Heaven, P C L., 156 Heider, F., 240 Index Hemingway, Ernest, 172 Hendrick, Clyde, 156–59, 161, 172, 226, 227, 254 Hendrick, Susan, 156–57, 160–61, 172, 226, 227, 254 heroin, maternal bonding and, 132 Heyman, R., 239 Hofstede, G., 266, 299–300 Holen, J., 156 Holmes, J G., 200, 214 homocides, 76–82 Horton, D., 125–26 Horwitz, A R., 130 Hsu, F L K., 277 Human Development Index (HDI), ISDP scores and, 258 human nature, romantic love and, hyperactivating and deactivating strategies, 5, 42–43, 323–24 implicit theories, inbreeding avoidance systems, components, 282, 285, 291–92 inbreeding depression, 283–85 individualism, 10; love and, 299–304; relationship quality and, 300–301 See also psychological individualism; societal individualism Indonesia, 230; International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) and, 262 infant responsiveness, 122–24; features, 121t; genes and, 134 infatuated love, 318 Ingersoll-Dayton, B., 306 “in love” versus love, 3, 7, 38, 67–69, 91–93, 171–72, 178–81; love styles and, 153–55 instincts, human, 17–19; environmental inputs and, 18; sequences, 18–19 interdependence theories, 55 International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP), 256–63; Bolivia and, 262; cultural variables and, 257–61; gender differences and, 261–63; Indonesia and, 262; limitations of, 266; Malaysia and, 262; personality and, 256– 04:51:45 UTC 333 57 See also Human Development Index (HDI), ISDP scores and interpersonal affect systems, 181 interpersonal dynamics, 25–28 Interpersonal Reactivity Index, 49; Empathetic Concern subscale, 49; Personal Distress subscale, 49 interventions, attachment and, 136–39 intimacy, 185; ten clusters, 185 “intrusive thinking,” 125–26 ISDP See International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) Iwao, S., 308–9 “Jade Goddess, The,” 87 James, William, 17–18, 19 Jankowiak, W R., 124–25, 160, 276 Japan, 10–11, 252, 254; long-term marriages and, 306 jealousy, 22, 73–75, 83 Johnson, M P., 152 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36 Juffer, F., 137 Kadar, M., 284 Kelley, Harold, 174–75, 187, 236 Kephart, W M., 279–80 Kieffer, B L., 134 kin detection, 282–83 kinds of love, 186, 187t; evolution and, 315–16 kin relationships, 21, 24 Kirkpatrick, L A., 162 Lamm, H., 233–34 language acquisition, 123 Lannon, R., 96 Lasswell, M E., 152 Lasswell, T E., 152 Lee, G R., 305 Lee, John Alan, 226, 301; The Colours of Love, 149–50 Levine, R., 280–81, 299–300, 305 Levinger, G., 185 Levitskaya, A., 158 334 Index Lewin, 165 Lewis, T., 96 Locke, E A., 301 long-term mating, evolution of, 70–72 Lorberbaum, J P., 130 love and marriage, culture and, 279–81 love as a story subtheory, 190–96; aspects of stories, 191–94; data, 194– 96; kinds of stories, 191, 192t; other constructs and, 194; prototypes and, 194; satisfaction and, 196 “love at first sight,” 5, 69, 82–83, 94 Love Attitudes Scale (LAS), 150, 152, 157, 158, 165–66; constructs, 153 Love Comes Before Sex dimension, 157– 58 Love Is Most Important dimension, 157– 58 love measures, 164–65 love scales: ethnicity/culture and, 158– 59; men versus women and, 158 Love Stories Scale, love stories theory, 164, 321 Love Story Card Sort, 149 love styles, 316–17; agape, 150, 226; age and, 159; biological theories and, 314–16; criticisms of, 162–63; definition, 150–51; demographics and, 158–60; dimensions, 151; eros, 150, 226; “falling in love” and, 154– 55; friendship and, 155–56; integration of, 309–21; ludus, 150, 226; mania, 150, 226; other theories and, 163–65; other variables and, 151; personality and, 156–57; personality traits and, 151–52; pragma, 150, 226; quantification, 152–53; research, 153– 63; respect and, 161–62; sexuality and, 157–58; sexual orientation and, 159–60; storge, 150, 226; as theory, 151–53 love ways theory, 164 Luby, V., 229 ludus, 7, 301, 316–17; love styles, 150– 51, 153 04:51:45 UTC lust, romantic love and, 178–81 Lydiard, R B., 130 Malamuth, N M., 97 Malaysia, International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) and, 262 mania, 7, 317; love styles, 150–51, 153 marmosets, 118–19 Mashek, Debra, 91 Maslow, Abraham, 176–77 maternal behavior: bonding and attachment, 117; brain size and, 133; environmental influences and, 134–36; heroin and, 132; opioids and, 131; oxytocin and, 131 mate selection, 93–95; factors, 101–2; gender differences, 68–70, 101; men versus women, 255 Mathes, E W., 74 Mazoyer, B., 123 McDougall, William, 18, 19 McKenna, C., 239 medications, romantic love and, 104 Meeks, B S., 161 men versus women, 5; conception of love and, 231, 232f; deception and, 72–73; decision biases, 16; emotional investment and, 253–56; love scales and, 158; mate selection, 68–70; mate selection and, 255; meaning of love and, 10; passionate love and, 278–79; potential mates and, 24–25, 82–83; rejection and, 98 Merighi, J R., 158 Meyers, Sally, 178–80 Mills, J., 207, 215 mind modularity, 16, 19–20 Moles, A., 134 Montgomery, M J., 159 Morgan, H J., 154 Mormons, 67 Morrow, G D., 160 Moszkiewicz, A, 237 mother-infant dyad, interruptions of, 123–24 Index motivational systems, 5–6, 314 motivations versus emotions, 92–93 Murray, S L., 214 Murstein, B I., 158, 172 Myers, S A., 242 Najib, A., 96 Neel, J V., 284 NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEOPI-R), 156 neotenous features, 129 neural activity systems, 88 neuroimaging See functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies Newman, J D., 130 Noller, P., 161 norepinephrine, 6, 90, 91, 92, 99 Norman, C C., 239 North America, 257 See also United States obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 92, 122 Oneida Society, 67 “open marriage,” 74–75 opioids, 6, 315; definition, 131; maternal behavior and, 131, 132–33; monkeys and, 131–32 ovulation, concealment of, 70 oxytocin, 6, 21, 90, 103, 250, 315; definition, 131; maternal behavior and, 131; pair-bonding and, 131 pain, emotional, 98 Palau, 230 parental care, bonding and attachment and, 117 Parental Investment Theory, 254–55, 261 passionate love: anthropology and, 276– 77; compassionate love and, 163; culture and intensity, 278; definition, 185; definitions and cultural variables, 275–81; increasing research interest, 275; men versus women, 278–79 04:51:45 UTC 335 Passionate Love Scale (PLS), 99, 227, 274–75 Peplau, L A., 159–60 Perceptions of Love and Sex Scale, 3, 157 personality traits: conceptions of love and, 232–33; love styles and, 156–57 Pfaff, Donald, 93, 99 phenomenology of love, 15–16 polyandry, 29 polygyny, 29–30, 67 Potapova, E., 158 potential mates, men versus women and, 24–25, 82–83 pragma, 7, 317; love styles, 150–51, 153 prisoner’s dilemma, 26–27 prototype structure, 227, 320; individual differences and, 231–33; limitations of, 241–42; measurement issues, 234–36; relationship implications of, 236–39; strengths and weaknesses of, 239–42; studies of, 233–34; study methodologies, 228–29; theory of, 164 psychological collectivism, 299; aging parent care and, 306–7; relationship quality and, 306–7; view of love and, 305–6 psychological individualism, 299; aging parent care and, 303–4; loved-based marriage and, 301; relationship commitment and, 302–3 Psychology of Love (Sternberg, Barnes), 3, 35, 48, 149, 178, 181, 299 Pyke, K., 303–4, 306–7, 308, 309 Rands, M., 185 Raven’s Progressive Matrices, 284 Regan, P C., 241 Reis, H T., 200, 203, 210 rejection, 94; activations and deactivations, 99; group effects of, 95; men versus women and, 98; protest phase, 96–97; resignation/despair phase, 97– 98 336 Index relational interdependence, behavioral systems and, 55–58 relationship satisfaction, 160–61 reproduction, research needed, 58, 230, 240–41, 289– 90, 324 resiliency, caregiver-infant dyad and, 135–36 respect, love styles and, 161–62 Reutter, B., 123 “reward system,” 91–92, 95–96; drug use and, 101 romantic love, 7, 90–91, 178, 180, 316, 318; addiction and, 100–101; age and, 89; antidepressants and, 103–4; attachment and, 162; bonding and, 124–28; casual sex and, 103; characteristics, 88; cross-cultural studies, 277–78; early parental love similarities, 128–29; ethnicity and, 89; features, 121t; fMRI studies and, 89– 90, 91–92, 96; individual variations and, 101–2; infidelity and, 75–82; “intrusive thinking” and, 88; medications and, 104; sexual orientation and, 89; trajectory of, 100; universality, 36; universality of, 89, 124–25 Rosch, E H., 227, 240 Rousar, E E., III, 232 Rubin, Zick, 171, 225, 226, 301–2 Rubin Liking Scale, 188, 189 Rubin Love Scale, 188, 189 Russell, J A., 228–29, 240–41 Russia, 252, 254 Sampson, E E., 300 satisfaction, love as a story subtheory and, 196 Schachter, S., 36 Schmitt, D P., 251, 254 Schull, W J., 284 Schwartz, J C., 275 self, the, 205, 208, 209, 213, 215; culture and, 307–8 04:51:45 UTC self-contained individualism, 300–301 seminal fluid, 103 serial monogamy, 104–6 serotonin, 6, 90, 91, 92, 99, 250 Sex Demonstrates Love dimension, 157– 58 sex drive, 5–6, 89–90, 314–15 Sex Is Declining dimension, 157–58 Sexual Attitudes Scale, 157–58 sexual aversion, 282–85; co-residence and, 287–88 sexual behavioral system, 46–48; dysfunction, 52; goals and functions, 46– 47; hyperactivating and deactivating strategies, 46–47, 49; measurement issues, 48–49 sexuality, love styles and, 157–58 sexual orientation: love styles and, 157, 159–60; prototype structure and, 232 Sexy Seven Measure, 3, 256–57 Shackelford, T K., 81 Shakers, 67 Shaver, P R., 53–54, 58, 226–27, 230, 233, 275; attachment, 48–49, 128, 162; behavioral systems, 35–40; nature of love, 154, 181 Shepher, J., 287–88, 290 siblinghood, detecting, 286–87 similarity theory, 196 Simpson, O J., 73 social bonds, functions of, 23t “social categorical method,” 178–79 social dynamics, cultural norms and, 28– 30 social engagement, 122 social structures, personal relationships and, 298 Social Structure Theory, 255–56, 263 societal collectivism, 299 societal individualism, 299 societal institutions and relationship ideologies, 300 Sokolski, D M., 160–61 Sorell, G T., 159 Index Soueif, Ahdaf, 274 Spaulding, L R., 159–60 Sperling, M B., 162 Spiro, M E., 288 Sprecher, Susan, 67–68, 158, 227, 252, 278, 279, 280 Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, 276 Steck, L., 302 Steinberg, L., 253, 257–58 Stendahl [Beyle, M H.], 126–27 Sternberg, Robert J., 50, 164, 187–96, 226, 229; The Psychology of Love, Sternberg Triangular Love Scale, 189– 90, 195–96 Stone, L H., 305 storge, 7, 316–17; love styles, 150–51, 153 story, love as See love as a story subtheory Strategic Pluralism Theory, 261 strategies See activating and deactivating strategies Strong, Greg, 91 Switzerland, 262–63 Taiwan, 288–89 Talaber, R., 185 Talmon, G Y., 288 taxonomies of love, 6–9, 173–74; behaviors and causes, 175; process, 173, 175 ten clusters in intimacy, 185 Tennov, D., 125, 126–27 testosterone, 6, 89, 103, 250 theories of love, 174–75 Thibaut, J W., 187 Thomson, J Anderson, 103 Tiwi people, 29 Triangular Love Scale, 188 triangular subtheory, 8, 50, 164, 184– 90, 197, 226, 319; data, 188–90; external validation, 189; factor analyses, 189; geometry, 186–87; intercorrelational analyses, 189; multiple triangles, 187–88 04:51:45 UTC 337 Trivers, R., 254 Turkey, 230 two-factor theory of emotion, 36 tyrosine, 103 Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., 123 United Nations Statistical Division, 258, 262–63 United States, 10–11; conceptions of love, 229–30, 309, 322; emotional investment, 256–57; ethnic groups, emotional investment and, 252; ethnic groups, love experiences of, 252; homocides in, 78–81; long-term marriages and, 10, 306; romantic love in, 278–80 universality of love, 36, 65–68, 82, 160, 250, 276–77 unmitigated communion, 209n2 Van IJzendoorn, M H., 137 vasopressin, 6, 90, 103 ventral tegmental area (VTA), 91, 93 violence, 83 Viorst, Judith, 75 Vyse, S A., 158 Wachtel, P L., 300 Wall, S., 53 Wallen, K., 279 Walster, [Hatfield] E., 36, 163, 165, 178–81, 185 Walster, G W., 36, 165, 185, 225 Ward, C., 161 Waterman, A S., 300 Waters, E., 53 Westbay, L., 232, 235, 237 Westermarck, Edward, 287 Westermarck Hypothesis (WH), 286–90; empirical testing of, 287–90 White, J K., 156–57 Wiesmann, U., 233–34 Wilson, M., 82 Wolf, Arthur, 287, 289, 290 338 Index women versus men, 5, 78–81; deception and, 72–73; decision biases, 16; emotional investment and, 253–56; love scales and, 158; mate selection, 68– 70; mate selection and, 255; meaning of love and, 10; passionate love and, 04:51:45 UTC 278–79; potential mates and, 24–25, 82–83; rejection and, 98 Wu, S., 154, 275 Zeifman, D., 162 Zeki, S., 92, 101 04:51:45 UTC 04:51:45 UTC 04:51:45 UTC 04:51:45 UTC 04:51:45 UTC 04:51:45 UTC ... 9, “A Duplex Theory of Love, ” by Robert J Sternberg, consists of two subtheories, the triangular theory of love and the theory of love as a story The triangular theory suggests that love comprises... which together constitute the vertices of a triangle The geometry of a love triangle then depends on both the amount of love (size of the triangle) and the balance of love (form of the triangle)... result, the time has come for The New Psychology of Love, which keeps pace with the latest research in the field of love This book consists of four parts that deal with the different theories of love: