open university press the social psychology of exercise and sport jun 2005

The Social Psychology of Exercise and Sport Martin Hagger and Nikos Chatzisarantis APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY SERIES EDITOR: STEPHEN SUTTON THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EXERCISE AND SPORT This new textbook examines the role that social psychology has in the explanation of exercise and sport behaviour. It devotes considerable attention to key social psychological issues within the two disciplines; health-related exercise behaviour and the behaviour of competitive sport participants and the spectators of elite sport. Rather than presenting a broad, superficial overview of diverse areas in exercise and sport, the book focuses on a range of selected topics and provides a comprehensive, in-depth and analytical coverage using social psychology as a framework. It thoroughly examines how social psychological research and intervention has contributed to the understanding of key topics in exercise and sport behaviour including: • The social psychology of exercise and health • Social cognitive theories of exercise behaviour • Exercise and the physical self • Eating disorders in exercise and sport • Emotion and mood in athletes • Social psychology and motivation in sport • Group processes in sport • Aggression and crowd violence The Social Psychology of Exercise and Sport is key reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students on social or sport psychology courses and on health-related or sports science courses. Illustrated throughout with practical guidelines for researchers and practitioners, it is also a valuable resource for professionals interested in understanding and changing the behaviour of exercise participants and athletes. Martin Hagger is Lecturer in Social and Health Psychology at the University of Essex. He is also a qualified Chartered Health Psychologist with the British Psychological Society (BPS) and an accredited Sports Scientist (Psychology) with the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. He has diverse research interests in the fields of health and social psychology. Nikos Chatzisarantis is a lecturer in the School of Sport and Health Sciences at the University of Exeter. His research interests span the fields of philosophy, social psychology, and quantitative research methodology. Cover design: Kate Prentice Hagger • Chatzisarantis The Social Psychology of Exercise and Sport 9 780335 216185 ISBN 0-335-21618-8 Social psychology of exercise and sport Applying social psychology Series editor: Stephen Sutton Published titles Richard P. Bagozzi, Zeynep Gürhan-Canli and Joseph R. Priester: The Social Psychology of Consumer Behaviour Mark Conner and Christopher J. Armitage: The Social Psychology of Food Steve Sussman and Susan L. Ames: The Social Psychology of Drug Abuse Social psychology of exercise and sport Martin Hagger and Nikos Chatzisarantis Open University Press Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: enquiries@openup.co.uk world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USA First published 2005 Copyright © Martin Hagger and Nikos Chatzisarantis All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 4LP. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 335 21618 8 (pb) 0 335 21619 6 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data applied for Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Poland by O.Z. Graf S.A. www.polskabook.pl Contents Series editor’s foreword vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 Part I The social psychology of exercise 5 1 Social psychology, exercise, and health 7 2 Social cognitive theories of exercise behaviour 15 3 From exercise intention to exercise behaviour and beyond 43 4 Exercise and the physical self 71 Part II The social psychology of sport 97 5 Social psychology and motivation in sport 99 6 Athletes are emotional, too 130 7 Group processes in sport 160 8 Aggression and crowd violence 193 9 Conclusion 215 Glossary 227 Bibliography 233 Index 261 Series editor’s foreword Social psychology is sometimes criticized for not being sufficiently ‘relevant’ to everyday life. The Applying Social Psychology series challenges this criticism. It is organized around applied topics rather than theoretical issues, and is designed to complement the highly successful Mapping Social Psychology series edited by Tony Manstead. Social psychologists, and others who take a social psychological perspective, have conducted research on a wide range of interesting and important applied topics such as drug use, consumer behaviour, work, politics, the media, crime and environmental issues. Each book in the series takes a different applied topic and reviews relevant social psychological ideas and research. The books are texts rather than research monographs. They are pitched at final year undergraduate level, but will also be suitable for students on Masters level courses as well as researchers and practitioners working in the relevant fields. Although the series has an applied emphasis, theoretical issues are not neglected. Indeed, the series aims to demonstrate that theory-based applications of social psychology can contribute to our understanding of important applied topics. This, the fourth, book in the series deals with exercise and sport. Both are topical issues. As the authors note, the profile of regular exercise and sport has risen in recent years, for different reasons: exercise, because of the links that have been observed in epidemiological studies between low levels of physical activity and risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease; and sport, partly because televised sporting events have become a hugely popular form of entertainment. Social psychological research in the two domains has addressed somewhat different research questions. With regard to exercise, the key questions concern the psychological predictors and determinants of exercise behaviour and how such information can be used to inform interventions to increase physical activity. By contrast, social-psychological approaches to sport have attempted to explain individual and team perform- ance, again with implications for how performance can be enhanced. While research in the exercise domain has focused on the behaviour of individuals, work on performance in sport draws on the traditional social psychological area of intragroup processes to explain team performance. Although the book addresses the two topics separately, the final chapter provides an illuminating comparison between social psychological research in the two domains, in terms of themes, methods and theories. Both authors are active researchers in the fields of exercise and sport and have an intimate knowledge and obvious enthusiasm for their subject. In this book, they have succeeded in their aim of demonstrating the past and potential future contribution of social psychology to understanding exercise behaviour and sport performance. Stephen Sutton viii Series editor’s foreword Acknowledgements I dedicate this book to my parents, Mike and Elinor, and my brother Damian and his wife Mary-Jane for their inspiration and tolerance. Martin Hagger I would like to express my thanks to Professor Nikolas Karanikolas from the Anatolia College of Thessaloniki who kindled my creative instincts during my teenage years. Most importantly, I would like to extend my gratitude to my parents, Lazaros and Despoina Chatzisarantis, for support and encouragement. Nikos Chatzisarantis The authors would also like to express special thanks to Professor Stuart Biddle for his friendship, supervision, guidance, and encouragement. We would also like to thank Dr. Elaine Duncan, Professor Nannette Mutrie, Professor Stephen Sutton, Dr. Joanne Thatcher, and Dr. Mike Weed for their comments on earlier drafts of this book. Finally, the author and the publisher would like to thank the following for granting permission to use material quoted in the text. Figure 4.2: Source: Fox and Corbin (1989). Copyright © 1985 by Human Kinetics Publishers, reprinted with permission. Figure 4.5: Source: Sonstroem and Morgan (1989). Copyright © by Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins Publishers Inc., reprinted with permission. Figure 5.3: Source: Vallerand and Ratelle (2002). Copyright © 2002 by University of Rochester Press, reprinted with permission. Figure 5.4: Source: Guay, Mageau, and Vallerand (2003). Copyright © 2002 by Sage Publications, Inc., reprinted with permission. Figure 6.3: Source: Jones and Hardy (1990: 88). Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, adapted with permission. [...]... parts: the social psychology of exercise (Part I) and the social psychology of sport behaviour (Part II) Part I consists of four chapters and will focus on the application of social psychological theory to the explanation of exercise and physical activity participation The key issues covered in Part I include the links between exercise, and physical and psychological health (Chapter 1), the social. .. reasons and the behaviour of competitive sport participants and the spectators of elite sport Rather than presenting a broad, superficial overview of diverse areas in exercise and sport, the focus of the book is on a narrow range of selected topics and serves to provide a comprehensive, in-depth, analytical, and research-focused coverage using social psychology as a framework The aim of the book is therefore... versions of the existing theories to strengthen the efficacy of the theory to explain and promote exercise participation 14 Social psychology, exercise, health Suggested reading Brawley, L.R (1993) The practicality of using psychological theories for exercise and health research and intervention, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 99–115 Provides an introductory insight into the utility of social. .. shown in bold in the text Part I The social psychology of exercise 1 Social psychology, exercise, and health This chapter will introduce some of the key concepts relating to physical activity and health and outline the problems faced by applied social psychologists in the field of physical activity and health The aim is to provide sufficient background knowledge of the health, social, and economic problems... individuals and teams As exercise and sport are behaviours conducted in social contexts, social psychology has a significant role to play in understanding the motivation and behaviour of people involved in both recreational exercise for health and competitive sport As social psychology is the study of human behaviour in social contexts, much of the investigation into the factors that contribute to exercise and. .. supported the validity of the theory of reasoned action (Sheppard et al 1988), three conditions, outlined by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), limit the utility of the theory of reasoned action in predicting and explaining behaviour These are the conditions of correspondence, stability, and volitional control The boundary condition of correspondence states that the predictive efficacy of the theory of reasoned... ideology, and the material or physical environment on the ‘lived experience’ of individuals in those contexts and, in particular, their relationships with others The key unit of analysis in this approach tends to be representations, stereotypes, and cultural images and how they relate to people’s construction and interpretation of the meaning they attribute to themself and others on the basis of these... exercise and sport behaviour, and the understanding of the relationships among these factors have been conducted by applying theoretical approaches from social psychology This book examines behaviour in sport and exercise from the point of view of social psychology Principally, the text aims to devote considerable attention to key social psychological issues within the two disciplines: exercise behaviour... Theories of intention and motivation are common to social psychological research in both areas Finally, to illustrate some of the contrasts inherent to social psychological approaches to exercise and sport, we review the potential conflict between sport for competition and sport for health purposes There is a glossary of key words and phrases at the back of the book The first occurrence of each word in the. .. research in social psychology on theories of social cognition and exercise behaviour Common to these theories is the inclusion of belief-based constructs such as attitudes and motivational constructs such as intentions that are learned from previous experience Another important feature of these models is that they focus on the formation of motivation and the processes that lead to intentions They do not . The Social Psychology of Exercise and Sport Martin Hagger and Nikos Chatzisarantis APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY SERIES EDITOR: STEPHEN SUTTON THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EXERCISE AND SPORT This. and intervention has contributed to the understanding of key topics in exercise and sport behaviour including: • The social psychology of exercise and health • Social cognitive theories of exercise. 1 Part I The social psychology of exercise 5 1 Social psychology, exercise, and health 7 2 Social cognitive theories of exercise behaviour 15 3 From exercise intention to exercise behaviour and beyond