ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 13 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 13 John M Darley Edward L Deci Frank D Fincham George R Goethals Jon Hartwick Joseph M Jaspars Howard Lmenthal Serge Moscovici Richard M Ryan Robert S Wyer, Jr ADVANCES IN Experimental Social Psychology EDITED BY Leonard Berkowitz DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON, WISCONSIN VOLUME 13 1980 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT @ 1980, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER ACADEMIC PRESS,INC 111 Fifth Avenue, New York New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC ( L O N D O N ) LTD 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:64-23452 ISBN 0-1 2-01 521 -4 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 80 81 82 83 CONTENTS Contributors vii People’s Analyses of the Causes of Ability-Linked Performances John M Darley and George R Goethals I Introduction The Perceived Causes of Task Performances The Social Uses of the Performance Equation: Accuracy The Role of Self-Esteem and Face-saving Motives Determining the Abilities and Motivations of Others Social Comparison Processes Final Comments References I1 111 IV V VI VII 11 17 25 29 30 35 The Empirical Exploration of Intrinsic Motivational Processes Edward L Deci and Richard M Ryan I Introduction Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Perceived Locus of Causality Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Perceived Competence The Functional Aspects of Rewards Intrinsic Motivation and Perceived Competence in the Schools A Final Statement References I1 I11 IV V VI 40 43 61 61 70 15 76 Attribution of Responsibility: From Man the Scientist to Man as Lawyer Frank D Fincham and Joseph M Jaspars Introduction I1 A Conceptual Analysis of Responsibility III Recent Theoretical Developments in Attribution Research IV Some Unanswered Questions and Partial Solutions V Some Suggestions for More Adequate Research References V 82 94 106 116 129 134 vi CONTENTS Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Emotion Howard Leventhal I I1 I11 IV V Introduction Past Models of Subjective Emotion Emotion Is Arousal and Cognition; Emotion Is Emotion A Perceptual Motor Theory of Emotion Emotion and Social Psychology References 140 141 148 157 192 194 Toward a Theory of Conversion Behavior Serge Moscovici I I1 III IV V Two Types of Social Behavior: Compliance and Conversion On Conflict of Influences Experimental Studies Verbal Responses and/or Perceptual Changes Final Observations References 209 211 217 231 235 237 The Role of Information Retrieval and Conditional Inference Processes in Belief Formation and Change Robert S Wyer Jr and Jon Hartwick I I1 111 IV V A Model of Conditional Inference Determinants of Information Accessibility: Recency Determinants of Information Accessibility: Amount of Processing Additional Considertitions Concluding Remarks References INDEX CONTENTSOFOTHERVOLUMES 243 254 267 275 281 281 285 289 CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin John M Darley , Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 (1) Edward L Deci, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 (39) Frank D Fincham,' Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, England (81) George R Goethals, Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267 (1) Jon Hartwick, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820 (241) Joseph M Jaspars, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, England (81) Howard Leventhal, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53 706 ( 139) Serge Moscovici, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Groupe de Psychologie Sociale, Paris, France (209) Richard M Ryan, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 (39) Robert S Wyer, Jr., Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820 (241) 'Present address: Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794 vii This Page Intentionally Left Blank PEOPLE’S ANALYSES OF THE CAUSES OF ABILITY-LINKED PERFORMANCES’ John M Darley DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY George R Goethals DEPARTMENT O F PSYCHOLOGY WILLIAMS COLLEGE WILLlAMSTOWN, MASSACHUSETTS I Introduction A The Naive Psycholo B Plan of This Contribution 11 The Perceived Causes of Task Performances A Earlier Approaches B Elements in the Performance Attribution Equation 111 The Social Uses of the Performance Equation: Accuracy Searching for Stable Components 1V The Role of Self-Esteem and Face-saving Motives A Excuses and Accounts for Poor Performances: Maintaining Attributional Ambiguity B Short-Term Excuses for a Single Poor Performance C Excuses in the LongTerm D Excuses, Interests, and Personality V Determining the Abilities and Motivati A The “Objective Observer” Case B The “Involved” Observer C Negotiated Definitions D The Payoff: Consequences of Attributions about Others’ Performances VI Social Comparison Processes 2 3 II 12 17 18 18 21 22 25 25 26 26 28 29 ‘Portions of this work were supported by NlMH grant MH 23527 to George Goethals The authors are grateful to Rick Bender, Joel Cooper Nancy Cantor, Amy Demorest Susan Darley, Carol Dweck, Tim Elig, Nina Feldman, Irene Frieze, Kay Ferdinandsen, E E Jones, Diane Ruble, and Bernard Weiner for insightful comments and suggestions on various drafts of the article Since this article was written, we have seen an excellent article by Me1 Snyder of Dartmouth College entitled ”Attributional Ambiguity” that discusses many of the phenomena we put forward here The two articles are complementary and the interested reader probably will want to obtain a copy of the Snyder work I ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY VOL 13 Copyright 1980 by Academic Press Inc All nghts of reproduction in any form reserved ISBN 0- 12-01 52 13-4 ... 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