THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
lEN KHOA HOC XA HOI VIET NAM i PHAT TRIEN BEN VOMG VUNG NAM BO NGUYEN QUANG VINH DI TIM sue SONG CAC QUAN HE X A HOI (GHI CHEP TREN N H Q N G DAM DLfCfNG KHAO SAT XA HOI HOC) VIEN KHOA HOC XA HOI VIET NAM VIEN PHAT TRIEN BEN ViTNG V U N G NAM BO NGUYEN QUANG VINH D I T I M S l f C SONG CAC QUAN H E X A HOI ( G h i chep t r e n nhiJng d a m difofng k h a o sat x a h o i hoc) THU VIEM llm BINH THUAN NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC XA HOI HA NOI - 2009 MUC L U C , , ' p ,, , • Trang Muc luc Ldi noi ddu I D O I T H E O B A I T O A N D O T H I vA D O T H I H O A V I E T xNAM M o t v a n de xa h o i hoc h a n g d a u ciia viec cai tao - c h m h t r a n g t h i : g i a m t o n t h i i d n g cho n h o m d a n c i i ngheo n h a t 11 D o i song t h i cl X o m M a - mo t d i e n c i i u ve " n h a ci b i n h d a n " t a i t h a n h Ho C h i M i n h , Viet Nam Con difdng x\i l y h a i hoa l d i ich cac n h o m xa h o i t r o n g Hnh viic n h a b t h i 64 Ve cac " g i a i p h a p can t h i e p " t r o n g qua t r i n h g i a m ngheo t h i 32 79 M o t CO cau d a n ciJ tifOng doi can b a n g ve xa h o i c u n g l a n h a n to' tao nen ve dep v a n hoa cua k h u t h i m d i T h u T h i e m , t h a n h pho' Ho Chi M i n h 88 Nguyen Quang Vinh 6 N g h i ve n h i i n g q u a n he t h i doc dao d dong b a n g song C i u L o n g 105 I I NONG T H O N D A N G VAT VA T R O M I N H VA BAT N G C J T R E LAI 133 Hoan t h i e n cO cau n a n g lUc ngifOi s a n xuat h a n g hoa nong thon dong bang song C i i u Long t; X C u o h s a c h D i t i m sufc s o n g c a c q u a n h e x a h o i (quan sat x a h o i hoc) 152 Thong t i n v a phat t r i e n 159 10 P h u nut vcti s U doi m d i c a c t h i e t c h e x a h o i t r o n g mot v i i n g n o n g t h o n d a n g p h a t t r i e n 171 11 V a i tro nha niidc t i e n t r i n h quan ly phat ' trien viing (tnidng hdp dong bang song Ciiu Long) I I I CON N G U C J I VA V A N HOA Cau c h u y e n v a n boa cua m i e n T a y N a m Bo 13 Ke hoach boa gia d i n b dong bSng song C i i u L o n g n h i n tuf goc bien doi l o i song 14 M o i q u a n h e g i i i a t r U d n g d a i hoc 16 cac n h a x a h o i hoc tiidng l a i chifdng s a c h c h o n loc m a t a c g i a d a c o n g bo' difdi n h i e u d a n g k h a c n h a u t r o n g v o n g 20 n a m t r d l a i d a y L a mot d i e u t r a thtfc d i a , p h a n t i c h n h i e u h i e n tifdng v a q u a t r i n h n h a n h t r e n d a t nUdc t a , dac biet l a ci d i a b a n N a m B o C d c a u cuo'n s a c h gom b a p h a n c h i i y e u : O phan thii nhdt, thi hoa d Viet Nam", tac gia "doi theo bai todn thi va do, cac v a n de x a hoi c u a c a i tao- c h i n h t r a n g v a p h a t t r i e n t h i c u n g v a n n a n n h a ci t h i 249 k h a o sat x a hoi hoc tac gia v a c a c dong nghiep t h U c h i e n d a dqdc p h a n t i c h v a ly giai, dvfa t r e n dii l i e u c u a n h i i n g phan thi2 hai, t a c g i a t a p t r u n g p h a n t i c h c a c dong 256 t h a i c i i a s i i c h u y e n b i e n x a hoi n o n g t h o n d dong b a n g song 273 p h a t t r i e n D o l a l y v i q u a t r i n h p h o n g p h u h o a cd CiLu L o n g , d a c biet c h i i y d e n c h i e u k i c h n h a n v a n c u a s i i c a u n a n g Itfc c u a c o n ngifdi n o n g t h o n , p h u n i i n o n g t h o n V u n t r o n g v a t h i i t h a c h t i n h n h a y cam x a h o i cua b a n doc d a n g c a m t r e n t a y l a t a p hdp mot so' b a i v i e t v a 237 Doi canh khoe cho b a u t r d i cao r o n g (bay la chat liidng dao tao s i n b v i e n x a h o i hoc) 17 211 v a moi triTOng san x u a t b i e n d a i ma x a h o i c i i a c a c vCing t h i v a n o n g t h o n d a n g b i e n doi 185 Tii "song c h u n g " trUdc h o n n h a n den gia d i n b ben v i i n g (suy nghi ve nhiJng dau hieu dau tien) 15 i ngtfdi n g h i e n ciifu x a h o i hoc, t a c g i a d a c6 cd h o i q u a n s a t , 209 12 xl, ^ Ve x u the b i e n doi cua cac q u a n he cong dong t r o n g t h o n ap cl dong b l i n g song Cxiu L o n g •cjj L I NOI D A U 135 282 d a dudc t a c g i a d a c biet n h a n m a n h C) phdn thi2 ba, n h i e u h i e n t i i d n g v a n hoa va l o i song t r o n g cac cong dong da difdc m o xe d i i i a n h h i i d n g cua nhutng n h u cau t h u c h i e n t i e n bo v a n hoa cuoi sach, tac gia da d a n h s i i c h u y cho n h i i n g x u h i i d n g m d i cua t h d i dai dang tac dong den cuoc cai to n e n giao due quoc dan, dong t h d i neu l e n t i n h doi hoi cao doi v6i viec r e n l u y e n sii n h a y cam xa h o i cho cac n h a xa h o i hoc t i f d n g l a i Cac t r a n g " g h i chep t r e n nhQng d a m difdng khao sat xa h o i hoc" chijfa d i i n g t r o n g cuon sach nho se k h o n g the nao CO diJdc h i n h h a i n h i f h o m n e u k h o n g c6 svi gop siic day chan t i n h cua cac dong nghiep x a h o i hoc cua tac gia N h a n viec x u a t b a n cuon sach, tac gia muo'n bay to Idi cam d n sau s i c t i cac n h a l a n h dao v a cac b a n dong nghiep ci V i e n X a h o i hoc, V i e n Khoa hoc x a h o i t a i t h a n h pho' Ho C h i M i n h (nay la V i e n P h a t t r i e n B e n vQng v u n g N a m Bo), T r u n g t a m n g h i e n cdu Xa hoi va Con n g i i d i - n h i i n g ngiJdi b a n chan t h a n h da dong vien, k h u y e n k h i c h , c h u n g v a i sat canh cCing tac gia t r o n g n h i e u cong t r i n h n g h i e n c i i u t r o n g h a n g chuc n a m qua Cuoi cCing, an p h a m ciing muori difdc coi la mot dong gop t h i e t thtfc cho le k y niem 35 n a m t h a n h lap V i e n Khoa hoc x a hoi M i e n N a m (tien t h a n cua V i e n Phat t r i e n Ben vQng v u n g N a m Bo), ndi tac gia da dang hien nhiJng n a m t h a n g sung siic n h a t cuoc ddi hoc t h u a t ciia m i n h Thdng 12 nam TAC GIA 2009 I DOI THEO BAITOAN DO TH.I VA DO THj HOA Cf VIET NAM •mt'-itipmmm MOT VAN D E XA HOI HOC HANG D A U ^ CUA V I E C CAI TAO - C H I N H T R A N G DO THI: GIAM TON THU'dNG CHO N H O M D A N CU" N G H E O N H A T I DAN NHAP Trong tap hdp cac van de xa hoi cd ban cua pho" Ho Chi M i n h (TP HCM) tren diidng thiic hien cong nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa, chung ta khong the khong noi den cdi gid phdi trd ue mat xd hoi cho nhiing sap xep, cai tao, chinh trang lai cac ket cau vat ly cua k h u vvfc noi truyen thong Ngay tii dau, k h i xem xet cac van de nay, ta hit gap mot van de c6 t i n h chat ly thuyet: la moi t h i deu difdc cau bdi hai nhom to cd ban: nhom to' khong gian - vat the va nhom to' to chiic xa hoi Hai nhom to' c6 moi quan he qua lai he't siic khang k b i t vdi nhau, tham chi tham nhap vao qua t r i n h tien hoa cua t h i Vay t h i , moi thao tac cai tao - chinh trang cac ket cau vat the khu vuc noi von da tifdng doi on dinh nhieu thap Nguyen Quang Vinh 12 k y , t h a m c h i h a n g the k y , chac chin k h o n g the k h o n g gay n e n n h i i n g xao t r o n t r o n g t h a n h to' to chiic xa hoi d cac k h u vttc hHu q u a n V a t u y theo t r i n h q u a n l y , nim va x i i ly d u n g din hit cac v a n de xa h o i s i n h c6 the dat t d i dau, ma cai gia p h a i t r a ve m a t xa h o i cua c\i d a n se la cao hay t h a p Ditim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 13 n h a n dau t\i phat t r i e n t\i cac nguon t r o n g n\X6c va nu6c ngoai deu k h o n g n g i i n g t a n g n h a n h t r o n g t h a p n i e n 1990 (mac d i i d cuoi t h a p n i e n , cac chi so' t a n g triicing c6 p h a n cham l a i anh h;Jdng cua cuoc k h u n g hoang t a i c h i n h khu VTJC Dong N a m A) C h i t i n h r i e n g ve dau t\i t r i i c tiep ciia nvf6c ngoai vao TP H C M , t h i so dvt an h i e u liJc den 31/12/1998 la II CAI TAO C H I N H TRANG N O I T H A N H M E N H L E N H C U A SU" P H A T 742 d i i an, v6i von dau t u la 9,868 t y U S D va von phap Ctj: d i n h la 4,787 t y U S D TRIEN! Ro r a n g la cong cuoc D o i m d i t o a n dien ve k i n h te - xa Cl bildc ngoat m6i h i e n cua cong cuoc cong nghiep h o i da tiep t h e m s i n h luc cho he t h o n g k i n h te cac t h i , hoa, h i e n dai hoa dat nif6c V i e t N a m , v a i t r o cua cac t r u n g k h i e n cho ban t h a n k e t cau v a t l y h i e n t a i cua m i t h a n h tarn t h i cang t r d nen c6 t a m quan t r o n g dac biet, t r ^ n e n chat choi T r o n g boi c a n h do, q u a n diem quy ke ca t r o n g moi tac dong qua l a i cang n a n g dong giUa hoach t h i m i d a n g dvfdc t r i e n k h a i theo may h i i d n g n o n g t h o n va t h a n h t h i N o i mot each chat che t h i cho den sau day: (1999), V i e t N a m la mot n\idc c6 miic do t h i hoa vao loai t h a p so v i n h i e u nii6c khac thuoc k h u vtfc chau A So l i e u t h o n g ke quoc gia n a m 1998 cho t h a y t y le cif dan t h i t r e n tdng dan so V i e t N a m m d i dat t i 21,3% - Cac k h u v\ic noi t h a n h hien h i i u can phai difdc cai tao chinh trang; - Cac k h u v\ic noi t h a n h m i phat t r i e n can p h a i vifdn T u y n h i e n , cac t h i d nii6c t a dang la nhQng k h u v\ic n h a n h t i n h i e u h u y e n , xa ngoai t h a n h vo'n xUa chi dong liic m a n h me cua ca n\idc, l a m d a u t a u cho cong biet n h i e u den nghe nong; nghiep hoa va h i e n dai hoa dat nifdc C h u n g c6 tac dong loi cuon va k i c h t h i c h n h i i n g v u n g nong t h o n r o n g 16n t h a y doi cd cau san x u a t , tiep n h a n mot so' cong nghe m i va t i i n g h\i6c tao r a mot cd cau xa hoi t i e n bo h d n N g i f d i t a c6 the g h i n h a n rSng t a i cac t h i 16n n h a t la H a N o i va TP.HCM, t y t r o n g dong gop cho san p h a m quoc noi (GDP), n h i p t a n g t r i f d n g cong nghiep va dich v u , n h i p tiep - Ben canh do, can dieu c h i n h l a i cac p h a n k h u chijfc nang, n a n g len mot each hdp l y chi so" t ^ n g cao, cai tao m a n g ludi giao t h o n g t h i , nao vet va n a n g cap cac dong song nhi§m l a u n a m chay n g a n g qua t h a n h X e m xet v a n de t r o n g mot toan canh r o n g Icfn va soi dong n h u the, chung ta m d i h i n h d u n g het t a m q u a n t r o n g 14 NguySn Quang Vinh cap bach va tinh chat phiic tap cua cong cuoc cai tao chinh trang noi hien hvLu, cung nhxi cac he qua xa hoi nhieu chieu cua qua t r i n h vvLa noi DUdc khong ngiing xay diing va boi d i p hang tram nam phat trien, k h u vile noi hien hiiu cua TP.HCM da c6 difdc mot ket cau vat ly kha kien co, nhiing cung each chiem linh khong gian c6 tinh truyen thong cua dan c\i, cung nhiJng mang liidi xa hoi va quan he cong dong kha on dinh long t h i Gid day, k h i xuat hien nhQng menh lenh m6i cua phat trien thi, doi hoi khu v\ic noi hien hiiu phai diidc cai tao - chinh trang mot each manh me, t h i ro rang la dan c\i cac dia ban phai tham d^i vao mot cuoc sip xep lai each thiic to chiic cuoc song xa hoi k h i cac cd cau vat ly bi uon nkn lai, dap bo di mot phan va xay dvtng m6i lai mot p h i n , theo cac muc tieu s\i dung toi ifu khong gian "xoi mat" ciia k h u noi lau ddi 2.1 Ngiidi ta da va dang chiing kien nhieu he qua kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa het siic tot dep cua qua t r i n h cai tao chinh trang TP.HCM Cu the la: - Vung dat dai quy hiem cua dia ban noi dUdc sii dung hdp ly hdn, v6i hieu suat cao hdn, tang them svLc hap d i n cac nguon dau tM to 16n hdn (Vi du, cac trung tarn giao dich tai chinh, trung tam dich vu hien dai to thich hdp k h i dat tai trung tam t h i truyen thong, cac cao oc difdc trang bi toi tan, nhifng chi chiem mot khoang dat hdp ly quy dat hiem cua thi) Di tim sCfc song cac quan he xa hoi 15 - Viec dieu chinh lai cac phan k h u chile nang, nang len mot each hdp ly chi so tang cao, cai tao mang l\i6i giao thong t h i , nao vet va nang cap cac dong song n h i i m lau nam chay ngang qua pho", tang them khoang cay xanh, da va dang dem lai mot t h i lanh hdn, mot canh quan t h i nhiet ddi phiidng Nam doc dao hdn - T i l khia canh kinh te va nhan van, cong cuoc chinh trang - cai tao noi ciing tao mot mol quan he qua lai hdp ly hdn giQa noi va ngoai thanh, ciing nhxi vdi cac dia ban ngoai vi xa rong hdn 2.2 Song, mot mat khac, viec cai tao - chinh trang noi TP HCM cung bao ham long no nhiJng rui ro m&i, nhiJng xdo trgn mdi doi vdi cuoc song cua cac nhom dan CM chiu tac dong triJc tiep, dac biet la doi vdi nhdm dan ngheo, phu nit vd tre em song tai cac khu viCc lup xup hi giai toa vi mue tieu cai tao, chinh trang noi Day chinh la van de xa hoi ma cac nha xa hoi hoc t h i d nifdc ta dang rat quan tam khao sat, phan tich, danh gia va dxia cac khuyen nghi triie tiep nhkm hoa giai cac mau t h u i n va viidt qua cac kho khan sinh Kinh nghiem mdi day cua nhieu nxidc chau A tren linh viJc cho thay cac hoat dong sip xep lai viec chiem dung khong gian t h i k h u viJc noi truyen thong da dung cham den hang chue, hang tram ngan, tham chi ca trieu t h i dan Trung Quoc la mot t h i du dien hinh Tai mot Hoi thao khoa hoc quoc te, Trung tam Xa hoi hoc va Phat trien (Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi tai Ho Chi Minh) to chile, quy t u nhieu chuyen gia t h i hoc quoc te, 16 Nguyen Quang Vinh cac nha khoa hoc Trung Quoc da noi den chu de mot each cu the, v6i nhieu mo hinh x i i ly va he qua xa hoi khac Vdi Quang Chau, ngiidi ta liiu y nhieu den d\l an cai tao - chinh trang khu co Jinhua, ndi cxi ngu 8.421 gia dinh, v6i 29.861 nhan khau Ngiidi ta xay ditng tren nen cua mot dia ban chen chuc nha cii ky, thap tang, diidng hep, 220 nha d cao tang mdi v6i day du cac dich vu t h i cong dong va mot canh quan t h i diidc thiet ke than Cai hay cua mo hinh la 89% cac ho gia dinh song tren dia ban chi phai tam di ddi qua trinh cai tao khu viic nay, nhifng sau tuyet dai da so' se trci lai de song cac can ho cao tang mdi, xay tren dia ban cu N h i l vay, se tranh diidc nhiSng dtit doan Idn ve cac mang lifdi quan he kinh te va xa hoi cua nhufng ngUdi dan chiu tac dong trttc tiep Tuy vay, triidng hdp cua Thiidng Hai t h i lai difdc x\i ly theo each di ddi dan di xa hdn, khoi trung tam Ude tinh ttf dau nam 1968 den 1998, 350.000 ho (vdi mot trieu dan) se di ddi khoi trung tam pho", den cxi t r u t a i cac khu dan cxi thuoc cac quan mdi Trong tinh huohg nay, nhieu giai phap k i n h te - xa hoi eiing da dddc trien khai de dam bao sxi thao dd va t a i tao cac ket cau vat the khong lam ton hai nhieu den each thiic to chiic xa hoi t h i va phuc Idi cua nhom cxi dan chiu tac dong trxic tiep Trd lai vdi cac van de eiia TP HCM Viee cai tao chinh trang khu vdc noi cu dien hien dang am tham gay r a nhiJng he qua xa hoi nhieu chieu cho hang tram ngan t h i dan dang la doi tifdng ganh chiu nhQng tac 17 Di tim sLfc song cac quan tie xa lidi dong triic tiep De lam ro dieu nay, cac nha xa hoi hoc chiing toi tien hanh mot so cuoc nghien ciiu, dua vao cac cau hoi sau day: - Thdc tien mot so' dxi an cai tao - chinh trang noi da dem lai nhiSng hieu qua tich ciJc nao ve kinh te, xa hoi, van h6a va moi tnidng? - Giuta cac y tddng tich cxic cua dd an vdi thdc tien trien khai CO sinh mot khoang each nao hay khong? Cac khia canh xa hoi cua siJ bien doi da dUdc luan chiing va giam sat den mdc nao? - Lieu cac quy t r i n h cai tao - chinh trang noi c6 dap ling dufdc hay khong nhu cau dac thu cua bo phan dan ngheo va gidi phu n i i ngheo dang song tren dia ban nhieu xao tron nay? Neu ho phai rdi bo ndi cvT t r u va cong dong dan cxi quen thuoc de di, t h i ho di dau va difdc den bCi sao? Ho c6 tai lap diJdc viec lam, nguon thu nhap va cuoc song cong dong tot dep d ndi tai dinh cxi khong? Nhom dan cxi nao phai chiu nhieu thua thiet, r u i ro nhat? III Tir H A I CHl/ONG T R I N H K H A O SAT THir NEU LEN NHlJNG VAN DE XA KHi cAc XA H O I HOC, HOI NAY S I N H ; D i ; A N C A I T A O - C H I N H T R A N G KHCJi D O N G Mot so hieu qua tich cxic cua hai dxi an cai tao chinh t r a n g dxia theo cac quan sat xa hoi hoc 1.1 Cho den thdi diem 31/7/1996, tiic la sau gan nam trien khai dxi an Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe, 1590 ho gia dinh Inti VIEN T!NH BINH 'WV^U JHUki\ JO NguySn Quang Vinh 18 Di tim sCrc song cac quan he xa hoi 19 Mot dieu can khang dinh la cong cuoc di ddi, tai dinh cii dan c\i ven va tren kenh Nhieu LOG - T h i Nghe len cac chung c\i da cai thien rat ro net moi triidng song cua toan the so ba Da so' cac ho diidc tang dien tich binh quan/dau ngifdi va 88% cac ho xac nhan nha d difdc gia tang tinh kien c6' 1.2 Dvf an giai toa, tai dinh c\i de xay diing diidng Khanh Hoi d Quan cung dat nhflng hieu qua chinh trang t h i rat dang ghi nhan Con diidng mdi Khanh Hoi d U d c md rong va nang cap da gop phan thiic hien svi thong thiidng thuan Idi gii3a Quan (mot hon dao c6 lap phia Nam pho) v6i Quan ci trung tam, va toa di cac quan noi khac Mot so' yeu cau quy hoach chinh trang thi tai dia ban giai toa, dia ban tai dinh c\i diidc thijc hien lam cho bo mat t h i Quan trd nen khang trang hdn, tinh trang nhiem moi triidng d khu v U c du:dc giai quyet cd ban; hieu qua svi dung dat diidc nang cao ro ret Nam l i u diem noi bat nhat difdc cac chu ho neu len cac cuoc phong van cua chung toi la: so v6i nha d ven kenh triidc day, can ho hien nay: Tuy nhien, hang loat van de xa hoi da sinh txi viec thvfc hien hai Du an cai tao - chinh trang t h i (diidc khao sat) song ven kenh da dxXOc den bu de giai toa dia ban; 70,5% tong so ho bi giai toa da chon phiidng an mua c a c can ho chung c\i va don tdi ndi d mdi (Theo D i i an, 8.817 ho gia dinh se phai di chuyen den ndi d mdi tai cac chung c\i) - Thoang mat hdn (96,2% so" chu ho diidc hoi); - Chieu sang tot hdn (92,4% so'chu ho difdc hoi); - D3 am thap hdn (77,3% so chu ho diidc hoi); - Cap dien on dinh hdn (71,9% so'chu ho diidc hoi); - Cap nUdc on dinh hdn (64,3% so chu ho difdc hoi) Nhin ci cap cua cuoc song toan t h i TP HCM, d i i an cai tao kenh dang dem lai mot dong chay sach, dai 10 km, chay ngang qua pho'; ciing la diidng giao thong va kenh tieu thoat nxidc cho mot \\iu v\ic chiem tdi 27,7% dien tich noi cu Con kenh d U d c cai tao, nang cap se gop phan hinh canh quan t h i mdi, tiJdng ling v6i doi mdi va phat trien Day chinh la moi quan tam hang dau cua chung toi k h i nghien ciiu cac he qua xa hoi cua viec cai tao - chinh trang noi H a i D i i an difdc khao sat da tao bd hoi de kham pha nhCing van de xa hoi hang d i u da va dang sinh qua t r i n h cai bien cd cau t h i noi tren 2.1 Trong khuon kho cua Du an Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe, so' ba thuoc dien bi giai toa nha dat va chon difdng tai dinh cii tai cac can ho chung cii da gap kha nhieu van de cuoc so'ng mdi cua ho So' ba nhan tien den bu roi "tuy nghi di tan" lai cang gap nhieu kho khan hdn 2.1.1 Tren diidng don len chung cii, mot so vien ho gia dinh dd phdi di, vi can ho chung ci/khong the chiia hei Triidc k h i len chung cii, binh quan m6i gia dinh thuoc 178 NguySn Quang Vinh gia dinh, nh^m tra Idi cho cau hoi: c6 dang dien chang mot qua t r i n h dan chu hoa cac moi quan he noi t a i cua mot to chiic gia dinh von mang dau an cua che gia trifcing nam khinh nii? Mot dieu can noi la, so v6i vung dat sinh t u rat lau ddi cua ngiidi Viet d dong b^ng song Hong (mien Bac), t h i d Nam bo noi chung va ci DBSCL noi rieng, tarn miic anh hu^ng cua Nho giao va cua quan niem phu quyen c6 phan yeu 6t hdn Dia vi va tieng noi cua ngiidi vd, ngifdi gai gia dinh ttf lau van to c6 "trong liidng" hdn so v6i phu n i i cac khuon phep gia dinh nong thon phia Bic Trong cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc gan day c6 lien quan den van de phu nQ va gia dinh, thiJc hien tai cac t i n h Dong Thap, Cijfu Long, Tien Giang, Hau Giang, M i n h Hai, chung toi thay miic tham d\i cua phu n i i viec ban bac cac viec quan cua gia dinh (nhuf chuan bi thay doi miia vu, vay miidn Idn, chi tieu 16n ) dat tif 46% den 66% tong so" phu n i i tif 15 tuoi trd len cac gia dinh (diidc dieu tra) Doi vcii so' phu n i i lao dong chinh gia dinh, t h i ve ba linh vtfc tren, miic "c6 tham gia ban bac" dat tdi t i i 60% den gan % Nut nien ciing diidc tham gia ban bac, nhiing v6i ty le thap hdn (khoang 2/3 mijfc cua cac phu n i i lao dong chinh) Tuy vay, tii tham gia ban bac den tham gia quyet dinh van mot khoang each khong nho Nhom phu n i i c6 kha nang diidc chia se quyen lUc nhieu nhat (la nhom phu n i i tham gia lao dong chinh gia dinh) ciing khong viidt qua cai ngiidng 30% tham gia pi tim sLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 179 quyet dinh cac cong viec he Trong thiic te, n i i nien c6 tham gia ban bac, nhifng hau n h i i khong tham gia dang ke vao cac quyet dinh quan d gia dinh Nhin mot each tong quat, c6 the nhan xet nhii sau: tien t r i n h dan chu hoa ddi song gia dinh dang tiep tuc Phan 16n phu nii nong thon vung dang c6 mot v i t r i cang quan hdn viec tham gia ban bac cac cong viec lam an va to chiic sinh hoat he trong gia dinh (nhat la so' chi em giii vai tro lao dong chinh) Song, ho v i n giii mot v i t r i kha khiem ton viec tham gia quyet dinh cac cong viec he do, v i vai tro quyet dinh cua ngiidi gia triidng van cao Dac diem viia noi tren cho thay, tren diidng md rong quyen t i i quyet cua ngiidi phu n i i ve so' phan cua ban than ciing nhii cua gia dinh minh, ci viing dat san xuat hang hoa nang dong dang xuat hien mot so'chi bao tich cxic Cac dau hieu tich ciic doi hoi diidc xa hoi tiep tuc nang dd cao hdn niia, tiidng xiing v6i siic cong hien cang nhieu ciia chi em tren cac linh viic rat phong phu ciia ddi song kinh te va xa hoi M o t t r o n g nhufng n h a n to cd b a n , l a m nen t a n g ben vufng cho viec n a n g cao d i a v i ngifc/i p h u niif nong t h o n , theo q u a n n i e m cua c h t m g t o i , la viec k h o n g ngiifng mof r o n g cd cau n a n g \\ic cua ho Co mot "kenh" chuyen giao ky thuat canh tac mdi vao nong thon diidc dong dao chi em phu n i i DBSCL van dung CO ket qua la, hoc qua kinh nghiem va thao tac da diidc t h i i thach cua cac tam giidng lam an gioi xom ap (84% so' NguySn Quang Vinh isq £)/ tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi 181 n g i i d i difdc hoi) T r o n g dieu k i e n t r i n h hoc v a n c h u n g iiong thon, m d i gop p h a n t h i e t t h i i c t h i i c day x u the d i cua c h i em t h a p (12% m i i c h i i , 55%: cap I , % : cap I I , dong xa hoi - nghe nghiep c6 t i n h chat t i e n bo cua n i i lao 5,3%: cap I I I ) , lUc l i i d n g can bo K H K T n o n g nghiep d cd sd dong nong t h o n , don trxXdc mot "hiep" p h a n cong lao dong mong, day la mot phong each tiep n h a n k h a t h i e t thxic xa hoi m d i , c h a c chan se dien r a t r e n v i i n g dat t r o n g va hutu dung Ben canh do, cung da c6 20,6% mot tUdng l a i k h o n g xa t o n g so c h i em lao dong nong t h o n difdc phong v a n da tiep n h a n s i i h i i d n g dan cua eac can bo k y t h u a t ; 4,3% tiep t h u k y t h u a t m i qua sach bao, dai p h a t t h a n h D i e u dang l\iu y la c6 t i 15,4% c h i em c6 t r i n h hoc v a n cap I I - I I I c6 the tiep t h u difdc k y t h u a t mdi qua saeh bao va cac p h i i d n g t i e n t h o n g t i n dai c h u n g (gap h d n Ian t y le c h u n g cho tdan gidi lao dong niS t r o n g v u n g , va gap 14 I a n so" c h i em c6 hoe v a n cap I ) Cac c h i em c6 hoe v a n cao Dvidi goc c u a n g h i e n cijfu p h a t t r i e n , s\i tiep noi giiJa c a c the he d o n g v a i tro mot n h a n to r a t q u a n t r o n g d a m bao c h o e a c h t a n v a t i e n bo x a h o i T r o n g de t a i c h u n g t a d a n g x e m xet, n o i l e n v a i tro c u a n h o m nuf t h a n h n i e n n o n g t h o n ' , \di nhufng the m a n h c u n g nhxi m a u t h u a n t r o n g n a n g \\Xc v a e a c h ting xvi x a h o i c u a ho h d n tiep n h a n t r i t h i l c k y t h u a t qua can bo K H K T diidc 3.1 Nut t h a n h n i e n h i e n chiem 41,2% t o n g so' nQ lao n h i e u h d n so' chi em eo hoc v a n t h a p N h i i vay, yeu to hoc dong n o n g t h o n D B S C L (theo cuoc dieu t r a n a m 1988) v a n dang dong v a i tro r a t q u a n t r o n g t r o n g viec t i e p n h a n N h o m xa hoi t r e t r u n g c6 t r i n h hoc v a n t r u n g b i n h k y t h u a t mot each khoa hoc h d n , bo sung cho each hoe hoi cao h d n the he cac me, eac c h i H o chiia c6 diidc n a n g Ivtc t n i e quan, k i n h n g h i e m , phifdng p h a p "thvi - sai", hoae mo l a m nong gioi h d n cac the he 16n t u o i , song ho dang cong p h o n g ddn t h u a n T r o n g viec c h i em p h u nvL tiep n h a n t r i hien mot phong each t r e t r u n g m d i me t r o n g viec tiep n h a n t h i i c va k y t h u a t san x u a t t i e u t h u cong nghiep, c h u n g toi t r i thiie khoa hoc, cong nghe san x u a t mdi, ea t r e n l i n h vUc c u n g t h a y mot t i n h t r a n g t i i d n g t\l D i e u cho t h a y da nong nghiep va p h i n o n g nghiep C h i n g h a n , ty le nhQng den luc p h a i xay d i i n g m a n h cac t h i e t che k h u y e n n o n g v a ngudi CO t a y nghe va dang h a n h nghe T T C N cua n h o m nijt h u a n nghe mot each he t h o n g h d n t r o n g v i i n g n o n g t h o n t h a n h n i e n c i i n g cao h d n n h o m n i i t r u n g n i e n t i i 31 t u o i san x u a t h a n g hoa q u a n t r o n g nay; c h u y dap i l n g n h u c a u trd len (vdi t y le t o n g q u a t l a 12% so v6i 6%) X e m xet cac t i m hoc r a t Idn t i e m a n t r o n g dong dao p h u nxi nong d u k i e n hoc h o i t h e m cua ho ve ky thuat n o n g nghiep t h o n , n h a t la t r o n g so" c h i em eo hoe v a n tUdng doi cao v a t u o i t i i d n g doi t r e Co n h i i vay, cac t h i e t che t r u y e n ba khoa hoc k y t h u a t difdc to ehijfe mot each t h i c h hdp t r o n g • N u t h a n h m e n nong thon bao gom cac chi em tijf 16 tuoi den 30 tuoi 182 NguySn Quang Vinh (trong trot, chan nuoi, s\i dung may nong nghiep) nh^m nang cao hieu qua san xuat, chung ta thay ci nhom n i i nien c6 "do nhan" manh hdn doi v6i cac each thilc hoc hoi mang nhieu tinh chat "phUdng phap luan hoa", chii khong phai chi ddn thuan mo phong kinh nghiem (tuy r i n g siJ hoc hoi theo kieu mo phong cung van difdc Idp tre coi trong) 3.2 Khao sat loi song cua nQ nien nong thon vung tren cac Knh vxic phi san xuat, chung toi nhan thay ndi ho da c6 mot miic phat trien cua ndng li/c ti/ lUa chon, song nang liJc dang gap nhieu kho khan, mau thuan viec the hien, chifa that sii trd mot ban linh on dinh Hay di vao mot vai hien tiJdng xa hoi cu the Cac khao sat khoa hoc cua chung toi cho thay tren 60% nii nien DBSCL (diidc phong van) nhan xet "nam n i i nien c6 t\i hdn viec lay vd lay chong" Phan 16n cac cap nen vd nen chong la c6 biet nhau, va hieu nhau, nhiing cha me hai ben vkn phai cay nhd mai mo'i de d i tdi hon nhan Sii t i i lUa chon, do, ciing chifa the coi la tron ven Gan day, d DBSCL, CO nhieu cuoc txl i\i cua thieu nut nong thon bi cha me ep duyen, cam doan Tren linh vvfc thvfc hien ke hoach hoa gia dinh, luc quan niem ve "so hdp ly" d n i i nien da c6 phan tien bo hdn so vdi phu n i i 16n tuoi, v^n mot bo phan n i i nien quan niem rang "khong nen tinh trifdc so' con; c6 thai bao nhieu de bay nhieu"(!) Ty le n i i Di tim sL/c song cac quan he xa hoi 18a n i e n giii quan niem khong i t hdn so vdi cac chang tuoi khac Mot nhan xet sau ciing la, viec xuat hien cac quan niem dan chu hoa, t i i hoa tinh yeu, hon nhan d n i i nien, ben canh cac hieu qua xa hoi tich ciic (de nhan thay), dddng nhii ciing lai chinh la mot nhiing nguon goc xa hoi cua mot so' trang thai xung dot dang com len ci day: ly hon, t d t\i dang c6 chieu hddng phat trien Idp tre nong thon N h d vay, phai chang can Idu y den tinh chat mau thuan cua tifng nac thang tien bo, ciing nhd tac dong nhieu chieu cua xu hddng dan chu hoa, t i i hoa dang manh dan len nep song cua Idp phu n i i tre ci nong thon? Dong bang song Ciiu Long, mot mat bay cac tien bo xa hoi the hien qua ban l i n h va mot so' khia canh tich ciic ddi song cua ngddi phu n i i nong thon, mat khac ciing boc 16 khong i t kh6 khan va mau thuan s\i tien hoa cua cac cong dong cii dan, d6 c6 nhdm chi em phu n i i Chung toi cho r&ng, d goc nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc, dieu quan la phai dat cac kho khan va mau thuan moi quan he vdi sd van dong tong quat cua cd cau xa hoi Va k h i thdc hien thao tac khoa hoc nay, chung toi thay noi len i t nhat ba nhan xet dang chu y sau day: a Di san Uch sii dang de lai nhiing dau an rat sau mau thu&n giiia miic tddng doi thap cua trinh hoc van vdi nhu cau nang cao nang Idc K H K T san xuat cua chi em phu nut Ganh nang cua qua khil ciing de nang len cac Nguyen Quang Vinh 184' quan niem va t h o i quen bao t h u cua n h i e u chi em k h i x\i l y cac van de t\i t r o n g gia d i n h den ngoai xa hoi; b Cac kho k h a n va t r d ngai t r o n g stf phat t r i e n cua n i i gidi t r o n g v u n g cung la h a u qua cua si/ thieu hoan cua chinh ccf cau xa hoi di/cfng dai, thien t r o n g do, t i n h t r a n g t h i e u dau t\i, c h a m soc c6 he t h o n g , c6 d i n h h i f d n g cho svf VAI T R O NHA NlTOiC T R O N G T I E N T R I N H p h a n cong lao dong xa h o i t r o n g v u n g la mot n h a n to' gay QUAN L Y P H A T T R I E N VUNG can t r d c h i i yeu; c Cuoi cung, dac thii cua khu vUc dia ly phia N a m dat (Tri^ofng htfp d o n g bang song Cijfu Long) nxidc - n d i ma t r o n g may thap k y l i e n tiep gan day da dien r a cac cuoc chien t r a n h nong t a i cho, ndi c6 sii t h a y the dot ngot cac the che c h i n h t r i , n d i c6 cac dieu k i e n s i n h t h a i tvf D o n g bang song C i i u L o n g ( D B S C L ) dang d i i n g triidc n h i e n va sinh t h a i xa hoi (van hoa, toe ngiidi) dac t h i i n h i i n g doi h o i hxic xuc ve viec n a n g cao t r i n h q u a n l y c i i n g dang la ngon nguon cua k h o n g i t v a n de ma tang t r i f d n g va phat t r i e n Thiic r a , t r o n g the gidi qua t r i n h giai phong p h u n i i p h a i g i a i quyet V i vay, viec Ixiu t a m den nhxJng v a n de cua p h u n i i t r o n g qua t r i n h t h i e t ke va t r i e n k h a i cac c h i i d n g t r i n h p h a t t r i e n t r o n g v u n g can diidc coi la m o t t r o n g n h i i n g n h u nay, v a n de q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n da t r d t h a n h m o t t i e u diem, t h u h u t m o i q u a n t a m cua t a t ca n h i i n g c6 y d i n h theo doi, khao sat hoac xxi ly cac biidc t i e n hoa cua bat ke mot thvfc the xa hoi n h a t d i n h nao Q u a n ly sii t a n g t r i i d n g cau k h a c h q u a n k h o n g the t h i e u difdc T r o n g k h u o n kho k i n h te da la mot t h a c h t h i i c l a m dien d a u n h i e u n h a chien do, cac cong t r i n h khao sat, n g h i e n c i i u k h o a hoc ve p h u liidc Q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n kho k h a n boi p h a n , v i no bao n i i t r o n g v u n g , theo c h u n g t o i , cang can difdc d a u t i i xay h a m chang n h i i n g la sii n a n g dd cho mot loat cac n h a n to dvfng va dieu h a n h mot each c6 he t h o n g h d n n i i a tao t a n g t n i d n g ben vufng, ma p h a i t h i e t ke va canh _,i (In cuo'n Gia dinh vd dia vi ngi/cfi phu nH xd hoi - Cdch nhin tic Viet Nam vd Hoa Ky, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1995) chifng cho qua t r i n h chuyen doi cd cau k i n h te, cd cau xa hoi, c i i n g sii r a ddi cua m o t he t h o i i g cac d i n h che va cac quan he xa hoi v a n m i n h Chieu k i c h v a n hoa cua phat t r i e n c i i n g k h o n g diidc k h i n h sua't gat r a ngoai t r i i d n g quan t a m cua q u a n l y N h a nxidc 186: NguySn Quang Vinh Ke t h u dang gdm nhat ciia moi chUdng t r i n h phat trien la tinh tU phdt, ma hau qua cua no la siJ pha hong moi budc can doi - dong qua t r i n h cua tang triidng va phat trien Sii ling x\i ciia moi dia phiJdng, moi cong dong dan cii, moi cd sd doanh nghiep hoac ca nhan cong dan, neu khong chiu siJ tac dong dieu chinh v i mo c6 t i n h d i n dat nhat quan cua Nha niidc, t h i kho c6 the thoat khoi cai vom trdi ciia nhiing t i n h toan Idi ich cue bo (ma c6 k h i khong phai la khong chinh dang) Chi can di vao mot t h i du cu the C l i n g da thay viec quan ly phat trien that khong ddn gian Sii iing x i i k i n h te - triidc het la tren linh viic san xuat liia - cua cac cong dong cii dan Viet va IChmer song xen ke tren ciing mot dia ban lanh tho dang bao ham khong i t nhiing each tiep can khong cCing chieu Trong cung mot chiJdng t r i n h phat trien, bao gom cac muc tieu tham canh, tang vu, chuyen doi giong liia, khai thac hdp ly nguon thiiy Idi chung ciia hai nhom toe ngiidi, v.v , t h i nhiing khac biet tap quan canh tac, dinh hvfdng gia t r i doi vdi san xuat kinh doanh, nong lich va hoi he chae chan se lam sinh cac yeu cau dieu tiet va phoi hdp Hdn niia, day lai chang phai ddn thuan ehi la van de kinh te, ma la van de van hoa, van de mo hinh ling xii, van de quan he xa hoi - toe ngiidi V6i mot cai nhin toan cue nhii the, vai tro cua Nha niide tien t r i n h quan ly phat trien DBSCL xiing dang trd mot chu de can difdc phan tich thau dao Vay t h i , xet den cung, Nha niide se phai lam gi day? Qi tim si/c song cac quan he xa hoi 187; Moi ngiidi deu da tiing biet den vai tro thifc tien cua Nha nii6c thdi ky van hanh che kinh te tap trung quan lieu va bao cap Ben canh nhiing tifu ma Nha niidc da thau dat diidc thdi ky lich sii day t h i i thach ay, mot so' cd che quan ly va hang loat each lam eu the c6 tinh chat ap dat va bao san, da de lai dan chiing nhieu an tiidng nang ne Vay t h i , viec nhan manh vai tro Nha niidc vao thdi diem c6 bao ham ehang y nghia ve s^i tai lap t i n h trang "ap dat ehi tieu" va "bao san den tiing chi tiet", nh\i da tiing dien mot qua k h i i ehifa xa? Do CO le ciing se la mot khia canh can lam sang to each tiep can m6i ve vai tro Nha niidc diidi anh sang ciia cac nguyen tic doi mdi ma Dang da khdi xiidng Ngoai ra, y tifdng ve siJ ket hdp vai tro ciia Nha nxldc vdi vai tro ciia cong dong; ket hdp hoat dong cua cac dinh che Nha nUdc v6i cac dinh che phi - Nha nxidc dang nci tien t r i n h phat trien, chac chan ciing la mot noi dung can difde quan tam C H O D O I Gi C) N H A N l / O C T R l / C C N G I / O N G Cl/A MOT THOI KY PHAT T R I E N CHl/A TlTNG CO TRONG VUNG DBSCL? Trong qua t r i n h thiJe hien cac muc tieu cua "Chien lUde phat trien kinh te - xa hoi den nam 2000" va cac nam tiep theo d niidc ta; mot ky vdng 16n dang dat vao nhip phat trien vUdt bac cua DBSCL Vung dat trifdc het NguySn 188 Quang Vinh chd ddi nhu l a mot vung phat trien nong san hang hoa d a dang nham gop phan dam bao viing chac an toan lUdng thuc cho ca nxidc, v a bao dam mot nguon san pham xuat khau (c6 nguon goc nong nghiep) v6i so' liidng v a chat lUdng cao Hdn nvLa, DBSCL dUdc xem nhxi mot vung CO tiem nang difdc tich t u lich sii de sdm d i vao chuyen dich cd cau kinh te theo chieu hiidng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa Qua t r i n h bao ham mot nhip tang ty le t h i hoa binh quan hang nam \i6c khoang 3,5% trifdc nam 2000, v a khoang 4,5% tiif nam 2000 den 2015*^* dUdc Budc phat trien mdi cvia vung dat ham chijfa long no siJ tac dong qua lai dong thdi cua nhieu chieu kich, nhieu tang bac (hay cap do), v a do cac muc tieu phat trien chi c6 the diidc thvtc hien xuyen qua khong it mau thuan, tham chi c a nghich l y ni3a Viec xik ly cac loai Idi ich khac gixia cac nhom xa hoi, c a c phan kinh te, cac nhom toe ngUdi, cac dia ban hanh chinh - lanh tho cung se khong tU dong dan xep mot each thich dang nhd vao cac qua trinh canh tranh ac het hoac "bu trijf" tii phat Su phan tang xa hoi c h i c c h i n se di§n r a vung nhii la mot hien tiidng c6 tinh quy luat, v a tif mot goc nhin phat trien, no c6 the diidc coi nhxi mot dang dong lUc, kich thich tinh nang dong c i i a toan bo cd cau xa hoi Nhifng, mot T h a m khao phiidng an I I Quy hoach to'ng t h I D B S C L de xuat, m a Chung toi c6 dip phan tich ky b a i ''Nghl ve nhUng quan he thi doc ddo d DBSCL" c u n g i n cuon s a c h £)/• tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi 189 s i j Idi long viec canh chiing cac chinh sach xa hoi, lai CO the dan den tinh huo'ng la sU phon vinh cua "nhom t r e n dinh" (cua thap phan tang) se di song hanh vdi viec md rong qua dang s U ngheo kiet tiidng doi va tuyet do'i ciia "nhom diJdi day" Ngoai ra, quan he tac dong qua lai giiia DBSCL vdi TP HCM va cac dia ban kinh te diem phia Nam, vdi vung Nam bo, vdi ca nxidc, va vdi cac do'i tac kinh te nxidc ngoai ciing la mot tuyen van de phai difdc dan dat va phoi hdp mot each c6 quy hoach Vay t h i , se la nhac triidng cam chich cho ban giao hifdng phat trien da va da nhip dieu den nhxi vay cho tiidng lai DBSCL? Tat nhien, moi so sanh deu khap khieng Song, tijf hinh tifdng an du nay, ngUdi ta c6 the, b i n g triic cam, nghi den vai tro dan d i t , ho trd, khuyen khich va dieu tiet cua the che Nha niidc toan bo tien trinh phat trien Thxic ra, neu diing lai suy nghi day du hdn tren linh vUc nay, t h i nhflng tnic cam cua ddi thUdng se difa dan chung ta tiep can vdi mot nhan thiic sau x a hdn, c6 tinh ly thuyet cd ban hdn Do la tinh quy luat ciia vai tro dieu tiet v i mo ma the che Nha nxidc phai nhan lanh, dac biet la n e n kinh te dang chuyen doi theo hiJdng t h i trifdng v a tifng budc hoa nhap vdi n e n kinh te cua khu vUc v a the gidi Viec Nha nifdc ta nhan manh phai phat trien manh m e n e n kinh te hang hoa nhieu phan van dong theo cd che t h i trUdng "cd SIX quan ly cua Nhd niCdc", khong phai la khong c6 can nguyen lich &xi, thUc t i l n va ly luan sau x a Xet tren mot binh dien rong hdn, ngxibx t a thay cuoc tranh luan ve ly thuyet da dien dai dang, gay gat 190 Pi tim sCrc song cac quan tie xa tioi NguySn Quang Vinh dieu tiet va quan ly ciia Nha niidc d cac cap khac (trong c6 cap viing lanh tho)\ the gi6i da phat trien va dang phat trien t\i hang niia the ky nay, ve chinh van de vai tro dieu tiet v l mo cua Nha nxidc Do la cuoc tranh luan giQa mot ben la quan diem de cao vai tro mot Nhd niidc manh qua trinh quan ly tang trifdng va phat trien, v6i mot ben la triidng phai "tiC thi tri/cfng", dat Nha n\idc d mot v i t r i t h i i yeu ben canh mot thi trifdng diJdc t i i hoa cao do, de t i i no "dieu chinh" ddi song kinh te xa hoi bang silc manh cua chinh cd che t h i triidng day siic sat phat Gidi hoc thuat v^n thifdng nhic nhd den nhiing y tUdng hdp ly cua J M Keynes tac pham cua ong nhan de Ly luan long qudt vi viec lam, Idi suat vd tien te (1936), theo do, mot nen kinh te t h i triidng, viec Nha niidc nam giii chat che vai tro dieu tiet v i mo phai difdc coi la mot nhiing quy luat chinh cua ly thuyet phat trien Kinh nghiem lich stt va nhiing cong ngoan muc cua mot so' niidc dang phat trien vCing Dong Nam A va Dong A nhiing thap nien gan day da chutng thiic rSng, mot nhiing yeu to' chung nhat quyet dinh tiJu dang ke ciia nhiing quo'c gia la siC hien dien cua mot Nhd niidc manh Dac biet, tai Singapore, Malaysia, Thai Lan va Han Quoc, ci mot thdi diem rat nhay cam, k h i nen kinh te chuyen sang phat trien cong nghiep hifdng ve xuat khau, Nha nifdc da c6 mot tac dong quyet dinh viec huy dong tong hdp cac nguon Ivic va ngoai niidc de thiic hien an toan biidc ngoat lich sii Nhieu bai hoc kinh nghiem da difdc r i i t t i i sii hoat dong cua he thong cac cong cu chinh sach va dinh che n h i m thiJc hien vai tro 191 Nhan ban den vai tro Nha niidc phat trien viing lanh tho, chung toi muo'n nhac tdi mot chut k i n h nghiem cua chinh DBSCL lich sii each day hdn mot the ky Co the r u t dieu gi tijf sii kien la: chi mot thdi gian ng&n ngiii cuoi the ky XIX, dau the k y XX, DBSCL da c6 the md rong viidt bac dien tich va san lifdng lua, de trd mot viia liia xuat khau cao nhieu the k y tiep theo? N h i n nhan mot each khach quan, cac chinh sach dau t i i va quan ly cua Nha niidc thiic dan luc bay gid da CO mot tac dong dang ke, chung nh&m muc dich cuoi C l i n g la hoc lot, vd vet thuoc dia Co the ke d day cac chinh sach dau t i i quyet liet de phat trien nhay vot he tho'ng kech rach thuy Idi va cac diidng thiiy lo; cac chinh sach ve che sci hiiu dai dia chu; cac chinh sach tao thi va tao t h i trifdng xuat khau liia gao on dinh, v.v Tat ca nhiing cong cu quan ly ay da khien cho mot k h u viic xa hoi ve cd ban van khong dao Ion nen san xuat tieu nong, song wkn c6 the tao diidc mot hieu qua tang triidng viidt X e m t h e m mot so' t a i lieu t h a n h cong v a k h o n g t h a n h cong q u a n ly p h a t t r i e n c u a N h a nxidc: • G i l l C h i n L i m (chu bien), Suphat XXI: bien ddi kinh te, chinh trien cua Hdn Quo'c den tfie'ky tri vd to chi2c khong gian, T o help n g h i e n ciJtu p h a t t r i e n , S e o u l , 1988 (tieng A n h ) - P G S , P T S N g u y i n T r i D i n h (chu bien), Vai tro nhd nUdc trien kinh tecdc niidc ASEAN, Nxb T h o n g ke, H a Noi, 1993 phat Nguyen 192 Quang Vinh Pi tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 193: xa moi toe trUde V a mac d a u p h a i n e m t r a i bao nidi ve v a i t r o N h a niidc cho phep h i e u r i n g N h a nUde thde n h i e u m a u t h u i n v a n g h i c h l y , cac boat dong t h d i ay ft h i e n viec q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n b i n g each xac lap cac c h i n h n h a t eung cho t h a y : d i n h che N h a nUdc da c6 t h e "v^y sach, ke hoach va quy hoach t r o n g v i i n g ; cung i i n g cac dich v u n g " nhxi t h e nao t r o n g mot h i e p tao t a n g t r i f d n g dot v u q u a n t r o n g ; n a n g dd sd r a ddi va hoat dong cua cac d i n h x u a t d mot v u n g c h a m p h a t t r i e n ehe xa hoi da dang Co the noi, eung la eon dddng de cho T r d l a i v6i qua t r i n h ddi mdi D B S C L nay, c h u n g t a k h o n g ban t d i toan bo hoat dong cua N h a niidc SI/ dieu tiet cua Nha niCdc ti/ng biCdc chuyen hoa kha nang tU dieu chinh cua cac chu the xd hoi cap quoc gia va cap v i i n g , m a c h i t a p t r u n g p h a n t i c h b N h a nddc g i i i v a i t r d q u a n t r o n g t r o n g viec k i e m t r a ve n h u cau hoan t h i e n mot he t h o n g cac dinh che dxidi tae cac t a n g q u a n he chu chot t r o n g xa h o i ; canh c h i i n g v a dong dan dat cua N h a nxidc Do l a cac d i n h che phap l y , dieu c h i n h m o i t d d n g tac noi v i i n g , giiJa vCing D B S C L va k i n h te, xa hoi va h a n h c h i n h - l a n h tho c6 k h a nang l i e n cac v i i n g khac, vdi ca ndde va vdi cac doi tac quoc te N h a k e t v a t i f d n g tac tao r a mot t r i i d n g q u a n l y m e m deo, l i n h niidc p h a t h i e n sdm va canh bao cho xa hoi ve cac hoat phue v u cho s i i p h a t t r i e n ben vutng cua viang De l a m t h u a n s i n h , gop p h a n hoa g i a i c h u n g b i n g he c h i n h dufde eong viec k h o k h a n va t i n h te vtfa noi, c6 le p h a i t u a n sach ciia q u a n l y N h a nddc, d a m bao cac can doi - dong: t h u cac phi/cfng cham hdnh dong chu yeu difdi day: (a) Nha niJdc c h u yeu t h i i c h i e n dieu t i e t b^ng c h i n h sach va quy hoach; (b) T h a n canh chijfng cac can doi - dong; (c) Coi mau - G i i i a I d i i c h t o a n cue va I d i i c h c h i n h d a n g cua cac dia viJc h a n h c h i n h - l a n h t h o r i e n g biet; yeu to' n g i i d i l a muc t i e u va dong liic h a n g d a u ; (d) T i m - G i i i a t a n g t r i i d n g k i n h te v a cong bang xa h o i ; den sii hoi nhap gifla cac d i n h che N h a niidc, p h i N h a niidc - G i i i a eac dia ban t h u a n Idi va cac dia ban kho k h a n ; va hoat dong cua cac cong dong c i i dan d cd sd D i i d i day se p h a n t i c h ro h d n ve t i i n g p h i i d n g cham, ma sii v a n d u n g c h u n g se k h i e n cho t r i f d n g q u a n ly difdi sd d a n dat ciia N h a nddc c6 t h e m a n g t i n h chat mot t r d d n g quan ly phat trien a N e u cao v a i t r o N h a nddc k h o n g dong nghia vdi ap dat va bao s a n , l a m t r i e t t i e u t i n h n a n g dong, sang tao cua eac t h a n h to t r o n g cd cau x a h o i T r a i l a i , m o t q u a n n i e m - G i i i a t h a n h t h i va nong t h o n ; - G i i i a p h a t t r i e n cong nghiep, nong nghiep, dich v u va v a n hoa - x a hoi - c N h a niidc coi yeu to' ngddi va quy hoach phat t r i e n nguon n h a n Idc la tieu diem cho m o i t i n h toan quan ly; xem chat Iddng phat t r i e n ngiidi vijfa la dong Idc, vifa la muc t i e u cua moi t i e n bo k i n h te, xa hoi va v a n hoa t r o n g vung NguySn Quang Vinh 194 d Sii cong hoat dong cua Nha nxXdc, phat then vung dUdc liidng ch^ng nhQng b^ng tinh hQu hieu cua cac dinh che Nha niidc, ma bang kha nang ket hdp da dang cua chiing v6i mot so' cac dinh che phi - Nha nxidc va vdi cac cong dong dan c\i (nong thon, thi) ci cd sd Mot each dat van de toan dien va cd ban nhxi the ro rang se dan tdi doi hoi bijfc xuc phai c6 mot cuoc cai each toan dien ve dinh che phuc v u phat trien cl DBSCL NHtJ^G L l N H Vy"C THEN CHOT CAN CO SU* T A C DONG CUA HE QUAN LY NHA NU6C TRONG VUNG Tiep tuc xuf l y cac van de dac thu cua che ruong dat tai DBSCL thdi k y phat trien mdi Cac net dac t h u che ruong dat tai DBSCL va viec x\i ly chung ci nhQng thdi ky lich svL khac da difdc nhieu tac gia ban den nhiing nam gan day' 0i tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 195 d day, chi ban den mot khia canh cap bach nhat hen quan den quan ly Nha nuldc ve ruong dat So v6i dong bang song Hong t h i dien tich dat canh tac tinh tren dau ngiJdi ci DBSCL cao gap Ian Cac so' lieu nam 1992 cho thay, k h i ci dong b^ng song Hong chi so la khoang 690m^/ngifcii, thi d DBSCL la 1.685m%gUdi The nhiing, hien trang ciing nhxi k h i dildc dat dxidi mot tarn nhin phat trien, van de dat dai canh tac va phi canh tac viing van la mot van de luon luon soi dong Cac hien tifdng tranh chap ruong dat nong thon luc c6 ve da diu di, nhUng hoan toan khong nen coi la mot cdn sot thoang qua, chi mot Ian uo'ng thuoc nhiet la yen on Cac hien tifdng chuyen nhifdng va tich tu dat canh tac nong thon; Nha nxidc t h u hoi va den bu dat dai v i muc dich quy hoach; cac bien dong ve dat dai t h i hoa; viec xvf ly "han miifc dat nong nghiep cay hang nam" theo Luat Dat dai v.v luon luon an chiia nhiing tranh chap ve Idi ich, k h i am tham, k h i hoc phat Dieu can nhan manh la nhiJng tranh chap ve Idi ich khong chi lien quan den dat dai, ma lien quan den cac Tham khao them mot so'tai lieu neu dxidi day: - Lam Quang Huyen, Cdch mang ruong dat d mien Nam Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1985 - Nguyen Cong Binh, Mot so dac diem xuat phat cua mien Nam di len chu nghla xd hoi, Nxb K H X H , Ha Noi, 1990, tr 21-34 - Do Thai Dong, "Quan he sdn xuat va chinh sdch giai cap d nong thon DBSCL" Trong Mien Nam niedc Sdd, tr 199-213 sU nghiep doi mdi cua cd - Nguyen Thu Sa, "Van de ruong dat d DBSCL", Mien Nam SI/ nghiep doi mdi cua cd nitdc, tr 141-154; "Suy nghl tii nhiing khdo sat mdi ve van de ruong dat d DBSCL" Trong NhiCng van de xd hoi hoc d mien Nam Nxb K H X H , Ha Noi, 1992, tr 39-47 • Le Minh Ngoc, "Th^ nhin lai qua trinh hdp tac hoa nong nghiep d Nam bg",trong Nhiing van dexd hoi hoc d mien Nam Sdd, tr 30-37 196: Nguyen Quang Vinh Di tim sLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 197 d\i an k i n h doanh, den cong an viec lam, den hien tUdng di dan, den phan hoa miic song va mot so' khia canh an sinh xa hoi khac Theo chung toi, i t nhat c6 ba che dat dai ckn diidc nha nxidc quan tam x i i ly: doi hoi Nha nxidc sdm c6 quy dinh dddi luat de x i i ly cac hien tddng vUdt miic han dien (ke ca giai phap thue khoa va cac phu thu khac) n h i m chie'u co den mot thUc te dac thu cua khu vdc a Mot Id, can tiep tuc lam ro khia canh phap ly cua van de "han miifc dat nong nghiep" quy dinh d dieu 44 Luat Dat dai, dUdc Quoc hoi thong qua 14-7-1993 Theo dieu luat nay, "han miic dat nong nghiep cay hang nam cua moi ho gia dinh la khong qua 3ha chinh phu quy dinh cu the doi v6i tifng dia phddng" Van dung vao dieu kien DBSCL t h i han miic 3ha dang va se lam sinh van de, nhat la sau mot qua t r i n h tich t u ruong dat nong thon dudi tac dong cua quy luat t h i trUdng va cua chuyen dich cd cau san xuat theo hifdng cong nghiep hoa Hien nay, d nhiing tieu viing c6 mat dan so' cao va c6 truyen thong tham canh tren dat thuc (giCta va ven song Tien, song Hau), so' ho c6 2-3 chi chiem ty tha'p NhUng CO the d\i bao se xuat hien nhom nong ho canh tac lua va cay hang nam vdi quy mo t\i 3-5 ha/ho hoac cao hdn mot chiit Cac d\i bao chUa cho thay kha nang nao ve sU xuat hien tai tieu vung cac t r a i chu kinh doanh hang chuc hecta ruong dat, song cai ngddng t h i chac chan se bi viidt qua O vCing tijf giac Long Xuyen t h i tinh hinh lai dac biet hdn Do mat dan so' tiidng doi tha'p va qua trinh khai thac them dat canh tac difdc day nhanh vong 10 nam trd lai day, cho nen cai ngUdng ha/ho da bi viidt qua mot each bien Mot bo phan nong dan tren tieu viing dang san xuat tren vai chuc ha/ho V i vay, DBSCL dang b Hai Id, tinh hutu han ciia quy ruong dat viing, can c6 chinh sach da dang hoa cay va iing dung cac cong nghe tham canh mdi, de phat huy het hieu suat cua viing dat thuan thuc v6i dan so' dong, ma khong dan den quy mo tich t u ruong dat qua dang vao mot so' ho Noi nhd vay khong c6 nghia la phai chan dijfng mot each trai quy luat doi vdi qua t r i n h tich t u ruong dat, bang mot "han dien" gian liJdc Van can c6 mot chinh sach de nang dd cac d\i an tich t u hoa ruong dat hcfp ly cua nhom trung nong tien phong, dang c6 Idi ich di vao phat trien nong nghiep theo chieu sau, g&n v6i cac cd che cong nghiep che bien va xuat khau vCing Tieu chuan de tham dinh tinh hdp ly ciia miic tich t u ruong dat ciia moi ho tien phong ay, chi i t la phai xem sU tich t u c6 kem theo mot thdc Idc tham gia day nhanh hang hoa hoa san xuat nong nghiep hay khong? c Ba Id, qua t r i n h cong nghiep hoa va t h i hoa, mot so dien tich khoi dat canh tac quy gia vung tat yeu se chuyen dat dai t h i , dat chuyen dung, hoac dat xay ddng nha d cho c\i dan nong thon dang thay doi nhanh tap tuc cxi tru Trifdc k h i cat xen mot dien tich nao, c i n phai diia vao nhiing du bao quy hoach difdc can nh^c ky Va trifdc nhiing dao Ion NguySn 198 QuangVinh Di tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi 199 de d i n h l i i d n g cac tac dong t h u a n - n g h i c h n h i e u chieu t h a y C O 70% so' nong ho diidc dieu t r a dang p h a i vay nd vao t h d i diem khao sat cua quyet d i n h q u a n l y Viec den b i i g i a i toa mot so v i i n g D i e u dang c h u y h d n nQa l a , h a n g loat cuoc dieu t r a xa d a n cif theo quy hoach p h a t t r i e n c u n g can k e t hdp t h i c h hoi hoc cua V i e n K h o a hoc x a h o i t a i T P H C M tii n a m q u a n t r o n g c6 t h e xay r a , can c6 cac cuoc d i e u t r a xa hoi dang g i i i a I d i i c h cong cong v i I d i i c h c h i n h dang cua ca 1984 den n a m 1994, deu cho t h a y cai t y le n o n g d a n vay n h a n cong d a n nd miic 60% - 70% n h i i noi t r e n vSn h a u nh\i k h o n g t h a y X a y dt^ng v a h o a n t h i e n c a c d i n h c h e k i n h te, t a i c h i n h v a hvtdng n g h i e p p h u c v u p h a t t r i e n s a n xuat hang hoa doi Cuoc dieu t r a 1000 ho n o n g d a n D B S C L n a m 1984 ( t r o n g k h u o n k h o chUdng t r i n h k h o a hoc cap N h a nii6c 60-02) cho t h a y t y le so ho n o n g d a n c6 vay nd l a 60% T a i dia b a n v u n g n a m song M a n g T h i t ( t i n h T r a V i n h ) , t r o n g T r o n g nhQng n a m qua, ci D B S C L da x u a t h i e n mot so t o n g so ho dtfdc phong v a n xa h o i hoc n a m 1992 c6 59,4% d i n h che k i n h te, t a i c h i n h phuc v u p h a t t r i e n Song nhutng so ho cho biet, vao n a m trvfdc (1991) ho p h a i vay nd de to chiic k h a yeu dt, hoac chiia difdc t r i e n k h a i deu san x u a t va t i e u d i i n g Co n h i e u l y de g i a i t h i c h h i e n k h a p M a t khac, m a m mong cua nhQng to chile san x u a t c6 t i i d n g M o t l a , t h u n h a p b i n h q u a n / n a m cua n h i i n g t i n h chat cong dong, p h a n 16n v i n hoat dong mot each ho l a m Ilia t r o n g v t i n g D B S C L n h i n c h u n g k h a t h a p H d n t\i p h a t DCi sao, t a t ca n h i i n g cai cung da la n h i i n g cd nuta, ba t r o n g v u n g k h o n g c6 t a p q u a n t i c h trut sci b a n dau cho phep mci r o n g va n a n g cap dan m a n g liicii l u a gao Do tii l a u song t r o n g m o i t r i i d n g k i n h te h a n g d i n h che phuc v u p h a t t r i e n , ngang t a m v6i quy mo cua hoa, p h a n dong ba c6 t h o i q u e n b a n h a u h e t l u a va cong cuoc cai bien k i n h te - xa h o i t r o n g v i i n g , ci ngiJdng nong san sau k h i t h u hoach, r o i d i i n g t i e n m u a cac cxia hxidc vao t h e k y X X I v a t p h a m ( t h a m c h i m u a ca l u a gao de an) m i k h i c6 n h u N h i e u cuoc cau K h i t h i e u t h o n , t h i t i i y thuoc vao t i n h h i n h cu t h e dieu t r a xa h o i hoc ci D B S C L trxidc 1975 cho t h a y l u o n l u o n ma vay t i e n hoac vay l u a N h i i n g l y q u a n t r o n g h d n ca C O 2/3 t o n g so ho nong d a n t r o n g v u n g c6 vay nd de san la ba t h i f d n g d i vay n h i m muc d i c h d a u t\i cho san x u a t , t i e u dving Cuoc dieu t r a cua James B H e n d r y ci xa x u a t Cuoc dieu t r a k i n h te - xa h o i - n o n g n g h i e p n a m a Ve cac dinh che tin dung ud tai chinh K h a n h H a u (Long A n ) n a m 1958 cho biet 65% ho nong dan 1991 cho t h a y 75,8% t o n g so ho d i e u t r a bay to d\i k i e n se t r o n g cong dong khao sat c6 vay nd Vao cac n a m 1966 don het sijfc Inc, t i e n bac de d a u t i f cho muc dich san x u a t va 1967, Robert L Sansom da dieu t r a xa hoi hoc chon k i n h doanh t r o n g v a i n a m trif6c mit m a u t a i cac x a L o n g B i n h D i e n v a T h a n C\iu N g h i a , n h a n ho da C O dau tvf san x u a t t r o n g n a m 1990, t h i 87,7% l a R i e n g doi v i so" 114 200 Nguyen Quang Vinh dku t\i vao nong nghiep, 12,3% dau t\i vao buon ban, dich vu, tieu t h u cong nghiep nong thon Chi c6 7% tong so ho CO vay (de dau t\i cho san xuat kinh doanh) nam 1990 la dUdc vay tien tii cac dinh che Nha nxidc Dai da so lai phai di vay dan, v6i lai suat cao gap Ian lai suat cua he thong t i n dung Nha nxidc Trong nhiJng nam gan day, hoat dong cua he thong ngan hang nong nghiep vung c6 nhufng hxidc phat trien manh hdn, da phan nao giam bdt cac phien ve t h u tuc, nhat la doi vdi cac cong dong dan ngheo va dan toe Khmer, song n h i n chung van chiia dap ling diidc 50% nhu cau cua dan chung vung ThUc tien DBSCL cho thay hoat dong t i n dung can phai du^dc hoan thien dxidi anh sang cua ca chinh sach k i n h te Ian chinh sach xa hoi Mot mat, chinh sach t i n dung se thuc day hoat dong doanh nghiep cua cac ho nong thon c6 nang \\ic da dang hoa san xuat Mat khac, no ho t r d cho cac tang 16p ngheo hoac thieu von ban dau, n h i m giup ho c6 dieu kien hoi nhap vao quy dao san xuat hang hoa, va tCf ma cai thien ddi song cho m i n h ' diem nay, c6 mot khia canh, khong Idn, nhifng rat ckn H o t r d cho ngUcfi n o n g d a n co' gang p h a n d a u thoat r a k h o i tinh t r a n g cOt d m ciii m a i vao doc c a n h cay liia la dieu c6 y n g h i a x a hoi, d a n s i n h r a t 16n T h e o cuoc dieu t r a k i n h te x a hoi n a m 1991 nhufng v u n g dat n h i e m m a n (d K i e n G i a n g ) , t h u n h a p b i n h q u a n / ho tii c a y liia c h i dat tii 122.000d d e n 225.000d T h u n h a p b i n h q u a n tii c h a n nuoi (d cac ho c6 c h a n nuoi) dat tdi 565.000d/ ho/ n a m , v a tif nghe ca l a 3,6 t r i e u d e n 4,9 t r i e u / ho/ n a m Qi tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 201 i dxiCc \xixi y, la quy che cho vay, can c6 quy dinh mem deo hdn niia do'i vdi dieu kien the chap, dong thdi tang them cac cd hoi cho vay goi dau do'i vdi cac ho dan ngheo Ngoai ra, viec trien khai h i n h thiifc hdp tac xa t i n dung nong thon ciing can diidc Nha nxidc chi dao chat che, nhat la lam t i m cac diem tiep hdp giiJa cac thuoc t i n h bien cua loai dinh che vdi cac tap quan hun hap, ho trd c6 t i n h truyen thong thon ap DBSCL ThiJc ra, dieu kien cua nen k i n h te hang hoa, quan niem ve dinh che t i n dung phuc vu san xuat nong nghiep c6 the va c^n difdc md rong triet de hdn Da den luc Nha nxidc can c6 dinh hifdng de cac hoat dong ngan hang viing Ixiu tam den nhiJng t i n h huong dac thti cua xa hoi nong thon DBSCL Noi cu the hdn, doi vdi xa hoi lua hang hoa mang dam mau sac tieu nong nay, nhieu k h i ngan hang doi hoi phai ket hdp chiic nang t i n dung vdi chiic nang thUdng mai mot chiing mxic nhat dinh Mot nha nghien ciiu kinh te hoc da c6 mot de xuat rat dang chu y ve chu de Tac gia de nghi, chang han, cac dinh che t i n dung cua Nha nUdc nen t i n h den ca kha nang t h u hoi nd bang thoc (nhii dan gian da lam tii lau ddi) de k h i c phuc tinh trang dan van nd ma lua van xi dong vao mua t h u hoach cao diem D i nhien, dang ngan hang nong thon - nhii nha k i n h te hoc noi tren liiu y "phai lien ket chat che vdi cac cd sd kinh doanh nong san va ngoai niidc de tieu t h u so' liia t r a nd cua nong dan" Hdn nUa, chi p h i cho hoat dong can dUdc coi "la Nguyen Quang Vinh 202 pi tim SL/c song cac quan he xa hoi 203 loai chi phi xd hoi ma N h a niicfc la n g i i d i c h u t r i p h a t t r i e n T i i u chung, r a t i t doanh nghiep D B S C L tiep can diJdc cac n o n g t h o n p h a i d i l n g r a g a n h vac"' h i n h thiic t i n d u n g va vay v o n c h i n h thiic C h i c6 mot i t H i e n cung c6 n h u cau tiep tuc thxi n g h i e m va hoan t h i e n cd che quy b i n h on gia ca n o n g san, gan l i e n vdi viec tao lap cac hdp tac x a t h i f d n g m a i hoa n o n g san, t o n t a i nhif la "nhiJng d a u mo'i" de t h i i c h i e n chien liJdc b i n h on gia ca cua q u y b Qudn doanh ly viec dap ling t r i i d n g hdp diidc N h a nxidc cho vay r a t n g a n h a n (khoang thang) v6i l a i suat 4,5%/ t h a n g ( t r o n g k h i cac x i nghiep quoc doanh t r e n dia b a n c h i vay v i l a i suat 2,5%/thang) Do Cling l a m o t l y k h i e n cho k h a n a n g t h u h u t t h e m lao dong va tao t h u n h a p cao t r o n g k h u vxic doanh nghiep nho b i h a n che'' nhu cdu tin dung nghiep phi - nong nghiep nong thon cita cdc DBSCL Cuoc dieu t r a " D o a n h nghiep nho d V i e t N a m " (1991), V i e n K h o a hoc lao dong va cac v a n de x a h o i t i e n h a n h , da cung cap nhiJng so' l i e u c6 t i n h chat "dat v a n de" r a t l y t h u ve v o n cho doanh nghiep v i i n g n o n g t h o n qua dieu t r a d i e m d t i n h L o n g A n va t i n h C\iu L o n g (cii) N o i chung, • I L T r o n g sU nghiep p h a t t r i e n m a n h me cac boat dong p h i P R n g nghiep t r o n g n o n g t h o n va t a i cac t h i t r a n nho D B S C L t h d i gian tdi, viec cai t h i e n cac boat dong t i n d u n g cho k h u vTic x i i n g d a n g trci t h a n h mot d i n h hxidng quan t r o n g cho q u a n l y N h a nu:6c c Phat trien sdu rgng cdc hoat dong khuyen nong, Cd v o n b i n h q u a n b a n d a u cua doanh nghiep (difdc dieu t r a ) d khuyen cong vd chuyen giao cong nghe mdi cho DBSCL D B S C L la t h a p K h o a n g 83% so' doanh nghiep diidc khao che dan g i a n nhkm t r a o ddi k i n h n g h i e m l a m nong, tiif l a u sat ci L d n g A n v a % cf CvLxi L o n g da c h i d\ia vao vo'n t\i c6 da trci t h a n h t r u y e n t h o n g ciia xa h o i nong nghiep D B S C L va vo'n vay m i i d n k h o n g l a i cua b a n be, ho h a n g k h i bat Song n e u cd che c h i v a n h a n h m o t each ddn doc va tU dau mci doanh nghiep T r o n g qua t r i n h san x u a t , n g u o n t i n phat, t h i n h i e u l a m c i i n g c h i tao n e n m o t chuoi mo p h o n g d u n g ngoai l a i b i thie'u h u t n g h i e m t r o n g k h i e n cho cong ddn gian hoac thiic n g h i e m t h t i - sai, dan t d i n h i i n g t i e n bo nghiep n o n g t h o n p h a t t r i e n cham, v i t r i n h cong nghe cham chap va p h a i m u a b&ng gia d a t Ccf che khuyen t h a p k e m , p h i f d n g phap san x u a t lac h a u , n a n g suat t h a p , hien dai k h o n g bac bo cd che d a n g i a n ; song no p h a i l a m CO n h i e u n g u y cd "sap t i e m " k h i s i i canh t r a n h t a n g len n h i e m v u tit cay minh vao cd che ddn gian do, de l i e n tuc X i n xem them chi tiet cac de xuat va luan giai bai: Tran Xuan Kiem, "Cdc dinh che tin dung va tai chinh phuc vu phat trim nong thon Nam bo", Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi, so 7, 1991, tr 60-65 Vien Khoa hoc lao dong va cac van de xa hoi Doanh nghiep nho d Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Noi, 1993, t r 123-126190-193 nong Nguyen Quang Vinh 204 truyen nhiing xung dong cong nghe tien tien vao cd cau nang liic cua ngUdi san xuat nong nghiep Vai tro quan ly ciia Nha niidc chinh la nam d diem tiep giap tinh te cua cong cuoc "hon phoi" giQa hai cd che Tii triidc nam 1975, cac to chiic khuyen nong da manh nha d vung, nhUng cung rat mong yeu, du da c6 mot dinh che Nha nxidc chuyen lo linh v\ic nay, dat tai Bo Nong nghiep cua chinh quyen cu TiX nhQng nam 1980, DBSCL da dat dUdc mot so tien bo linh viic phat trien nang liJc san xuat cua ngiidi nong dan, luc dau, khai niem "dinh che khuyen nong" chiia dvfdc chap nhan rong rai cac gidi quan ly cua Nha niidc ta Trong thdi ky he thong quan ly Nha niidc ve nong nghiep d\i vdi the che khuyen nong, t h i t a i mot so' tinh tien phong vung DBSCL nhii A n Giang, Cxiu Long (cii), Dong Thap, M i n h Hai, Tien Giang, da xuat hien cac hinh thai to chufc khuyen nong da dang, vdi nhiing ten goi khac Gian ddn va c6 quy mo nho nhat la cac "cau lac bo nong dan san xuat gioi" (ci Cai Be, Cai Lay - Tien Giang); trien khai sdm va c6 nhieu sang tao nhat la tinh A n Giang, vdi mang liidi khuyen nong tii tinh den xa, hoat dong theo nhiing diidng hifdng cua mot chiidng t r i n h khuyen nong c6 bai ban Co the coi day la mot nhiing ket qua quan ly phat trien rat dang khich le cua chinh quyen dia phiJdng va sii nang no chuyen giao t r i thijfc nong nghiep tien tien tdi t a n nong dan cua Vien Khoa hoc nong nghiep mien Nam, triidng Di tim sCrc song cac quan he xa hoi 205 Dai hoc Can Thd, Vien lua O Mon va mot so trung tarn khoa hoc ky thuat khac tren dia ban DBSCL va Nam bo De cang nang cao chat lUdng quan ly linh vxic khuyen nong hien dai (gid day Bo Nong nghiep va Cong nghiep thiic pham da chinh thiic c6 V u Khuyen nong), tUdng cung nen ban them ci day ve cai cd che tinh v i , bao dam mci rong cd cau nang liic cho cac chu the san xuat d nong thon DBSCL Trong vung dat nay, tii lau da van hanh mot cd che kha than thuoc nham tiep nhan va cap hoa cac yeu to' each tan k y thuat nong nghiep Do la viec ba nong dan hoc hoi cac thao tac san xuat da diidc t h i i thach, bang each triie quan va mo phong tam giidng nhiing ngiidi lam an gioi cung song cong dong Cuoc dieu t r a ciia Khoa Nong nghiep Dai hoc Can Thd nam 1973 -1974 t a i xa Phxidc Thdi cho biet, 62% nong dan diidc phong van da t r a Idi r i n g ho "se liia chon phiidng phap canh tac mdi sau k h i xem xet ket qua cua ba 16'i xom" Trong mot moi triidng ma t r i n h dp dan t r i eon chifa cao, thi cac tam gUdng t a i ch6, diide gay diing kheo leo cac diem t r i n h dien trifc quan, se la difdng diia tien bo ky thuat vao xa hoi nong thon mot each gian di va hap d i n nhat Nhiing qua t r i n h nay, cd che truyen thong va cac nhan vat khuyen nong dan gian to la khong day du Ho can dxiac tiep siie b&ng cac ky thuat vien tai cd sci, c6 hoc van kha hdn, dxiOc tap huan dinh ky, de tham gia vao ftiang liidi cac nhan vat khuyen nong cang eo tinh t i i giac cao hdn Chu nghia kinh nghiem va phong each mo Phong can diidc van dung, nhung chung cung can phdi NguySn Quang Vinh 206 t'lm £}/• SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 207 diiac "phu dinh" mot each bien chiCng, hang mot qua trinh u a n g cao tay nghe cho lao dong cong nghiep va dich v u tri tue hoa cdc chu the sdn xuat D i e u c6 le difdc t r o n g Hdn nCia, t\i triidc den nay, viec bo tuc tay nghe, t h i n a n g chd n h i e u n h a t n d i 16p t r e nong t h o n va cac nong dan c6 bac thUdng c h i difdc to chiic t a i mot so x i nghiep quo'c t r i n h hoc v a n tUdng dol k h a t r o n g cong dong Cuoc dieu doanh c6 quy mo t i i d n g doi Idn t a i cac t i n h Gid day, t r o n g tra xa h o i hoc n a m 1988 v6i ngot 900 lao dong nong t h o n mot n e n k i n h te n h i e u t h a n h p h a n , can p h a t t r i e n n h i i n g D B S C L tijf 16 t u o i t r d len da k h ^ n g d i n h dieu dxi bao vCfa d i n h che h u a n nghiep m e m deo v a r o n g r a i hdn, phuc v u noi D a c6 15,4% t o n g so' ngifdi diidc hoi c6 n g u y e n vong viec dao l u y e n lao dong cho ca k h u viic doanh nghiep N h a "tim doc cac sach cap k y t h u a t ddn g i a n " O n h o m niidc va ngoai N h a nUdc N h a niidc nen ap d u n g che nong dan c6 t r i n h cap I I - I I I , t y le l e n t d i 26% Ben mien t h u e doi vdi cac t r u n g tarn dao tao nghe d t h i (ke canh do, c6 10% ngiJ dan, 13% t h a n h n i e n nong t h o n va ca cac t r u n g tarn t\i n h a n q u a n l y ) Dong t h d i , h i i d n g 17% ngifdi CO t r i n h cap I I - I I I (diidc hoi) c6 y d i n h "theo d&n gay dUng mo'i l i e n he on d i n h g i i i a cac t r u n g tarn h u a n hoc mot Idp khoa hoc k y t h u a t nong nghiep ng&n ngay" Hoat dong q u a n ly t r o n g v u n g nen dac biet hi\x y den nhiJng n h o m t i e n phong ay t r o n g qua t r i n h thuc day h i e n nghiep v d i n h i i n g t r u n g tarn gidi t h i e u viec l a m , coi n h i i mot bien phap cung c6' siJtc m a n h cho t h i t r i i d n g siic lao dong dang h i n h t h a n h t r o n g t h d i k y D o i mdi dai hoa nong nghiep C) dia b a n t h i , cung dang c6 nhutng dau h i e u t i e n bo mdi t r o n g cong tac dao tao tay nghe cho cac t h e he lao dong cong nghiep t r e Tii n a m 1990 den 1993, t h a n h S d m v u n t r o n g mot the h e m d i c a c n h a q u a n ly phat t r i e n n o n g t h o n v a p h a t t r i e n t h i Cac dieu k i e n l i c h dac biet cua dat niidc t r o n g hdn Can T h d da dao tao t h e m diJdc 21.000 lao dong c6 tay 30 n a m chien t r a n h l i e n tuc da ren l u y e n n e n mot doi n g i i nghe T h a n h c i i n g loc lUa diidc 1.200 lao dong gioi cac can bo q u a n ly k i e n ciidng va t h o n g h i e u sau sac cac (hau het c6 t r i n h t a y nghe bac trci len) de difa vao lao dac diem cua dia ban hoat dong D o i n g i i c i i n g diidc tre dong va t r a n h t h u k y t h u a t m d i t a i cac x i nghiep l i e n hoa k h a m a n h , t\i cap t i n h den cac h u y e n , xa, t h i t r a n doanh v i nifdc ngoai^ T u y n h i e n , n h i n c h u n g cac t h i Viec dao tao, boi dUdng ve khoa hoc q u a n ly cho doi n g i i D B S C L v a n chiia c6 diidc s i i d a u t\i t h i c h dang vao viec da diJdc t i i n g budc day m a n h , ke ca t r e n dia ban D B S C L T u y n h i e n , theo n h i e u cuoc khao sat cua he t h o n g Dang va N h a nifdc, t h i k h a n a n g dap l i n g cua doi n g i i T h e o t a i l i e u c u a ong T r a n V a n T u , Triicfng b a n T u y e n giao tinh uy C a n T h d , 1994 trudc n h i i n g doi hoi cua bifdc p h a t t r i e n r a t m d i cua cd cau k i n h te v a x a h o i v ^ n chifa n g a n g t a m v d i cac t h a c h thtfc ... Nam (1USD =10 .500 VND)* Nhom thu nhap Thap nhat Thap den trung binh Thu nhap kha Thu nhap Ho thap nhat binh quan nhom Ho cao nhat nhom 72.700 43.000 10 0.000 15 8 .10 0 12 0.000 200.000 412 .10 0 210 .000... cac quan sat xa hoi hoc 1. 1 Cho den thdi diem 31/ 7 /19 96, tiic la sau gan nam trien khai dxi an Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe, 15 90 ho gia dinh Inti VIEN T!NH BINH 'WV^U JHUki JO NguySn Quang Vinh 18 Di... ven kenh: 13 ,8%>; - Mua nha (hoac can ho) khac noi thanh: 10 ,6%; - Thue nha noi thanh: 19 ,8%; - nhd nha khac noi thanh: 17 ,1% ; - Ve song d nong thon ngoai thanh: 16 ,6%; - Cach khac: 22 ,1% (Trong
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