ĐỀ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI CẤP TỈNH LỚP 12 NĂM HỌC 2010-2011 MÔN TIẾNG ANH – SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO LÂM ĐỒNG

ĐỀ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI CẤP TỈNH LỚP 12 NĂM HỌC 2010-2011 MÔN TIẾNG ANH – SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO LÂM ĐỒNG

SỞ GIÁO DỤC & ĐÀO TẠO LÂM ĐỒNG KỲ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI CẤP TỈNH LỚP 12 NĂM HỌC : 2010-2011 SECTION I: LISTENING ( pts) • Bài nghe gồm phần phần nghe lần, lần cách 15 giây • Mở đầu phần nghe có tín hiệu nhạc, phần cách phút • Thí sinh đọc kỹ hướng dẫn trước làm Part : Listen and choose the correct information about each invitation Write your answer (A, B, C, or D) in the numbered box A Lynne refuses Dave’s invitation B The invitation is for Saturday C Lynne will meet Dave’s parents on Saturday D Dave will meet Lynne’s parents on Saturday A Paula already has plans B They will meet at the bookstore C The invitation is for Friday D They will meet at the football stadium A There will be free drinks and food B Rose refuses the invitation C Rose doesn’t think it will be fun D Rose has something planned on Saturday A Ron accepts the invitation B Ron has to study for an important exam C Ron has to work late D Ron has to go to an evening English class A They will go downtown after class B They both hate listening to music C The invitation is for next month D They will go dancing after class A The invitation is for Sunday B George likes those kinds of shows C They will go to the show in the morning D They won’t go to the show Your answers: Part 2: Listen to four conversations in which people are giving invitations What events are they talking about? Listen and choose the correct answer Write your answer (A, B, C, or D) in the numbered box A art show B sports festival C children’s concert D flowers festival Your answers: Part 3: A craft fair B food fair C farm show D music show A movie premiere B restaurant opening C ice-skating exhibition D art show A restaurant opening B book signing C fashion show D concert A Listen to people talking about what they think is fun Complete the numbered blank with no more than four words Name Where they live What they Their idea of fun Karen Chicago Staying at home and (2)……… (1)………………… ……………………………… Going online and chatting Paul New York Taipei Emi (3)……………………… (4)………………………… (5) …………………………… B Listen to the interview with three athletes Complete the numbered blank with no more than four words Name Sports Barbara Accident Yes / No No Injury (1)………………………… Victor (2)………………………… Yes He (3)…………………………… and………………………… Lucy (4) ………………………… Yes She fell off her bike and (5)………………………… SECTION II : LEXICO-GRAMMAR ( pts) Part 1: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence Write your answer (A, B, C, or D) in the numbered box I not believe that this preposterous scheme is _ of our serious consideration A worthless B worth C worthwhile D worthy One of riding a bicycle is that it’s cheap A credit B advantage C advance D value People who take on a second job inevitably _ themselves to greater stress A offer B subject C field D place I keep putting the decision because I can’t make up my mind A up B down C off D on The new factory must be finished _ as the profitability of the company depends on it A on time B in times C at time D for a time To prevent flooding in winter, the water flowing from the dam is constantly by a computer A managed B graded C monitored D conducted I usually buy the clothes _ It is cheaper than going to a dressmaker A off the peg B on the house C in public D on the shelf I was already fed up with the job, but when the boss walked into my office and told me he expected me to work overtime that was the _ I quit A final curtain B last straw C end of the line D last waltz The doctor gave the patient _ examination to discover the cause of his collapse A a thorough B a universal C an exact D a whole 10 After leaving school , Nigel decided to _ in the army A register B enrol C sign D enlist Your answers: 10 Part 2: Write the correct FORM of each bracketed word in the numbered space provided in the column on the right (0) has been done as an example JOB INTERVIEWS Your answers: Interviews are an (0) (perfect) method of choosing the best people for jobs, yet human (1) (be) like to examine each other in this way One of the many problems of (2) (select) as it is commonly practised is that the forms filled in by the (3) _(apply) often fail to show people as they really are This means that you can follow all the best (4) (advise) when completing your form and still find that you are (5) ( success) at the next stage – the interview (6) (similar) in the rare cases where the interviews are automatic, a candidate with an (7) _(adequate) form may surprisingly well Of course, your form needs to show that you have (8) _(confident) in your (9) _(able) to the job , but don’t try to turn yourself into someone else – a person you have to pretend to be at the interview (10) _ (real) and honesty are definitely the best approach (0) imperfect (1)…………………… (2)…………………… (3)…………………… (4)…………………… (5)…………………… (6)…………………… (7)…………………… (8)…………………… (9)…………………… (10)………………… Part 3: Complete each sentence with the correct form of ONE of the phrasal verbs below Write your answer in the numbered box Each verb is used only once slip up wear off run out of fall into get into cut down on figure out egg on drink up take off I just can’t _ why President Clinton did that! What a stupid thing to do! If you plan the project well, then everything should place At first the guys were just having a small argument, but their friends _ them _ until they started fighting The doctor told me to sugar and fat in my diet I’m sorry, I just can’t the game right now I’m thinking about work You _ when you told Sara about her surprise party You shouldn’t have done that In many cultures, it is appropriate _ your shoes when entering a house Most patients find that the numbness from the injection after about an hour We _ milk this morning, so we need to go to the store 10 everyone! The pub is closing in five minutes Your answers: 10 Part 4: The passage below contains 10 mistakes Underline the mistakes, correct them and write your answers in the numbered box (0) has been done as an example Most of us are interest in one kind of sport or another , even if we don’t go in for it active Lots of people take up a particular sport at an early age, for example tennis, skiing or ice-skating If they get up to a suitable high standard, they may go in for local competitions or even champion But special training is hard works and most young people don’t keep it up Many of them drop out when they come up against tough competition To become a professional in sport, you have to go through with a strictness training schedule And it is not easy It means doing without some of life’s pleasures, too For example, to build up your physical strong you may have to stick to a special diet and give up some of your favour foods Smoking and alcohol are out , and to keep fit you have to work out regular every day Sometimes it all pays off, but the road to succeed is long and there are no guarantees No wonder that countless young talents decide to settle for a regular job instead, and, as far as professional sport are concerned, prefer to look on as spectators Your answers: Example: interest -> interested 10 SECTION III : READING (6 pts) Part 1: Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap Write your answer in the numbered box AUDIOBOOKS – BOOKS ON CASSETTE In the modern world, there is a wealth of leisure activities to choose from Entertainment industries (1) for your leisure time You can watch TV, listen to music, go to an art gallery or concert or, of course, read a book Sometimes it seems that reading is (2) because, (3) _ you’re a faster reader, it can take a (4) amount of time to finish a novel, for example But in the (5) _world, time is something that can be in short supply Book publishers haven’t been (6) _ to realize this and are now selling a product which needn’t (7) as much of your time but still tells you an excellent story The new product is the audiobook-cassette recordings of shortened novels, often read by well-known personalities or the authors themselves Audiobooks are (8) new but people are becoming more aware of them and sales are increasing (9) _ One of the attractions of audiobooks is that they’re (10) _ listening to the radio, only better You can listen to what you want when you want, and you won’t ever (11) _ anything Much of their appeal (12) _ in their flexibility They (13) you to other things while you’re listening ,such as driving or (14) _ the housework For some people , audiobooks can be a much more enjoyable way of (15) _ knowledge than reading A chase A neglected A in spite A plentiful A current A behind A take up A partly A ever since then 10 A as 11 A pass 12 A stands B compete C oppose D purpose B declined C lessened D disposed B no matter C regardless of D even if B broad C considerable D lasting B new C present D modern B slow C delayed D overdue B fill out C go through D pass by B approximately C roughly D relatively B all the time C up until now D from then on B same C like D both B lack C miss D lose B belongs C bases D lies 13 A grant 14 A doing 15 A grasping Your answers: 11 B allow B running B catching 12 C spare C making C gaining 13 14 D afford D cleaning D raising 10 15 Part 2: Read the passage and choose the best answer to each question from the four choices marked (A , B , C or D) Write your answer in the numbered box The three phrases of human memory are the sensory memory, the short-term memory, and the long - term memory This division of the memory into phases is based on the length of time of the memory Sensory memory is instantaneous memory It is an image or memory that enters your mind only for a short period of time; it comes and goes in under a second The memory will not last longer than that unless the information enters the short-term memory Information can be held in the short-term memory for about twenty seconds or as long as you are actively using it If you repeat a fact to yourself, that fact will stay in your short- term memory as long as you keep repeating it Once you stop repeating it, either it is forgotten or moves into long -term memory Long -term memory is the huge memory tank that can hold ideas and images for years and years Information can be added to your long-term memory when you actively try to put it there through memorization or when an idea or image enters your mind on its own The best title for this passage would be A The Difference Between Sensory memory and Short-term memory B How long It Takes to Memorize C The Stage of Human Memory D Human Phases The three phases of memory discussed in the passage are differentiated according to A the location in the brain B the period of time it takes to remember something C how the senses are involved in the memory D how long the memory lasts The expression “is based on” could be best replaced by _ A is on top of B is at the foot of C depends on D is below According to the passage, which type of the memory is the shortest? A Sensory memory B Active memory C Short-term memory D Long-term memory According to the passage, when will information stay in your short-term memory? A For as long as twenty minutes B As long as it is being used C After you have repeated it many times D When it has moved into long-term memory The word “keep” could be best replaced by A hold B continue C retain D save The word “Once” could be best replaced by which of the following? A Just after B Although C Just before D Because All of the following are true about long-term memory EXCEPT that _ A it has a very large capacity B it can hold information for a long time C it is possible to put information into it through memorization D memorization is the only way that information can get there The expression “on its own” could be best replaced by A by itself B in its own time C with its possessions D in only one way 10 It can be inferred from the passage that if a person remembers a piece of information for two days , this information is probably in _ A three phases of memory B the sensory memory C the short-term memory D the long-term memory Your answers: 10 Part 3: Read the following article and choose the most suitable heading for each of the following sections of the article from the list A to H There are two extra headings which you not need to use Write your answer in the numbered box A Bargain prices D Ensuring availability G Lost lugguage compensation B Escaping the crowds E Save on taxi fares H Changing to a better seat C In-flight comfort F Cheap excess baggage Membership of an airline loyalty club will guarantee you a seat on a flight, even when that flight is fully booked for ‘normal passangers’ Air France, KLM, Scandinavian Airlines and Singapore Airlines are just four carriers offering this facility to their very best customers Others, like British Airways, Lufthansa and Swissair, are not quite so bold with their claims but all will move heaven and earth to secure a seat for their club members First-class and bussiness-class passengers get the pick of the seating, ‘up front’ away from all the engine noise and vibration Economy passengers are invariably seated in the noisier, back rows of the aircraft, however, and airline seating plans ( displayed in timetables) enable you to choose the best seat Traveling with overweight baggage can cost you dearly On long-haul flights, the airlines give you a free baggage allowance of between 20 and 64 kilos, depending on the class of travel and the route Every excess kilo is charged at one per cent of the first-class fare One way round this is to hand over your baggage to an excess company, which can save you as much as 70 per cent on airline fees Your luggage will then travel to your destination unaccompanied, and you can either collect it from the airport or have it delivered to your destination address It won’t usually arrive the same day, though Booking a first-class or business-class ticket usually entitles you to use the more peaceful airline executive lounge at the airport Regular passengers with an airline can also use the lounges, even when flying on cut-price economy tickets The unthinkable has happened You have arrived overseas but your luggage has not appeared on the airport baggage carousel Keep calm In most cases your bags will turn up, eventually But, before you leave the airport, contact a member of staff and complete a Baggage Irregularity Report, which ensures that you will receive compensation However, airlines pay out pitiful compensastion, so read the small print on your ticket, and it’s essential to take out adequate insurance beforehand 6 Securing an upgrade is easier than ever before Canadian Airlines will now seat some transatlantic passengers who have paid the economy fare in business class, while business-class passengers bound for New York, Toronto, Delhi or Bombay are automatically upgraded to first-class if they have paid the full business-class fare In addition, large companies are increasingly negotiating an automatic upgrade with airlines Your answers: Part 4: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable sentence from the list A to H for each gap There are two extra sentences which you not need to use Write your answer in the numbered box A A species is a recipe written in DNA; a theology is an idea written in human language; a steam train is an engineer’s blueprint B Natural selection creates diversity- a thousand different ways to solve the same problems C Even if we cannot yet recreate species from their genomes D But they’ve got taken exactly on schedule E Despite the munch-vaunted web of ecological connections between all life F Mankind has now destroyed 90 per cent of Brazil’s coastal rainforest and not a single endemic species of bird has died out G Some pachyderms survived on an island H But it is necessary for island to remain isolated if this is to happen Island creatures are extremely vulnerable to extinction Except in the island continents like Australia, mankind has had a far less dramatic impact upon continental creatures.(1) _ The number of creatures known to have died out in the rainforest of the world is still tiny Nearly all of the extinctions mankind has caused have been on island, and most of those have been achieved by introducing competitors (Lakes are equivalent to islands When Nile perch were put in Lake Victoria, they quickly wiped out half the 300 species in fish in the lake) What harm is done? There is no diminution of biomass, no increase in the chances of a collapse of all life (2) , the invaders are often better adapted to survive than their victims So why does such extinction matter at all? The answer is that it standardizes the world (3) It meant sheep and cattle in Eurasia, giant birds in New Zealand and Madagascar, elephants in Africa, and bison in North America Now most of them are extinct or marginalized The same also applied to other forms of extinction Where once there were hundreds of African theologies, now Christianity and Islam dominate Where once there were more than a thousand mutually unintelligible languages on the island of new Guinea alone, soon there will be just pidgin Where once there were different kinds of cars in every country on earth, now everybody drives a clone It is not so much extinction itself that matters – does it matter that nobody speaks Linear B drives a Model T or worships Ra? It is the standardizing of the world, the disappearance of diversity that matters True, nature flights back Worldwide species are evolving into separate kinds; it could be only a few thousand years before starlings in Hawaii cannot breed with starlings in London and are therefore technically a different species (4) _ Islands have been called nature’s laboratories: they take a few, monotonous, global species and fragment them into experimental forms, a few of which later inherit the earth In just the same way, for a new language to be born the speakers must be isolated by a mountain range or a stretch of sea for several centuries; that is impossible today How you save diversity of species, theologies, languages and technologies? The answer must lie in information technology All of these things are really just chunks of unique information (5) Each needs to be virtually saved before it is physically lost Read the genome of a Hawaiian goose: take down the lexicon of a Fore language; film the tricks of a brilliant watchmaker (6) _, we should save them for a time when our descendants can Petrarch grumbled that he was surrounded by books in Ancient Greek that neither he nor anybody else could read The skill was later reacquired Your answers: SECTION IV: WRITING (5 pts) Part 1: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentences printed before it It was overeating that caused his heart attack If You’re under no obligation to accept their offer You can please _ It seems as if there is a slight deterioration in his physical condition His _ Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made No sooner As far as I know, there’s no reason for James to be so unhappy To the _ Part 2: Use the word(s) given in brackets and make any necessary additions to complete a new sentence in such a way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence Do NOT change the form of the given word(s) I find it surprising that she didn’t like her present (thought) I would The new plans for the school have been approved by the authorities (met) The new plans _ Somehow no one found out he had stolen the technical design from another company.( away) Somehow he I want to know if you have finalised those delivery dates yet (round) Have you _? Don’t eat so many sweets and won’t have to visit the dentist so often (save) Eating fewer _ Part 3: Write an essay (about 250 words) on the following topic: Why is education the top priority of all people? (Do not include your personal information.) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… - HẾT- SỞ GIÁO DỤC & ĐÀO TẠO LÂM ĐỒNG KỲ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI CẤP TỈNH LỚP 12 NĂM HỌC : 2010-2011 HƯỚNG DẪN CHẤM ĐỀ CHÍNH THỨC MÔN TIẾNG ANH THPT Ngày thi 18 tháng năm 2011 SECTION I: LISTENING (4đ) Part 1: (1.2đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.2 1.B (0.2 x = 1.2) 2.B Part 2: (0.8đ) 3.A Mỗi đáp án 0.2 1.C 2.B 3.A 6.B 4.B (0.2 x = 1) Where they live What they law student business student actress Paul Emi B (1 đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.2 (0.2 x = 1) Name Sport Accident ? Yes / No hand gliding No Barbara free style skiing Yes Victor Lucy 5.A (0.2 x = 0.8) Part 3: (2.0đ) A (1 đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.2 Name Karen 4.C triathlon Yes Their idea of fun watching DVDs listening to her (favourite) CDs Injury .broke his arm and (his) leg …broke her hand SECTION II: LEXICO-GRAMMAR ( 5đ ) Part 1: (1đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.1 1.D 5.C 2.B 7.A Part 2: (1đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.1 (0.1 x 10 = 1) 3.B 8.B 4.C 9.A (0.1 x 10 = 1) (1) beings (2) selection (3) applicants (4) advice (5)unsuccessful Part 3: (1.5đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.15 (6)Similarly (7) inadequate (8) confidence (9) ability (10) Realism (0.15 x 10 = 1.5) 10 5.A 10.D figure out slipped up Part : (1.5đ) fall into to take off egged them on wears off cut down on ran out of get into 10 Drink up Mỗi đáp án 0.15 (0.15 x 10 = 1.5) Most of us are interest in one kind of sport or another , even if we don’t go in for it active Lots of people take up a particular sport at an early age, for example tennis, skiing or ice-skating If they get up to a suitable high standard, they may go in for local competitions or even champion But special training is hard works and most young people don’t keep it up Many of them drop out when they come up against tough competition To become a professional in sport, you have to go through with a strictness training schedule And it is not easy It means doing without some of life’s pleasures, too For example, to build up your physical strong you may have to stick to a special diet and give up some of your favour foods Smoking and alcohol are out , and to keep fit you have to work out regular every day Sometimes it all pays off, but the road to succeed is long and there are no guarantees No wonder that countless young talents decide to settle for a regular job instead, and, as far as professional sport are concerned, prefer to look on as spectators (1) active - actively (2) suitable - suitably (3) champion - championships (4) works - work (5) strictness - strict (6) strong - strength (7) favour - favourite (8) regular - regularly (9) succeed - success (10) are - is SECTION III: READING (6đ) Part 1: (1.5đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.1 1.B 6.B 11.C ( 0.1 x 15 = 1.5) 2.A 7.A 12.D 3.D 8.D 13.B 4.C 9.B 14.A 5.D 10.C 15.C 4.A 9.A 5.B 10.D Part 2: (1.5đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.15 (0.15 x 10 = 1.5) 1.C 6.B 2.D 7.A 3.C 8.D Part 3: (1.5đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.25 1.D 2.C 3.F Part 4: (1.5đ) Mỗi đáp án 0.25 1F 2E (0.25 x = 1.5) B G H 5A 6C (0.25 x = 1.5) 3B 4H SECTION IV: WRITING (5đ) Part 1: (1đ) Mỗi câu 0.2 (0.2 x = 1) If he hadn’t overeaten, he wouldn’t have had/ got/ suffered from a heart attack You can please yourself (as to/ about) whether you accept their offer or not 11 His physical condition seems to be deteriorating slightly No sooner had the announcement been made than everyone started complaining To the best of my knowledge, there’s no reason for James to be so unhappy Part 2: (1đ) Mỗi câu 0.2 (0.2 x = 1) I would have thought that she would have liked her present The new plans for the school are have met with the approval of the authorities/ the authorities’ approval Somehow he managed to get away with the technical design from the company Have you got round to finalising those delivery dates yet? Eating fewer sweets will save you having to visit the dentist so often Part 3: (3đ) Content format Length Fluency and 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Grammar Vocabulary 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 Spelling 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 -3 main parts and four ideas –supporting ideas(and example) -3 main parts and three ideas –supporting ideas(and example) -3 main parts and two ideas –supporting ideas(and example) -3 main parts and one ideas –supporting ideas(and example) -About 250 words -About 200 words -About 150 words -About 100 words -Flowing style-very easy to understand –both complex and simple sentences- very effective -Quite flowing style-mostly easy to understand –a few complex sentences- effective -Reasonably smooth style-not to hard to understand –mostly(but not all) simple sentences –fairly effective -Jerky style-and effort needed to understand-confusing complex sentences – mostly simple sentences -Very jerky –hard to understand –almost simple sentences -Master grammar-only one or two minor mistakes -A few minor mistakes (only prepositions, articles, etc.) -Only one or two minor mistakes -Major mistakes which lead to difficulty in understanding- lack of mastery of sentence constructions -Use of wide range of vocabulary -Good use of new words acquired –use of appropriate synonyms, circumlocution, etc -Attempt to use words acquired- fairly appropriate vocabulary on the whole but sometimes restricted –had to resort to use synonyms ,circumlocution, etc -Restricted vocabulary- imprecise and vague-affects meaning -No error -1 or two minor errors only -Several errors –do not interfere significantly with communication –not too hard to understand -Several errors- some interfere significantly with communication –some words are very hard to recognize Suggested ideas: The reason why education is important to life 12 - main purpose is to help people to read and write and how to behave towards others and society, provide people with relevant knowledge, widen knowledge,develop intelligence ,etc - a good education intends to get the young ready for life - a key to many high positions in society, help to earn living more easily than the uneducated people - bring up intellectual ability and personal skills for people - play a very important role to civilization, prosperity and power of a country,etc 13 ... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… - HẾT- SỞ GIÁO DỤC & ĐÀO TẠO LÂM ĐỒNG KỲ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI CẤP TỈNH LỚP 12 NĂM HỌC : 2010-2011 HƯỚNG DẪN CHẤM ĐỀ CHÍNH THỨC MƠN TIẾNG ANH THPT Ngày thi 18 tháng năm 2011 SECTION... ideas –supporting ideas(and example) -3 main parts and three ideas –supporting ideas(and example) -3 main parts and two ideas –supporting ideas(and example) -3 main parts and one ideas –supporting... all) simple sentences –fairly effective -Jerky style-and effort needed to understand-confusing complex sentences – mostly simple sentences -Very jerky –hard to understand –almost simple sentences