Test bank for HDEV second canadian edition by longmuir and rathus download

Chapter 9—Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development Test Bank For HDEV second Canadian edition by Longmuir and Rathus MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the pace of height and weight changes during middle childhood? a They slow down b They are fairly steady c They undergo a dramatic growth spurt d They are rapid for girls, but slow and steady for boys ANS: KEY: B PTS: WWW REF: BLM: p 153 OBJ: LO1 Remember What is the growth trend of boys and girls during middle childhood? a Girls outgrow boys b Boys outgrow girls c Girls and boys have virtually no growth d Girls and boys grow approximately cm in height per year ANS: BLM: DPTS: Remember 1REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 How much weight does the average child gain each year during middle childhood? a 1.5 to kg b 2.25 to kg c to kg d to 6.50 kg ANS: BLM: BPTS: Remember 1REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 9-1 Jack is an average 7-year-old How have his nutritional needs changed compared with two years ago? a Jack needs to eat less b Jack needs to eat more c Jack needs to eat more fat d Jack needs to eat the same amount ANS: KEY: B PTS: WWW REF: BLM: OBJ: LO1 p 153 Remember How many calories does the average 7- to 10-year-old require? a 1,300 calories per day b 1,700 calories per day c 2,000 calories per day d 2,400 calories per day ANS: BLM: CPTS: Remember 1REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 9-2 Which of the following best describes the food offered to most children in school cafeterias? a It is low in sodium b It is heavy in sugar and animal fats c It comprises primarily fish, poultry, and whole grains d It reflects the dietary recommendations made by the food pyramid ANS: BLM: BPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 Which of the following best describes the size of food portions in restaurants over the past few decades? a The portions have become larger b The portions have become smaller c The portions have stayed the same size d The portions of vegetables have become larger ANS: BLM: APTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 At approximately what age girls become taller than boys? a at approximately age b at approximately age c at approximately age 10 d at approximately age 14 or 15 ANS: BLM: CPTS: Remember 1REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 Morgan and Jesse are the same age Morgan is slightly heavier and taller than Jesse Which of the following most likely describes Morgan? a Morgan is a 3- to 5-year-old girl b Morgan is a 9- to 10-year-old boy c Morgan is a 13- to 14-year-old boy d Morgan is a 17- to 18-year-old boy 9-3 ANS: KEY: B PTS: WWW REF: BLM: p 153 OBJ: LO1 Higher Order 10 Beginning around age 11, boys develop relatively more muscle than girls At about the same age, what girls develop relatively more of compared with boys? a height b weight c muscle d fatty tissue ANS: BLM: DPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 9-4 11 How has the prevalence of obesity changed for males and females in recent years? a It has increased for both genders across ethnic groups b It has decreased dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s c It has increased for males, but decreased for females d It has decreased for males, but increased for females ANS: BLM: A PTS: Higher Order REF: p 153-154 OBJ: LO1 12 What percentage of Canadian children are obese? a to 6% b to 9% c 11 to 13% d 15 to 18% ANS: BLM: B PTS: Remember REF: p 153-154 OBJ: LO1 13 Janet wonders whether her overweight twins, Michael and Michelle, will ever outgrow their baby fat What is her doctor most likely to tell her? a They are likely to outgrow their baby fat b They are unlikely to outgrow their baby fat c Only male children will outgrow their baby fat d Only children of European descent will outgrow their baby fat ANS: BLM: B PTS: Higher Order REF: p 153-154 OBJ: LO1 14 Morgan is an obese child What can we predict about Morgan’s future weight? a Morgan will become an obese adult b Morgan will outgrow the baby fat in early childhood c Morgan will achieve a normal weight during adolescence d Morgan’s future weight depends on Morgan’s gender ANS: A PTS: REF: p 154 OBJ: LO1 9-5 BLM: Higher Order 15 What is the relationship between most obese children and their normal-weight peers? a They are likely to be rejected by their peers and to more poorly in sports b They are likely to be popular with their peers and to well in sports c They like their bodies to the same degree as their peers d They are treated the same as their peers during childhood, but changes occur in adolescence ANS: BLM: APTS: Remember 1REF: p 154 OBJ: LO1 9-6 16 Which of the following is a common outcome of being obese during adolescence? a aggressive behaviour b high social competence c high academic achievement d being considered less attractive ANS: BLM: DPTS: Remember 1REF: p 154 OBJ: LO1 17 Which of the following does NOT affect obesity? a genetics b physiological factors c environment d gender ANS: KEY: D PTS: WWW REF: BLM: OBJ: LO1 p 154 Remember 18 Which of the following statements provides evidence for the role of environment in obesity? a Some children inherit a tendency to turn extra calories into fat b Identical twins have similar body weights regardless of whether they were reared together or separately c Watching TV affects children's weight d Cultural dietary choices affect weight ANS: BLM: CPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 154 OBJ: LO1 19 What is the relationship between television viewing and obesity? a TV viewing curbs the appetite b Children who are heavy TV viewers are less physically active overall c TV viewing resets the hunger trigger, which is located in the thalamus d TV viewing does NOT contribute to obesity; obesity is genetically determined 9-7 ANS: BLM: BPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 154 OBJ: LO1 20 During middle childhood, children develop motor skills, such as increases in speed and strength What else increases at the same time? a agility b flexibility c confidence d interest in sports ANS: BLM: APTS: Remember 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 9-8 21 At approximately what age does a child usually develop the coordination required for gymnastics? a at approximately age b at approximately age c at approximately age d at approximately age ANS: BLM: DPTS: Remember 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 22 By age 7, most children are NOT capable of which gross motor skills? a hopping b jumping c climbing d gymnastics ANS: KEY: D PTS: WWW REF: BLM: OBJ: LO2 p 155 Remember 23 What kind of muscular control is needed for gymnastics? a aerobic capacity b fine motor skills c gross motor skills d systemic motor skills ANS: BLM: CPTS: Remember 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 24 Which of the following does NOT increase as a result of greater coordination and agility during the middle childhood years? a practice in using physical skills b myelination of motor pathways c muscle strength d reaction time ANS: D PTS: REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 9-9 BLM: Higher Order 25 When two people are talking, John can type their conversation faster than Rebecca because he responds faster to the verbal stimulus What term refers to John’s ability? a reaction time b response rate c sensorimotor intelligence d gross motor activation time ANS: BLM: APTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 9-10 ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 Hopping, skipping, and jumping are examples of fine motor skills ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 10 Gender differences in motor skills appear to be predominantly learned ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 11 Boys have more coordination and agility than girls during middle childhood ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO3 12 Aerobic exercises, such as swimming and running, improve fitness more than activities such as baseball and football ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 155 OBJ: LO3 13 Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with ADHD ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 156 OBJ: LO3 14 Food colourings and preservatives are responsible for the epidemic of ADHD ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 156 OBJ: LO3 15 Medical stimulants, such as Ritalin, can help reduce symptoms of hyperactivity ANS: KEY: T PTS: WWW REF: BLM: OBJ: LO3 p 156 Remember 16 Most learning disabilities are outgrown after adolescence 9-49 ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 156 OBJ: LO3 17 College students with dyslexia may be excellent at word recognition, yet have trouble decoding new words ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 157 OBJ: LO3 18 The angular gyrus translates visual information into patterns the brain can use ANS: KEY: T PTS: WWW REF: BLM: OBJ: LO3 p 157 Remember 19 The Learning Disabilities Association of Canada argues that out of 10 children have some form of learning disability ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 158 OBJ: LO3 20 Concrete operational thinking is characterized by decentration, flexibility, and reversibility ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 158 OBJ: LO4 21 According to Piaget, it is the role of teachers to find materials that will interest children and to provide active learning opportunities for their students ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 158 OBJ: LO4 22 Decentration is required for proper conservation in the concrete operational period of development ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 158 OBJ: LO4 9-50 23 Knowing that if A exceeds B in some property (say, age or height) and if B exceeds C, then A must also exceed C is an example of transitivity ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 158 OBJ: LO4 24 If a child thinks that there are more flowers than tulips in a picture of tulips and pansies, this child is demonstrating conservation of number ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 158 OBJ: LO4 25 According to Kohlberg, in the conventional level of moral reasoning, children base moral judgments on the consequences of behaviour ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 158 OBJ: LO5 26 The postconventional level of moral reasoning is based on the person’s own moral standards ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 159 OBJ: LO5 27 The Heinz dilemma is used to measure preoperational thinking ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 160 OBJ: LO5 28 In the preconventional level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, children are concerned about avoiding punishment ANS: BLM: T PTS: Higher Order REF: p 160-161 OBJ: LO5 29 Right and wrong are judged by conforming to social conventions in the conventional level of moral development ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 161 OBJ: LO5 9-51 30 Preschoolers are most likely to use postconventional reasoning for moral behaviour ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 161 OBJ: LO5 31 The development of selective attention is a key element in children’s information processing ANS: BLM: T PTS: Remember REF: p 162 OBJ: LO6 p 162 OBJ: LO6 32 Selective attention develops during adolescence ANS: BLM: F PTS: Remember REF: 33 Being able to focus on irrelevant and relevant information in a task is an example of selective attention ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 162 OBJ: LO6 p 162 OBJ: LO6 34 Sensory memory last 30 seconds on average ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: 35 Auditory sensory memory lasts longer than visual sensory memory ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 162 OBJ: LO6 36 One strategy for promoting memory is to encode visual stimuli as sounds ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 162 OBJ: LO6 9-52 37 Research has shown that long-term memory has no known time limit or capacity ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 162 OBJ: LO6 38 Categorizing information in long-term memory assists in recall of that information ANS: KEY: T PTS: WWW REF: BLM: OBJ: LO6 p 162 Remember 39 Metacognition is another name for metamemory ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 164 OBJ: LO6 9-53 40 Intelligence is considered one’s underlying ability, whereas achievement is one’s performance ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 165 OBJ: LO7 41 Spearman’s “g” factor assumes an underlying general intelligence ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 165 OBJ: LO7 42 The three types of intelligence identified in Sternberg’s triarchic theory are analytical, creative, and practical ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 165 OBJ: LO7 43 Being able to get around one’s environment and use a map are examples of spatial intelligence ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 165 OBJ: LO7 44 IQ scores are only useful for determining which children belong in gifted classes ANS: BLM: F PTS: Remember REF: p 165-166 OBJ: LO7 45 IQ scores are based on one’s chronological age and one’s mental age ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 166 OBJ: LO7 46 The Wechsler scales of intelligence measure primarily mathematical reasoning ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 167 OBJ: LO7 9-54 47 Culture-free tests of intelligence have solved the problem associated with intelligence tests ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 168 OBJ: LO7 48 Intelligence does NOT become stable until adolescence ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 169 OBJ: LO7 p 169 OBJ: LO7 49 The average IQ score for Canadian children is 110.34 ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: 50 Some causes of intellectual challenge are biological, stemming from chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome ANS: BLM: TPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 170 OBJ: LO7 51 No racial or ethnic differences in IQ scores are evident in Canada today ANS: BLM: F PTS: Remember REF: p 170-171 OBJ: LO7 52 The relationship between creativity and IQ scores is moderate ANS: KEY: T PTS: WWW REF: BLM: OBJ: LO7 p 171 Remember 53 Creative thinking tends to be convergent rather than divergent ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 171 OBJ: LO7 p 175 OBJ: LO7 54 IQ scores have NO genetic relationship ANS: F PTS: REF: 9-55 BLM: Higher Order 55 Many psychologists believe that heredity and environment interact to influence intelligence ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 171 OBJ: LO8 56 Children in the middle years have less trouble understanding passive sentences than preschoolers ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 172 OBJ: LO8 57 Reading is a simple process for children to accomplish ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 172 OBJ: LO8 58 The phonetic method is superior to the word-recognition method for learning to read ANS: BLM: FPTS: Higher Order 1REF: p 173 OBJ: LO8 59 Children reared in bilingual homes are generally retarded in their cognitive development ANS: BLM: FPTS: Remember 1REF: p 173 OBJ: LO8 9-56 60 On in five Canadians is an allophone; that is, their mother tongue is neither English nor French ANS: BLM: TPTS: Remember 1REF: p 173 OBJ: LO8 SHORT ANSWER Describe the typical growth patterns in middle childhood Do gender differences affect growth patterns during this time? ANS: Growth during the middle childhood years can best be described as "steady." Although there can be large differences, most children gain a little over cm in height per year This steady pattern of growth continues until the adolescent growth spurt Until this growth spurt occurs in girls, boys continue to be taller and heavier Girls, however, begin the adolescent growth spurt around age 11 and quickly become both taller and heavier than boys Boys not tend to experience the adolescent growth spurt until the ages of 13 or 14 PTS: REF: p 153 OBJ: LO1 BLM: Remember What are the patterns of obesity during middle childhood? ANS: Obesity is defined as a weight in excess of 20% of the norm The norms, of course, are based upon both age and gender As many as 8% of Canadian youth are considered obese Contributing factors include an increase in television viewing (and the number of commercials advertising high-fat and high-sugar foods) and a decline in the number of families engaging in physical activity as a part of their family interactions PTS: REF: p 153-154 OBJ: LO1 BLM: Remember Discuss motor development during the middle childhood years Do gender differences affect motor development? If so, what might account for these gender differences? ANS: 9-57 During the middle childhood years, children experience significant growth in the strength of their muscles and in their ability to engage in tasks that require balance and coordination The pathways that connect the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex become increasingly myelinated, which increases the speed and efficiency at which neural impulses are conducted Although some gender differences have been noted, these differences are difficult to explain on the basis of biology alone These differences are more likely the result of differential socialization (i.e., family, peer, and media pressures) than genetics The only consistent difference apparent during preschool years and continuing into middle childhood is a difference in the ability to throw a ball Boys consistently outperform girls on this task Girls tend to outperform boys on tasks requiring fine motor skills and overall flexibility PTS: REF: p 154-155 OBJ: LO2 BLM: Higher Order 9-58 Are Canadian children physically fit? Why or why not? ANS: More than half of Canadian children aged to 17 are not active enough for optimal growth and development Cardiac and muscular fitness are developed by participation in aerobic exercises, such as running, walking quickly, swimming laps, bicycling, or jumping rope for several minutes at a time However, Canadian schools have seen physical education programming decline over several decades The other culprits appear to be television, high-fat and high-sugar diets, and sedentary lifestyles PTS: REF: p 155 OBJ: LO2 BLM: Higher Order Describe the disorder known as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ANS: When diagnosing ADHD, the child’s degree of overactivity should be noted Most children engage in high levels of activity from time to time With ADHD, however, the child appears to always be "on." The child with ADHD is also unable to control acting-out behaviours and may become physically agitated due to difficulty in maintaining control Children with ADHD are also very impulsive and may show high levels of anxiety Research suggests some possible biological components to ADHD, from improper functioning of the thyroid to potential brain dysfunction, which may affect the inhibitory control portions of the frontal cortex PTS: REF: p 155-156 OBJ: LO3 BLM: Higher Order What does has research found in terms of the theories that explain dyslexia and whether a genetic link exists? ANS: Theories of dyslexia focus on how sensory and neurological problems may contribute to the reading problems we find in individuals with dyslexia Genetic factors appear to be involved; 25 to 65 percent of children who have one dyslexic parent are dyslexic themselves About 40 percent of the siblings of children with dyslexia are dyslexic PTS: REF: p 157 OBJ: LO3 BLM: Higher Order 9-59 How does concrete operational thinking differ from preoperational thinking? ANS: Concrete operational thinking is based on systematic, logical thought processes Children in the concrete operational period are able to use reversible and flexible processes They understand that an object that changes in one dimension will compensate in another dimension They are also able to think about more than one dimension of a problem at a time As a result, they can understand class inclusion problems, as demonstrated by their understanding that an object can belong to more than one class at a time Children in the concrete operational period are also less egocentric in their thinking PTS: REF: p 158 OBJ: LO4 BLM: Higher Order 9-60 How is the Heinz dilemma used to assess moral development? ANS: The Heinz dilemma involves telling individuals about Heinz, whose wife is ill, and explaining that Heinz cannot afford the medication she needs Individuals are then asked whether Heinz should steal the drug and to explain their reasoning Their responses are analyzed and identified as being within a certain level of reasoning These levels are: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional PTS: REF: p 159-160 OBJ: LO5 BLM: Higher Order How does selective attention change during middle childhood? ANS: Children during middle childhood develop the ability to attend to the relevant information of a task in a much better way than when they were younger At the same time, they are also able to, when needed, attend to multiple aspects of a problem at one time PTS: REF: p 162 OBJ: LO6 BLM: Higher Order 10 How sensory, short-term, and long-term memories differ? ANS: Sensory memory includes auditory and visual memories and is also known as “trace” memory This type of memory is extremely short in duration and small in capacity Short-term memory is slightly longer than sensory memory and may be kept active through memory strategies such as rehearsal Short-term memory has a rather small capacity Long-term memory has no known duration or capacity PTS: REF: p 162 OBJ: LO6 BLM: Remember 11 Describe the word-recognition and the phonetic method used to teach reading ANS: 9-61 The word-recognition method links visual stimuli such as seeing the words cat and Robert with the sound combinations that produce the spoken words This ability is typically acquired by rote learning, or extensive repetition In the phonetic method, children learn to associate written letters and letter combinations (such as ph or sh) with the sounds they indicate Then they sound out words The phonetic method provides skills children can use to decode new words, but some children learn more rapidly at early ages through the word-recognition method PTS: REF: p 164 OBJ: LO7 BLM: Remember 9-62 12 What has recent research found in terms of today’s Aboriginal populations and the literacy development of their cultural languages? What can be done? ANS: Significant issues exist today in terms of Canada’s Aboriginal populations and the low literacy development of their Aboriginal languages These low literacy rates are mainly the consequence of the policies and practices carried out in residential schools, which instilled among many Aboriginal adults that their language was inferior and their cultural ways were primitive Supporting Aboriginal children to learn their Indigenous language is an exceptional way to successfully communicate vital thoughts of cultural identity, cultural knowledge, and connectedness with their cultural community PTS: REF: p 174 OBJ: LO8 BLM: Remember 9-63