Greek christian poetry in classical forms the codex of visions from the bodmer papyrus and the melding of literary traditions

GREEK CHRISTIAN POETRY IN CLASSICAL FORMS: THE CODEX OF VISIONS FROM THE BODMER PAPYRI AND THE MELDING OF LITERARY TRADITIONS Kevin James Kalish A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY RECOMMENDED FOR ACCEPTANCE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE LITERATURE Adviser: Daniel Heller-Roazen June 2009 UMI Number: 3356722 Copyright 2009 by Kalish, Kevin James All rights reserved INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion UMI Microform 3356722 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code _ ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 © Copyright by Kevin James Kalish, 2009 All rights reserved ABSTRACT This dissertation presents a new chapter in the story of Christian culture’s engagement with classical literary culture The Codex of Visions, part of the Bodmer Papyri discovered in upper Egypt in 1952, provides the material for my study This codex contains previously unknown and anonymous Greek Christian poems dating from the mid-fourth to the mid-fifth century The nature of the codex is eclectic, and I base my analysis on four narrative poems from the codex These poems, though composed according to classical prosody and employing archaic diction, nonetheless deal with Christian themes, from visions of heaven to retellings of Bible episodes I argue that these poems show how Christian poets in Late Antiquity melded Christian and classical traditions to form a new type of poetry Chapter One gives an introduction to the codex and provides background information on Christian poetry in Late Antiquity and the classical tradition The “Vision of Dorotheus,” a poem that recounts a vision of heaven narrated by a Roman soldier, is the subject of Chapter Two In a poem on Abraham and the Sacrifice of Isaac (Chapter Three), the poet imagines what Abraham, Sarah, and Isaac would have said to each other before the sacrifice Chapter Four discusses two poems on Cain and Abel Cain’s lament evokes monologues from Greek tragedy, whereas Abel, in Hades, paraphrases Psalm 101 and looks forward to the coming of his savior The poems on Abraham, Cain, and Abel take rhetorical devices as their starting points: characterization (ethopoiia) and paraphrase are used as the basis for poetic experiments in retelling Biblical episodes iii An important conclusion from this study is that these poems imitate the poetry of Gregory of Nazianzus, the fourth-century bishop, theologian, and poet Since we know that Gregory composed most of his poetry in the 380s, this establishes a more precise date for these poems Subsequently, these poems from the Codex of Visions provide a glimpse of how Christian poetry developed after Gregory’s classicizing poetry and before the emergence of new poetic forms in the sixth century with the poetry of Romanos the Melodist iv ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations for papyri follows the Checklist of Editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic, and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca, and Tablets found online at LSJ A Greek-English Lexicon, ed H.G Liddell, R Scott, and H.S Jones (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) LXX Septuaginta, ed Alfred Rahlfs (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung, 2006) PG Patrologia Graeca, ed J P Migne (Paris, 1857—) PGL A Patristic Greek Lexicon, ed G.W.H Lampe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961) OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 3rd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to all of those who made this possible First, I would like to thank my committee—Peter Brown, Andrew Ford, Daniel HellerRoazen, and Stratis Papaioannou (Brown University)—for seeing this project to its completion The composition of my committee reflects the interdisciplinary nature of my time at Princeton Peter Brown’s advice, encouragement, and generous spirit have helped me at every stage of this work Andrew Ford has ensured that one foot remains in Classics Stratis Papaioannou agreed to serve as an outside reader, and his perspective and careful comments have helped immensely Beyond my committee, many at Princeton and beyond offered guidance and suggestions My first stab at the “Vision of Dorotheus” came about during a seminar taught by Constanze Güthenke, and little did I know then the direction that paper would take me Raffaella Cribiore encouraged me to take on this project when I was a student at the Summer Seminar in Papyrology sponsored by the American Society of Papyrologists (Columbia University 2006); she has provided the much need papyrological expertise throughout the process AnneMarie Luijendijk, since her arrival at Princeton, has answered many papyrological questions Towards the end of the process, Eileen Reeves was instrumental in answering procedural questions and helping me find teaching Valerie Kanka offered much needed assistance with administrative details vi Support of various types, as well as continual inspiration, came from the Program in Hellenic Studies at Princeton University Hellenic Studies provided financial support with a Stanley J Seeger Fellowship as well as a home away from home I have also benefited from financial support in Comparative Literature with the Joseph E Croft ‘73 Summer Fellowship, (2004, 2005) and the Mary Cross Summer Fellowship (2004) The Center for the Study of Religion, with their Graduate Research Award, provided funding and a forum for presenting an earlier version of Chapter Two The Byzantine Studies Association of North America encouraged my efforts with their Graduate Student Prize Numerous friends at Princeton also deserve my thanks Matt Milliner graciously read the entire dissertation and offered valuable feedback Many have read portions or offered feedback on various talks based on this dissertation But most of all it is the friendship that I cherish My thanks go out to, among others: Craig Caldwell, Jack Tannous, Richard Payne, Dan Schwartz, David Michelson, Petre Guran, Nebojsa Stankovic, Scott Moringiello, Leah Whittington, Dawn LaValle, Alana Shilling, Nick Marinides, Andrew Hui, and Christian Kaesser Most of all I wish to thank my family My parents, in addition to all the support and love they have offered, instilled in me the sense of dedication and perseverance to see this project to its conclusion To them and to my siblings I offer my thanks My wife Erin has learned more about early Christian poetry than she ever wanted to know Her love, support, and editorial expertise have made all of this a reality My daughter Elizabeth has helped in ways she can barely imagine Much of this was written as we awaited her birth Since then, she has offered much need vii diversions and a reminder that scholarship needs to be balanced with time playing outside To Erin and Elizabeth I dedicate this work viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .III ABBREVIATIONS V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .VI TABLE OF CONTENTS IX CHAPTER ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CODEX OF VISIONS FROM THE BODMER PAPYRI AND THE MELDING OF LITERARY TRADITIONS 10 CHAPTER TWO: A TRIP TO HEAVEN RETOLD IN HOMERIC VERSE BY A ROMAN IMPERIAL GUARD: THE “VISION OF DOROTHEUS” (P.BODM 29) 31 CHAPTER THREE: VISUALIZING DIALOGUES: THE IMAGINED SPEECHES OF ABRAHAM, ISAAC, AND SARAH IN “TO ABRAHAM” (P BODM 30) 66 CHAPTER FOUR: GIVING A VOICE TO THE DEAD: ETHOPOIIA IN THE POEMS ON CAIN AND ABEL (P BODM 33 AND 35) 119 CONCLUSION 156 APPENDIX ONE 168 WORKS CITED 169 ix ——— The School of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007 Cunningham, Mary "Dramatic Device or Didactic Tool? The Function of Dialogue in Byzantine Preaching." In Rhetoric in Byzantium, edited by Elizabeth Jeffreys, 101-13 Aldershot: Ashgate 2003 Daley, Brian Gregory of Nazianzus, The Early Church Fathers London: Routledge, 2006 Dieterich, Albrecht Nekyia: Beiträge zur Erklärung der neuentdeckten Petrusapokalypse Leipzig: Teubner, 1893 Edmonds, Radcliffe G Myths of the underworld journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the 'Orphic' Gold Tablets Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 Edwards, Preston "'Epistamenois agoreuso: on the Christian Alexandrianism of Gregory of Nazianzus." Dissertation, Brown University, 2003 Ehrman, Bart D The Apostolic Fathers, Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003 Elliot, J K., ed The Apocryphal New Testament Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993 Enkleistos, Neophytos Hermêneia tôn ôdôn Edited by Theocharês Eustratiou Detorakês vols, Hagiou Neophutou tou Enkleistou Syngrammata Paphos, 2001 Ephraem Graecus S Ephraem Syri Opera Edited by S J Mercati Vol 1, Monumenta Biblica et Ecclesiastica Rome: Pontifical Biblical Insititute, 1915 175 ——— Sermo tetrasyllabus Edited by K G Phrantzoles vols Vol 2, Osiou Ephraim Tou Surou Erga Thessalonica: To Periboli Tês Panagias, 1989 ——— Sermo I in Abraham et Isaac Edited by K.G Phrantzoles vols Vol 7, Osiou Ephraim Tou Surou Erga Thessalonica: To Periboli Tês Panagias, 1998 Epp, Eldon J "New Testament Papyri and the Transmission of the New Testament." In Oxyrhynchus: A City and Its Texts, edited by A K Bowman, 315-31 London: Egypt Exploration Society, 2007 Ezekiel The Exagoge of Ezekiel Edited by Howard Jacobson Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983 Faulkner, Andrew The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite: Introduction, Text, and Commentary Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 Fournet, Jean-Luc "Une éthopée de Caïn dans le Codex des Visions de la Fondation Bodmer." Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 92 (1992): 254-66 ——— Hellénisme dans l'Égypte du VIe siècle: la bibliothèque et l'oeuvre de Dioscore d'Aphrodité Le Caire: Institut Franỗais d'Archộologie Orientale, 1999 "Between Literary Tradition and Cultural Change The Poetic and Documentary Production of Dioscorus of Aphrodite." In Learned Antiquity Scholarship and Society in the Near-East, the Greco-Roman World, and the Early Medieval West, edited by Alaisdair A MacDonald, Michael W Twomey and Gerrit J Reinink, 101-14 Leuven: Peeters, 2003 176 Gamble, Harry Y Books and Readers in the Early Church: A History of Early Christian Texts New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995 Gelzer, Thomas "Zur Visio Dorothei: Pap Bodmer 29." Museum Helveticum 45 (1988): 248-50 ——— "Zur Frage des Verfassers der Visio Dorothei." In Le Codex des Visions, edited by André Hurst and Jean Rudhardt, 139-54 Genève: Librairie Droz, 2002 Genette, Gérard Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree Translated by Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997 Glenthøj, Johannes Bartholdy Cain and Abel in Syriac and Greek Writers (4th-6th Centuries) Leuven: Peeters, 1997 Golega, Joseph Der homerische Psalter Studien über die dem Apolinarios von Laodikeia zugeschriebene Psalmenparaphrase Ettal: Buch-Kunstverl, 1960 Gounelle, Rémi La descente du Christ aux enfers: institutionnalisation d'une croyance Paris: Institut d'études augustiniennes, 2000 Gounelle, Rémi, and Zbigniew S Izydorczyk L'Évangile de Nicodème, ou, Les actes faits sous Ponce Pilate (recension latine A): suivi de La lettre de Pilate l'empereur Claude Turnhout: Brepols, 1997 Green, Roger Latin Epics of the New Testament: Juvencus, Sedulius, Arator Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 177 Gregory of Nazianzus Carmina Edited by J.-P Migne Vol 37-38, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca (PG) Paris, 1857-66 ——— Alphabeticum Paraeneticum (e cod Patm 33) Edited by I Sakkelion, Patmiakê Bibliothêkê Athens, 1890 ——— Gregory of Nazianzus: Autobiographical Poems Translated by Carolinne White Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 ——— Poemata arcana Edited by Claudio Moreschini and D A Sykes Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997 ——— St Gregory of Nazianzus: Select Orations Translated by Martha Pollard Vinson Vol 107, The Fathers of the Church Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2003 Gregory of Nyssa In Canticum Canticorum Edited by Werner Jaeger Vol 6, Gregorii Nysenni Opera Leiden: Brill, 1952 ——— Commentary on the Song of songs Translated by Casimir McCambley Brookline, MA: Hellenic College Press, 1987 ——— De deitate filii et spiritus sancti et in Abraham Edited by E Rhein Vol 10, pt 2, Gregorii Nysseni Sermones Pars III Leiden: Brill, 1996 Gregory Thaumaturgos Sermo in omnes sanctos Edited by J.-P Migne Vol 10, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, series Graeca (PG) Paris, 1857-66 Grenfell, Bernard P., and Arthur S Hunt, eds The Amherst Papry Vol London: Henry Frowde, 1900 178 Grosdidier De Matons, José Romanos le Mélode et les origines de la poésie religieuse Byzance, Beauchesne Religions Paris: Beauchesne, 1977 Hagen, Hans-Martin Êthopoiia Zur Geschichte eines rhetorischen Begriffs ErlangenNuremberg, 1966 Hagendahl, Harald "Piscatorie et non Aristotelice: Zu einem Schlagwort bei den Kirchenvätern." In Septentianalia et Orientalia: Studia Bernhardo Karlgren Stockholm: Alinquist and Wiksell, 1959 Harvey, Susan Ashbrook "Spoken Words, Voiced Silence: Biblical Women in Syriac Tradition." Journal of Early Christian Studies 9, no (2001): 105-31 Heath, Malcolm "Theon and the history of the progymnasmata." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 43 (2003/2004): 129-60 Heller-Roazen, Daniel Fortune's Faces: the Roman de la Rose and the Poetics of Contingency Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003 Hermas Il Pastore (Ia-IIIa visione) Edited by Antonio Carlini, Papyrus Bodmer 38 Cologny-Genève: Fondation Martin Bodmer, 1991 Hesiod Theogony Translated by Glenn W Most Edited by Glenn W Most vols Vol 1, Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006 Hesychius Lexicon Edited by Joannes Alberti, Moriz Wilhelm Constantin Schmidt and Rudolf Menge Ienae, 1858 179 Hilhorst, A "The Bodmer Poem on the Sacrifice of Abraham." In The Sacrifice of Isaac The Aqedah (Genesis 22) and its Interpretations, edited by Ed Noort and Eibert Tigchelaar, 96-108 Leiden: Brill, 2002 Hill, Geoffrey The Enemy's Country: Words, Contexture and Other Circumstances of Language Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991 Himmelfarb, Martha Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983 ——— Ascent to Heaven in Jewish and Christian Apocalypses Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 Holwerda, D., ed Scholia Vetera in Nubes Groningen: Bouma's Boekhuis, 1977 Hope, Colin A., and K A Worp "Miniature Codices from Kellis." Mnemosyne LIX, no (2006): 226-58 Hôrologion to mega Athens: Phôs, 2005 Horrocks, Geoffrey C Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers London: Longman, 1997 Hunger, Herbert "The Classical Tradition in Byzantine Literature: the Importance of Rhetoric." In Byzantium and the Classical Tradition, edited by Margaret Mullett and Roger Scott, 35-47 Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1981 ——— "Romanos Melodos, Dichter, Prediger, Rhetor und sein Publikum." Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 34 (1984): 15-42 180 ——— Byzantinē Logotechnia Translated by I V Anastasiou L G Benaki, G X Makri vols Vol Athens: Morphōtiko idryma ethnikēs trapezēs, 2001 Hurst, André, O Reverdin, and Jean Rudhardt Papyrus Bodmer 29: Vision de Dorothéos, Papyrus Bodmer 29 Cologny-Genève: Foundation Martin Bodmer, 1984 Hurst, André, and Jean Rudhardt Codex des Visions: Poèmes Divers, Papyrus Bodmer 30-37 Munich: Saur, 1999 Ignatius the Deacon Vita Nicephori Edited by Carl de Boor, Opuscula Historica Lipsiae: Teubner, 1880 Jensen, Robin M "The Offering of Isaac in Jewish and Christian Tradition." Biblical Interpretation 2, no (1994): 85-110 John Chrysostom Sur la vaine gloire et l'éducation des enfants Edited by Anne Marie Malingrey, Sources chrétiennes 188 Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1972 John of Damascus "Exposition of the Orthodox Faith." In Post Nicene Fathers Aberdeen, 1898 ——— Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos Edited by Bonifatius Kotter Berlin: de Gruyter, 1969 Kasser, Rodolphe "Bodmer Papyri." In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by A S Atiya, 48-53 New York, 1991 ——— "Introduction." In Bibliotheca Bodmeriana: The collection of the Bodmer Papyri Munich: K G Saur, 2000 181 Kasser, Rodolphe, Guglielmo Cavallo, and Joseph Van Haelst "Nouvelle description du Codex des Visions." In Papyrus Bodmer 38, edited by A Carlini, 103-28 Cologny-Genève: Foundation Martin Bodmer, 1991 Kennedy, George A A New History of Classical Rhetoric Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994 Kennedy, George Alexander Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric Leiden: Brill, 2003 Kessler, Edward Bound by the Bible: Jews, Christians, and the sacrifice of Isaac Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 King, J Christopher Origen on the Song of Songs as the Spirit of Scripture: The Bridegroom's Perfect Marriage-song Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 Kirschner, B "Alphabetische Akrosticha in der syrischen Kirckenpoesie." Oriens Christianus (1906): 44-69 Kock, T Comicorum Atticorum fragmenta Vol Leipzig: Teubner, 1884 Kroll, Josef Gott und Hölle: der Mythos vom Descensuskampfe Leipzig: Teubner, 1932 Krueger, Derek Writing and Holiness: The Practice of Authorship in the early Christian East Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004 Krumbacher, Karl "Die Akrostichis in der griechischen Kirckenpoesie." SBAW (1903): 551-691 182 Kundert, Lukas Die Opferung/Bindung Isaaks Gen 22, - 19 im Alten Testament, im Frühjudentum und im Neuen Testament Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1998 ——— Die Opferung/Bindung Isaaks Gen 22, - 19 in frühen rabbinischen Texten Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1998 Lash, Ephrem "Metrical Texts of Greek Ephrem." Studia Patristica 35 (2001): 43348 ——— "The Greek Writings Attributed to St Ephrem the Syrian." In Abba The Tradition of Orthodoxy in the West, edited by John Behr, Andrew Louth and Dimitri Conomos, 81-98 Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2003 Lerch, David Isaaks Opferung christlich gedeutet: Eine auslegungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung Tübingen: Mohr, 1950 Lewis, C S The screwtape letters & Screwtape proposes a toast New York: Macmillan, 1962 Livrea, Enrico "Vision de Dorothéos." Gnomon 58 (1986): 687-711 ——— "Ancora sulla 'Visione' di Dorotea." Eikasmos (1990): 183-90 ——— "Un Poema Inedito di Dorotheos: Ad Abramo." Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994): 175-87 Ljubarskij, Jakov "Quellenforschung and/or Literary Criticism: Narrative Structures in Byzantine Historical Writings." Symbolae Osloenses 74 (1999) 183 Lycophron Alexandra Edited by André Hurst and Antje Kolde Paris: Belles lettres, 2008 Maccoull, L S B "A Note on Panatiktos in Visio Dorothei 11." Vigiliae Christianae 43 (1989): 293-96 Macculloch, J A The Harrowing of Hell A Comparative Study of an Early Christian Doctrine Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1930 Machacek, George "Allusion." PMLA 112 (2007): 522-36 Marcus, Ralph "Alphabetic Acrostics in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6, no (1947): 109-15 Marrou, Henri Irénée A History of Education in Antiquity Translated by George Lamb London: Sheed and Ward, 1956 Martin, Wallace "Defining Allusion." PMLA 123 (2008): 477-78 Mcguckin, John Anthony St Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography Crestwood, N.Y.: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2001 Methodius Le Banquet Translated by Victor-Henry Debidour Edited by Herbert Musurillo Vol 95, Sources Chrétiennes Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1963 Miguélez Cavero, Laura Review of Ethopoiia La représentation de caractères entre fiction scolaire et réalité vivante l'époque impériale et tardive, edited by E Amato and J Schamp Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2006.06.33 (2006) ——— Poems in Context: Greek Poetry in the Egyptian Thebaid 200-600 AD Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008 184 Morgan, Teresa Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 Nimmo Smith, Jennifer A Christian's guide to Greek culture: the Pseudo-Nonnus commentaries on sermons 4, 5, 39 and 43 by Gregory of Nazainzus, Translated texts for historians v 37 Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001 Nonnus Paraphrasis S Evangelii Ioannei Edited by Augustin Scheindler, 1881 Noort, Edward, and Eibert J C Tigchelaar The sacrifice of Isaac: the Aqedah (Genesis 22) and its interpretations Leiden: Brill, 2002 Novum Testamentum Graece Edited by Eberhard Nestle, Erwin Nestle, Barbara Aland and Kurt Aland 27th rev ed Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2007 Papaioannou, Stratis "On the Stage of Eros: Two Rhetorical Exercises by Nikephoros Basilakes." In Theatron Rhetorische Kultur in Spätantike und Mittelater, edited by M Grünbart, 355-74 Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2007 Petersen, William L "The Dependence of Romanos the Melodist upon the Syriac Ephrem: Its Importance for the Origin of the Kontakion." Vigiliae Christianae 39, no (1985): 171-87 Proclus Proclus of Constantinople and the Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity: Homilies 1-5, Texts and Translations Edited by Nicholas Constas Leiden: Brill, 2003 Procopius of Gaza Catena in Canticum Canticorum Edited by J.-P Migne Vol 87, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca (PG) Paris, 1857-66 185 Rahner, Hugo Griechische Mythen in christlicher Deutung Zürich: Rhein-Verlag, 1957 Ricks, Christopher B Allusion to the Poets Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 Roberts, Michael Biblical Epic and Rhetorical Paraphrase in Late Antiquity Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1985 Robinson, James M The Pachomian Monastic Library at the Chester Beatty Library and the Bibliothèque Bodmer Claremont: Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, the Claremont Graduate School, 1990 Roca-Puig, Ramón Casta oblació: P de Barc inv núm 157ab Barcelona, 1992 ——— Anáfora de Barcelona i altres pregáries (Missa del segle IV) ed Barcelona: s.n., 1996 Romanus Cantica Edited by Paul Maas and C A Trypanis Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963 ——— Hymnes Edited by José Grosdidier de Matons Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1964 Rose, Margaret A Parody: Ancient, Modern, and Post-modern Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Sajdak, Jan De Gregorio Nazianzeno, poetarum christianorum fonte Cracoviae, 1917 Scourfield, J H D., and Anna Chahoud Texts and Culture in Late Antiquity: Inheritance, Authority, and Change Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2007 186 Sijpesteijn, P J "List of nominations to liturgies." In Miscelleanea papyrologica, 34147 Firenza, 1980 Sophocles Antigone Edited by Mark Griffith, Cambridge Greek and Latin classics Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Sozomen Ecclesiastical History Vol 2, A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church Second Series Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983-86 (repr) Sparks, H F D The Apocryphal Old Testament Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984 Speake, Graham "A Friend of Mount Athos." In Abba: The Tradition of Orthodoxy in the West Festschrift for Bishop Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia, edited by John Behr, Andrew Louth and Dimitri E Conomos, 29-42 Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2003 Spicq, Ceslas, and James D Ernest Theological Lexicon of the New Testament Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994 Springer, Carl P E The Gospel as Epic in Late Antiquity Leiden: Brill, 1988 Stemplinger, E "Akrostichis." In Reallexicon für Antike und Christentum, 235-38 Strunk, William The Elements of Style New York: Macmillan, 1959 Swain, Simon Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD 50-250 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 Synesius Sinesio di Cirene Inni Edited by Antonio Dell'Era Roma: Tumminelli, 1968 187 Theon, Aelius Progymnasmata Edited by Michel Patillon and Giancarlo Bolognesi Paris: Belles Lettres, 1997 Thraede, K "Epos." In Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum Topping, Eva C "Romanos on Judas: A Byzantine Ethopoeia." Byzantiaka (1982): 9-28 Usher, Mark David Homeric stitchings: The Homeric Centos of the Empress Eudocia Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998 Van Der Horst, P W Review of Bound by the Bible: Jews, Christians and the Sacrifice of Isaac, by Edward Kessler Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.02.47 (2005) Van Der Horst, P W., and A H M Kessels "The Vision of Dorotheus (Pap Bodmer 29)." Vigiliae Christianae 41 (1987): 313-59 Van Der Horst, Pieter, and F G Parmentier "A New Early Christian Poem on the Sacrifice of Isaac." In Le Codex des Visions, edited by André Hurst and Jean Rudhardt, 155-72 Genève: Librairie Droz, 2002 Van Minnen, Peter "The Roots of Egyptian Christianity." Archiv für Papyrusforschung 40 (1994): 71-85 Viljamaa, Toivo Studies in Greek Encomiastic Poetry of the Early Byzantine Period Helsinki, 1968 188 Vroom, Hermanus Bernardus Le psaume abécédaire de Saint Augustin et la poésie latine rhythmique Nijmegen: Dekker & van de Vegt en J W van Leeuwen, 1933 Webb, Ruth "The Progymnasmata as Practice." In Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity, edited by Yun Lee Too Leiden: Brill, 2001 Weitzman, Kurt "The Jephthah Panel in the Bema of the Church of St Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964): 341-52 Weyh, W "Die Akrostichis in der byzantinischen Kanonesdichtung." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 17 (1908): 1-68 Whitby, Mary "The Bible Hellenized: Nonnus' Paraphrase of St John's Gospel and 'Eudocia's' Homeric Centos." In Texts and Culture in Late Antiquity, edited by J H D Scourfield, 195-231 Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2007 White, Andrew Walker "The Artifice of Eternity: Studies of Representational Practices in the Byzantine Theatre and Orthodox Church." University of Maryland, 2006 Whitmarsh, Tim Ancient Greek Literature Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004 ——— The Second Sophistic Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 Woerden, Speyart Van "The Iconography of the Sacrifice of Abraham." Vigiliae Christianae 15, no (1961): 214-55 189 ... ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CODEX OF VISIONS FROM THE BODMER PAPYRI AND THE MELDING OF LITERARY TRADITIONS HOMER’S ISLAND OF CALYPSO AND THE CHRISTIAN PARADISE In an anonymous poem from the Bodmer. .. poems from the codex, giving it the title Codex of Visions. 15 Many of the poems from the Codex of Visions recast Biblical episodes These poems take part in Christian exegesis, but they this in classical. .. Christian themes THE CODEX OF VISIONS AS A NEW CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF CLASSICIZING GREEK POETRY The history of Christian poetry composed in classical forms is a long and varied story When the emperor