Vittoria colonna and the spiritual poetics of the italian reformation catholic christendom, 1300 1700

Vittoria Colonna and the Spiritual Poetics of the Italian Reformation For Dan Woodford Vittoria Colonna and the Spiritual Poetics of the Italian Reformation ABIGAIL BRUNDIN University of Cambridge, UK © Abigail Brundin 2008 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Abigail Brundin has asserted her moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 3HR England Ashgate Publishing Company Suite 420 101 Cherry Street Burlington, VT 05401-4405 USA Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Brundin, Abigail Vittoria Colonna and the spiritual poetics of the Italian Reformation – (Catholic Christendom, 1300–1700) Colonna, Vittoria, 1492–1547 – Criticism and interpretation Italian poetry – 16th century – History and criticism Christian poetry, Italian – History and criticism Petrarchism Neoplatonism in literature I Title 851.4’09 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brundin, Abigail Vittoria Colonna and the spiritual poetics of the Italian Reformation / by Abigail Brundin p cm – (Catholic Christendom, 1300–1700) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7546-4049-3 (alk paper) Colonna, Vittoria, 1492-1547–Criticism and interpretation Italian poetry–15th century–History and criticism Christian poetry, Italian–History and criticism I Title PQ4620.B78 2008 851’.3–dc22 2007030167 ISBN 978 7546 4049 Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Contents Series Editor’s Preface Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Petrarchism, Neo-Platonism and Reform vii ix xv 1 The Making of a Renaissance Publishing Phenomenon 15 The Influence of Reform 37 The Canzoniere Spirituale for Michelangelo Buonarroti 67 The Gift Manuscript for Marguerite de Navarre 101 Marian Prose Works 133 Colonna’s Readers: The Reception of Reformed Petrarchism 155 The Fate of the Canzoniere Spirituale 171 Conclusion 191 Bibliography Index 193 215 This page intentionally left blank Series Editor’s Preface The still-usual emphasis on medieval (or Catholic) and reformation (or Protestant) religious history has meant neglect of the middle ground, both chronological and ideological As a result, continuities between the middle ages and early modern Europe have been overlooked in favor of emphasis on radical discontinuities Further, especially in the later period, the identification of ‘reformation’ with various kinds of Protestantism means that the vitality and creativity of the established church, whether in its Roman or local manifestations, has been left out of account In the last few years, an upsurge of interest in the history of traditional (or catholic) religion makes these inadequacies in received scholarship even more glaring and in need of systematic correction The series will attempt this by covering all varieties of religious behavior, broadly interpreted, not just (or even especially) traditional institutional and doctrinal church history It will to the maximum degree possible be interdisciplinary, comparative and global, as well as nonconfessional The goal is to understand religion, primarily of the ‘Catholic’ variety, as a broadly human phenomenon, rather than as a privileged mode of access to superhuman realms, even implicitly The period covered, 1300–1700, embraces the moment which saw an almost complete transformation of the place of religion in the life of Europeans, whether considered as a system of beliefs, as an institution, or as a set of social and cultural practices In 1300, vast numbers of Europeans, from the pope down, fully expected Jesus’s return and the beginning of His reign on earth By 1700, very few Europeans, of whatever level of education, would have subscribed to such chiliastic beliefs Pierre Bayle’s notorious sarcasms about signs and portents are not idiosyncratic Likewise, in 1300 the vast majority of Europeans probably regarded the pope as their spiritual head; the institution he headed was probably the most tightly integrated and effective bureaucracy in Europe Most Europeans were at least nominally Christian, and the pope had at least nominal knowledge of that fact The papacy, as an institution, played a central role in high politics, and the clergy in general formed an integral part of most governments, whether central or local By 1700, Europe was divided into a myriad of different religious allegiances, and even those areas officially subordinate to the pope were both more nominally Catholic in belief (despite colossal efforts at imposing uniformity) and also in allegiance than they had been four hundred years earlier The pope had become only one political factor, and not one of the first rank The clergy, for its part, had virtually disappeared from secular governments as well as losing much of its local authority The stage was set for the Enlightenment Thomas F Mayer, Augustana College This page intentionally left blank Preface It is the particular fate of women writers of the Renaissance period across all the nations of Europe, as recent scholarship has cogently emphasised, to suffer from a ‘weak history’, that is the tendency to disappear almost completely from the canon of recognised writers after a relatively short period of fame and literary acclaim.1 No matter how great the literary status of the writer in question during their brief flowering, few seem to have been immune to this frustrating phenomenon The reasons for the historical erasure of such writers are various and subtle, with at their heart the persistent tendency to read women’s writing in a ruthlessly biographical vein which serves to dehistoricise it and undermine its literary status, alongside the consideration of such minority voices as ‘curiosities’ to be assembled in marvellous collections that are not considered serious or lasting.2 In setting out to write a book-length study in English of Vittoria Colonna, whose fame and literary standing in her own era were unquestioned, one is confronted with precisely this situation On the one hand, scholarly accounts of the period almost universally acknowledge Colonna’s importance as a literary figure, one of the primary means by which the linguistic and Petrarchan ideals concretised in the early decades of the sixteenth century by Pietro Bembo filtered further south, a political intermediary, a religious reformer, and also, more problematically, as a lone female voice in a male-dominated cultural arena On the other hand, such acknowledgement has failed to translate into a serious monograph about this highly interesting and important individual, but rather she has continually been assigned a subsidiary role in the account of the lives of the powerful men she knew.3 In relation to these men Colonna’s role is a passive one: she is a muse, or else a pupil characterised as possessing an absorbent and receptive mind but little originality or intellectual acuity of her own Due presumably to her perceived mainstream status, she has remained relatively untouched by the wave of feminist-inspired literary criticism that has in the past decades uncovered and re-appropriated so many forgotten female The phrase is borrowed from the useful volume on this phenomenon, Strong Voices, Weak History: Early Women Writers and Canons in England, France, and Italy, ed by Pamela J Benson and Victoria Kirkham (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2005) On this latter tendency, see the essay by Deana Shemek, ‘The Collector’s Cabinet: Lodovico Domenichi’s Gallery of Women’, in Benson and Kirkham, eds, Strong Voices, Weak History, pp 239–62 The most recent monograph in English devoted to Colonna is Maude Jerrold, Vittoria Colonna, Her Friends and Her Times (New York: Freeport, 1906) The persistency of this tendency into very recent history is exemplified by the title of the 1997 exhibition on Colonna that was held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna: Vittoria Colonna, Dichterin und Muse Michelangelos The suggestion is that Colonna would not have been an interesting enough subject in her own right without the reflected lustre conferred by her famous friend 204 VITTORIA COLONNA Firpo, Massimo, and Dario Marcatto, eds, Il processo inquisitoriale del cardinal Giovanni Morone Edizione critica, vols (Rome: Istituto storico italiano per l’età moderna e contemporanea, 1981–1988) ———, eds, I processi inquisitoriali di Pietro Carnesecchi (1557–1567) Edizione critica, I: Il processo sotto Paolo IV e Pio IV (1557–1561); II: Il processo sotto Pio V (1566–1567), I: Guigno 1566–ottobre 1566; II: Novembre 1566–gennaio 1567; III: Gennaio 1567–agosto 1567 Collectanea Archivi Vaticani, 43 (Vatican City: 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University Press, 1975), pp 65–95 ———, ‘Beyond the Market: Books as Gifts in Sixteenth-Century France’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5:33 (1983), 69–88 ———, The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) This page intentionally left blank Index Accademia Pontaniana 9, 40–42, 47 Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius 123, 125 Albret, Jeanne d’, sonnet by 130–131 Aretino, Pietro 171 Ariosto, Ludovico, Orlando furioso 25–6, 164 Augustine, Saint 148–9 friendship with Colonna 28–30, 36, 172 poetry 30, 73–6, 180–182 religious thought of 79, 157 Buonaventure, Saint Meditationes vitae Christi 57, 138–9; see also empathic meditation Battiferra degli Ammannati, Laura 182–3, 184–9 Bembo, Pietro as Colonna’s mentor 22, 31, 36, 104, 106–7 in Colonna’s sonnets 94, 177 critical commentary on 34, 156 as linguist ix, 10–11 as reader of Vittoria Colonna 26–7 and reform 2–3, 46–7 works of asolani, Gli Rime 31, 81, 108, 161, 191 Beneficio di Cristo, Il (Mantova) 1, 3, 49–59, 61–3, 70–71, 76, 79, 86, 89, 93, 98, 100, 134, 136, 155, 157, 170–171 Boccaccio, Giovanni 159–60 Bonfigli, Nicolò Aurifico de 145–6 Buonarroti, Michelangelo Colonna’s manuscript for 12, 34–5, 67, 72, 79–100, 101, 108–9, 136, 140, 153, 163–4 drawings for Colonna 71 Crucifixion 72–3, 77–8 Pietà 78, 139, 141 Samaritan Woman at the Well 78–9 Calvin, Jean 8, 41, 55, 68, 71, 101, 131, 169 canzoniere, properties of 2, 4–7, 8, 15 Capece, Scipione 40, 42 Capuchins 45, 166–7 Carnesecchi, Pietro 43, 44, 48–50, 73 Castiglione, Baldassare 10, 22 libro del cortegiano, Il 7, 105 Catherine of Alexandria, Saint 152–3 Catherine of Siena, Saint 83, 149 Cavalieri, Tommaso de’ 28, 72 Charles V (emperor) 101, 123–4 Cibo, Caterina 45, 184–5 Clement VII (pope) 23, 45, 124 Colonna, Ascanio 23, 46, 48 Colonna, Fabrizio 19–20, 153 Colonna, Pompeo 122–3 Apologia mulierum 123–6 Colonna, Vittoria biography of 15–30 publication history 30–36 works of Epistola 21–3, 111 letters to Costanza d’Avalos Piccolomini 133, 146–53 letters to Reginald Pole 68–72 manuscript for Marguerite de Navarre 12, 89, 93, 101, 104–20, 133–4, 136, 145 216 VITTORIA COLONNA manuscript for Michelangelo Buonarroti 12, 34–5, 67, 72, 79–100, 101, 108–9, 136, 140, 153, 163–4 Oratione della Marchesa di Pescara sopra l’Ave Maria 142–5 Pianto sopra la passione di Cristo 12, 119, 127, 134–42, 145–7, 183, 188 Rime 26, 30–36, 81, 155–7, 163–70 Consilium de emendanda ecclesia 97 Contarini, Gasparo 47, 50, 53, 97 Contile, Luca 173–5, 180, 182 auto-commentary 178–9 Dialogi spirituali 175 Rime 177 Rime cristiane 176–7 Corso, Rinaldo, commentary on Colonna’s Rime 155–70 Council of Trent x, 47, 51, 155 Flaminio, Marcantonio 3, 42, 50, 52–3, 56, 63, 135–6; see also ‘Meditatione fatta da un divotissimo huomo’ Florentine Academy 171, 173 Fontanino, Benedetto, see Mantova, Benedetto da Fracastoro, Girolamo 125 France, Renée de 106, 122, 169 Fregoso, Cesare 125 Furey, Constance 63–4, 163 Danaë, myth of 88 Dante Alighieri 2, 59, 84–5, 86, 139, 159 D’Avalos, Alfonso 21, 25, 176 D’Avalos, Costanza (Colonna’s aunt) 20, 24, 39, 152–3 D’Avalos, Costanza (Piccolomini, Colonna’s cousin), letters to 133, 146–53 D’Avalos, Francesco Ferrante 9, 19, 23, 101, 107, 153, 167 Dolce, Ludovico, edition of Colonna’s Rime (1552) 35 Imitatio xi, 3, 10–11 Index of Prohibited Books (1549) 1, 51 Inquisition, Roman 42, 43, 49, 69, 73, 146, 169 Ischia, island of 9, 18, 20, 24, 39–40, 42, 96, 152, 153 ecclesia viterbiensis xii, 47; see also spirituali (Spirituals) empathic meditation 138–9; see also Buonaventure, Saint Epistola (Colonna) 21–2, 23, 111 Erasmus, Desiderius, Enchiridion 163 Ferrara, Court of 106–7, 169 Gambara, Veronica 31, 33, 156, 158, 160, 161–3, 167, 184 Giberti, Giovanni Matteo 50 gifts, religious significance of 12, 67–73, 79–80 Giolito, Gabriele 145 Giovio, Paolo 26, 95, 104 Gualteruzzi, Carlo 104, 106, 135 Holanda, Francisco de 29, 97 Jesuits 188–9 Justification by faith alone, see sola fide lay sermons 47, 56–63, 137 Leo X (pope) 122 letters to Costanza (Colonna) 133, 146–53 libro del cortegiano, Il (Castiglione) 7, 105 Luther, Martin 8, 40, 41, 43, 53, 54, 73, 156 Mantova, Benedetto da 50; see also Beneficio di Cristo INDEX Manuzio, Paolo 42 Marchesa di Pescara, see Colonna, Vittoria Marchese di Pescara, see D’Avalos, Francesco Ferrante Marguerite de Navarre 41, 125–6, 130–131, 172 Colonna’s manuscript for 12, 89, 93, 101, 104–20, 133–4, 136, 145 friendship with Colonna 101–4, 162 works by ‘Comedie des Innocents’ 127 ‘Comedie du Desert’ 127–9 Triomphe de l’Agneau 120–121 Martelli, Nicolò 171–4 Mary Magdalene, Saint 134, 140, 144, 148, 149, 152, 153, 166 Mary, Virgin 6, 78, 104, 125, 126, 152–3, 183, 187, 188, 191 in Colonna’s poetry 88–9, 95, 109–14, 116–20 in Colonna’s prose works 12, 133–45, 146–51, 153–4, 175 in Marguerite de Navarre’s writings 127–30 Matthew, Saint, gospel of 57, 62, 85, 96, 115, 127, 165, 167 Mayer, Thomas xii, 2–3, 50 ‘Meditatione fatta da un divotissimo huomo’ [Flaminio] 56–65 Meditationes vitae Christi [pseudoBuonaventure] 57, 138; see also Buonaventure, Saint; empathic meditation Michelangelo, see Buonarroti, Michelangelo Montefeltro, Agnese da 19 Montmorency, Anne de 106 Morata, Olimpia 169 Morone, Giovanni 48 217 Nagel, Alexander 71, 85, 135, 139 Naples and reform 39–46 neo-Platonism and reform 7–10, 40, 46 Nicodemism 164 Ochino, Bernardino 42, 45–6, 47, 51, 83, 93, 97, 134–5, 139, 142, 145, 147, 166–7, 169, 172, 174–5 O’Malley, John 52–3 Oratione della Marchesa di Pescara sopra l’Ave Maria (Colonna) 142–5 Orlando furioso (Ariosto) 25–6, 164 Ossola, Carlo 39 Paul, Saint, gospel of 70, 71, 148, 149, 156, 168 Paul III (pope) 3, 45, 96–7 Petrarch, Francesco xi, 6–7, 10, 15–16, 25, 26, 59, 61, 73, 81, 98, 99, 109, 156, 160, 186–7 Pianto sopra la passione di Cristo (Colonna) 12, 119, 127, 134–42, 145–7, 183, 188 Piccolomini, Alessandro 156 Pole, Reginald xii, 2–3, 39, 47–9, 50, 52, 56, 73, 79, 93, 97, 121, 135 in Colonna’s sonnets 45, 94–5, 113–4 correspondence with Colonna 68–71, 72 Politi, Ambrogio Catarino 51–2 predestination 40, 49, 55, 56, 89; see also Calvin, Jean Quondam, Amedeo 179, 182–3 reform, periodisation of xii, 13, 169, 192 Regensburg, Diet of 50, 53 Rime (Bembo) 31, 81, 108, 161, 191 Rime (Colonna) 26, 30–6, 81, 155–7, 163–70 218 VITTORIA COLONNA Rime sparse, see Petrarch, Francesco Ruscelli, Girolamo 157–9, 163, 167–8, 169 Terracina, Laura 31 Trent, Council of x, 47, 51, 155 Ursula, Saint 115 Sack of Rome 19, 123 Sacrati, Alberto 106 Salvation by faith alone, see sola fide San Silvestro, Convent of 23, 28, 29, 37, 97 Sannazaro, Jacopo 20, 40, 41–2, 65, 81 Santa Caterina, Convent of 47 Society of Jesus, see Jesuits sola fide 7, 40, 43, 46, 48–9, 53, 70, 79, 89, 90, 97, 100, 101, 129, 145, 168 sonnet, properties of 4–6 spirituali (Spirituals) xii, 2, 3, 11, 12, 39, 47–9, 56, 63–4, 68, 71, 73, 100, 133, 137; see also ecclesia viterbiensis Valdés, Juan de 39, 42–7, 50, 53, 55, 60, 65, 83, 86, 90, 93, 121, 147 Valgrisi, Vincenzo, edition of Colonna’s Rime (1546) 33–5, 83, 93 Valla, Lorenzo 40–41 Varchi, Benedetto 56, 182 Vasari, Giorgio 78, 184 Vergerio, Pier Paolo (the younger) 1, 42, 56, 103, 121–2 Vermigli, Pietro 42, 51, 97 Virgin Mary, see Mary, Virgin Voragine, Jacobus de, Golden Legend 137 .. .Vittoria Colonna and the Spiritual Poetics of the Italian Reformation For Dan Woodford Vittoria Colonna and the Spiritual Poetics of the Italian Reformation ABIGAIL BRUNDIN University of Cambridge,... Brundin, Abigail Vittoria Colonna and the spiritual poetics of the Italian Reformation – (Catholic Christendom, 1300 1700) Colonna, Vittoria, 1492–1547 – Criticism and interpretation Italian poetry... Abigail Vittoria Colonna and the spiritual poetics of the Italian Reformation / by Abigail Brundin p cm – (Catholic Christendom, 1300 1700) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7546-4049-3