This new study of Baudelaire's writings is the first book to apply the principles of schizoanalysis to literary history and cultural studies By resituating psychoanalysis in its socioeconomic and cultural context, this framework provides a new and illuminating approach to the poetry and art criticism of the foremost French modernist Professor Holland's book draws upon and transforms virtually the entire spectrum of recent Baudelaire scholarship, and demonstrates the impact of the capitalist market and Second Empire authoritarianism (as well as Baudelaire's much-discussed family circumstances) on the psychology and poetics of the writer, who abandoned his romantic idealism in favour of a modernist cynicism that has characterized modern culture ever since CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN FRENCH BAUDELAIRE AND SCHIZOANALYSIS CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN FRENCH General editor: Malcolm Bowie (All Souls College, Oxford) Editorial Board: R Howard Bloch (University of California, Berkeley), Ross Chambers (University of Michigan), Antoine Gompagnon (Columbia University), Peter France (University of Edinburgh), Toril Moi (Duke University), Naomi Schor (Duke University) Recent titles in this series include 33 LAWRENCE D KRITZMAN The Rhetoric of Sexuality and the Literature of the French Renaissance 34 JERRY G NASH The Love Aesthetics of Maurice Sceve: Poetry and Struggle 35 PETER FRANCE Politeness and its Discontents: Problems in French Classical Culture 36 MITCHELL GREENBERG Subjectivity and Subjugation in Seventeenth-Century Drama and Prose: The Family Romance of French Classicism 37 TOM CONLEY 38 MARGERY EVANS The Graphic Unconscious in Early Modern French Writing Baudelaire and Intertextuality: Poetry at the Crossroads 39 JUDITH STILL Justice and Difference in the Works of Rousseau: Bienfaisance and Pudeur 40 CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON System and Writing in the Philosophy of Jacques Derrida 41 CAROL A MOSSMAN Politics and Narratives of Birth: Gynocolonization from Rousseau to Zola 42 DANIEL BREWER The Discourse of Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century France: Diderot and the Art of Philosophizing 43 ROBERTA L KRUEGER Women Readers and the Ideology of Gender in Old French Verse Romance 44 JAMES H REID Narration and Description in the French Realist Novel: The Temporality of Lying and Forgetting A complete list of books in the series is given at the end of the volume BAUDELAIRE AND SCHIZOANALYSIS The Sociopoetics of Modernism EUGENE W HOLLAND Department of French and Italian, The Ohio State University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521419802 © Cambridge University Press 1993 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1993 This digitally printed first paperback version 2006 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Holland, Eugene W Baudelaire and schizoanalysis: the sociopoetics of modernism / Eugene W Holland, p cm - (Cambridge studies in French: 45) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 521 41980 (hardback) Baudelaire, Charles, 1821—1867 — Criticism and interpretation Literature and society - France - History - 19th century Modernism (Literature) - France Psychoanalysis and literature I Title II Series PQ2191.Z5H65 1993 841'.8-dc20 92-35913 CIP ISBN-13 978-0-521-41980-2 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-41980-8 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-03134-9 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-03134-6 paperback To the memory of my father Contents Preface Acknowledgments i page xi xvii Introduction i Social decoding Psychological decoding Textual decoding PART I 11 17 30 POETICS Correspondences versus beauty The romantic cycle The beauty cycle Metonymy prevails 43 53 67 Spleen and evil 80 "Spleen and Ideal" The spleen cycle The cycle of evil PART II 43 80 86 96 PSYGHOPOETIGS Romantic temperament and "Spleen and Ideal" The psychodynamics of experience The early art criticism The psychopoetics of "Spleen and Ideal" IX 111 111 116 124 Contents Modernist imagination and the "Tableaux Parisiens" The The The The PART III later art criticism introductory poems street scenes domestic scenes 139 148 157 166 SOGIOPOETICS Decoding and recoding in the prose poems 177 Historical Others " Moral masochism " Historical masochism Borderline decoding Narcissistic recoding 177 186 190 197 209 The prose poem narrator 221 Historicizing borderline narcissism Super-ego failure Ego disintegration Bohemia at the heart of bourgeois society Modernity as prostitution The prose poem narrator as borderline narcissist The prose poem narrator as programmer 137 Conclusion The metonymy of real reference and desire The historical emergence and dispersion of the imaginary The split structure of social life in modernity Motes Select bibliography Index 221 222 230 236 242 248 251 258 266 267 274 278 296 303 Notes to pages 272-76 295 10 On class struggle and the death instinct, see Bataille, "The Notion of Expenditure " in The Accursed Share 11 For a different view of postmodernism in Baudelaire, see Jameson, "Baudelaire as Modernist and Postmodernist." 12 K Marx, Capital, Vol 3, pp 247-60, esp pp 249-50; see also the Anti-Oedipus, pp 309-310 (259-60) 13 See the Anti-Oedipus, pp 411-19, 439~5 (343-5°> 6 ~ )- Select bibliography Althusser, L For Marx New York: Random House, 1970 Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1971 Attali, J Noise: The Political Economy of Music Theory and History of Literature, Vol 16 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985 (Translation of Bruits: essai sur Veconomie politique de la musique Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1977.) 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Maclnnes, J The Comical as Textual Practice in "Les Fleurs du Mai.''' Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1988 Marx, K Capital: A Critique of Political Economy vols New York: International Publishers, 1967 Mathias, P "La Beaute" dans "Les Fleurs du Mai." Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1977 Mauron, C Des Metaphores obsedantes au my the personnel {Introduction a la Psychocritique) Paris: Jose Corti, 1963 Le Dernier Baudelaire Paris: Jose Gorti, 1966 Merleau-Ponty, M Signs Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964 Mossop, J Baudelaire's Tragic Hero: A Study of the Architecture of "Les Fleurs du Mai." 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and modernism: 1, 27, 252-55> 265 allegory 54-59, 64-67, 105-07, 253, 268 Althusser, L 7, 35, 276 anxiety 3, 113, 215; capitalism: 224-26, 232-35; ego-defense: 132-35, 172; masochism: 191-92; modernism: 268-74 Attali, J 26, 251-52, 263 authoritarianism xii—xiv, 6; capitalism: 274-76; masochism: 193-96; Second Empire: 27, 223-24, 228, 232, 258-59 Balzac, Honore de 5, 14, 16, 149, 242—43, 260-61 Baudelaire, Charles Les Fleurs du Mai " A une dame Creole " 180 "A une mendiante rousse" 156—59, 169-71, 215 " A une passante" 157,161-64, 225 "L'Albatros" 44 "Alchimie de la douleur" 80, 95-96 "La Beaute" 28, 43-69, 74, 76, 79, 87, 104-05, 128-30, 184, 200, 206, 251 "Benediction" 43, 123, 151, 186, 214 "Une Charogne" 131 "La Ghevelure" 68, 72-75, 86, J 29, 131 " Gorrespondances " 4—5, 25, 28, 40-45 53, 68-70, 73, 75-79, 82-83, i n , 154 " Crepuscule du matin " 138, 150, 171 3°3 '' Crepuscule du soir " 137,168 "Le Cygne" 158-61, 169, 182, 199, 272 "Elevation" 44, 83, 131 "L'Ennemi" 91-94, 124 "Le Gout du neant" 80, 86 " L'Heautontimoroumenos" 29, 80, 96-104, 185, 204 "L'Homme et la mer" 83, 127 "L'Horloge" 8-9, 29, 81, 104-07, 112-14, 132, 137-38, 158, 161, 166, 199 "Horreur sympathique" 80, 96 "Hymne a la beaute" 54, 59-68, 71-74, 85-86, 106, 129, 266 "L'Ideal" 14, 54, 251 "L'Irremediable" 29, 80, 96-104, 134 " L e j e u " 167-70, 185, 204 "Le Masque" 54-59, 66, 69, 74, 85, 165 "Le Mort joyeux" 86 "Obsession" 82-86, 162—64 "Parfum exotique" 68-72, 75, 84, 29-31 "Paysage" 137-38, 150-55, 169—70, 182 "LesPhares" 102-03,123-27 '' Reve Parisien " 169-71 '' Les Sept Vieillards " 161 -66, 191 "Le Soleil" 22, 137-38, 150-56, 159, 169, 225 "Spleen" no 88,91-94 "Spleen" no 87-91, 106 "Spleen" no 86—87 "Spleen" no 88, 91 " Le Tonneau de la haine " 86 "La Vie anterieure" 68—71, 115, 123-24, 179 3°4 Index Petits Poemes en prose '' Assommons les pauvres " 210-12, 215, 252-53, 29m "La Chambre double" 206-07, 229 "Le Confiteor de l'artiste" 205, 250 "La Corde" 207—08, 213, 221 "Les Fenetres" 212, 29m "Le Galant Tireur" 202, 218, 29m "Le Gateau" 252—55 "L'Invitation au voyage" 246 '' Le Joueur genereux " 205 "Le Joujou du pauvre" 229, 243 "Laquelle est la vraie?" 200—01, 228, 29m "Le Mauvais Vitrier" 201-08, 210, 215, 218, 244, 29 m " Une mort heroique " 202—06, 210, 215, 230, 233, 29m "Perte d'aureole" 4-5,213-15, 225—26, 29m "Les Projets" 215-18, 233, 29m " La Soupe et les nuages " 233 " Les Tentations " 205 "Les Veuves" 244,29m " Le Vieux Saltimbanque " 204, 212, 215, 218, 229, 29m "Les Yeux des pauvres" 229, 243-44, 275, 29 m "Notes nouvelles sur E A Poe" 228 "Le peintre de la vie moderne" 140-47, 155 Salon of 1845 119, 121 Salon of 1846 116—23, J Salon of1859 56-57, 139-47, 155, 179 beautification 47-54, 63-73, 90, 94-95, i n , 147, 267—68; programming: 252-55; psychodynamics of: 129—35; "Tableaux Parisiens": 148-49, i55-57> 219 Benjamin, W xi—xiv, 2-7, 135, 267; consumption: 245; modernism: 273; Second Empire culture: 224-27; shock-defense: 22—24, 111-24; the structure of experience: > 255-56, 277 Bersani, L 250; masochism: 187—90; prose poem narrator: 205-06 binary logic 244; "Hymne a la beaute": 58—67; socio-symbolic order: 16, 36, 104, 126 Blanqui, Auguste 232 Bohemia 235-47, 257> 260-61, 264-65, 274, 276-77 borderline conditions xiii, 25-27; historical conditions: 221-22, 227-32, 248-50, 273-77; masochism: 194-200; prose poem narrator: 204—06, 208-13, 218—20 (see also narcissism; splitting) Butor, M xvi, 9, 23, 177-84, 209, 244 capitalism xii—xiv, 2-4, 6, 19, 227-28, 240, 247-58, 263-65, 271-77; anxiety: 6, 234—35, 2^95 decoding: 9-15, 36 Chambers, R 137 commerce 1-2, 7, 149; dandy: 239-48; prose poems: 208,215—19,228-30, 232-34 communicative function 51-52, 56-67, 90, 128, 184, 218, 255 consumption/consumer society 3-4, 14, 215-17; dandy: 6, 233-34, 239-48, 271; and programming: 251-58 correspondences (program) 83, 114-15, 158—66, 173, 180; psychodynamics of: 127-35, 267-68 defense 3-4, 157-65, 172; dandy: 240—41; decoding: 22, 28—29, in—14, 132-35, 224-26; splitting: 25—26, 191-204, 215-19, 268—75 democracy xii, 5-7, 183-84, 188-89, 227-28, 231—34, 272, 274—76 desire 124-26, 129—34, 166—72, 192-96, 258; metonymy of: 18-19, 37, 162-64, 265-66, 271 Dupont, Pierre 177, 181-82, 187, 240 evilification i n , 133-34, 169, 173, 185-87, 196,272 Flaubert, Gustave 14, 16, 260-61, 276 Fourier, Charles 181-83 Freud, S 24, 190-93, 199; Benjamin: 3, 111-13, 117; Nachtraglichkeit: xiii, 19, 221-22, 258 Hugo, Victor 21, 182, 240-42 imaginary (the) 126-30; decoding: 21-25, 197-99, 268-72; romanticism: 28, 178—80, 265-67 intensification 64, 86-94, 106—07, 131-38, 226, 250-52, 268 Index irony 28-29, 209, 219, 251, 272; Beauty: 49-54, 129; epistemology: 2, 32-35 57~595 66-67, 133; e v i l : 95-104, 134, 272; and Edgar Allan Poe: 183-85, 209, 219, 251 Jakobson, R 11, 30—39, 58, 131 Johnson, B 73-74 Kernberg, O 24-26, 198-99, 219-22, 271 Lacan, J xiii-xiv, 17-26, 30-38, 124-26, 129; masochism: 193, 197—99; modernism: 133—35, 268-71; Nachtrdglichkeit: 221-22, 258 Lukacs, G 2-7, 12-15, 17 lyric xiii, 2-3, 267; disappearance: 51-52, 65-66, 86-87, 90-93, 98—103, 114, 218-19; subjectivity: 25, 132-34, 171, 234, 255-56, 265 Mallarme, Stephane 36 market xiii, 2—6, 262—65, 269—71, 274-77; borderline conditions: 26—27, 30, 207—09, 228-30, 233-57; decoding: 10—17, 21—22, 37-39, 259 Marx, Karl xiii, 12, 227, 247, 270, 275 masochism xiv, 26, 185—96, 208-09, 223-27, 232, 272-73 memory 3, 20, 28, 33-37, 111—23, 178-80; decoding: 73-75, 86-90, 106-07, J 27-48, 158-62, 166, 268; Nachtrdglichkeit\ 221-22, 258 modernism xv, 1-10, 150—57, 166-73, 185, 210, 247—51, 260—76; decoding: 14—17, 22-23, 26—30, 39-43; narrative: 197, 200, 205, 240-43; textuality: 51-52, 103 modernity xiii-xv, 3—4, 231-35, 238, 261-77; art: 120—23, 139—43; decoding: 14-17, 20—22, 26-29, 37, 39, 133-35; structure of experience: 112-15, 155-66, 172, 190-92, 219—20, 224-26, 231-35, 241-46, 256-57 Napoleon III xii, 3, 6-7, 22-23, l&l~&% 227-32, 258-59; masochism: 194-95, 224 narcissism xiii-xiv, 25—27, 193-97, 209—32, 248-51, 273—77 (see also borderline conditions) 3°5 narrative xv, 5-7, 27—29, 204—05, 242-43, 256, Masochian: 26, 192-200, 223, 272—73 narrator 3, 25-30, 56-57, 263-64, 274-75; prose poem: 199-220, 229-30, 248-57 nature xv, 5, 267—74; decoding: 68—74, 76-77, 82-84, 92-94, 138, 142-45; repudiation: 150-57, 166, 169-70, romanticism: 27-28,43-45, 123, 127 overcoding 123-27, 186 Poe, Edgar Allan 23, 27, 177, 182—85, 233; ego ideal: 209-12, 218-19, 228, 248-51, 257-58, 273-74 pleasure principle 111-13,132-35, 190-92, 224, 268—70 postmodernism xv, 1, 15, 273-74 primal signifier 125-27, 133-35 programmer, programming 26-27, 30, 25i-57> 273-75 prosopopoeia 51-52, 105, 129, 132, 200 real (the) 17, 20—22, 28-29, 157, 161, 268-72; masochism: 194, 199, 204, 229; reference: 25,32-39,57-59, 94, 129—30, 147, 149, 172, 266 recognition 20-21, 34—37, 126, 138, 141, 172, 204-08; decoding: 130-35, 158—61, 165-67, 179, 191, 266-70 reference 11, 56-59, 94-95, 138—39, decoding: 16—17, 28-29, 66—67, 131-32; epistemology: 32-37, 147-49, J57> J 65, I I - , 262, 265-68 registration 10, 22, 39, 144-45, J79> 256-69, 273-77 romanticism xii, xv, 4-6, 22-23, 25-28, 120-23, 232, 240-42, 267-68; Beauty cycle: 51-53, 58-59, 66-68; " Correspondances": 43-45, 73-76; masochism: 185-90, 195—96; spleen: 80—85, 89, 91-95, 103-04; "Tableaux Parisiens": I I ~57> 253-55 Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von xiv, 190-96, 199, 223-24; modernism: 26, 204-05, 272-73 satanism 133, 173, 185-87, 195-96 shock 3-4, 6-7, in—14, 157—65, 172, 191, 224-26; art: 117-20, 141-46; 306 Index borderline conditions: 204, 208, 233, 240-41, 275 socio-symbolic order 15-21, 34—36, 121-24, 187-190, 228, 232; decoding: 59-64, 127-35, 236-38, 265-67, 271—72 spleen 8, 22, 28-29, 86-95, I I ~38, 172; defense: m - , 226, 268, 273; trauma: 103—07, 127, 148, 224 splitting 3-4, 7, 24-27, 104, 274-77; historical conditions: 224-32, 247-51, 258, 274-77; prose poems: 193—206, 212-19; "Tableaux Parisiens": 167, 172 surplus-value 11-13,251-55,263, 275-76, 293n, 294n symbolic (the) 16-23, 34~37> J 24-29, 197—99, 268—72; masochism: 192-94, 204-08 textual function 51-52, 56—57, 67, 90, 128-29, 184, 218, 255 trauma 21-22, 28, 113-14, 180, 199-200, 222-24; decoding: 123-27, 266; defense: 132-34, 191-94, 211, 268—69 value-hierarchies 36, 59-67, 104, 126, 242-43, 266 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN FRENCH General editor: Michael Bowie (All Souls College, Oxford) Editorial Board: R Howard Bloch (University of California, Berkeley), Ross Chambers (University of Michigan), Antoine Compagnon (Columbia University), Peter France (University of Edinburgh), Toril Moi (Duke University), Naomi Schor (Duke University) Also in the series (* denotes titles now out of print) j M COCKING Proust: Collected Essays on the Writer and his Art LEO BERSANI The Death of Stephane Mallarme *3 MARIAN HOBSON The Object of Art: The Theory of Illusion in EighteenthCentury France L E O S P I T Z E R , translated and edited by David Bellos Essays on Seventeenth-Century French Literature NORMAN BRYSON Tradition and Desire: From David to Delacroix ANN MOSS Poetry and Fable: Studies in Mythological Narrative in Sixteenth-Century France RHIANNON GOLDTHORPE Sartre: Literature and Theory DIANA KNIGHT Flaubert's Characters: The Language of Illusion ANDREW MARTIN The Knowledge of Ignorance: From Genesis to Jules Verne 10 GEOFFREY BENNINGTON Sententiousness and the Novel: Laying Down the Law in Eighteenth-Century French Fiction *II PENNY FLORENCE Mallarme, Manet and Redon: Visual and Aural Signs and the Generation of Meaning 12 CHRISTOPHER PRENDERGAST The Order of Mimesis: Balzac, Stendhal, Nerval, and Flaubert 13 NAOMI SEGAL The Unintended Reader: Feminism and Manon Lescaut 14 15 *l6 17 GLIVE SCOTT A Question of Syllables: Essays in Nineteenth-Century French Verse STIRLING HAIG Flaubert and the Gift of Speech: Dialogue and Discourse in Four 'Modern' Novels NATHANIEL WING The Limits of Narrative: Essays on Baudelaire, Flaubert, Rimbaud and Mallarme MITCHELL GREENBERG Corneille, Classicism and the Ruses of Symmetry *l8 HOWARD DAVIES Sartre and ' Les Temps Modernes' 19 ROBERT GREER COHN 20 CELIA BRITTON 21 DAVID SCOTT 22 ANN JEFFERSON 23 DALIA JUDOVITZ 24 Mallarme's Prose Poems: A Critical Study Claude Simon: Writing the Visible Pictorialist Poetics: Poetry and the Visual Arts in NineteenthCentury France Reading Realism in Stendhal Subjectivity and Representation in Descartes: The Origins of Modernity RICHARD D E BURTON Baudelaire in 1859 25 MICHAEL MORIARTY 26 JOHN FORRESTER 27 JEROME SCHWARTZ 28 DAVID BAGULEY 29 Taste and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century France The Seductions of Psychoanalysis: Freud, Lacan and Derrida Irony and Ideology in Rabelais: Structures of Subversion Naturalist Fiction: The Entropic Vision LESLIE HILL Beckett's Fiction: In Different Words 30 F W LEAKEY 31 SARAH KAY 32 GILLIAN JONDORF Baudelaire: Collected Essays, 1953-1988 Subjectivity in Troubadour Poetry French Renaissance Tragedy: The Dramatic Word 33- LAWRENCE D KRITZMAN The Rhetoric of Sexuality and the Literature of the French Renaissance 34 JERRY G NASH 35 PETER FRANCE 36 MITCHELL GREENBERG 37 TOM CONLEY 38 39 The Love Aesthetics of Maurice Sceve: Poetry and Struggle Politeness and its Discontents: Problems in French Classical Culture Subjectivity and Subjugation in Seventeenth-Century Drama and Prose: The Family Romance of French Classicism The Graphic Unconscious in Early Modern French Writing MARGERY EVANS Baudelaire and Intertextuality: Poetry at the Crossroads JUDITH STILL Justice and Difference in the Works of Rousseau: Bienfaisance and Pudeur 40 CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON 41 CAROL A MOSSMAN 42 DANIEL BREWER System and Writing in the Philosophy of Jacques Derrida 43 Politics and Narratives of Birth: Gynocolonization from Rousseau to Zola The Discourse of Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century France: Diderot and the Art of Philosophizing ROBERTA L KRUEGER Women Readers and the Ideology of Gender in Old French Verse Romance 44 JAMES H REID Narration and Description in the French Realist Novel: The Temporality of Lying and Forgetting ... Novel: The Temporality of Lying and Forgetting A complete list of books in the series is given at the end of the volume BAUDELAIRE AND SCHIZOANALYSIS The Sociopoetics of Modernism EUGENE W HOLLAND... figure of "The Voyage" (the title of the final poem of the collection) combines two basic poetic principles explored in the course of Les Fleurs du Mai: the metonymy of time and the metonymy of space... exhaustively) on the revisions Baudelaire made for the second (1861) edition: the additions to the cycle of poems devoted to beauty; the additions and rearrangement of poems at the end of the "Spleen and