Vittoria colonna, chiara matraini, lucrezia marinella who is mary three early modern women on the idea of the virgin mary

W H O I S M A RY ? THE OT H E R VOIC E IN E A R LY M O D E R N EUROPE A Series Edited by Margaret L King and Albert Rabil Jr RECENT BOOKS IN THE SERIES L A U R A B AT T I F E R R A D E G L I A M M A N N AT I M A R G U E R I T E D E N AVA R R E Laura Battiferra and Her Literary Circle: An Anthology Selected Writings: A Bilingual Edition Edited and Translated by Victoria Kirkham M A D E L E I N E D E L’ A U B E S P I N E Selected Poems and Translations: A Bilingual Edition Edited and Translated by Anna Kłosowska M O D E R ATA F O N T E ( M O D E S TA P O Z Z O ) Floridoro: A Chivalric Romance Edited with an Introduction by Valeria Finucci, Translated by Julia Kisacky, Annotated by Valeria Finucci and Julia Kisacky Edited and Translated by Rouben Cholakian and Mary Skemp M A D E L E I N E A N D C AT H E R I N E DES ROCHES From Mother and Daughter: Poems, Dialogues, and Letters of Les Dames de Roches Edited and Translated by Anne R Larsen A N A D E S A N B A RT O L O M É Autobiography and Other Writings Edited and Translated by Darcy Donahue M A R Í A D E G U E VA R A Warnings to the Kings and Advice on Restoring Spain: A Bilingual Edition Edited and Translated by Nieves Romero-Días LOUISE LABÉ Complete Poetry and Prose: A Bilingual Edition Edited with Introductions and Prose Translations by Deborah Lesko Baker, with Poetry Translations by Annie Finch M A R G H E R I TA S A R R O C C H I Scanderbeide: The Heroic Deeds of George Scanderbeg, King of Epirus Edited and Translated by Rinaldina Russell JUSTINE SIEGEMUND The Court Midwife Edited and Translated by Lynne Tatlock K AT H A R I N A S C H Ü T Z Z E L L Zayde: A Spanish Romance Church Mother: The Writings of a Protestant Reformer in Sixteenth- Century Germany Edited and Translated by Nicholas D Paige Edited and Translated by Elsie McKee MARIE-MADELEINE PIOCHE DE LA V E R G N E , C O M T E S S E D E L A FAY E T T E Vittoria Colonna, Chiara Matraini, and Lucrezia Marinella W H O I S M A RY? T h r e e E a r l y M o d e r n Wo m e n o n t h e I d e a o f t h e Vi r g i n M a r y Edited and Translated by Susan Haskins T H E U N I V E R SI T Y OF C HIC AG O PR E SS Chicago & London Vittoria Colonna, 1492–1547 Chiara Matraini, 1515–1604? Lucrezia Marinella, 1571–1653 Susan Haskins is an independent scholar living in London She is the author of Mary Magdalen: Myth and Metaphor, the coauthor of European Art in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the translator of Paolo Prodi’s The Papal Prince The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2008 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved Published 2008 Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 12345 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-11398-2 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-11400-2 (paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-11398-1 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-226-11400-7 (paper) The University of Chicago Press gratefully acknowledges the generous support of James E Rabil, in memory of Scottie W Rabil, toward the publication of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Who is Mary? : three early modern women on the idea of the Virgin Mary / edited and translated by Susan Haskins p cm — (The other voice in early modern Europe) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-226-11398-2 ((cloth) : alk paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-11400-2 ((paper) : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-11398-1 ((cloth) : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-11400-7 ((paper) : alk paper) Mary, Blessed Virgin, Saint Colonna, Vittoria, 1492–1547 Matraini, Chiara, 1515–1604? Marinella, Lucrezia, 1571–1653 I Haskins, Susan II Colonna, Vittoria, 1492–1547 Pianto della Marchesa di Pescara sopra la Passione di Christo English 2008 III Matraini, Chiara, 1515–1604? Breve discorso sopra la vita e laude della beatiss verg e madre del figlivol di Dio English 2008 IV Marinella, Lucrezia, 1571–1653 Vita di Maria Vergine Imperatrice dell’universo English 2008 V Series BT604.W48 2008 232.91—dc22 2008038941 o The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Series Editors’ Introduction ix Volume Editor’s Introduction Volume Editor’s Bibliography 43 I Vittoria Colonna’s Plaint of the Marchesa di Pescara on the Passion of Christ 47 II Chiara Matraini’s Brief Discourse on the Life and Praises of the Most Blessed Virgin and Mother of the Son of God 67 III Lucrezia Marinella’s Life of the Virgin Mary, Empress of the Universe 119 Appendix: The Magnificat (Luke 1:46 –55) 247 Series Editors’ Bibliography 249 Index 275 AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S I am extremely grateful to all those whose expertise I was able to turn to while preparing this volume, in particular Letizia Panizza for her advice and support, and for reading the final drafts of all the texts and for her suggestions as to where more felicitous phrasing and clarifications might be helpful Alberta Bamonte was also extremely generous with her time, as were Adele Airoldi, Jane Bridgeman, Virginia Cox, and Alessandro Scafi I should also like to thank Eleonora Carinci for her help The report of the unknown reader of the manuscript was invaluable in every way Nicholas Pickwoad unfailingly helped me throughout I should finally also like to extend my thanks to Al Rabil for his support and encouragement, particularly in the last stages of my labors, and for his great help in securing funding for this project My thanks also go to the National Endowment for the Humanities for their very generous grant, which enabled me to work on this volume Susan Haskins, London, February 2008 vii T H E O T H E R VO I C E I N E A R LY M O D E R N E U R O P E : I N T RODUC T ION TO T H E SER I ES Margaret L King and Albert Rabil Jr T H E O L D VO I C E A N D T H E O T H E R VO I C E I n western Europe and the United States, women are nearing equality in the professions, in business, and in politics Most enjoy access to education, reproductive rights, and autonomy in financial affairs Issues vital to women are on the public agenda: equal pay, child care, domestic abuse, breast cancer research, and curricular revision with an eye to the inclusion of women These recent achievements have their origins in things women (and some male supporters) said for the first time about six hundred years ago Theirs is the “other voice,” in contradistinction to the “first voice,” the voice of the educated men who created Western culture Coincident with a general reshaping of European culture in the period 1300–1700 (called the Renaissance or early modern period), questions of female equality and opportunity were raised that still resound and are still unresolved The other voice emerged against the backdrop of a three-thousand-year history of the derogation of women rooted in the civilizations related to Western culture: Hebrew, Greek, Roman, and Christian Negative attitudes toward women inherited from these traditions pervaded the intellectual, medical, legal, religious, and social systems that developed during the European Middle Ages The following pages describe the traditional, overwhelmingly male views of women’s nature inherited by early modern Europeans and the new tradition that the “other voice” called into being to begin to challenge reigning assumptions This review should serve as a framework for understanding the texts published in the series The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe Introductions specific to each text and author follow this essay in all the volumes of the series ix S e r i e s E d i t o r s’ B i b l i o g r a p h y ——— The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the Politics of Religion in Early 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of Art in Renaissance Italy Kirksville, MO: Turman State University Press, 2001 The Renaissance Englishwoman in Print: Counterbalancing the Canon Ed Anne M Haselkorn and Betty Travitsky Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990 Renaissance Women Writers: French Texts / American Contexts Ed Anne R Larsen and Colette H Winn Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1994 Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Theory, and Criticism Ed Heidi Hutner Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1993 267 268 S e r i e s E d i t o r s’ B i b l i o g r a p h y Rheubottom, David Age, Marriage, and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Ragusa Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Richardson, Brian Printing, Writers and Readers in Renaissance Italy Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Riddle, John M Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992 ——— Eve’s Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997 Roper, Lyndal The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg New York: Oxford University Press, 1989 Rose, Mary Beth The Expense of Spirit: Love and Sexuality in English Renaissance Drama Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988 ——— Gender and Heroism in Early Modern English Literature Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002 ———, ed Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Literary and Historical Perspectives Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986 Rosenthal, Margaret F The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen and Writer in Sixteenth-Century Venice Foreword by Catharine R Stimpson Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 Rublack, Ulinka, ed Gender in Early Modern German History Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002 Russell, Rinaldina, ed Feminist Encyclopedia of Italian Literature Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997 ——— Italian Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994 Sackville-West, Vita Daughter of France: The Life of La Grande Mademoiselle Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959 Sage, Lorna, ed Cambridge Guide to Women’s Writing in English Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Sánchez, Magdalena S The Empress, the Queen, and the Nun: Women and Power at the Court of Philip III of Spain Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998 Sartori, Eva Martin, and Dorothy Wynne Zimmerman, eds French Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Source Book Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991 Scaraffia, Lucetta, and Gabriella Zarri Women and Faith: Catholic Religious Life in Italy from Late Antiquity to the Present Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999 Scheepsma, Wybren Medieval Religious Women in the Low Countries: The “Modern Devotion,” the Canonesses of Windesheim, and Their Writings Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2004 Schiebinger, Londa The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991 S e r i e s 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British Women Novelists, 1670–1815 Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1986 Schutte, Anne Jacobson Aspiring Saints: Pretense of Holiness, Inquisition, and Gender in the Republic of Venice, 1618–1750 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001 Schutte, Anne Jacobson, Thomas Kuehn, and Silvana Seidel Menchi, eds Time Space, and Women’s Lives in Early Modern Europe Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2001 Seelig, Sharon Cadman Autobiography and Gender in Early Modern Literature: Reading Women’s Lives, 1600–1680 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Seifert, Lewis C Fairy Tales, Sexuality and Gender in France 1690–1715: Nostalgic Utopias Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 Shannon, Laurie Sovereign Amity: Figures of Friendship in Shakespearean Contexts Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002 Shemek, Deanna Ladies Errant: Wayward Women and Social Order in Early Modern Italy Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998 Sibling Relations and Gender in the Early 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Press, 1984 Woodford, Charlotte Nuns as Historians in Early Modern Germany Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002 Woods, Susanne Lanyer: A Renaissance Woman Poet New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 Woods, Susanne, and Margaret P Hannay, eds Teaching Tudor and Stuart Women Writers New York: MLA, 2000 Writing the Female Voice Ed Elizabeth C Goldsmith Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1989 Writing the History of Women’s Writing: Toward an International Approach Ed Susan Van Dijk, Lia van Gemert, and Sheila Ottway Proceedings of the Colloquium, Amsterdam, 9–11 September Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2001 273 INDEX Aaron (high priest and brother of Moses), 129n15, 185n117 Abiathar (priest), 25 Abraham, 5, 91, 161n66, 169, 170n79, 247; and Isaac, 186, and 186n119 Acts, Book of, 9, 27, 57n23, 57n25, 111n118, 114n123, 227n211, 237n234 Acts of Pilate, 212n184, 219n198 Adam, 3, 12, 70, 78, 85, 85n42, 88, 88n53, 91, 93n71, 149, 208n178; and Eve, 3, 69, 77, 77n15, 88n53, 192n134 Agnese di Montefeltro, 47 Albert the Great, Saint, 18, 33 Ambrose, 16–17, 28, 28n63, 69, 71, 95n79, 141n32, 212n184, 222n202; view of Mary, 17 Amos, Book of, 181n107 Andrew, disciple of Jesus, 57, 57n26, 243 Andrew of Crete, 18n43 Anna and Joachim (Virgin Mary’s parents), 3–4, 21–22, 24–25, 33, 36, 38, 120n4, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 129n15, 130, 132, 132n19, 132n21, 134, 136–52, 156–59, 161; Anna, 3, 37, 37n87, 71, 103, 104, 124, 125, 138 134–35, 138–42, 168, 172n86, 188n122, 203, 203n150; depicted by Marinella, 129–32, 145–47, 155–56, 158–61; engrav- ing of, 131; Joachim, 37, 37nn87– 88, 120n4, 124, 125–26, 132–34, 135–38, 142, 143–44 Anna the Prophetess, 102, 102n96, 104, 162, 188, 188n122, 190 Annas the scribe, 23 Anne, Saint, 37 anti-Semitism, 26, 27 apocrypha, New Testament, 2, 3, 18n44, 21, 21n48, 24, 24n54, 36, 37 Aquinas, Thomas, Saint, 18, 33–34 Archelaus (son of Herod), 106n106, 200n146 Ardenti, Alessandro, 74 Aretino, Pietro, 32n75, 123n12; Vita di Maria Vergine, 32 Aristotle, 80n26, 123 Arius, 14n29 Arpino, Cavaliere d’, 20n45 Asherah, Ashtoreth, 13 Augustine, Saint, 10n11, 17, 17n39, 18n46, 22, 33, 35, 53n11; view of Mary, 17–18 Augustus Caesar [Octavian], Emperor, 6, 74, 94n75, 96nn84–85, 162, 172, 179n102 Avalos, Ferrante d’, Marchese di Pescara, 47 Balaam, 99n90, 179–80, 180n104 Bembo, Pietro, 47 275 276 Index Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 16, 28, 33, 58n29, 170n81 Bernini, 234n226 Bonaventure, Saint, 18, 33 Borromeo, Cardinal Federico, 30 Bride of Christ, 17, 28, 70, 82, 83, 86, 112, 116, 126, 170, 170n81, 186n118, 191, 202, 229n214 Bridget of Sweden, Saint, 23 Calvin, John, 2n1, 34 Cameron, Averil, 14n28 Cana, marriage at, 3, 8, 72 107, 108n111, 120n4, 197fig40, 198, 204 Cantarini, Vincenzo (husband of Chiara Matraini), 67 Caravaggio, 234n226; Death of the Virgin, 38n93 Carracci, Annibale, 234n226 Catherine of Siena, Saint, 229, 229n215, 231, 231nn219–20 Cellini, Francesco, 74 Celsus, 27 Ciotti, Giovan Battista, 120 Clare, Saint, 120 Cleopas, 8, 37n87 Coccapani, Cesare (Chiara Matraini’s lover), 68 Colonna, Fabrizio, 47 Colonna, Vittoria, 1–3 2n1, 4, 4n3, 29, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 47–53, 53n10, 55n13, 56n14, 58nn29–30, 59n38, 61n45, 63nn56–57, 64n60, 67, 70; letters of, 50n6; Plaint on the Passion of Christ, 49–53; portrait, 48; works of, 49n1 Columba, Saint, 229, 229n214 Constantine, Emperor, 96n84 constellations, twelve, 170n82 Cornazzano, Antonio, Vita della Gloriosa Vergine, 32 Council of Chalcedon, 14 Council of Constantinople II, 15 Council of Constantinople III, 15 Council of Ephesus I, 10, 14, 15 Council of Ephesus III, 13 Council of Nicaea, 14 Council of Trent, 1, 32, 34, 35, 35n80, 35n83, 36, 36n85, 40 Crusades, 27, 28 Dandalo, Enrico, Doge of Venice, 122 Daniel, 91, 148, 148n44, 191, 191n132 David, 5, 10, 19, 23, 60, 60n39, 79n21, 82, 84, 91, 92n67, 128, 129, 129nn16–18, 154, 155n58, 157, 158n63, 161n66, 170n79, 177n95, 191n130 Dentière, Marie, 2n1 Deuteronomy, Book of, 101n94 Diana of Ephesus, 238n238 Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite, Celestial Hierarchies, 144n36 Dolce, Lodovico, 67 Domenichi, Lodovico, 67 Donatello, 234n226 Duccio, Maestà, 122, 122n8 Elizabeth and Zaccharias (parents of John the Baptist), 21, 23, 167–70, 170n79, 171n83; Elizabeth, 3, 4, 6, 6n6, 10, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32, 70, 71, 85, 86, 86n47, 87, 91, 92, 125, 162, 166, 167, 168, 168n76, 169, 170, 170n79; Zaccharias, 6, 22, 23n52, 24, 91, 147, 167, 168, 169, 170n79 Empyrean, 110, 110n115, 115, 116, 239n243 Enoch, 91 Ephrem Syrus, 12 Epiphanius, 12, 12n21, 13, 19; “Life of Mary,” 30 Erasmus of Rotterdam, 34n78 Etheria / Egeria, 15n32 Ethiopians, 181n107 Eustochium, 17, 17n38 Eve, 11, 70 Exodus, Book of, 101n94, 125, 129n15, 132n20, 185n117, 194n138 Federico II, duke of Urbino, 47 Felicity, Saint, 231–32, 232n221 Index Ferrazzi, Cecilia, 2n1 Francis, Saint, 120, 230–31, 231n218 Honorius III, Pope, 231n218 Hrosvita of Gandersheim, 24 Gabriel, Archangel, 6, 20n46, 26, 70, 80n25, 83, 115, 140n28, 162, 164– 67, 201 Genesis, Book of, 3, 19, 58n29, 70, 71, 77nn14–16, 79n23, 84n40, 88n53, 106n107, 141n31, 152n54, 158n64, 186nn119–20, 191n131, 192n134 Gentileschi, Artemisia, 234n226 Gentileschi, Orazio, “Rest on the Flight into Egypt,” 38n89 Giotto, 24, 25, 124 Giovio, Paolo, 47 Giustina, Saint, 120 Gnosticism, 23n53 Golden Legend, The, 24, 27, 29, 32, 61n45, 71, 79n22, 81n28, 82n31, 83n36, 96n83, 96n85, 97n86, 104n101, 105nn104–5, 108n111, 129n15, 147n40, 154n56, 168n75, 179n98, 179nn100–101, 180n106, 207n176, 214n188, 217n195, 234n227, 236n233, 241nn245–46, 244n253 Golgotha, 215n191 Gorgias, Leontinus, 123 Gospel of Nicodemus, 212n184 gospels on Christ’s passion, 55n12 Graziani, Bartolomeo (Chiara Matraini’s lover), 67 Gregory of Nyssa, 17n40 Gregory of Tours, 18 Gregory the Great, Pope, 28n62, 35 Gregory XIII, Pope, 37 Guariento, 122, 122n8 Guercino, 234n226; “Resurrected Christ Appearing to his Mother,” 38n91 Ignatius (bishop of Antioch), 11, 11n12 Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, 39 Irenaeus of Lyons, 11, 11n14, 16 Isaac, 91 See also Abraham Isaiah, Book of, 5, 5n5, 10, 23n53, 25, 101n94, 105, 105n103, 151, 151n51, 181n107, 190, 190n129 Ishtar (Syrian goddess), 13 Isis, 13 Haggai, 91 Helvidius, 16–17 Hera, 13 Hermopolis, 25n57, 105n104 Herod, King, 7, 24, 100, 104, 105 Homer, 142n33 Jacob, 5, 106n107 Jacobus de Voragine See Golden Legend, The Jacopone da Todi, 29, 61n45 Jairus, 61, 61n46 James, Book of, 21, 21n48, 23nn52– 53, 24, 25, 27, 30n67, 33, 71, 79nn21–22, 82nn32–33, 84n38, 93n68, 129n15, 132n21, 141n30, 147n40, 156nn59–60, 161n66, 170n80 James, M R., 18, 18n44 James (son of Zebedee, disciple of Jesus), 57, 57n24, 61n46 Jeremiah, Book of, 25n57, 91, 105n104, 181n107 Jerome, Saint, 17, 35 Jesuits, 1, 33 Jesus Christ, 2, 37; Ascension, 111n118; as new Adam, 3, 80, 80n25, 95, 208n178, 215n191; nativity narrative, 6–8 Joachim (Virgin Mary’s father) See Anna and Joachim (Virgin Mary’s parents) John (disciple of Jesus), 61n46, 63, 63n56, 107, 108n111, 218, 242, 243, 244 John, Gospel of, 3, 4, 8, 26, 26n60, 27, 29, 44n12, 37n87, 55n12, 56nn17– 18, 57n23, 57nn25–26, 58nn28– 30, 60n41, 60n44, 61n45, 62n51, 62n53, 72, 73n8, 92n66, 277 278 Index John, Gospel of (continued) 101n93, 108n111, 128n14, 176n94, 183n112, 204n153, 204n155, 204n157, 205n159, 206n167, 206nn170–71, , 207nn174–75, 214n187, 214n189, 217n193, 219nn197–98, 223nn204–5, 224n206, 225n207, 226n209, 241n244; Mary in, 8–9 John the Baptist, 6, 10, 21, 23n52, 24, 86, 87, 87n47, 165n71, 170–71, 170n79, 171n83, 196, 203–4, 203n151, 214n189 John Damascene, Saint, 20 Joseph (husband of the Virgin Mary), 7, 8, 22, 25, 31, 32, 37, 91–94, 102, 125; depicted by Marinella, 156–57, 170n80; in Gospel of Matthew, 5–6 Joseph (son of Jacob), 186n120 Joseph of Arimathea, 9, 60n39, 62n53, 63n56, 221n200 Joses (brother [cousin] of Jesus), 63n56 Jovinian (monk), 16, 17, 17nn37–38 Judah, 103n99 Jussie, Jeanne de, 2n1 Justin Martyr, 11, 11n13, 27 Kings, Book of, 93n70, 129n16, 129n18, 148n44 Koran, 20n46 Kybele (Phrygian goddess), 13, 16 Lateran, Synod of, 18 Laurence, Saint, 230, 230n217 Lazarus, 52, 58, 58nn29–30 Leah, 106n107 Lepanto, battle of, 36, 122 Levites, 103n99 Leviticus, Book of, 3n2, 101n94, 103n97 Lucifer, 77 Ludolf the Carthusian, 39 Luís de Granada: Rosario della sacratissima vergine Maria, 32; Book of Prayer and Meditation, 39 Luke, Gospel of, 5, 6–7, 9, 10, 21n50, 22n51, 25n48, 37, 55n12, 56n14, 56n16, 57nn23–24, 57n27, 58n29, 58n31, 60n40, 60nn42– 43, 61nn46–47, 62n50, 62nn52– 53, 63n56, 87nn49–50, 101n93, 102nn95–97, 111n118, 165n71, 170nn79–80, 171n83, 183n112, 188nn122–23, 204n152, 204n154, 204n156, 206n164, 206nn169– 70, 206n172, 209n180, 214n187, 217n193, 219n198, 221n200, 227n211, 238n239; Magnificat, 87, 87n50, 247 Luther, Martin, 34 Magi, 100–101, 179n103 Magno, Celio, Trionfo di Cristo, per la Vittoria contra Turchi, 122 Malachi, 91 Mani, 10n11 Marguerite of Navarre, 47 Mariam, 20n46 Marinella, Giovanni, 119 Marinella, Lucrezia, 1, 3–4, 6, 12, 20, 21, 24, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 70, 119–28; depiction of Mary, 126–28; Life of the Virgin Mary, Empress of the Universe, 3–4, 120; major works by and about, 119n1 Marino, Giambattista, 234n226 Mariolatry, 16, 73, 124 Mark, Gospel of, 5, 8n8, 9, 37n87, 55n12, 56n15, 57nn23–24, 57n27, 58n31, 60n39, 60n42, 61n46, 62n49, 62nn52–53, 63n56, 111n118, 115n126, 135n23, 165n71, 170n80, 204n152, 204n154, 204n156, 206n165, 206n170, 209n180, 214n187, 217n193, 219n198, 221n200, 227n211, 238nn239–40 Martha, 60, 60nn43–44, 106n107, 207n176, 218 Mary(s), other, 9, 218 Mary, Virgin, 1, 2, 4–5, 7–8, 12, 25; in Acts, 9; Aeiparthenos “ever virgin,” 15; Annunciation, 6; As- Index sumption, 18, 33, 38, 40, 124, 117n128; bride of God, 170n81; cult of, 14; death / dormition / transitus, 26; doctrine of, 141n31; Empress of Heaven, 116; Empress of the Universe, 124; feast days, 15–16; feast of, 19; free from original sin, 35; “God-bearer,” 10; Immaculate Conception, 19–20, 21–22, 33, 35–36, 38, 40; in the eastern church, 9–10; in Gospel of John, 8–9; in Gospel of Matthew, 5–6; in the Koran, 20n46; Intercessor, 237n235; life of in Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, 24; Magnificat, 6, 70, 87n50, 89n57, 168n76, 169n78, 247; mater dolorosa, 28; mediatrix, 12; medieval lady, 30; meditation on seeing the dead Christ, 53ff; new Eve, 11, 69; noble origin, 79n21; Perfection, 11; perpetual virginity, 18, 23, 124; Queen of Heaven, 19, 20, 55, 74, 114n122, 124, 185n116; Second Eve, 3–4, 13, 19, 69; Seven Sorrows of, 102n96, 188n124; Temple virgin, 31; Theotokos, 14n30, 16, 20 Mary of Bethany, 106n107 Mary of Cleopas, 63n56 Mary and Joseph, 5–6, 7, 36 Mary Magdalen, 2–3, 9, 29, 52, 58n29, 60n39, 61n45, 63, 63n56, 111n116, 120n3, 125, 214n187, 217n195, 218, 218n196, 232–34; as disciple of Christ, 223n204, 233–34, 234n226 Matraini, Benedetto, 67 Matraini, Chiara, 1, 3, 6, 16, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 49; works listed, 67n1 Matraini, Juditta, 1, 69 Matthew (disciple of Jesus), 57, 57n27 Matthew, Gospel of, 5, 5n5, 7, 8n9, 9, 10, 21n48, 22n51, 23, 37, 55n12, 56n15, 57nn23–24, 57n27, 60n39, 60n42, 62n46, 63n56, 111n118, 135n23, 165n71, 170n80, 171n84, 196n140, 204n152, 204nn154– 55, 205n163, 206nn165–66, 206nn168–70, 209n180, 214n187, 217n193, 219n198, 221n200, 227n211, 238n239 Methodius, 12, 12n20 Michael (archangel), 26 Michelangelo, 1, 4, 29, 34, 47; Pietà, 51, 235n231 Mohammed, Prophet, 20n46 Morata, Olympia, Moses, 90, 91n62, 101, 101n94, 129n15, 184, 185, 185n117 Mozzagrugno, Don Giuseppe, 69 Murillo, 20n45 Nathanael, 57n25, 59, 59n36 Nazareth, 128, 128n14 Nestorius, 14 Nicene Creed, 14 Nicodemus, 60n39, 62, 62n53, 221 Noah, 91 Numbers, Book of, 99n90, 180n104 Ochino, Bernardino, 47 Octavian, Emperor, 94, 96 Origen, 12, 12n17, 100n91, 180n103 Paleotti, Gabriele, 40, 40n97 Panizza, Letizia, 38 Paul, Saint, Galatians, Paula, Saint, 17n38 Paul the Deacon, 20 Paul III, Pope, 34 Pelagius, 17 Peter (disciple of Jesus), 57, 57n23, 61n46, 243, 244 Petersen, Johanna Eleonora, 2n1 Philip (disciple of Jesus), 57, 57n25 phoenix, 112n119, 199n143 Piccolomini, Costanza d’Avalos, duchess of Amalfi, 50 Piero della Francesca, 23 Pilate, 221n200 Pius V, Pope, 36 Pole, Reginald, 47 pomegranate See Proserpine 279 280 Index Proserpine, 186n118 Psalms, Book of, 32, 56n20, 101n93, 102n96, 129n16, 183n112, 188n124 Pseudo-Bonaventure, 24, 27, 29, 31, 31n72, 39, 53n10, 83n36, 150n50; Meditations on the Life of Christ, 31, 61n45, 71 Pseudo-Matthew, Gospel of, 21, 24, 24n54, 25, 27, 105n103, 147n40, 147n42, 161n66 Pseudo-Melito, 244n253 publicans, 58n31 Song of Songs, 17, 19, 26, 27, 28, 28n62, 71, 115n125, 117n129, 170n81, 186n118, 229n214, 243n250, 245n255 Rachel, 106n107 recapitulation, doctrine of, 11 Reni, Guido, 234n226 Revelation, Book of, 19, 70, 78n17, 99n90, 109n113, 174n91, 238n237 Romanos Melodos, Saint, 13, 28 Ursula, Saint, 229–30, 230n216 Saba, 181n108 Salazar, María de San José, 2n1 Salome, 23 Salve Regina, 116n127 Samuel, Book of, 6n6, 129n16, 177n95 Scupoli, Lorenzo, Spiritual Combat, 39 Serantoni, Agata (mother of Chiara Matraini), 67 Shulamite, 186n118 Sibyl, 96 Sibylline oracles, 81n28 Simeon, 7, 25, 97, 98, 98n88, 102, 102nn95–96, 103, 104, 125, 162, 185–87, 185n117, 187n121, 188, 188nn123–24, 189, 190, 200, 213, 213n185 Sixtus V, Pope, 36–37 Solomon, 129, 129n18, 132, 146, 162, 189 Tartarus, 63n54 Tertullian, 179n103 Thomas (disciple of Jesus), 57–58, 58n28 Tiberius, Emperor, 128n14 Tintoretto, 122n8 Titian, 25, 234n226 Trypho the Jew, 11, 27 Vacca, Girolamo, 119 Valdés, Juan de, 47 Valvasone, Erasmus di, Lagrime di S Maria Maddalena, 234n226 Varchi, Benedetto, 67 Veronica, 214n190 Virgil, 96n82 virtues, cardinal and theological, 112– 14 Vita Beatae Virginis Mariae et Salvatoris Rhythmica, 30, 30nn67–68 Vives, Juan Luis, Education of a Christian Woman, 31 Warner, Marina, 28n62, 32 Werner the Swiss, 30 Zacchaeus, 59, 59n37, 170n79 Zaccharias (father of John the Baptist) See Elizabeth and Zaccharias (parents of John the Baptist) Zebedee, 9, 57n24 Zell, Katharina Schütz, 2n1 zodiac, signs of, 170n82 ... of James E Rabil, in memory of Scottie W Rabil, toward the publication of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Who is Mary? : three early modern women on the idea of the. .. Vittoria Colonna’s Plaint of the Marchesa di Pescara on the Passion of Christ 47 II Chiara Matraini’s Brief Discourse on the Life and Praises of the Most Blessed Virgin and Mother of the Son of God... from the mother of her “Lord,” reinforcing the concept of the divinity of Christ’s conception, rather than she who should visit the Virgin Mary praises God in the beautiful poetic song, the Magnificat