John donne, body and soul

john donne, body and soul G john donne, body and soul ramie targoff the university of chicago press chicago and london ramie targoff is associate professor of English at Brandeis University and the author of Common Prayer, published by the University of Chicago Press The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2008 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved Published 2008 Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 isbn-13: 978-0-226-78963-7 (cloth) isbn-10: 0-226-78963-2 (cloth) An earlier version of chapter was published as “Traducing the Soul: Donne’s Second Anniversarie” in Publications of the Modern Language Association (PMLA) 121, no (October 2006): 1493–1508, and is reprinted with permission Parts of chapter were included in “Facing Death,” in The Cambridge Companion to John Donne, ed Achsah Guibbory (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 217–32, and are also reprinted with permission Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Targoff, Ramie John Donne, body and soul / Ramie Targoff p cm Includes bibliographical references and index isbn-13: 978-0-226-78963-7 (alk paper) isbn-10: 0-226-78963-2 (alk paper) Donne, John, 1572–1631—Criticism and interpretation Donne, John, 1572–1631—Religion Donne, John, 1572–1631—Philosophy Body and soul in literature Christianity and literature—England—History—16th century Christianity and literature—England—History—17th century I Title pr2248.t37 2008 821'.3—dc22 2007024574 o The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1992 G for harry So leben wir und nehmen immer Abschied So we live, forever taking leave —Rilke, Duino Elegies G contents List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Letters 25 Songs and Sonnets 49 The Anniversaries 79 Holy Sonnets 106 Devotions 130 Deaths Duell 154 Notes 185 Index 205 ix 200 notes to pages 134–152 out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ to everlasting salvation as vessels made to honour” (Hardwick, A History of the Articles of Religion, 297) Lancelot Andrewes, Two Answers to Cardinal Perron, and Other Miscellaneous Works (Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1967), 182 10 Jeremy Taylor, Holy Living and Holy Dying, vol (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), chap 3, sect 4.4 11 Taylor, 95 See also Proverb 3:11: “My son, refuse not the chastening of the Lord, neither be grieved with His correction.” 12 Richard Greenham, The Words of the Reverend and Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, 4th ed (1605, 159), cited in Andrew Wear, “Puritan Perceptions of Illness in Seventeenth-Century England,” in Patients and Practitioners: Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-industrial Society, ed Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 55–99 13 On the “preternatural,” see Lorraine Daston, “Preternatural Philosophy,” in Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000) 14 See my discussion of Holy Sonnet V, “I am a little world made cunningly” in chapter On the early modern attitude toward man as microcosm, see Leonard Barkan, Nature’s Work of Art: The Human Body as Image of the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) 15 On self-ministering, see Donne’s “Hymne to God, my God, in my sicknesse,” which concludes, “And as to others soules I preach’d thy word, / Be this my Text, my Sermon to mine owne, / Therfore that he may raise the Lord throws down” (28–30) 16 Clara Lander makes this particular point about the urine in her article, “A Dangerous Sickness Which Turned to a Spotted Fever,” Studies in English Literature 11, no (Winter 1971): 89–108 17 See Jonathan Sawday’s illuminating discussion of Donne’s secrecy, The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 33–36 and passim 18 Letters, 241–42 The addressee of this letter is unknown 19 Augustine, The Confessions, trans William Watts, vols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951), 2:239 20 See Nancy G Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973) 21 See chapter 22 As we shall see in chapter 6, this position was by no means atypical for patristic and medieval theologians, but it was not ordinarily embraced by the Church of England 23 See OED for these usages: definition 1a, “Appearance; outward form (Obs)”; 3a, “The outward appearance or aspect, the visible form or image, of something, as constituting the immediate object of vision Obs (Common in 17th cent.).” Donne’s interest in optics is borne out not only by internal references within his works, but also by his ownership of a book published in 1606 by Petrus Ramus and Fridericus Risnerus, Opticae Libri Quatuor, which treats questions of refraction and reflexive light Donne’s copy of this volume survives in the collection from his personal library at the Middle Temple Library in London notes to pages 152–160 201 24 Letters, 249 25 See Selleck, “Donne’s Body,” for an account of Donne’s selfhood as intentionally unstable Within this model, illness becomes a “solution.” DEATHS DUELL Bald explains that the sermon was entered in the Stationer’s Register without a title, and that its title was borrowed or lifted from a volume by Walter Colman, whose original title was also Deaths Duell, but which was subsequently altered to La Dance Macabre, or Death’s Duell It would seem that Roger Michell, the publisher of Donne’s sermon, could not resist taking Colman’s title for Donne’s work (Bald, John Donne, A Life, 529n1) Gardner proposes that Donne himself arranged for the publication of his last sermon with the engraving of Donne in his shroud as its frontispiece (Divine Poems [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952], 113) M Thomas Hester dates this letter Dec 10, 1630, in his introduction, Letters to Severall Persons of Honour Walton, Life of Donne, 231–32 Bald, John Donne, A Life, 312 Over the course of his career, Donne preached thirty-six sermons at court See the appendix listing these sermons in Peter McCullough, “Donne as Preacher at Court: Precarious ‘Inthronization,’” in John Donne’s Professional Lives, ed David Colclough (Cambridge: D S Brewer, 2003), 203–4 I am indebted throughout this chapter to McCullough’s groundbreaking work on the conditions of preaching in the seventeenth century, and I am very grateful for his generosity in discussing his research with me Bald, John Donne, A Life, 318–19 On Donne’s preaching when a pulpit was temporarily vacant, see Bald, John Donne, A Life, 328 On James I’s penchant for hearing sermons during his hunting trips, see McCullough, Sermons at Court (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 125–26 McCullough, “Donne as Preacher at Court: Precarious ‘Inthronization,’” 198–200 Jeanne Shami, John Donne and Conformity in Crisis in the Late Jacobean Pulpit, Studies in Renaissance Literature (Cambridge, UK: D S Brewer, 2003) 10 McCullough draws our attention to the court chaplain’s practice of preaching two sermons on Sunday—one to the royal family and office holders, and one to the staff He also persuasively establishes that the title of this sermon, “to the houshold” (a title unprecedented not only for Donne but for all extant sermons from this period), must mean that it was the early morning Sunday sermon for household staff members at Whitehall (McCullough, “Donne as Preacher at Court: Precarious ‘Inthronization,’” 184–86) 11 OED, “hearken,” second edition, 1989, definitions and 12 Shuger, Habits of Thought in the English Renaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 178 13 Donne’s sermon was more political than usual, and was interpreted to be under the influence of Abbot’s recent contra-Laudian actions For more details, see Bald, John Donne, A Life, 491–94; McCullough, “Donne as Preacher at Court: Precarious ‘Inthronization,’” 199–200 202 notes to pages 160–172 14 Cited in Bald, John Donne, A Life, 494 15 Joan Webber, Contrary Music: The Prose Style of John Donne (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963) See also Peter McCullough, “Donne as Preacher,” in Cambridge Companion to John Donne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 167–76 16 Richard Bernard, The Faithfull Shepheard; or, The Shepheards Faithfulnesse (London, 1607), 72 17 Andrew Hyperius, The Practis of Preaching, otherwise called, The Pathway to the Pulpet, englished by John Ludham, vicar of Wetherffeld (London, 1577), 43a 18 T S Eliot, Selected Essays (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1950), 292 19 Walton, Life of Donne, 225 20 Letters to Severall Persons of Honour, 308 Bald dates this letter April 2, 1627 (John Donne, A Life, 493), and the editors of John Donne: Selected Prose simply date it “April, 1627” (Selected Prose, chosen by Evelyn Simpson, ed Helen Gardner and Timothy Healy [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967], 161–62) 21 Bald, John Donne, A Life, 494n1 22 Augustine, The City of God, bk 13, chap 10, p 419 23 Seneca, Ad Lucilium epistulae morales, 1:176–77 I am indebted to Marcus Dods for this reference (The City of God, 419n13) 24 Donne is listed in the OED as the second author to use this word, but the first entry is from Florio’s 1611 Italian-English dictionary, Queen Anna’s New World of Words 25 Bald, John Donne, A Life, 563 26 See chapter 1, above 27 Bald, John Donne, A Life, 563 28 See earlier discussion of this sermon, in my introduction and in chapter 29 Article 4: “Christe dyd truely aryse agayne from death, and toke agayne his body, with flesh, bones, and all thinges apparteyning to the perfection of mans nature, wherewith he ascended into heaven, and there sitteth, untyll he returne to judge all men at the last day” (Hardwick, A History of the Articles of Religion, 281) 30 See William P Haugaard, Elizabeth and the English Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 251–52, and Felicity Heal, Reformation in Britain and Ireland, 305–10 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) 31 John E Booty, ed., The Book of Common Prayer, 1559: The Elizabethan Prayer Book, 310 32 Carolyn Bynum, The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); The Holy Bible (London, 1611) 33 Dale B Martin, The Corinthian Body (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995) Martin challenges John A T Robinson’s classic treatment in The Body: A Study in Pauline Theology (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1977) 34 Tertullian, Concerning the Resurrection of the Flesh, trans A Souter (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1922), 145 35 City of God, bk 22, chap 14, p 837 36 Peter Lombard, Sentences, bk 4, 44, chaps 1–3, unpublished translation by Robert O’Brien (1970) 37 The text of the Fourth Lateran Council reads: “Qui omnes cum suis propriis cor- notes to pages 172–183 203 poribus resurgent, quae nunc gestant” (Norman P Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, vol [London: Sheed and Ward, 1990], 230, lines 30–31) 38 For the reasons behind the shift away from the materialist position in the early 1300s, see Bynum, The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336, 135ff 39 See in particular Mary Ramsay’s Les Doctrines Medievales Chez Donne (London: Oxford University Press, 1917) 40 Here my interpretation differs dramatically from Stanley Fish’s account in SelfConsuming Artifacts, which remains one of the surprisingly few sustained readings of this famous sermon Fish wants us to see Donne’s erasure of self into the Word, his “becom[ing] indistinguishable from the Word he preaches.” “He loses his identity exactly at the point where we are blessed with the loss of ours,” Fish concludes (Self-Consuming Artifacts [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972], 70) 41 Cited in McCullough, Sermons at Court, 34 42 Reports on the Manuscripts of Lord de l’Isle and Dudley preserved at Penshurst Place in Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (London: H.M Stationery Office, 1925–), 6:99 43 Unfortunately there is no way to know definitively where Deaths Duell was preached “The Declaration of the Accompte of Sir William Uvedale, Knight, Treasurer of the Kinges Majesties Chamber,” 1630–31, acknowledges payments to several yeomen and grooms of the chamber for “making ready Whitehall for his Majesty” over the course of the year, but does not specify what preparations were made for the specific day that Donne was preaching (See item A01 / 393 / 69 in the National Archives, London, for this record.) 44 McCullough, Sermons at Court, 44 45 Joseph Koerner, The Reformation of the Image (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 226 46 Cited in Koerner, The Reformation of the Image, 176–77 47 See the illustration in McCullough, Sermons at Court, 44 48 The Book of the Craft of Dying, ed Frances M M Comper (New York: Arno Press, 1977), 61 49 See Gardner, “Dean Donne’s Monument in S Paul’s,” in Evidence in Literary Scholarship: Essays in Memory of James Marshall Osborn, by René Wellek and Alvaro Ribeiro (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 34–36 50 Bald also sees the monument as a resurrection figure, although he draws different conclusions from my own (John Donne, A Life, 535–36) 51 Gardner, “Dean Donne’s Monument,” 36–40 index Works not attributed to another author are by Donne Aeneid, The (Virgil), 60 Aers, David, 190n40 “Aire and Angels,” 39–40, 52–53 Albertus Magnus, alchemy, 72 Ambrose, Saint, 29 Anabaptists, Andrewes, Lancelot, 135, 146, 161, 176 angels, 17–18, 22, 103–4 “Anniversarie, The,” 76 Anniversaries, The, 79–105; composition order of, 195n10; insincerity attributed to, 86; traducianism in, 12 See also First Anniversarie, The; “Funerall Elegie, A”; Second Anniversarie, The “Apparition, The,” 50 Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 9–10, 21, 56, 98 Aristotle, 9, 22, 56–57, 59, 98 ars moriendi, 134, 153, 174, 179 Ashley, Robert, 186n17 atomism, 7, 33 aubade, 50 Augustine, Saint: on bodily resurrection, 171, 172; The City of God, 163, 171, 187n29; Confessions, 145; Donne on heresies regarding resurrection and, 21; on immortality of the soul, 14–15; on life as movement toward death, 163; The Literal Meaning of Genesis, 13; Of True Religion, 13; on original sin and infusionism, 13–14, 82, 93, 97, 187n29; on passage of time, 145; on soul’s natural appetite for body, 79 “Autumnall, The,” 16 Bald, R C., 189n30, 201n1, 203n50 balm, 94–95 Barnes, Barnabe, 108 Becon, Thomas, 80, 133, 134, 146 Bedford, Lucy Harrington, Countess of: Donne’s elegies for her loved ones, 83; letters and verse epistles from Donne to, 10, 11–12, 33, 44–45, 94–95 Bennett, Roger E., 187n25, 188n4 Bernard, Richard, 160 Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 79, 196n21 Biathanatos, 110, 151 Bible: I Corinthians 15:50, 170; Genesis 2:7, 122; Hebrews 12:6, 136; Isaiah 40:7, 122; Luke, 122, 171; Psalms, 35, 122; Revelations 3:20, 122; Romans, Epistle to the, 81, 157; Donne’s sermons on: I Corinthians 15:50, 19, 20–21; Job 19:26, 19–20, 22–23, 118, 166–67, 169; John, 17, 60; Mark 4:24, 162; Matthew 23:30, 15, 78, 167–68; Psalms, 118, 157, 158–59, 161; Romans, Epistle to the, 164 Bion the Borysthenite, 124 body, the: collecting scattered parts of for resurrection, 5, 6, 16, 19, 22, 67, 70, 117–18, 167–69, 181; Donne on resurrection of, 16–22, 165, 169–73; Donne’s letters as means to convey, 39–42; Donne’s verse epistles on, 45–48; on each soul belonging to individual, 8, 65; glorified vs earthly, 18–19, 20, 115, 170–72; in heaven, 17–18, 114–15; integrity in the grave, 64–65, 66, 165; as microcosm, 139 205 206 index body, the (cont.) See also body and soul; death; illness (disease); kissing; love; putrefaction (decay); resurrection; sex body and soul: Aristotle on, 56–57; Augustine on affinity of soul for body, 79; bond between lovers compared to relationship between, 50–51; Donne on interdependence of, 1, 5, 22, 56–57, 81, 83; Donne on letters reproducing relationship of, 39; Donne’s concern with relationship of, 1–2, 5–6, 21–24, 132; Donne’s verse epistles on, 43, 44–48; love as bodily and spiritual, 39–40, 51–59; Neoplatonism on, 58–59; Paul on, 81; spirits as middle nature between, 56, 192n13 See also death; dualism; hylomorphism; mortalism; separation of body and soul Böhrer, Karl Heinz, 60–61 Book of Common Prayer, The: “The Form of Solemnization of Matrimony,” 105; “The Order for the Burial of the Dead,” 80, 169; “The Order for the Visitation of the Sick,” 133–34 Book of the Craft of Dying, 179–80 Borges, Jorge Luis, 111 “Breake of Day,” 49–50 Browne, Thomas, 93 Bruno, Antonio, Bullinger, Henry, 80 Bulstrode, Cecilia, 84, 104 Bynum, Carolyn, 170, 203n38 Calvin, John, 9, 19 cannibalism, 16 Carey, John, 4–5, 71, 72, 74, 81, 190n34 Carey, Lady Lettice, 43 Carey, Nicholas, 190n39 Carleton, Sir Dudley, 40, 41, 42, 190n37 Carlisle, Earl of See Hay, James Castiglione, Baldassare, 61–62 Cavalcanti, Guido, 59 Caxton, William, 179–80 Charles I, 154, 158, 159–60, 162, 163, 165–66 Christ: Cranach’s depiction of crucifixion of, 177–79, 178; death of, 111; Deaths Duell on passion of, 174–80; Donne compares his diseased body to, 142; resurrection of, 169; sacrifice of, 119–20; Second Coming, 126–27; in “This is my playes last scene” (Holy Sonnet VI), 125–26; in “What if this present were the worlds last night?” (Holy Sonnet XIII), 127–28 Church of England: High Church leanings of, 158, 160, 176; infusionism upheld by, 12; on mortalism, 8, 9; on predestination, 134, 199n8; on resurrection, 17, 169, 202n29; on separation of body and soul, 80, 149 See also Book of Common Prayer, Thirty-Nine Articles Cicero, 26, 27, 29–30, 39 City of God, The (Augustine), 163, 171, 187n29 Cokayne, Mrs Ann, 130, 133, 156 Cokayne, Sir William, 8, 104–5, 156 congé d’amour, 50 Corona, La, 108 Courtier’s Library, The, 8, 186n18 Cranach, Lucas, the Elder, 177–79 Cuffe, Henry, 7–8 damnation, 112–14 Dante, 194n2 Davies, John, 92–93 De Anima (Aristotle), 56–57 death: ars moriendi, 134, 153, 174, 179; Book of the Craft of Dying, 179–80; of Christ, 111; Christ’s passion, 174–80; “Death be not proud” (Holy Sonnet X), 106, 128, 156; Deaths Duell on, 156, 161–80; Devotions confronts imminent, 132; Donne rehearses for his own, 180–83; Donne seeks an active, 155–56; effects on the living, 86–87, 148, 164; fear of, 72, 79, 106; “good,” 173–74; memento mori, 181; moment of, 9, 72, 124–26, 164–65; Taylor’s Rule and Exercise of Holy Dying, 135–36, 174; of those still alive on last day, 118–19, 126; willful embrace of, 111 See also mortalism; separation of body and soul; suicide Deaths Duell, 154–83; on birth, 163–64; on bodily integrity in the grave, 64–65, 66, 165; Christ’s passion described in, 174–80; Cranach’s Wittenberg Altarpiece compared with, 177–79; Donne’s appearance while preaching, 155, 161; frontispiece of, 182; full title of, 154, 201n1; on “good” death, 173–74; location of, 176–78, 203n43; memorization of, 162; on resurrected body, 172–73; on scattering of body after death, 167–69 index decay See putrefaction (decay) De Doctrina Christiana (Milton), 93, 198n18 De rerum natura (Lucretius), 62, 89 Descartes, René, 98 Devotions, 130–53; crisis as subject in, 132, 138, 145–46, 153; dedicatory epistle of, 137–38; Devotion 1, 138–41; Devotion 13, 141–43; Devotion 14, 144–47; Devotion 15, 147; Devotion 16, 147; Devotion 17, 147–48; Devotion 18, 148–50; Devotion 19, 150; Devotion 21, 151, 153; Devotion 22, 151, 153; Devotion 23, 153; Donne’s reasons for publishing, 152–53; on fear of God, 125, 144, 198n21; “for whom the bell tolls,” 86, 148, 174; on immortality of the soul, 14–15; on infusionism and original sin, 14, 97; interpreted as meditative manual, 131–32; 148; on origin of illness, 14, 150–51; on putrefaction, 149–50, 163; on separation of body and soul, 148–50; sickness of body and soul compared in, 6, 132, 137–47; on soul’s creation, 148–49; structure of, 131 “Dialogue Between the Soul and Body” (Marvell), 90 disease See illness (disease) “Dissolution, The,” 49 Doncaster, Lord See Hay, James Donne, Anne More: death of, 108; Donne’s desire to be reunited with, 22; Donne’s epitaph for, 1, 76–77, 77; Donne’s letter about, 34 Donne, John, career of: as clergyman, 157; frustration with lack of advancement, 155; preaching style of, 156–57, 161; as secretary to Egerton, 26 Donne, John, critical views of: Carey on, 4–5; Eliot on, 2, 3–4, 5, 56, 73–74, 161, 175; Anna Jameson on, 3; Samuel Johnson on, 3, 73, 167; philosophical and theological seriousness questioned, 3–5 Donne, John, death of: active death sought by, 155–56; burial instructions of, 166; fear of death, 72, 79, 106; funerary monument of, 180–83; portrait in his shroud, 182; rehearses for his own death, 153, 180–83; will of, 5, 165 Donne, John, personal characteristics of: alchemy as interest of, 72; attitude toward his poetry, 23–24, 27, 47, 187n37; on ecstasy, 31, 102; frequent illnesses of, 143; 207 friendship’s importance to, 32–33, 35–36; handwriting of, 40, 41, 42; home life of, 34; illness as appealing to, 130, 132; library of, 6–7, 186n17; loneliness of, 34–35, 50–51; social exile of, 26; suicide as temptation for, 110 Donne, John, neologisms of: ideate, 47; inanimation, 24, 37, 48, 55, 85, 151; interinanimation, 54, 55, 62, 132, 192n10; valediction, 1; vermiculation, 165 Donne, John, philosophical views of: as Aristotelian, 59; on atomism, 7, 33; as dualist, 22; on Neoplatonism, 59; on “new philosophy,” 4, 44, 80 Donne, John, religious and theological views of: on abandonment by God, 111, 112–14, 143; on ascension of soul to heaven, 79; on heavenly reunion of body and soul, 5, 104–5, 147, 150; on immortality of the soul, 14–16, 45; on infusionism, 11–12, 14; on intimate contact with God, 119–20, 123, 143–44; Jesuit connections of, 109; on metempsychosis, 8; on mortalism, 9, 115–16, 117; on original sin, 13, 19, 43, 97; on origins of the soul, 11–15, 82–83; personal annihilation feared by, 121–22; on resurrection of the body, 16–21, 154, 161, 169–73; on sermons as high road to grace, 157–60; on shared soul, 8, 64–65; on threefold soul, 10–11, 12–13; on traducianism, 12–13, 83, 93 Donne, John, works of: Biathanatos, 110, 151; La Corona, 108; The Courtier’s Library, 8, 186n18; “Elegie on the Lady Marckham,” 83, 84, 96–97; “Elegie on the Mistress Boulstred,” 84, 104; elegies by, 83–84; epitaph for wife Anne, 1, 76–77, 77; Essayes in Divinitie, 112, 121, 129; “Good Friday, 1613 Riding Westward,” 176; “An hymne to the Saints, and to Marquesse Hamylton,” 86, 187n37; “A Lecture upon the Shadow,” 49; Metempsychosis, 5, 8; “Obsequies to the Lord Harrington,” 16; Paradoxes and Problems, 191n44; Pseudo-Martyr, 7, 18, 47; “To his Mistris going to Bed” (Elegy 19), 57, 183 See also Anniversaries, The; Devotions; First Anniversarie, The; “Funerall Elegie, A”; Holy Sonnets; letters of John Donne; sermons; Second Anniversarie, The; Songs and Sonnets 208 index Donne, John, Jr., 27, 188n4 Donne, John, Sr., Droeshout, Martin, 182 Drummond, William, Drury, Elizabeth: Donne’s relationship to, 80, 86; The First Anniversarie on, 87, 94, 95–97; “A Funerall Elegie” on, 83, 84, 85–87; The Second Anniversarie on, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 92, 97–99, 104, 195n14 Drury, Robert, 88 Dryden, John, 3, 185n4 dualism: of Donne, 22; in early modern Protestant view of illness, 136–37; in “The Extasie,” 56; in “I am a little world made cunningly” (Holy Sonnet V), 114–15; in The Second Anniversarie, 81, 98, 103; in “A Valediction: forbidding mourning,” 74 Dubrow, Heather, 50 Ebreo, Leoni, 58–59, 192n22 ecstasy, 31, 62, 102, 159 Egerton, Lady Mary, 15, 77–78, 167, 172 Egerton, Sir Thomas, 26 “Elegie on the Lady Marckham,” 83, 84, 96–97 “Elegie on the Mistress Boulstred,” 84, 104 Eliot, T S., 2, 3–4, 5, 56, 73–74, 161, 175 Elizabeth I, 67, 158, 169, 195n14 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 197n36 Empson, William, 128, 195n14, 199n27 Epicurus, 7, 33 epistolary treatises, 27–30 Equicola, Mario, 59 Erasmus, Desiderius, 27, 28–29 Escorial, the, 84 Essayes in Divinitie, 112, 121, 129 Eutychius, Saint, 20 ex nihilo: as theory of creation, 121–22, 198n18; as theory of the soul (see infusionism) “Expiration, The,” 10, 50, 62 “Extasie, The”: 22, 53–57 62; Cavalcanti’s “Donna mi priegha” compared with, 59; “interinanimation” in, 54, 55, 192n10; Platonism attributed to, 53, 56, 57; and sex, 54, 55, 192n11 ex traduce theory of the soul See traducianism Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 102 “Feaver, A,” 49, 87 Ficino, Marsilio, 58, 61, 68 Fifth Lateran Council, First Anniversarie, The: Jonson’s criticism of, 87; on contamination, 94, 95–97; on “new philosophy,” 44, 80; scholarly attention to, 80–81; on world’s corruption, 91, 98–99 Fish, Stanley, 128–29, 203n40 “Flea, The,” 57 Fourth Lateran Council, 172, 203n37 Foxe, John, 67 Freccero, John, 72, 75 friendship, letter writing and, 31–36, 38, 47 Fulwood, William, 28, 30, 39 “Funerall, The,” 16, 49, 69–70, 98 “Funerall Elegie, A,” 83–87; composition order of, 195n10; on heavenly reunion of body and soul, 104 Galen, 145 “Garden, The” (Marvell), 50 Gardner, Helen, 45, 49, 109, 115, 126, 183, 192n17, 192n18, 192n21, 201n1 Garrard, George, 31, 42, 48 Garrard, Martha, 42 Gerard, John, 38 glass, engraving, 67–68 Gnostics, 21 God: Donne’s desire for contact with, 119–20, 123, 143–44; Donne’s fear of abandonment by, 111, 112–14, 143; fear of, 125, 144; illness seen as visitation from, 130, 133–36, 143–44 Goldberg, Jonathan, 4, 189n31 “Good Friday, 1613 Riding Westward,” 176 “good-morrow, The,” 10, 51 Goodyer, Sir Henry: Donne’s De Anima letter to, 11, 14, 15, 16, 30–31, 65, 82–83, 148; Donne’s “To all my friends: Sir H Goodere” letter to, 34–36; Donne writes to on Tuesdays, 31, 32, 189n24; letters and verse epistles from Donne to, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 26–27, 30, 32, 33, 34–36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 51, 85, 94, 155–56, 191n46 Greenham, Richard, 136–37 Gregory the Great, Saint, 20 Grey, Lady Jane, 67 Grierson, Herbert J C., 3, 56, 83, 89, 195n10 Guarino, Giovanni Battista, 75 Hamlet (Shakespeare), 65 Harrington, Lord John, 16, 83 index Haverkamp, Anselm, 193n41 Hawkins, W., 176 Hay, James, 112, 164 Herbert, Sir Edward, 43, 53, 57 Herbert, George, 24, 67, 107, 120 Herbert, Magdalen (Lady Danvers), 183 Heywood, Jasper, 109 Hill, Nicholas, 7, 33, 186n18 Holy Sonnets, 106–29; dating of, 108; fear of abandonment by God in, 114; hope of gaining divine reassurance through writing in, 129; imaginings of consequences of divine judgment in, 106; on immediate contact with God, 120, 123; language of bodily decay in, 107, 110, 111, 120; on mortalism, 9, 115, 117; ordering of, 108–9; poetics of brinksmanship in, 23, 107, 109, 126; salvation as subject of, 106–7, 108; self-judgment desired in, 125–26, 146; sonnet form as appropriate for, 107, 109, 123–24; and threefold soul, 10, 122; two groups of, 109; individual poems: “At the round earths imagin’d corners” (VII), 6, 70, 117–20; “Batter my heart three-person’d God” (XIV), 10, 120–23, 143; “Death be not proud” (X), 106, 128, 156; “I am a little world made cunningly” (V), 114–15, 116–17, 129; “Oh, to vex me, contraryes meete in one” (XIX), 125; “Since she whom I lov’d hath payd her last debt” (XVII), 108; “This is my playes last scene” (VI), 115, 124–26; “Thou has made me, And shall thy worke decay?” (I), 110–13; “What if this present were the worlds last night?” (XIII), 109, 126–29 Huntingdon, Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of, 43 hylomorphism, 22, 56–57 “hymne to the Saints, and to Marquesse Hamylton, An,” 86, 187n37 Hyperius, Andreas, 160 Ignatius Loyola, Saint, 109, 110, 119, 131 Iliad, The (Homer), 60 illness (disease), 130–53; body disregarded in treatment of, 133–37; Donne on origin of, 14, 150–51; early modern Protestant understanding of, 133–37, 143–44; Galen’s theory of critical days in, 145; plague, 140; relapse, 153; sinfulness compared 209 with, 6, 132, 137–47, 151; as visitation from God, 130, 133–36, 143–44 immortality of the soul, 14–16; defenses of, 7; The Second Anniversarie on, 100, 104–5; traducianism and, 12, 82; as unnatural, 45 inanimation, 24, 37, 48, 55, 85, 151 infants: Augustine on damnation of, 82; Augustine on resurrection of, 171 infusionism, 11; Augustine on, 13–14, 82, 83, 93, 97; Donne wavers between traducianism and, 11–12; original sin and, 13–14, 93, 97 interinanimation, 54, 55, 62, 132, 192n10 invisible writing, 38–39 James I, 14, 114, 140, 158, 162–63, 165 Jameson, Anna, 3, 97 Jerome, Saint, 82, 195n9 Jesuit spiritual exercises, 109, 110, 119, 131 Johnson, Samuel, 3, 73, 167 Jonson, Ben, 7, 24, 28, 44, 87, 188n11, 191n44 Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 60 Ker, Sir Robert, 152, 162–63, 187n37 kissing: in Christian mysticism, 62, 193n31; Donne esteems letters over, 25, 46, 62; in “The Expiration,” 62; at leave taking, 61; as transference of souls, 25, 61–62 Knyvett, Sir Thomas, 176 Koerner, Joseph, 177 Kress, Gunther, 190n40 Last Judgment: in “At the round earths imagin’d corners” (Holy Sonnet VII), 118–19; in Devotions, 146–47; Protestant ideas on preparing for, 126–27; in “The Relique,” 5, 117–18; as theme of Holy Sonnets, 107, 109; in “This is my playes last scene” (Holy Sonnet VI), 125–26; in “What if this present were the worlds last night?” (Holy Sonnet XIII), 126–29 Latimer, Hugh, 126–27 Laud, William, 158, 160, 176 Lazarus, 17, 161 leave taking, 60–78; in European literary tradition, 50; exchanging souls at, 61–65; leaving tokens behind at, 65–68; literary conventions for, 60–61 See also separation of body and soul; valediction “Lecture upon the Shadow, A,” 49 210 index “Legacie, The,” 50 letters of John Donne, 25–48; on an active death, 156; addressed “to yourself,” 33–34, 189n28; as alternatives to physical intimacy, 26, 27; to Mrs Cokayne, 130, 133, 156; content of, 39–40, 190n34; to Countess of Bedford, 10, 11, 33, 38, 44–45, 94–95; De Anima letter to Goodyer, 11, 14, 15, 16, 30–31, 65, 82, 148; Donne’s body conveyed in, 39–42; to George Garrard, 31, 42, 48; to Sir Henry Goodyer, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 26–27, 30, 32, 33, 34–36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 51, 85, 94, 155–56, 191n46; to Sir Robert Ker, 152, 162–63, 187n37; letters as mingling souls, 25–26, 42, 45, 46, 62; as not dated, 33–34; permanence of, 37, 48, 84–85; as “sacraments,” 32–33; “The Storme,” 9; theory of letter writing in, 27, 30–39; “To all my friends: Sir H Goodere,” 34–36; “To Mr T W.”, 46; verse epistles, 42–48, 190n41; to Bridget White, 37–38, 87, 189n30; to Rowland Woodward, 45–46, 47–48, 187n37; to Sir Henry Wotton, 25, 33, 39–40, 46–47, 51; as written in his own hand, 38, 40 Letters to Severall Persons of Honour, 27, 188n4 letter writing: classical and humanist theory of, 27–30; conversation compared with, 28–29, 35, 36–37; Donne’s theory of, 27, 30–39; friendship communicated through, 31–32, 32–33, 35–36, 38, 47; recipient’s role in meaning of, 37–39 See also letters of John Donne Lewalski, Barbara, 81, 195n14 Lipsius, Justus, 28, 188n11 Literal Meaning of Genesis, The (Augustine), 13 Llull, Ramon, Lok, Henry, 108 love: afterlife for, 76–78; as bodily and spiritual, 39–40, 51–59; body-soul Donne as love poet, 49–50; Donne on leave taking by lovers, 50, 60–78; medieval courtly, 61; Neoplatonist view of, 58–59, 61, 68; philosophy of, 51, 58–59; relationship compared to bond between lovers, 50–51 See also kissing; sex Love, Harold, 195n7, 197n35 “Lovers Infinitenesse,” 65 “Loves Alchymie,” 52 “Loves Usury,” 52 Lucretius, 62, 89 Luther, Martin, 8, 177–78 Markham, Lady Bridget, 83, 84, 96–97 Marlowe, Christopher, 25 Marotti, Arthur, 4, 53, 75, 194n42 Martin, Dale B., 170 Martz, Louis, 81, 88, 109–10, 119, 196n21 Marvell, Andrew, 50, 90 Maurer, Margaret, 190n41 Mayne, Jasper, 156–57 McCullough, Peter, 158, 176, 201n5, 201n10 metaphysical poetry, metempsychosis, 7, 8, 31 Metempsychosis, 5, Milgate, Wesley, 195n1 Milton, John, 18, 24, 93, 116, 198n18 Montaigne, Michel de, 79, 101, 170 Montgomery, Susan Vere, Countess of, 36–37, 85 mortalism, 8–9, 21, 115–16, 117 Neoplatonism: Donne and, 59; on love, 58–59, 61, 68 Nicholson, Marjorie, 195n14 “nocturnall upon S Lucies Day, A,” 10, 49 Nosce teipsum (Davies), 92–93 “Obsequies to the Lord Harrington,” 16 “Ode Upon a Question Moved, Whether Love Should Continue For Ever” (E Herbert), 53, 57 Of the Progress of the Soule See Second Anniversarie, The Of True Religion (Augustine), 13 “On a Drop of Dew” (Marvell), 90 Origen, 21 original sin: Augustine on, 13–14, 82, 93, 97; Donne on, 13, 19, 43, 94, 96, 97; infusion theory and, 13–14, 93, 97; and “This is my playes last scene” (Holy Sonnet VI), 126 Paracelsus, 94–95, 196n31 Paradise Lost (Milton), 18, 116 Paradoxes and Problems, 191n44 Partridge, A C., 81 Patterson, Annabel, 108, 188n5 Paul, Saint, 20, 21, 81, 118, 121, 157, 170 Peter, Saint, 175 Peter Lombard, 171–72 Petrarch, 4, 27, 30, 31, 37, 50 index Petronius, 25 Philip II, 84 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 58, 61 plague, 140 Plato: and Montaigne on the soul after death, 79; Symposium, 58, 59 See also Neoplatonism Pliny, 26, 39 Plotinus, 31, 159 Pound, Ezra, 53, 181n8 preaching: Donne on importance of, 157–60; Donne’s style of, 156–57 See also sermons predestination, 134, 199n8 Prieur, Claude, “Primrose, The,” 192n11 Pseudo-Martyr, 7, 18, 47 Psychopannychia (Calvin), psychopannychism, 8–9 purgatory, 133 putrefaction (decay): Devotions on, 149–50, 163; The First Anniversarie on, 94–95, 113; language of bodily decay in Holy Sonnets, 107, 110, 111, 120; letter to Bridget White on, 87; proleptic, 130; sermon before Earl of Carlisle and, 113; sermon on Job 19:26 on, 22, 166–67; wedding sermon on, 168–69 Redpath, Theodore, 193n35 relapse, 153 Religio Medici (Browne), 93 “Relique, The,” 5, 10, 49, 66–67, 76, 117–18 resurrection: Augustine on, 171; bodily as sign of spiritual, 152; of Christ, 169, 202n29; Church of England on, 169, 202n29; collecting body’s scattered parts for, 5, 6, 16, 19, 22, 67, 70, 117–18, 167–69, 181; I Corinthians on, 170; Deaths Duell on, 156; in Devotions, 147; Donne on concurrence of salvation and, 5; Donne on letter writing and, 16, 45–46; Donne’s preoccupation with bodily, 16–21, 154, 161; identity of body at, 22, 165, 169–73; of Lazarus, 17, 161; mortalism and, 8, 9; perfect union of body and soul only after, 23; Peter Lombard on, 171–72; resurrection monuments, 181–83; reunion of lovers after, 78; Tertullian on, 170–71 Rich, Mrs Essex, 43 Ricks, Christopher, 50 211 Ridley, Nicholas, 80 Roe, Thomas, 190n39 Salisbury, Catherine Howard, Countess of, 10 Sandys, Edwin, 127 Satyricon (Petronius), 25 Second Anniversarie, The, 87–105; on body’s longing for the soul, 89–90; central paradox of, 102–3; on heavenly reunion of body and soul, 104–5; Protestant orthodoxy violated by, 81, 88, 91, 103, 104, 149; on separation of soul and body, 5–6, 80, 81, 83, 87–105; skepticism about selfknowledge in, 100–101; on soul’s desire to stay connected to body, 90–105; on soul’s origins, 92–97, 100; subtitle of, 81; on traducianism, 13, 83, 92–94, 100; and vanitas tradition, 103 Seneca, 26, 28, 29, 160, 163 separation of body and soul: alchemical melting of gold compared with, 72–73; Deaths Duell on, 156; Devotions on, 148–50; Donne on heavenly reunion of body and soul, 5, 104–5, 147, 150; leave taking by lovers compared with, 72, 83; letter writing compared with, 31; Lucretius on, 62; Montaigne on, 79; mortalism and, 9; Plotinus on, 31; Protestant view of, 79–80, 91, 103, 104, 149; The Second Anniversarie on, 5–6, 80, 81, 83, 87–105; during sermons, 159 See also death sermons: on body-soul relationship, 1, 2, 80; on collecting scattered bodily pieces, 19, 118, 167–68, 169; commemorating Magdalene Herbert, 183; on distraction during, 22–23; Donne on importance of, 157–60; Donne’s Lent, 154–55; on earthly joys, 164; fear of abandonment by God discussed in, 112–14; funeral sermon for Sir William Cokayne, 8, 104–5, 156; on glorified bodies in heaven, 17–18, 114–15; on immortality of soul, 14, 16, 45; on immortality of soul and body, 104–5; inanimation of, 37, 85; on infusionism, 12, 83; marriage sermon for Lady Mary Egerton, 15, 16, 77–78, 167–68, 172; memorization of, 162; on metempsychosis, 8; on mortalism, 9; on multiple souls, 10–11; on no marriage in heaven, 77–78; on original sin, 13, 14; on resurrection, 17, 19–21, 154, 161, 172; rhetorical techniques in, 160; See also Bible; Deaths Duell; preaching 212 index sex: in “Batter my heart three-person’d God” (Holy Sonnet XIV), 120, 123; as Donne’s neologism, 55; in Deaths Duell, 175; in “The Extasie,” 54, 55, 192n11; Neoplatonism on, 58–59; in “A Valediction: forbidding mourning,” 74; in “A Valediction: of my name, in the window,” 70 Shakespeare, William, 60, 65, 124 Shami, Jeanne, 158 Shapiro, I A., 189n28 Sherwood, Terry, 81 Shuger, Debora, 159 Simon Magus, 21 Smith, A J., 59 “Song: Sweetest love, I not goe,” 50, 51, 63, 64 Songs and Sonnets, 49–78; “Aire and Angels,” 39–40, 52–53; “The Anniversarie,” 76; “The Apparition,” 50; “The Autumnall,” 16; “Breake of Day,” 49–50; “The Dissolution,” 49; “The Expiration,” 10, 50, 62; “The Extasie,” 22, 53–57 62, 192n10, 192n11; “A Feaver,” 49, 87; “The Flea,” 57; “The Funerall,” 16, 49, 69–70, 98; “The good-morrow,” 10, 51; “A Lecture upon the Shadow,” 49; “The Legacie,” 50; “Lovers Infinitenesse,” 65; “Loves Alchymie,” 52; “Loves Usury,” 52; “A nocturnall upon S Lucies Day,” 10, 49; “The Primrose,” 192n11; “The Relique,” 5, 10, 49, 66–67, 76, 117–18; “Song: Sweetest love, I not goe,” 50, 51, 63, 64; “A Valediction: forbidding mourning,” 20, 71–76, 173; “A Valediction: of my name, in the window,” 10, 67–71, 117 ; “A Valediction: of the booke,” 66; “A Valediction: of weeping,” 63–64 sonnet form, 107–8, 109, 123–24 soul, the, 6–16; books in Donne’s library on, 7–8; collective, 8, 65, 148; corporeality of, 7–8, 140, 148; creation of, 11–15, 82–83, 92–97, 100, 148–49; death as difficult for, 79; in Donne’s account of resurrection, 173; in Donne’s De Anima letter to Goodyer, 11, 14, 15, 16, 30–31, 65, 82, 148; each belonging to individual body, 8, 65; engraving one’s beloved’s name on, 68–69; exchanging souls at leave taking, 61–65; inanimation, 24, 37, 48, 55, 85, 151; in- terinanimation, 54, 55, 62, 132, 192n10; kissing as transference of souls, 25, 61–62; letters as mingling souls, 25–26, 42, 45, 46, 62; love as bodily and spiritual, 39–40, 51–59; metempsychosis, 7, 8, 31; mind and, 191n46; shared, 8, 64–65; sharing in letter writing, 31; in shifting conception of resurrection, 172; threefold, 9–11, 12–13; in treatment of illness, 133–37; used in hearing sermons, 159; of women, 43–44 See also body and soul; death; immortality of the soul; infusionism; separation of body and soul; traducianism Spenser, Edmund, 67, 102 Spiritual Exercises (Ignatius Loyola), 109, 110, 131 Stanwood, P G., 81 Steele, Richard, 197n36 Stringer, Gary A., 197n2 suicide, 110, 139, 151 Symposium (Plato), 58, 59 Tatius, Achilles, 25 Tayler, Edward, 101, 195n14 Taylor, Jeremy, 135–36, 174 Tertullian, 21, 73, 170–71, 172 Thirty-Nine Articles (Church of England), 8, 9, 169 Thyraeus, Petrus, Timber, or Discoveries (Jonson), 28, 188n11 “To his Mistris going to Bed” (Elegy 19), 57, 183 traducianism, 11; Augustine on, 82; Donne’s wavering between infusionism and, 12–13; and The Second Anniversarie, 13, 83, 92–94, 100 Turpilius, Sextus, 28 Tyndale, William, valediction: as Donne’s neologism, 1; genres of valedictory poetry, 50; in leaving this world, 183; and possibility of reunion, 60 See also leave taking “Valediction, A: forbidding mourning,” 20, 71–76, 173 “Valediction, A: of my name, in the window,” 10, 67–71, 117 “Valediction, A: of the booke,” 66 “Valediction, A: of weeping,” 63–64 Vives, Juan Luis, 27, 28–29 index Walton, Izaak, 6, 154, 155, 162, 166, 179, 180–81 Watson, Robert, 193n34 Webber, Joan, 160 White, Bridget, 37–38, 87, 189n30 Wittenberg Altarpiece (Cranach the Elder), 177–79, 178 213 Woodward, Rowland, 45–46, 47–48, 187n37 Woodward, Thomas, 46 Woolton, John, 93 Wotton, Sir Henry: 25, 33, 43, 39–40, 46–47, 51 Young, R V., 128 .. .john donne, body and soul G john donne, body and soul ramie targoff the university of chicago press chicago and london ramie targoff is associate professor of English at Brandeis University and. .. there is a soule of vegetation and of growth; and secondly, a soule of motion and of sense; and then thirdly, a soule of reason and understanding, an immortal soule And the two first soules of... 1572–1631—Criticism and interpretation Donne, John, 1572–1631—Religion Donne, John, 1572–1631—Philosophy Body and soul in literature Christianity and literature—England—History—16th century Christianity and