The truth about romanticism, pragmatism and idealism in keats, shelley, coleridge cambridge studies in romanticism 2010

THE TRUTH ABOUT ROMANTICISM How have our conceptions of truth been shaped by romantic literature? This question lies at the heart of this examination of the concept of truth both in romantic writing and in modern criticism The romantic idea of truth has long been depicted as aesthetic, imaginative, and ideal Tim Milnes challenges this picture, demonstrating a pragmatic strain in the writing of Keats, Shelley, and Coleridge in particular, which bears a close resemblance to the theories of modern pragmatist thinkers such as Donald Davidson and Juărgen Habermas Romantic pragmatism, Milnes argues, was in turn influenced by recent developments within linguistic empiricism This book will be of interest to readers of romantic literature, but also to philosophers, literary theorists, and intellectual historians t i m m i l n e s is Senior Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Edinburgh CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM Founding editor University of Oxford PROFESSOR MARILYN BUTLER, General editor University of Chicago PROFESSOR JAMES CHANDLER, Editorial Board J O H N B A R R E L L , University of York P A U L H A M I L T O N , University of London M A R Y J A C O B U S , University of Cambridge C L A U D I A J O H N S O N , Princeton University A L A N L I U , University of California, Santa Barbara J E R O M E M C G A N N , University of Virginia S U S A N M A N N I N G , University of Edinburgh D A V I D S I M P S O N , University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early 1780s to the early 1830s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those ‘great national events’ that were ‘almost daily taking place’: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanisation, industrialisation, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations between science, philosophy, religion, and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria; gender relations in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Don Juan; journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt; poetic form, content, and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of comment or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of ‘literature’ and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book THE TRUTH ABOUT ROMANTICISM Pragmatism and Idealism in Keats, Shelley, Coleridge TIM MILNES University of Edinburgh cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521198073 # Tim Milnes 2010 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2010 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Milnes, Tim The truth about Romanticism : pragmatism and idealism in Keats, Shelley, Coleridge / Tim Milnes p cm – (Cambridge studies in Romanticism ; 83) Includes bibliographical references and index isbn 978-0-521-19807-3 English poetry–19th century–History and criticism Romanticism–Great Britain Pragmatism in literature Idealism in literature Keats, John, 1795–1821–Criticism and interpretation Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1792–1822–Criticism and interpretation Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1772–1834–Criticism and interpretation I Title II Series pr590.m54 2010 8210 709145–dc22 2010004396 isbn 978-0-521-19807-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To Michelle, with all my love Contents Acknowledgements page viii Introduction: The pragmatics of romantic idealism 1 Romanticising pragmatism: dialogue and critical method 15 Pragmatising romanticism: radical empiricism from Reid to Rorty 41 This living Keats: truth, deixis, and correspondence 66 An unremitting interchange: Shelley, elenchus, and the education of error 105 The embodiment of reason: Coleridge on language, logic, and ethics 145 Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index 189 192 228 248 vii Acknowledgements The bulk of this book was written during a sabbatical year generously granted by the University of Edinburgh and funded partly by the Arts and Humanities Research Council Its earliest, incondite ideas were licked into shape at conferences in Aberystwyth, Nottingham, and Bristol, and by colleagues in the Department of English Literature at Edinburgh Later revisions were greatly assisted by the patient and thorough commentary of the two anonymous readers for Cambridge University Press, and by the helpful oversight of James Chandler Particular thanks are due to Liz Barry, Alex Benchimol, Liz Brown, Damian Walford Davies, Lesel Dawson, A C Grayling, Paul Hamilton, Sara Lodge, Susan Manning, Uttara Natarajan, Tom Paulin, Randall Stevenson, Jules Siedenburg, Samira Sheikh, Kerry Sinanan, Richard Marggraf Turley, Jane Wright, and Duncan Wu Among my considerable non-academic obligations are those I owe to my parents, Les and Audrey Milnes My largest single debt, however, is to the support and encouragement of my wife, Michelle Milnes, to whom I dedicate this book with love and gratitude viii introduction The pragmatics of romantic idealism O friend! Truth! Truth! but yet Charity! Charity! Coleridge’s plea comes in the midst of an 1804 notebook entry that characteristically combines self-mortification with self-justification The poet confesses to ‘Drunkenness’ and ‘sensuality’, but begs his future reader to consider, in mitigation, that he ‘never loved Evil for its own sake’.1 ‘Charity’, he suggests, is the prerequisite for interpreting the ‘Truth’ of his life’s work The passage presents Coleridge at his most strategically disarming, yet it would be wrong to dismiss his appeal as wishful thinking or crafty manipulation The request for trust, the assumption of generosity on the part of his reader, is no mere sleight of hand By refusing to subordinate friendship and charity to an abstract idea of truth, Coleridge trades on a network of romantic ideas concerning the nature of the relationships between truth, charity, and friendship This network, which forms the central interest of this study, can be characterised broadly as an interest in the interdependence of truth and intersubjectivity More concisely, and contentiously, it can be described as a kind of pragmatism In choosing the last descriptor, I am not claiming that the writers discussed here are essentially pragmatists: as I argue below, the growth of naturalism in the nineteenth-century forms a formidable barrier between the romantics and pragmatists such as William James and John Dewey When, for example, Coleridge defines the ‘Ideal’ as the ‘union of the Universal and the Individual’, he subjects the possibility of redescription to a transcendental ideal in a way that is quite alien to pragmatism.2 This romantic tendency to idealise or hypostasise ‘Truth’ is well documented However, modern criticism (largely thanks to its preoccupation with Hegel and German idealism), has fixated upon and internalised the romantic idealisation of truth to the exclusion of historical and alethic alternatives Chief among the latter is a British discourse of communicative rationality that insists upon the inseparability of truth and dialogue, as well as the 244 Bibliography Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Princeton University Press, 1980 Response to Juărgen Habermas, in Brandom, ed., 56–64 Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers, vol 3, Cambridge University Press, 1998 Rosenberg, Daniel, ‘ “A New Sort of Logick and Critick”: Etymological Interpretation in Horne Tooke’s The Diversions of Purley’, in Language, Self, and Society: A Social History of Language, ed Peter Burke and Roy Porter, Cambridge: Polity, 1991, 300–29 Rubin, Merle R., ‘Shelley’s Skepticism: A Detachment Beyond Despair’, Philological Quarterly 59 (1980): 353–73 Rule, Philip C., ‘Coleridge and Newman: The Centrality of Conscience’, in The Fountain Light: Studies in Romanticism and Religion in Honor of John L Mahoney, ed Robert J Barth, Gainsville, FL: Florida University Press, 2002, 231–55 Saito, Naoko, ‘Reconstructing Deweyan Pragmatism in Dialogue with Emerson and Cavell’, Transactions of the Charles S Peirce 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Reassessment, ed James Hogg, Institute fuăr Englische Sprache und Literatur Universitaăt Salzburg, 1972 Stewart, Dugald, The Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, ed William Hamilton, 11 vols., Edinburgh, 1854–60; Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994 Strawson, P F., The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, Methuen, 1966 Swift, Simon, Romanticism, Literature and Philosophy: Expressive Rationality in Rousseau, Kant, Wollstonecraft and Contemporary Theory, London: Continuum, 2006 Taylor, Charles, The Ethics of Authenticity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991 ‘Leading a Life’, in Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical Reason, ed Ruth Chang, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997, 170–83 Philosophical Arguments, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995 Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge University Press, 1989 Taylor, Jacqueline, ‘Hume and the Reality of Value’, in Feminist Interpretations of David Hume, ed Anne Jaap Jacobsen, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, 107–36 Thorslev Jr, Peter L., ‘Dialectic and Its Legacy’, in Coleridge’s Theory of Imagination Today, ed Christine Gallant, New York: AMS Press, 1989, 103–12 Tooke, John Horne, Epea Pteroenta, or the Diversions of Purley, ed Richard Taylor, vols., London, 1829 Towsey, David, ‘Platonic Eros and Deconstructive Love’, Studies in Romanticism 40.4 (2001): 511–30 246 Bibliography Trilling, Lionel, Sincerity and Authenticity: The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, 1969–1970, Oxford University Press, 1974 Trott, Nicola, ‘Keats and the Prison House of History’, in Roe, ed., 262–79 [Tucker, Abraham], The Light of Nature Pursued, vols., London, 1768 Ulmer, William A., Shelleyan Eros: The Rhetoric of Romantic Love, Princeton University Press, 1990 Urquhart, Troy, ‘Metaphor, Transfer, and Translation in Plato’s Ion: The Postmodern Platonism of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s A Defence Poetry’, in Romanticism on the Net, ed Michael 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Bibliography 247 White, Deborah Elise, Romantic Returns: Superstition, Imagination, History, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000 Willey, Basil, ‘I A Richards and Coleridge’, in I A Richards: Essays in his Honor, ed Rueben Brower, et al., Oxford University Press, 1973, 227–36 Williams, Bernard, Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy, Princeton University Press, 2002 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, On Certainty, trans Denis Paul and G E M Anscombe, ed G E M Anscombe and G H von Wright, Oxford: Blackwell, 1969 Philosophical Investigations, 2nd, edn, trans G E M Anscombe, Oxford: Blackwell, 1958 Wolfson, Susan, Formal Charges: The Shaping of Poetry in British Romanticism, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997 ‘Introduction Keats and Politics: A Forum’, Studies in Romanticism 25.2 (1986): 171–4 Womersley, David, The Transformation of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Cambridge University Press, 1988 Woodman, Ross, ‘Figuring Disfiguration: Reading Shelley after de Man’, Studies in Romanticism 40.2 (2001): 253–88 ‘Shelley’s Changing Attitude to Plato’, Journal of the History of Ideas 21 (1960): 497–510 Youngquist, Paul, ‘Rehabilitating Coleridge: Poetry, Philosophy, Excess’, English Literary History 66.4 (1999): 885–909 Index Aarsleff, Hans 153 absolutism see idealism Adorno, Theodor 129 Alison, Archibald 68 Altieri, Charles 9–10 argument, transcendental 19, 21, 40, 46, 190 defined 166 see also Coleridge, Samuel Taylor; Kant, Immanuel; Stewart, Dugald; Taylor, Charles associationism see Coleridge, Samuel Taylor; Hartley, David Austin, J L 135 autobiography 55 Bailey, Benjamin 66, 68, 78 Bayley, John 83 Bentham, Jeremy 3, 12–13, 49–51, 52, 54, 68, 73, 77, 84, 112–15, 189 and eudaemonia 49 fictions, theory of 12, 45, 48, 49–50, 69, 84, 113, 116, 143 on meaning 112, 138, 139 on motives 49, 113 on paraphrasis 50, 140, 142 and public sphere 49 and speech acts 50 and utilitarianism 50 Bennett, Andrew 83, 85, 95 Berkeley, George 110, 111, 118, 184 Bewell, Alan 206 n.4 Blank, G Kim 128 Bode, Christopher 98, 99, 213 n.116 Brigham, Linda 134 Brinkley, Robert 84 Bromwich, David 206 n.4 Burke, Edmund 4, 77 Burnett, James 113, 118, 138, 139, 140, 141, 153, 157 Byron, George Gordon 87 Cameron, Kenneth Neill 214 n.10 Cavell, Stanley 58–61, 62, 63 on acknowledgement 59 Chandler, James 8, 19–20, 75, 102, 114, 207 n.4, 215 n.10 Christ, Jesus 150 Christensen, Jerome 3, 17, 148, 174–5, 202 n.8 Clairmont, Claire 126 Clark, Timothy 214 n.10 Clarke, John 77 Cobbett, William 87 Coburn, Kathleen 222 n.35 Cole, Steven 177–8 Coleridge, Henry Nelson 150 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 1, 2, 4, 6, 13–14, 53, 59, 62, 106, 190 and acknowledgement 178 ambivalence of 177–9 Aids to Reflection 160, 161, 162, 168, 169 and alterity 176–7 and associationism 145, 146, 151, 154–5 Biographia Literaria 127, 136, 155, 157, 160, 176, 190 and communication 149, 150, 151–2, 153, 156, 159, 160, 171, 179 and conscience 178 Constitution of the Church and State, On the 151, 159 conversion narrative in 145, 146, 147, 149, 156, 162, 163, 183 ‘Dejection Ode’ 42 and desynonymy 149–50 and electricity 151, 153 ‘Essay on Faith’ 178, 188 and ethics 14, 147, 170, 180, 181, 188 and empiricism, radical 148, 149, 181 and etymologic 13, 146, 152–63, 171, 174, 187, 190 and faith 177–9, 191 ‘Fears in Solitude’ 154–5 and forethought 169, 182, 188 Friend, The 146, 158, 169, 172 248 Index ‘Frost at Midnight’ 155 and grammar 155 and holism 152, 162, 170, 175, 187 and hypopœsis 147, 148, 173–5, 177, 179 and hypostasisation 148, 174 and idealism 13, 117, 145, 147, 149, 150, 154, 158, 162, 163, 166, 175, 179 and intersubjectivity 153, 175, 188 Lectures 1795 on Politics and Religion 146 Lectures 1818–1819 on the History of Philosophy 182 ‘This Lime-Tree Bower my Prison’ 182–7, 190 Logic 166–7, 172, 188 and logic 146, 166, 167, 173 and Logos 146, 149, 150, 156, 159, 160, 175, 177 ‘Logosophia’ 149, 167, 188 and materialism 163 and method 169 and ‘One Life’ philosophy 183 Opus Maximum 147, 159, 168, 169, 170, 176–7, 178, 179, 181, 188 and pantheism 176, 178–9 and personality/personeity 152, 177–8, 180, 188, 191 Plot Discovered, The 151–2 and pluralism 179 and pragmatism 187–8 and public sphere 147, 148 and reason 150, 160, 161, 163, 180 ‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The’ 59–60 Table Talk 150 and transcendental argument 14, 19, 146, 150, 152, 163–75, 179, 181, 188, 190 and truth, verbal versus moral 158 and Unitarianism 183 and value 175, 180, 181–2, 188 and will 146, 170, 174, 176 commonsensism 12, 28, 45, 47, 68 see also Reid, Thomas Cooper, Andrew 118, 122, 125 Cronin, Richard 139, 214 n.8 Davidson, Donald 5, 9, 12, 16, 31–5, 54, 87–8, 91–2, 124, 185, 186, 191 anomalous monism in 31 anticonventionalism in 32, 33, 34 on conceptual schemes 22, 31, 32 on intersubjectivity 32, 191 on language 32–3, 33–4, 36, 85 on literary criticism 33–4 principle of charity in 33, 34, 185–6 and radical interpretation 31, 32 Socratic elenchus in 35, 36, 91–2, 124 see also interpretation; holism; pragmatism; truth 249 Darwin, Charles 64 Daston, Lorraine 54 Dawson, P M S 214 n.10 de Man, Paul 30, 48, 66, 195, 206 n.4, 214 n.10 deconstruction 133, 141, 148–9 see also pragmatism Deneen, Michael 84 Derrida, Jacques 209 n.17 Descartes, Rene´ Dewey, John 1, 15, 24, 61, 62, 63, 64 dialectic 6, 8, 17–21, 70, 114, 139 as dialogue 34, 191 in Hegel 7, 9, 168 as negation/negativity 7, 9, 19, 20, 82, 168, 191 and romanticism 129 see also historicism, postmodern; Keats, John Dilke, Charles 69, 78 Drummond, William 105, 108 Eldridge, Richard 3, 38, 69 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 10, 59, 61, 62 holism in 10 empiricism 3–4, 43–52, 80, 94, 106–7 and representation 3, 4, 5, 11, 41, 43, 52, 53, 55, 115 linguistic 3, 4, 11, 43, 44, 52, 53, 146, 189 romantic 61 Socratic 5–7, 42, 60, 106 Endo, Paul 95 Engell, James epistemology 3, 4, 16, 21, 43, 44–5, 49, 54, 58, 106, 108, 115, 134, 135, 150 and certainty 59–60, 122 Hegel’s radicalisation of 7, 8, 39, 53, 76, 189 and scepticism 58 see also Quine, W V Esterhammer, Angela 3, 6, 42, 51 Ferguson, Frances 113, 130–1, 214 n.10, 216 n.38 Ferris, David 208 n.16, 215 n.10 Feyerabend, Paul 30 Fluck, Winfried 16 Fodor, Jerry 27–8 Foucault, Michael 8, 28, 209 n.17 Franklin, Benjamin 152 Frege, Gottlob 165 friendship Fry, Paul 127, 137, 141, 206 n.4, 214 n.8 Fulford, Tim 224 n.61 Gadamer, Hans-Georg 180 Galison, Peter 54 Gerard, Alexander 68 Gigante, Denise 104 Gilmartin, Kevin 87, 88 250 Index Godwin, William 45, 69, 78–82, 95, 106–7, 111, 115, 116, 123, 139, 143, 151, 157 Goodman, Russell 3, 6, 61, 62–3 Goodson, A C 147 Gray, Erik 208 n.15 Habermas, Juărgen 67, 8, 11, 12, 16, 23–5, 38–40, 54, 64–5, 76–7, 86, 156, 163, 179, 189, 191 critique of Rorty 23 on lifeworld/system distinction 39–40 and romantic counterdiscourse 11, 15, 149, 166 see also interpretation; holism; pragmatism; truth Hamilton, Paul 3, 9, 57, 83, 87, 133, 147, 149, 150, 153, 159, 163, 184, 201 n.118, 208 n.16 Haney, David 147, 151, 180–1, 182 Harding, Anthony John 179 Harris, James 153 Hartley, David 45, 47, 68, 145, 148, 154–5 see also Coleridge, Samuel Taylor Hartman, Geoffrey 206 n.4 Haugom, Stein 200 n.107 Hazlitt, William 66, 67, 68, 78–82, 79–80, 89, 95, 117 Letter to William Gifford 103 Hegel, G W F 1, 6–7, 49, 168, 179, 189 see also dialectic; metacritique Heidegger, Martin hermeneutics 180, 182 historicism, postmodern 7–9, 70–2, 74, 76, 191 and dialectic 18–20 and hypostasis 11 and repetition 9, 17–21 and truth, suspicion of 8, 9, 19 see also dialectic; pragmatism Hoagwood, Terence Allan 123, 207 n.5, 214 n.10 Hodgson, John 214 n.10, 219 n.122 Hogle, Jerrold 56, 118, 213 n.8, 214 n.10 holism 2, 5–7, 11, 17, 24, 25–8, 30, 31, 40, 53, 140, 180, 181, 190 anthropological 27 epistemological 25–6, 28 intra- and inter-attitudinal 34–5 and naturalism 65 semantic 26–7, 28–9, 50, 51, 134 see also interpretation; pragmatism; truth Hume, David 4, 12, 43–5, 50, 53, 68, 103, 105–6, 109, 112–13, 116, 120–2, 122–3, 137, 143, 153–4, 161, 164, 187, 189, 217 and fact/value dichotomy 16, 43, 143, 182 and ideas/impressions distinction 112 and logic/fact dichotomy 16, 43, 117 naturalism in 43 Hunt, Leigh 82, 86 idealism 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 42, 44, 54, 55, 60, 189 and absolutism 54, 60, 65, 189 German 4, 5, 6–7, 42, 53, 82 material 195 n.33 interpretation 45, 100 and charity 1, 46, 96, 104, 184 and hermeneutic circle 8, 53 and incommensurability 2, 10, 16, 24, 28–9, 30, 31, 32, 70, 98, 99, 116, 181, 191 and indeterminacy 33, 35, 85 ‘passing’ theories of 33, 85, 191 and transcendence/immanence dichotomy 2, 6–7, 7–11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 55, 56, 57, 191 and translation 10, 18 see also dialectic; holism; truth Jackson, Heather 146, 155, 156, 162 Jackson, J R de 224 n.61 Jackson Bate, Walter 86, 206 n.3, 212 n.116 Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich 178–9 James, William 1, 15, 61, 62, 64 Jameson, Fredric 8, 17 Joyce, James 87 Kabitoglou, Douka 91–2, 206 n.3 Kant, Immanuel 16, 19, 52, 54, 59, 135, 146, 163–6, 178, 188, 189 and synthetic a priori 164–5, 168 and transcendental anthropology 52 Kaufman, Robert 129–30, 136, 207 n.4 Keach, William 148, 158 Keats, John 4, 13, 53, 66–104, 190 and allegory, life of 66, 71 beauty and truth in 13, 69–70, 71–2, 75, 93, 103, 151 ‘To Charles Cowden Clarke’ 101 and correspondence, ambiguity of 13, 66, 68, 74, 96, 101, 103, 190 and currency 207 n.5 and deixis 13, 70, 84–9, 91–2, 102, 103 and dialogue/elenchus 13, 70, 92, 93–7, 100, 102, 103 and dissent 68, 76–82 and empiricism, radical 13, 68–9, 82, 91, 100, 103 Endymion 86–7 The Fall of Hyperion 70, 93, 97, 98–101 and form 208–9 and half knowledge 72, 74 ‘Hyperion: A Fragment’ 93, 97–8 and idealism/hypostasis 13, 67–8, 68–9, 75, 79–80, 82, 89–90 ‘Isabella’ 101 and kitsch 83, 86, 87, 88 Index ‘Lamia’ 69, 93–7, 103, 190 letters of 66, 67, 70, 85–6 ‘This living hand’ 102, 104 and negative capability 66, 71, 74, 76, 78, 83, 88, 103 and negativity 13, 66, 68, 70, 71, 89, 96, 103, 206–7 n.4 Neo-Platonism in 66, 68, 90–2, 93 ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ 69, 90–3, 103 and pragmatism/holism 67, 68, 69, 74–5, 76, 77, 79, 89 and punning 101 ‘Sleep and Poetry’ 82–3 and style 86–212 and subjectivity 73 ‘Why Did I Laugh Tonight?’ 89, 91–2 Kipperman, Mark 152 Kitson, Peter 151, 152 Kompridis, Nikolas 2, 192 n.5 Kucich, Greg 206 n.1 Kuhn, Thomas 28, 31 Lamarque, Peter 200 n.107 Lamb, Charles 61–2, 172, 183, 184 Leask, Nigel 145, 163 Lentricchia, Frank 21–2, 41 Leo, John Robert 214 n.10 Lepore, Ernest 27–8 Levinson, Marjorie 7, 17, 18–19, 83, 87, 94–5, 191, 206–7 n.4 Le´vi-Strauss, Claude 20 life, theory of 11, 12 Liu, Alan 18, 20 Lockart, John Gibson 87 Locke, John 3, 36, 45, 53, 109–10, 115, 157 Lockridge, Laurence 61, 135 on fact/value dichotomy 62 Lucretius 119–22 Lyotard, Jean-Franc¸ois 28 Marggraf Turley, Richard 147 Marx, Karl 189 Mays, J C C 183 metacritique 7–10 in Hegel and idealism and metacommentary 8, 9, 16–17, 30, 40 see also historicism, postmodern McFarland, Thomas 224 n.61 McGann, Jerome 17–18, 206 n.4 McKusick, James 156, 162, 171 McNiece, Gerald 224 n.61 Miles Wallace, Katherine 168 Mill, John Stuart 111 Milton, John 129 251 Mohanty, Satya 57 Monboddo, Lord see Burnett, James Morton, Timothy 215 n.10 Muirhead, John H 145, 168, 224 n.61 Natarajan, Uttara 209 n.19 Newton, John Frank 123 Nietzsche, Friedrich 6, 64, 189 Notopolous, James 213 n.8 objectivity see Truth O’Neill, Michael 212 n.116 organicism distinguished from holism 113, 194 n.17, 216 n.35 see also holism Orsini, G N G 224 n.61 Paine, Thomas 42, 78, 80 Paulin, Tom 82 Peacock, Thomas Love 127 Perkins, Mary Anne 149 Peterfreund, Stuart 138, 139, 140, 141 Pfau, Thomas 2, 195 n.33, 208 n.16 Plato 105, 122–6, 127 Platonism see also empiricism, Socratic Plotnitsky, Arkady 195 n.33, 217 n.63 Poirier, Richard 6, 10 Pradhan, S V 170 pragmatism 1, 3, 4, 5, 115 and aesthetics 9–11 American and deconstruction 5–6, 15 defined 65 and historicism 21–2 and method 16, 34, 35 and natural supernaturalism 63–4, 65 and romanticism 11, 12–14, 15–17, 21–5, 34–5, 40, 41, 53, 58, 59–63, 65, 148, 190 and transcendentalism 60–5 see also Davidson, Donald; Habermas, Juărgen; holism; Putnam, Hilary; Quine, W V.; Rorty, Richard; Taylor, Charles Prickett, Stephen 154, 155 Priestley, Joseph 45, 68, 77 progressive–regressive method 206 n.4 see also Sartre, Jean-Paul; Levinson, Marjorie Pulos, C E 122, 213 n.8 Putnam, Hilary 25, 28–30, 33, 35, 44, 77, 103, 181, 191 critique of Habermas 39–40 on fact/value dichotomy 28–30, 37, 44, 182, 191 252 Index Putnam, Hilary (cont.) internal realism in 29–30, 39 on relativism 29, 30 see also interpretation; holism; pragmatism; truth Quine, W V 3, 16, 25–8, 28–9, 47–8, 106, 140, 153, 191, 199 n.83 and analytic/synthetic dichotomy 26, 29, 191 on meaning 26 and naturalised epistemology 27, 28 and ontological relativity 26–7, 27–8, 31, 35 see also interpretation; holism; pragmatism; truth Rajan, Tilottama 82, 163–6 n.60, 183, 193, 211 n.64, 214 n.10 Read, Rupert 201 n.7 reason 189 communicative 6, 9, 16, 38–9, 48, 112, 189 and quotidian 55 ‘Stamina’ of 46, 52 subject-centred 4, 5, 7, 189 Reed, Thomas 210 n.32 Reid, Nicholas 161 Reid, Thomas 3, 12, 41, 45–6, 54, 110, 189 on ideas 47–8, 68 on natural signs 45 and ‘prescience’ 46 see also commonsensism Ricks, Christopher 83, 206 n.4 Roberts, Hugh 108, 119–20, 142, 215 n.10 Robertson, William 77, 97 Roe, Nicholas 68, 77, 206 n.3, 207 n.4 Rogers, Neville 213 n.8 Rorty, Richard 2, 3, 9, 15, 21–5, 26, 35, 42, 54, 64–5, 191 on disciplines 16 and naturalism 24, 25, 198 n.53 on private versus public philosophers 23 and romanticism 11, 14, 22–3, 191 and solidarity 11, 21, 25, 42 see also interpretation; holism; pragmatism; truth Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 115, 138 Rubin, Merle 214 n.8 Ryland, John 77 Saito, Naoko 205 n.87 Sanders Peirce, Charles 84 Sartre, Jean-Paul 18, 20 see also progressive–regressive method Schelling, F W J 157, 176 Schiller, Friedrich 24 Schlegel, A W 117, 127 Schopenhauer, Arthur 64 Scrivener, Michael Sellars, Wilfred 141–2 Shakespeare, William 66, 78, 87–8 Shawcross, J 145 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 4, 6, 13, 23, 24, 53, 55–8, 105–44, 190 and the aesthetic 122, 127 Alastor 106 ambivalence, philosophical 106, 107, 108, 111, 116, 126, 128, 142, 143 and Bentham 49 n.31 and death 120 Defence of Poetry, A 105, 111, 116, 122, 125, 126–9, 134–7, 142 and deixis 117, 124, 131–3, 190 ‘To the Editor of The Examiner’ 113 and elenchus 117, 124, 131–3, 190 ‘England in 1819’ 75 error, idea of, in 105, 107, 108, 115, 126, 136, 143, 144, 190 and form/content binary 116, 136–42, 144 ‘On a Future State’ 120–1 and idealism 13, 106, 108, 111, 115, 116, 117, 127, 128, 134, 140 on imagination 134, 141 and ‘intellectual philosophy’ 109, 111, 118 and intersubjectivity 108, 122, 123 on language 107, 108, 137–43 Laon and Cynthia 120 ‘On Life’ 55, 105, 111, 118 ‘On Love’ 122 and love 13, 108, 125, 130, 131, 190 and materialism 13, 109, 119–22, 133 ‘Mont Blanc’ 130–3, 190 and necessitarianism 116 Necessity of Atheism, The 109, 110 and negativity 131, 133 and nominalism 118 ‘Ode to the West Wind’ 119–20 Philosophical View of Reform, A 109, 113 and Platonism 56, 108, 132 Prometheus Unbound 117, 138 Queen Mab 109, 118 and radical empiricism 13, 106, 108, 111, 116, 117, 134 on reason 134 Refutation of Deism, A 111, 126 and scepticism 108, 109–11, 112, 117 and Socratic method 13, 123, 125–6, 144 ‘Speculations on Metaphysics’ 138 and subjectivity 125 and transcendentalism 128 and utilitarianism 114 and value 13, 108, 115, 117, 142 Index Smith, Olivia 42, 47, 48, 51, 81, 153 Snyder, Alice 145 Southey, Robert 183 Sperry, Stuart 72–3, 74 Stewart, Dugald 4, 12, 16, 19, 45, 46, 51–2, 189 Strawson, P F 165 Swift, Simon 52, 53 Taylor, Charles 12, 16, 36–8, 163–4, 191 and agent’s knowledge 38, 166 and autobiographical narrative 37–8 and best account principle 36 expressivist theory of language in 36, 38 and moral ontology 36, 38 on the punctual self 36 on substantive versus procedural ethics 36, 55, 171 on transcendental argument 37–8, 166, 182, 191 Taylor, Jacqueline 201 n.7 Thoreau, Henry David 59 Tooke, John Horne 3, 12–13, 45, 47–9, 50, 51, 54, 68, 81–2, 84, 105, 115, 138, 139, 146, 153–63, 187, 189 on ideas 47–8 truth and belief 34, 124 and coherence 126, 136, 160, 162–3, 182 and community 100 correspondence theories of 5, 12, 36, 41, 44, 46, 47, 53, 63, 76, 78, 81, 106, 107, 117, 121, 125, 126, 131, 136, 153, 154, 157–60, 161, 163, 182 deflationary theories of 48, 156 and deixis 181, 182 determines meaning 32 and dialogue/communication 1, 2, 3, 4–5, 9, 12, 13, 21, 24, 32, 34, 41, 42, 107, 117 and disquotation 26, 32 as a goal 54, 82 and hypostasis 1, 2, 3, 5–7, 9, 10, 11, 17, 22, 23, 24, 38, 58, 65, 90, 189, 191 indefinable nature of 9, 16, 42, 54 253 and intersubjectivity 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11–14, 24, 42, 55, 65, 114, 141 and language 23 as made, not found 23 and meaning 126, 144, 154, 161 and normativity 2, 6, 25, 39–40, 51, 55 and objectivity 54–5, 111, 141, 142 poetic 128 and power 8, 21 as presupposition 2, 5, 11, 12, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 33, 37, 40, 46, 48, 57, 69, 84, 88, 96, 113, 123, 141, 150, 152, 163, 180, 190 and reification religious 111 and singularity 10 and totality 21–2 and truthfulness 19 and truth-to-nature 54 and value 12 see also Coleridge, Samuel Taylor; interpretation; holism; Keats, John; Shelley, Percy Bysshe Tucker, Abraham 68, 73 Ulmer, William 56, 125, 129, 214 n.10 Urquhart, Troy 123, 213 n.8 Wang, Orrin 192–3 n.7 Ware, Tracy 123, 213 n.8 Wasserman, Earl 118, 123, 135, 214 n.8 Way Dasenbrock, Reed 34 Webb, Timothy 206 n.1 Wellek, Rene´ 145, 224 n.61 Wheeler, Kathleen 3, 5–6, 15, 42, 63, 91, 123, 125, 141, 214 n.10, 220 n.159, 224 n.61 Whigs, Rockingham 77 White, Deborah Elise 130–1, 215 n.10 Williams, Bernard 19 Wilson Crocker, John 87 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 58 Wolfson, Susan 208 n.16 Woodhouse, Richard 101 Woodman, Ross 123, 213 n.8 Wordsworth, William 59, 74 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM General Editor ja me s c h and le r , University of Chicago Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters mary a favret British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire nigel leask Poetry as an Occupation and an Art in Britain, 1760–1830 peter murphy Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology Language, Gender and Political Economy in Revolution tom furniss In the Theatre of Romanticism: Coleridge, Nationalism, Women julie a carlson Keats, Narrative and Audience andrew bennett Romance and Revolution: Shelley and the Politics of a Genre david duff Literature, Education, and Romanticism: Reading as Social Practice, 1780–1832 alan richardson Women Writing about Money: Women’s Fiction in England, 1790–1820 edward copeland 10 Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World timothy morton 11 William Cobbett: The Politics of Style leonora nattrass 12 The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, 1762–1800 e j clery 13 Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, 1716–1818 elizabeth a bohls 14 Napoleon and English Romanticism simon bainbridge 15 Romantic Vagrancy: Wordsworth and the Simulation of Freedom celeste langan 16 Wordsworth and the Geologists john wyatt 17 Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography robert j griffin 18 The Politics of Sensibility Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel markman ellis 19 Reading Daughters’ Fictions, 1709–1834: Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth caroline gonda 20 Romantic Identities: Varieties of Subjectivity, 1774–1830 andrea k henderson 21 Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England kevin gilmartin 22 Reinventing Allegory theresa m kelley 23 British Satire and the Politics of Style, 1789–1832 gary dyer 24 The Romantic Reformation: Religious Politics in English Literature, 1789–1824 robert m ryan 25 De Quincey’s Romanticism Canonical Minority and the Forms of Transmission margaret russett 26 Coleridge on Dreaming Romanticism, Dreams and the Medical Imagination jennifer ford 27 Romantic Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity saree makdisi 28 Ideology and Utopia in the Poetry of William Blake nicholas m williams 29 Sexual Politics and the Romantic Author sonia hofkosh 30 Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition anne janowitz 31 Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle jeffrey n cox 32 Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism gregory dart 33 Contesting the Gothic Fiction, Genre and Cultural Conflict, 1764–1832 james watt 34 Romanticism, Aesthetics, and Nationalism david aram kaiser 35 Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity andrew bennett 36 The Crisis of Literature in the 1790s Print Culture and the Public Sphere paul keen 37 Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1780–1830 martin priestman 38 Romanticism and Slave Narratives Transatlantic Testimonies helen thomas 39 Imagination Under Pressure, 1789–1832: Aesthetics, Politics, and Utility john whale 40 Romanticism and the Gothic Genre, Reception, and Canon Formation, 1790–1820 michael gamer 41 Romanticism and the Human Sciences: Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species maureen n mclane 42 The Poetics of Spice Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic timothy morton 43 British Fiction and the Production of Social Order, 1740–1830 miranda j burgess 44 Women Writers and the English Nation in the 1790s angela keane 45 Literary Magazines and British Romanticism mark parker 46 Women, Nationalism and the Romantic Stage: Theatre and Politics in Britain, 1780–1800 betsy bolton 47 British Romanticism and the Science of the Mind alan richardson 48 The Anti-Jacobin Novel: British Conservatism and the French Revolution m o grenby 49 Romantic Austen: Sexual Politics and the Literary Canon clara tuite 50 Byron and Romanticism jerome mcgann and james soderholm 51 The Romantic National Tale and the Question of Ireland ina ferris 52 Byron, Poetics and History jane stabler 53 Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, 1790–1830 mark canuel 54 Fatal Women of Romanticism adriana craciun 55 Knowledge and Indifference in English Romantic Prose tim milnes 56 Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination barbara taylor 57 Romanticism, Maternity and the Body Politic julie kipp 58 Romanticism and Animal Rights david perkins 59 Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism: Poetry and the Mediation of History kevis goodman 60 Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era: Bodies of Knowledge timothy fulford, debbie lee and peter j kitson 61 Romantic Colonization and British Anti-Slavery deirdre coleman 62 Anger, Revolution, and Romanticism andrew m stauffer 63 Shelley and the Revolutionary Sublime cian duffy 64 Fictions and Fakes Forging Romantic Authenticity, 1760–1845 margaret russett 65 Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent daniel e white 66 The Invention of Evening: Perception and Time in Romantic Poetry christopher r miller 67 Wordsworth’s Philosophic Song simon jarvis 68 Romanticism and the Rise of the Mass Public andrew franta 69 Writing against Revolution: Literary Conservatism in Britain, 1790–1832 kevin gilmartin 70 Women, Sociability and Theatre in Georgian London gillian russell 71 The Lake Poets and Professional Identity brian goldberg 72 Wordsworth Writing andrew bennett 73 Science and Sensation in Romantic Poetry noel jackson 74 Advertising and Satirical Culture in the Romantic Period john strachan 75 Romanticism and the Painful Pleasures of Modern Life andrea k henderson 76 Balladeering, Minstrelsy, and the Making of British Romantic Poetry maureen n mclane 77 Romanticism and Improvisation, 1750–1850 angela esterhammer 78 Scotland and the Fictions of Geography: North Britain, 1760–1830 penny fielding 79 Wordsworth, Commodification and Social Concern: The Poetics of Modernity david simpson 80 Sentimental Masculinity and the Rise of History, 1790–1890 mike goode 81 Fracture and Fragmentation in British Romanticism alexander regier 82 Romanticism and Music Culture in Britain, 1770–1840: Virtue and Virtuosity gillen d’arcy wood 83 The Truth about Romanticism: Pragmatism and Idealism in Keats, Shelley, Coleridge tim milnes ... Tim The truth about Romanticism : pragmatism and idealism in Keats, Shelley, Coleridge / Tim Milnes p cm – (Cambridge studies in Romanticism ; 83) Includes bibliographical references and index... the division to the point where the inquiring subject and the subject of inquiry are indeterminate fields Thus, by historicising the very distinction between ‘marking and making history’, Chandler... such indifference It is, indeed, the romantic introduction of an otherness within truth (and with it the concept of an ‘outside’ to truth) that initiates the modern project to Romanticising pragmatism