General editor MALCOLM JONES In the same series Novy Mir: A case study in the politics of literature 1952-1958 E D I T H R O G O V 1N F R A N K E L The Enigma of Gogol: An examination of the writings of N V Gogol and their place in the Russian literary tradition RICHARD PEACE Three Russian writers and the irrational: Zamyatin, Pil'nyak, Bulgakov T R N EDWARDS Word and music in the novels of Andrey Bely ADA STEINBERG The Russian revolutionary novel: Turgenev to Pasternak RICHARD FREEBORN Poets of Modern Russia PETER FRANCE Andrey Bely: A critical study of the novels J D ELSWORTH Nikolay Novikov: Enlightener of Russia W.GARETH JONES Vladimir Nabokov: A critical study of the novels DAVID RAMPTON Portraits of early Russian liberals: A study of the thought of T N Granovsky, V P Bothan, P V Annenkov, A V Druzhinin and K D Kavelin DEREK OFFORD Marina Tsvetaeva The Woman, her World and her Poetry SIMON KARLINSKY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge C B irp 32 East 57th Street, New York, ny 10022, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1985 First published 1985 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge British Library cataloguing in publication data Karlinsky, Simon Marina Tsvetaeva: the woman, her world and her poetry (Cambridge studies in Russian literature) TSvetaeva, Marina - Biography Poets, Russian - 20th century - Biography I Title 891.71'3 PG3476.T75Z/ Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Karlinsky, Simon Marina Tsvetaeva: the woman, her world, and her poetry (Cambridge studies in Russian literature) Bibliography: p Includes index TSvetaeva, Marina, 1892-1941 Poets, Russian 20th century - Biography I Title II Series PG3476.T75Z743 1986 891.71'42 [bJ 85-11309 isbn isbn o 521 25582 I hard cover o 521 27574 paperback Contents Foreword page vii I The house on Three Pond Lane The prolonged adolescence Two rival suns 43 The choir practice and the mass 66 Maturity, emigration, fame 92 In Czechoslovakia 122 Splendours and miseries of 1926 148 Poetry trapped between kitchen and politics 173 The last ten years in Paris 199 Moscow, Elabuga and after 227 Appendix on sources 256 Index 281 10 24 Foreword As a belated graduate student, after getting an M.A in 1961, I decided I wanted to a doctoral thesis on Marina Tsvetaeva I had admired her verse and prose for a number of years Since so little was known about her then, I thought it a good idea to investigate her biography and to establish the corpus of her writings Few Slavicists in America would have agreed at that time that Tsvetacva’s poetry was worth a dissertation Professor Gleb Struve of the University of California, Berkeley, was one of those few With his encouragement and under his kind and patient direction, I completed the dissertation in 1964 A book based on it and bearing the same title, Marina Tsvetaeva Her Life and Art, was published by the University of California Press in September 1966 I had found so much information on Tsvetaeva, so many little pieces of fact that needed to be recorded, that may have overdone comprehensiveness a bit and turned the results into something like a bouillabaisse There was a biography, necessarily sketchy in some areas; a study of the poet’s language and versification; a survey of all the genres that she practiced; and a great deal of annotations that recorded everything written about Tsvetaeva that I could find My aim was to assert her reputation, record her circumstances and lay up the supplies for those who would study her after me Now, twenty years later, I have written a second, very different book about Marina Tsvetaeva There is no need to assert Tsvetaeva’s reputation today: she is an internationally famous poet, with figures of the stature of John Bayley, Susan Sontag and Joseph Brodsky writing about her in The Times Literary Supplement and The New York Review of Books Her language and versification have been studied with great subtlety by G S Smith, Robin Kemball, Gunther Wytrzens and a slew of linguists in the Soviet Union Tsvetaeva’s verse has been translated brilliantly into French by the late Eve Malleret; into English by Elaine Feinstein, Robin Kemball and Joseph Brodsky; her prose and verse into Italian by Serena Vitale (who accompanies her translations by some of the most wonderful essays about Tsvetaeva ever written) and Pietro Zveteremich; into German by Ilma Rakusa, Felix Philipp Ingold and Marie-Luise Bott In addition to these able scholars and poets, Tsvetaeva’s recent reputation has also drawn to her a few trans lators into English and German who not understand her elliptical style, miss her use of idioms and have nevertheless published their renditions of her prose and verse, often to considerable critical acclaim But fortunately the good outnumbers the bad There have been imaginative studies of Tsvetaeva in Polish by Jerzy Faryno and Zbigniew Maciejewski In the English-speaking countries, there are the doctoral dissertations of leva Vitins, Margaret Troupin Babby, Olga Peters Hasty and Michael Makin There is also a detailed biography by Maria Razumovsky in German and in Russian and the as yet unpublished one by Irma Kudrova, which, judging from the one chapter I’ve seen and the overall quality of this critic’s work, is sure to be superb Lily Feiler is preparing a psycho biography of Tsvetaeva, chapters of which I have cited in my book All this and more has happened since my 1966 book The present study is not addressed primarily to a scholarly audience My task this time round, therefore, was simply to intro duce Tsvetaeva, rather than to amass every fact about her that can be found or to an in-depth study of her poetry I wanted to tell the story of her life, with the inclusion of all the factual materials that have come to light in the past twenty years, to place this life in its historical context, and to give an overview of her auvre and of the criticism about it Many aspects of Tsvetaeva’s biography were inaccessible or unknown when I was writing my dissertation in 1962-4 There were no bibliographies, no collections of critical articles, no minimally complete editions of her poetry What she did and wrote in 1914-16 (the collection Juvenilia, the long poem ‘The Enchanter’ and the relationship with Sophia Parnok) was shrouded in a mist The correspondence with Rilke and Pasternak was not available The period after Tsvetaeva’s return to the Soviet Union in 1939 was a near-total blank These and many other lacunae have now been filled through publications that have appeared in the last two decades Marina Tsvetaeva often said that she did not belong in her time Foreword In her poem ‘Homesickness’ (‘Toska po rodme ), she asserted that while her fellow man may belong in the twentieth century, she herself came from a time before there were centuries And yet, it would be hard to think of any other poet whose life was so constantly affected by historical events She was born during the famine of 1892, which is the key to much in subsequent Russian history Tsvetaeva’s views and sensibility were shaped by the revo lutions of 1905 and 1917 and her art grew out of the creative ferment of the period between those revolutions The October Revolution and the ensuing civil war are a major theme in Tsvetaeva’s life and her poetry With a million other Russians, she experienced the post-revolutionary exile in the 1920s She was repeatedly caught in the battles between various factions of the emigration She returned to the Soviet Union in the wake of the Great Terror and she died, at the age of forty-eight, during World War II All these developments need to be understood if one is to explain Marina Tsvetaeva’s fate I have made a particular effort to outline in detail the historical and cultural background of her life and writings This is an area in which my 1966 book was particularly deficient because at that time I myself did not know enough about the February and October revolutions and the composition of the post-revolutionary emigration I am aware that some of the his torical issues I felt compelled to emphasize (viz., the democratic nature of the revolutions of 1905 and February 1917, as opposed to the totalitarian October Revolution, or my insistence that the Russian emigration of the 1920s and 30s was mostly liberal, rather than monarchist or pro-fascist) are extremely unpopular with some Western readers today From past experience I know that making such points can elicit disbelief or anger from critics But this is what decades of close study of the periods in question have shown me Everything about Marina Tsvetaeva’s experiences further confirms these conclusions This book could not have been written without the research and publications of the scholars whose work is enumerated in the Appendix on Sources at the end I met many of them at the memorable Tsvetaeva Symposium, organized by Robin Kemball and held in Lausanne in the summer of 1982, and have admired the depth of their dedication to Tsvetaeva Those who helped me by supplying unpublished materials or copies of their own publications are thanked individually when the sources for each chapter are listed Serena Vitale and Viktoria Schweitzer have been especially kind in this respcct and deserve additional gratitude Closer to home, I want to thank Peter Carleton for help with editing and my colleague and neighbour Olga Raevsky Hughes for sharing her research with me Robert P Hughes, Hugh McLean and G.S Smith read various portions of the manuscript and offered valuable suggestions Back in 1926, when Tsvetaeva was alive and at the peak of her genius, Dmitry Sviatopolk-Mirsky wrote that a book about her was needed and this book ought to be written with pride and rejoicing Contemplating her fate four decades after her death, however, is likely to arouse humility and sadness But if we consider her ultimate triumph, her ‘victory over time and gravity,’ as she once put it, we can indeed feel pride for her and rejoicing for all those who can now partake of the living waters of her imperishable poetry SIMON K A R L I N S K Y Fall of 1984 The house on Three Pond Lane In the village of Talitsy near the city of Shuya in Vladimir Province of Central Russia, there lived in the middle of the nineteenth century a poor village priest named Vladimir Tsvetaev The name Tsvetaev is derived from an odd imperative form of a verb which means ‘to blossom’ and it seems to have occurred only among hereditary provincial clergy Marina Tsvetaeva once described her father’s side of the family as an ‘uninterrupted and uninterruptible clan: a primeval one,’ and half-seriously suggested that its origins might be traced to the legendary epic hero Ilya of Murom, sup posedly a native of the region around Vladimir Father Vladimir was one of those impoverished village clerics whose mode of life differed little from that of the surrounding peasantry to whose spiritual needs he ministered He plowed his own land, threshed grain, and mowed hay until the end of his days He enjoyed great esteem among his parishioners and his moral authority and prestige were so great that his advice was often sought by the city folk from the neighbouring towns Not much is known of Father Vladimir’s wife Ekaterina, who bore him four sons and who died when she was thirty-five But we have a handsome tribute in verse to her endurance and stamina, written by a granddaughter she never saw: My first grandmother had four sons She had four sons, one wooden candle, A sheepskin blanket, a bag of hemp She had four sons and her own two hands (The wooden candle, luchina, a splinter of wood dipped in slowburning oil, was the cheapest form of indoor lighting in peasant huts, familiar from its evocations in Pushkin and other poets.) The economic conditions under which Vladimir and Ekaterina Tsvetaev had to raise their sons can be further illustrated by the recollection of one of them, the poet’s father, that he never had 276 chapter ‘The Literary United Front.’ On Pasternak’s activities at the congress and his encounters with Tsvetaeva in Paris, Chapter from Lazar Fleishman’s book Pasternak in the Thirties (Pasternak v tridtsatye gody, Jerusalem, 1984) I am extremely grateful to Professor Fleishman for providing me with an advance copy of this chapter and the annotations for it which cite a wide array of literature on the subject Tsvetaeva’s letter to Nikolai Tikhonov, with an account of her conversations with Pasternak, was published by Serafima Polianina in WSA On Tsvetaeva’s correspondence with Anatoly Steiger, the somewhat reticent essay by his friend Kirill Vilchkovsky in Experiments (Opyty), New York, 1955, No The essay, ‘Marina Tsvetaeva’s Correspondence with Anatoly Steiger’ (‘Perepiska Mariny Tsvetaevoi s Anatoliem Shteigerom’) is intended as an introduction to Tsvetaeva’s letters that follow Vladislav Khodasevich’s evaluation of ‘My Mother and Music’ appeared in Renascence (Vozrozhdenie) on April 4, 1935 and that of ‘A Captive Spirit’ in the same paper on May 31, 1934 On the chronic complaints of emigre writers that they are neglected or excluded by journals and publishers, Mark Vishniak’s memoirs, already cited under Chapters and Alexei Remizov, at the end of the biblio graphy of his works appended to his book The Circle of Happiness (Krug schast'ia), Paris, 1957, claims that no one published him between 1931 and 1949 While it is true that no individual books by Remizov appeared during the period he mentions, his shorter works and sections from longer ones appeared in journals, including the Contemporary Annals Gippius in her letters to Khodasevich, cited under Chapter 7, wrote that she was excluded from most Emigre periodicals The complaints of Vladimir Varshavsky and V S Yanovsky are registered in their memoirs, The Unnoticed Generation and The Elysian Fields (Polia Eliseiskie, New York, 1983), respectively Tsvetaeva’s letters to Vadim Rudnev, dealing mostly with editorial matters, were published by Ghislaine Limont in The New Review (Novyi zhurnal), 1978, No 133 The mentioned editorial deletions in Nabokov’s novel and Chizhevsky’s essay are documented, inter alia, in Mark Vish niak’s memoirs On Ariadna Efron’s return to the Soviet Union, Tsvetaeva’s letters to Teskovd is one of the primary sources, though this departure is also evoked in some other letters, e.g., those to Bunina and Khodasevich On what went on in the Soviet Union at the time of her return, Robert Conquest, The Great Terror, London, 1968 On Sergei Efron’s involvement in the murder of Reiss-Poretsky and other terrorist activities, there is a considerable literature, most of which does not state that he was married to Tsvetaeva Among the basic sources are Victor Serge, Alfred Rosmer and Maurice Wullens, L’Assassinat politique et I'U.R.S.S., Paris, 1938; Elisabeth K Poretsky, Our Own People, London, 1969; Walter Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service, New York, 1939; and Kirill Henkin’s book mentioned above The reporting of 277 the situation in the Russian Emigre press is summarized at the end of Chapter of my book Marina Cvetaeva Her Life and Art The coverage in the Swiss press is traced in Chapter 26 of both the German and the Russian versions of Maria Razumovsky’s biography The phrase ‘was ready to swear that [Sergei] could not be involved in the bloody affair’ is quoted from Elena Fedotova’s introduction to her publication of Tsvetaeva’s letters to the Fedotovs Vladimir Markov’s remark is quoted from his ‘Marginal Notes’ (‘Zametki na poliakh’), Experiments (Opyty), New York, 1956, No On ostracism of Tsvetaeva after the exposure in the press of Efron’s activities, Nina Berberova, The Italics Are Mine; Yury Terapiano, ‘Marina Tsvetaeva’s Prose’ (‘Proza Mariny Tsvetaevoi’), The New Russian Word (Novoe russkoe slovo) New York, March 7, 1954; V.S Yanovsky, The Elysian Fields Alexei Remizov’s words about his dislike of Tsvetaeva are from his unpublished diaries for 1937-9, an excerpt from which was kindly commu nicated to me by Greta Slobin Ivan Bunin’s words are from his letter to Maria Karamzina of March 29, 1939, which was published in the Bunin issue of Literary Heritage (Literaturnoe nasledstvo), Moscow, 1973, vol In his later book Memoirs (Vospominaniia), Paris, 1950, Bunin wrote of Tsvetaeva with utter contempt Aleksis Rannit’s information about Tsvetaeva’s closeness with Vladimir Smolensky in March of 1938 (when Rannit spent some time in Paris in the company of both Tsvetaeva and Smolensky): personal conversation in Jerusalem on May 26,1984 and letter to me of July 7,1984 Smolensky, like Tsvetaeva, was a rare instance of a poet of stature who made eulogizing the monarchist White Army a major theme in his poetry CHAPTER 10: MOSCOW, ELABUGA AND AFTKK The epigraph is from Tsvetaeva’s letter to Roman Goul of May 5,1923 The book she mentions is her unrealized Omens of the Earth Russian cultural activities in Paris in the spring of 1938 are cited from the reports in Poslednie novosti, especially the issues of April and May 10 Tsvetaeva’s stipend from the Soviet consulate in Paris and numerous details about her life after her return to the Soviet Union are found in Viktoria Schweitzer, ‘The Homecoming’ (‘Vozvrashchenie domoi’), Sintaksis, Paris, 1983, No n This essay was originally a paper read at the Tsvetaeva Symposium in Lausanne in 1982 Tsvetaeva’s marginal note to ‘October Revolution in a Railroad Car’ is reproduced in Robin Kemball’s translation of The Demesne of the Swans, Ann Arbor, 1980 Yury Terapiano’s account is from his article ‘Proza Mariny Tsvetaevoi,’ cited under Chapter Tsvetaeva’s friendship with Prince Yury ShirinskyShikhmatov and his wife Yevgenia, the widow of the terrorist Boris Savinkov, is described in V S Yanovsky’s memoir The Elysian Fields 278 The figure of eight millions in prisons and concentration camps is from Geller and Nckrich, vol 2, Chapter The sources on Tsvetaeva’s life in Bolshevo, Golitsyno and Moscow prior to her evacuation are her journal for 1940, printed in a defective transcription in NP and in a corrected version in SiP 3; her letters of 1940 and 1941 in NP; Dmitry Sezeman, ‘M Tsvetaeva in Moscow’ (‘M Tsvetacvn v Moskve’) and Tsvetaeva’s letters to Ivan Moskvin, Tatiana Kvanina and Victor Goltsev, all in Vestnik, 1979, No 128 Georgy Efron’s ceaseless complaints about having been brought to the Soviet Union are reported by Dmitry Sezeman and Kirill Henkin The fate of Ariadna Efron: annotations to the fragment from her memoirs in Vestnik, 1975, No 116 and to her book Letters from Exile (Pis'ma iz ssylki, 1948-1957), Paris, 1982 Also, personal statement by Dmitry Sezeman The end of Sergei Efron: Veronique Lossky, ‘Souvenirs de contemporains’ in WSA and Kirill Hcnkin's book On Tsvetaeva’s plans for publishing a volume of verse in the Soviet Union in 1940, Viktoria Schweitzer, ‘About the 1940 Collection’ (‘O sbornike 1940-go goda’), in SiP Kornely Zelinsky’s evaluation of Tsvetaeva is cited from this source There is a considerable literature on the encounter of Tsvetaeva with Anna Akhmatova in Moscow Viktor Ardov, ‘Anna Akhmatova’s Encounter with Marina Tsvetaeva’ (‘Vstrecha Anny Akhmatovoi s Marinoi Tsvetaevoi'), Grani, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1970, No 76 and Amanda Haight, ‘Anna Akhmatova and Marina Tsvetaeva,’ The Slavonic and East European Review, London, October 1972, vol 50, say that the meeting took place in 1940 (Amanda Haight cited that year on the basis of her conversations with Akhmatova) But more recent sources state that the year was 1941 and that the meeting took place shortly before Tsvetaeva’s evacuation to Elabuga E.g., Natalia Il'ina’s memoir of Akhmatova in Zvezda, Leningrad, 1977, No and Lydia Chukovskaya, Notes on Anna Akhmatova (Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi), Paris, 1980, vol Tatiana Kvanina’s memoir about her friendship with Tsvetaeva: ‘How It Was’ (‘Tak bylo’), Oktiabr’, Moscow, 1982, No Tsvetaeva’s letter to her daughter of April 12, 1941 is in NP On Aleksei Kruchionykh and Tsvetaeva’s manuscripts, Viktoria Sch weitzer’s annotations to a letter from Tsvetaeva to Boris Pasternak in Vestnik, 1979, No 128 and her notes to Juvenilia in SiP The photograph of Tsvetaeva, Mur, Kruchionykh and Libedinskaya is reproduced in NP and Tsvetaeva A Pictorial Biography, edited by Ellendea Proffer The circumstances of Tsvetaeva’s evacuation from Moscow: Olga Ivinskaya, The Captive of Time (Vplenu u vremeni), Paris, 1978 Tsvetaeva’s stay in Elabuga: the i960 report of the Writers’ Union Committee on commemorating Tsvetaeva and Viktoria Schweitzer, ‘A Trip to Elabuga’ (‘Poezdka v Elabugu’), both reprinted in NP Lydia Chukovskaya’s cited memoir, ‘At Death’s Threshold’ is reprinted 279 in SiP A facsimile of Tsvetaeva’s application for the job as a dishwasher is reproduced in the text Viktoria Schweitzer’s objections to Anastasia Tsvetaeva’s version of her sister’s death and her debunking of Stanislav Gribanov’s articles on Georgy Efron are in her ‘An Open Letter to Anastasia Tsvetaeva,’ already cited under Chapter Boris Pasternak’s letter to his wife of November 10, 1941 is in Vestnik, 1972, No 106 His letter to Nina Tabidze about Tsvetaeva was published in Literaturnaia Gruziia, Tbilisi, 1966, No O Anisimov’s essay on Tsvetaeva is reprinted in WSA Alexander Bakhrakh’s obituary was published in Russkii sbornik, Paris, 1946 It was called ‘A Cloudburst of Sound’ (‘Zvukovoi liven”) in imitation of Tsvetaeva’s essay on Pasternak, ‘A Cloudburst of Light.’ The circumstances of Anastasia Tsvetaeva’s learning about her sister’s death are described in AT, 1983 Georgy Fedotov’s statement is quoted from his essay ‘On Parisian Poetry’ (‘O Parizhskoi po6zii’) in Kovcheg, New York, 1942 Ivan Tkhorzhevsky’s statement is from his Russian Literature (Russkaia literatura), Paris 1946 and 1950 On the Zhdanov period, Gleb Struve, Russian Literature Under Lenin and Stalin, 1917-1953 Ariadna Efron’s reaction to the death of Samuil Gurevich is in her book Letters from Exile Ekaterina Eleneva’s correspondence with Vladimir and Vera Nabokov and Feodor Stepun, from the archive of the late Mrs Eleneva, was kindly communicated to me by Mark Altshuller The Nabokov letters are cited with the kind permission of Mrs Nabokov Ariadna Efron’s comments on my 1966 book and on the publication of Tsvetaeva materials by Gleb Struve and Vadim Morkovin are from her letters to Eleneva Her objections to my book were also expressed in a letter to Mouna Bulgakova, cited in Lev Mnukhin’s montage (see item under ‘Memoirs by Relatives’ at the beginning of this appendix) In the 1920s, Vladimir Nabokov wrote of Tsvetaeva with a certain condescension In his Conclusive Evidence, New York, 1951, later published as Speak, Memory, he called her ‘a poet of genius.’ On Ariadna Efron’s disposal of Tsvetaeva’s archive: E B Korkina, ‘On Marina Tsvetaeva’s Archive’ (‘Ob arkhive Mariny Tsvetaevoi’), Vstrechi s proshlym, Moscow, 1982, vol Korkina reveals that the articles on Georgy Efron in the journals Rodina, 1975, No 3, signed S Gribanov, and in Neman, 1976, No 8, signed S Vikentiev, were both written by Stanislav Gribanov Examples of ultra-conventional Tsvetaeva criticism by a Soviet scholar are quoted fromK A Medvedeva’s essay on mythological themes in Tsvetaeva which appears in a volume published by the State University of the Far East, Certain Problems of Russian and Foreign Literature (Nekotorye problemy russkoi i zarubezhnoi literatury), E Dement'ev, ed., Vladivostok, 1974 am grateful to leva Vitins for procuring for me a copy of this text 281 Index Adalis (Adelina Efron) 96,129 Adamovich, Georgy 157, 184, 204-5, 216-17,250 Afanasiev, Alexander 54, 99-100, 142-3, 181 Akhmatova, Anna 6, 33, 45, 56, 61-2, 64, 75, 92, 97, 103,106,110, 114, 128-31,174, 230, 232-3 235 237 242-3 246, 248, 252 Alain (Emile Auguste Chartier) 207 Aldanov, Mark 158, 206, 227 Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia 125 Alexander II 46, 73, 122 Alexander Feodorovna, Empress 46, 124 Alexeiev, Vladimir 84-6, 117 Alexeiev, Professor Nikolai 194, 213 Andreas-Salomd, Lou 162 Andreyev, Leonid 134 Andreyev, Olga Chernov 69 Andreyev, Vadim 204 Andreyeva, Anna 134, 139, 169 Andreyeva, Maria 21 Anisimov, O 246 Annensky, Innokenty 181 Antokolsky, Pavel 83-5, 231 Apukhtin, Alexei 5, 27 Ardov, Viktor 233 Ariosto 99 Aseyev, Nikolai 131, 167, 231, 242-3, 245-6,249 Augusta Ivanovna (governess) Azadovsky, Konstantin 163 Babby, Margaret Troupin viii Babel, Isaak 149, 159, 214 Bakhrakh, Alexander 58, 94, 107, 126-7, 132, 134-6, 187, 217-8, 246 Balmont, Konstantin 6,56,80,90,93-4, 96, 112, 132, 169, 205 Baratynsky, Yevgeny Barkova, Anna 114 Barney, Natalie Clifford 208-11, 239 Bashkirtseva, Maria 32-3, 40, 49, 185 Baudelaire, Charles 29, 232 Bayley, John vii Beatty, Bessie 75 Beauvoir, Simone de 32 Bebutov, Valery 108 Bedny, Demian 112, 130 Beethoven, Ludwig van 185 Belinsky, Vissarion 220 Belsky, Vladimir 144 Bely, Andrei 2,6,9,17,28-9,35,40,46, 50,66-7,93, hi, 116-17,129,135, 158, 179, 185, 218-19 Bern, Alfred 188 Berberova, Nina 115,133,152,209,223, 227 Berdiaev, Nikolai 106,160,173,193,223 Beria, Lavrenty 230 Bernacka, Maria (Tsvetaeva’s maternal grandmother) Bernhardt, Sarah 28, 40 Bessarabov, Boris 78, 108, 118 Blok, Alexander 6, 29, 35, 46, 50, 56, 61, 63-4, 68, 74, 89-90, 103-4, iq6> 157,176,190, 199, 235, 243 Bott, Marie-Luise viii, 139, 144 Braque, Georges 173 Bredelshchikov, Mikhail 242, 244 Bredelshchikova, Anastasia 244 Brik, Lilia 167 Brik, Osip 167 Brink, Annie 19 Brink, Pauline 19 Briusov, Valery 6, 28-9,33-4, 38,90, 92,95-8,107, 112,114,235 Brodsky, Joseph vii, 168 Brodsky, Patricia Pollock 172 Brooks, Romaine 208 Brown, Alec 207 Bryant, Louise 106 Bugaev, Nikolai 116 Bulgakov, Fr Sergius 106 Bulgakov, Valentin 138, 152 282 Bulgakova, Maria (Mouna) 136-71 8 >19-20, 125, 131-3, 136-9, 150,155,161,170, 174-5, '78, 188, 190, 194-5, 197, 204, 212-15, 222-5, 229-30,247, 253 Efron, Vera (Sergei’s sister) 36-7, 43, 176 Efron, Yakov (Sergei’s father) 37 Ehrenburg, Ilya 92-3,105,115-17,135, 214,231,249,251 Eichcnwald, Yuly 157 Einstein, Albert 122 Elenev, Nikolai 136 Eleneva, Ekaterina 249, 253-4 Elizabeth I 156 Ellis (Lev Kobylinsky) 28-31, 50 Eluard, Paul 26, 179 Engels, Friedrich 112 Ershov, Piotr 99 Esenin, Sergei 46, 55-6, 74, no, 157, 159, 202 Etkind, Efim no, 113 Faryno, Jerzy viii Fedin, Konstantin 246 283 Fedotov, Georgy 193, 212, 219, 247 Fedotova, Elena 212, 224 Feiler, Lily viii, 15 Feinstein, Elaine vii Fet, Afanasy 5, 27, 41 Filosofov, Dmitry 4, Fitzgerald, F Scott 173 Fleishman, Lazar 115, 165 Flcuriot, Zlnaide 14 Florovsky, Fr Georgy 193 Fondaminskaya Amalia 152 Fondaminsky, Ilya 68,152,160, 223 Freidin, Gregory 60 Gershenzon, Mikhail 35 Gershwin, George 170 Gide, Andr6 214 Gippius, Zinaida 6,46,63,66-7,75,96, no, 129-30,157-60,205,219 Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur de 39 Godunov, Boris Goethe, Johann Wolfgang voo 12, 27, 144, 162, 175, 185, 218 Gofman, Modest 153 Gogol, Nikolai 14, 221 Goldman, Emma 75-6 Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Arseny Golovina, Alla 216 Goltsev, Viktor 231-2 Goltsev, Viktor, Sr 231 Goncharova, Natalia 197-8, 207 Gorky, Maxim 9,21,105,112,125,134, 17&-9, 206-7 Goul, Roman 127, 176 Gourmont, Remy de 209 Gove, Antonina Filonov 41 Gransky family 81 Gribanov, Stanislav 254 Griboedov, Alexander 98 Grimm, Brothers 144 Gronsky, Nikolai 189-90 Gumiliov, Nikolai 6, 33-5, 45,47,92, 106, 113, 192 Gurevich, Samuil (Mulia) 229, 239, 248 Hall, Radclyffe 208 Halpern, Salomea (n£e Andronnikova) 26, 174, 179, 184, 194-5, 207, 209, 212-13, 249, 254 Handel, G F 182 Hasty, Olga Peters viii Hauff, Wilhelm 14 Heine, Heinrich 12, 27, 34, 144-5 '62 Hemingway, Ernest 173 Henkin, Kirill 213, 244 Hitler, Adolf 196, 214, 225, 233-4, 240 Hoffmann, E T A 140 Holderlin, Friedrich 162 Holliday, Sophia (Sonechka) 84-9, 108, 209-10, 218, 222, 238-9 Homer 185 Hoover, Herbert 106 Hughes, Olga Raevsky x, 115, 165 Hughes, Robert P x, 115 Hugo, Victor 34 Ilovaiskaya, Alexandra 18 Ilovaiskaya, Nadia 18, 188 Ilovaisky, Dmitry 2, 10, 17-18, 25, 78, 189, 200 Ilovaisky, Sergei 17, 18 Ingold, Felix Philipp viii Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique 182 Irving, Washington 99 Ivanov, Georgy 59, no, 204 Ivanov, Viacheslav 6,35, 50,53,63,93, 181 Ivask, George (Yury) 38, 65, 101-2, 176-7, 181, 212, 217-19, 223-4, 25° 253 Ivinskaya, Olga 241 Izvolskaya, Elena 201, 223, 250 James, Mile 28 Joan of Arc 67 John of Leyden 73 Joycc, James 173 Kalina, Anna (Anna Kallin) 26-7 Kannegiser, Akim 55, 60, 92 Kannegiser, Leonid 55-6, 77 Kannegiser, Sergei 55 Kant, Immanuel 114 Kaplan, Fanny 77 Kaplan, Iosif 80 Kapnist, Countess Ina 11 Karsavin, Lev 106, 113, 173, 193-4 Kemball, Robin, vii, ix, 71 Kerensky, Alexander 67, 151, 159-60 Khlebnikov, Velimir 45, 65, 107, 171, 240 Khodasevich, Vladislav 35, 75, 77-8, 110, 113, 133, 143, 152, 156, 158-60, 184, 188, 204-5, 2I9> 223 Khrushchev, Nikita 249 Kirsanov, Semion 167 284 Klepinina, Nina 229-30 Kliuev, Nikolai 46,53,74.1 '3.I29 235 Knorring, Irina 154 Knut, Dovid 205 Kobyliansky, Vladislav 18 Kogan, Piotr 78, 105,176 Kolbasina-Chernova, Olga 69,133,138, 140, 144, 150, 175 Kollontai, Alexandra 81, 113, 131, 195 Kondakov, Nikodim 126, 132 Korolenko, Vladimir Kovalenskaya, Nina 131 Kozintseva, Liubov 115 Kropotkin, Peter 36 Kruchionykh, Alexei 61, 240 Krupskaya, Nadezhda 113, 131 Kudrova, Irma viii, 8, 154, 157-8, 203, 253-4 Kuprin, Alexander 152, 173, 228 Kutepov, General Alexander 249 Kuzmin, Mikhail 29, 35, 45, 53, 55-6, no, 113-14, 149 2i8> 232 Kvanina, Tatiana (Tania) 233, 238-9 Kvitko, Lev 242-3, 248 Lacaze, Lucille 19 Lacaze, Marguerite 19 Ladinsky, Antonin 205 Lafayette, Marquis de 68 Lamotte-Fouqud, Friederich de 27 Lann, Yevgeny 108 Lastochkin, Arkady 16 Lauzun, Due de 68, 85, 90-1 Lebedeva, Margarita 224 Leduchowska, Maria Lenin, Vladimir 4, 32, 69-70, 73-4, 76-9, 91, 96, 104-5, H2-14.122, 131, 148-9, 157, 178, 197 214, 220, 235, 249 Lermontov, Mikhail 5, 27, 34, 163 Leskov, Nikolai Levinson, Andrei 201-2 Libedinskaya, Lydia 240 Ligne, Prince de 90 Lindbergh, Charles 200 Lipkin, Semion 237 Lomonosov, Mikhail 190 Lomonosova, Raisa 22, 174-5, I9I 200-1, 203, 209, 215 Lorca, Federico Garcfa 232 Lossky, Vdronique 47, 136, 254 Lourii, Arthur 159 Ludwig II, King of Bavaria 12 Lunacharsky, Anatoly 78,91,94-5,114, 250 Luxemburg, Rosa 75 Maciejewski, Zbigniew viii Mahkr, Else 224 Makin, Michael viii Malleret, Eve vii Mallarmi, Stephane 35 Malot, Hector 14 Malraux, Andri 214 Manaseina, Natalia 53, 211 Mandelstam, Nadezhda 58-9,129, 252 Mandelstam, Osip 9, vfa, 33, 45, 56-60, 62, 65, 87, no, 114,128-9, 131 135, 149, 156,159, 174, 181, 221, 235, 252 Mann, Heinrich 35 Marat, Jean Paul 73, 88 Maria Antoinette 90-1 Marie Louise of Austria 27 Markov, Vladimir 223 Marx, Karl 112 Masaryk, Tom^S Garrigue 125, 150 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 6, 45, 50, 68, 93, 106, hi, 117, 123-4, 129-31, 149, 152, 162, 167, 172, 178, 188, 191-2, 200-2, 204, 218, 235, 240 McLean, Hugh x, 251 Merezhkovsky, Dmitry 5-6,50, 66, 125, 158-9,206-7 Merkurieva, Vera 231, 234 Meshchcriakov, Nikolai 112 Meyer, Karl 19 Meyer, Marilc 19 Meyerhood, Vsevolod 45, 114, 132, 221 Meyn, Alexander Danilovich (Tsvetaeva’s maternal grandfather) 3, 10-n, 13,43, 234 Meyn, Suzanne 13, 43 Milhaud, Darius 170 Miliukov, Pavel 68, 151, 160, 191-2, 200 Miller, Alexander 17 Miller, Vladimir (Volodya) 17 Miller, General Yevgeny 222 Mintz, Mavriky 70 Mnishek, Marina (Maryna Mniszch6wna) 3, 67, 101 Mnukhin, Lev 33, 128, 254 Mochalova, Olga 231-2, 238 Mogilevsky, Alexander 153 Morkovin, Vadim 253 285 Moskvin, Nikolai 133 238 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadous 129 Miinzenberg, Willi 214 Miinzer, Thomas 73 Musorgsky, Modest 3,5 Mussolini, Benito 196 Nabokov, Vladimir 16,94,133,144, 153 173 184 “1 “7 249-50 Nabokov, Vladimir, Sr 66, 153 Nabokova, Vera 249 Nachmann, Magda 43 Nadson, Semion Nagrodskaya Yevdokia 53 Napoleon 27-8, 40, 67,160,185 Nechaev-Maltsev, Yury 11 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir 84 Nessler, Victor E 14 Nicholas I 36 Nicholas II 20,46, 66-8, 122, 124, 127, 189, 200 Nietzsche, Friedrich 114 Nilender, Vladimir 29-32, 36, 52, 118 Noailles, Countess Anna de 54 Nolle-Kogan, Nadezhda 105, 176 Obolenskaya, Yulia 53 Olesha, Yury 149 Osorgin, Mikhail 153, 157, 180 Ostrovsky, Alexander 132 Otsup, Nikolai 204 Ovid 185 Ozerov, Vladislav 181 Panina, Sophia 73 Parnok, Sophia (Sonia) viii, 51-8, 62, 64, 86-7, 94-7, 107, 129, 131, 136, 163-4, 209-10,253 Pamy, Evariste 99 Parrain, Brice 207 Pasternak, Boris viii, 9, 17, 21, 45, 62, 93, 100-1, i i o - i i , 116-17, I23~4 131 134-5 139 142 155 157-9 161-70, 174 178-9 187-8 192 199 202-4, 206-7, 214-15 225 231-2, 235-6, 238, 240-1, 246, 248-9, 251, 253 Pasternak, Leonid 162 Pasternak, Zinaida (earlier Neuhaus) 215, 231, 246 Paustovsky, Konstantin 243 Pavlova, Karolina (n£e Jaenisch) 5, 107 Peshkov, Max 21 Peshkova, Ekaterina 21 Peshkova, Katia 21 Picasso, Pablo 173 Pilniak, Boris 149, 215, 221 Plato 114 Platonov, Andrei 77, 149 Plekhanov, Georgy 69,112 Plutser-Sarna, Nikodim 61 Poliakova, Sophia 51-3, 55, 86, 100, 107, 210, 254 Polonsky, Viacheslav 165 Polonsky, Yakov 27 Poplavsky, Boris 173, 204-6, 216 Possart, Ernst 12 Pougy, Liane de 208 Pouterman, Iosif 184-5 Pozner, Vladimir 157 Prismanova, Anna 173 Prokofiev, Sergei 45,193, 228, 248 Prokofieva, Lina 193 Proust, Marcel 207, 211 Pshavela, Vazha 232 Pugachov, Emelian 15, 67 Pushkin, Alexander 1, 5, 9,10, 14-17, 43 49 63, 67, 94, 99, 144, 153,165, 183,197-8, 218, 241 Racine, Jean 182,185 Radlova, Anna 129-30 Raevskaya, Maria 94 Rakusa, lima viii Rannit, Aleksis 223 Rasputin, Grigory 46 Ravel, Maurice 171, 173 Razin, Stepan (Stenka) 80 Razumovsky, Maria viii, 70 Reed,John 75 Reichstadt, Duke of 27-8, 40, 185 Reiss, Ignace (Poretsky) 222 Remizov, Alexei 63, 75, 133,155,158, 160, 173,180, 219, 223 Remizova, Serafima (n6e Dovgello) 160 Reznikov, Daniil 154 Riasanovsky, Nicholas V Rilke, Rainer Maria viii, 19,131,139, 162-4,166-70,175,188,199,217-18, 253 Rimbaud, Arthur 29 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai 144 Robespierre, Maximilien 73 Rodov, Semion 130 Rodzevich, Konstantin 136-7, 139, 161, 187, 194 Roever, Reinhard 18 286 Rohan, Due de 200 Rostand, Edmond 27-9, 33-5, 39-40, 49,88, 213 Rousseau, „ean Jacques 171 Rozanov, Vasily 12, 22-3, 44, 48, 51-2, 129 Rozhdestvensky, Vsevolod 203 Rubinstein, Anton 12 Rudnev, Vadim 68, 200, 220 Saakiants, Anna 59, 136, 202 Sachs, Henryk 77-8 Saker, Yakov 53-5, 60 Salis, J R von 167 Sand, George 35 Sappho 209 Satie, Erik 173 Scheffel, Joseph Victor von 14, 144 Schiller, Friedrich 12, 226 Schmidt, Lt Piotr 21, 165-6 Schneider, Mikhail 243 Schneider, Tatiana 243 Schubert, Franz 55 Schwab, Gustav 181-2 Schweitzer, Viktoria x, 8, 228, 235-6, 244,253-4 Scriabin, Alexander 26, 45, 162 Scriabina, Tatiana 117 Sedov, Lev 222 Selvinsky, Ilya 131 Serebrovskaya, Elena 252 Sezeman, Dmitry 203, 229-30, 244-5 Shafarevich, Igor 73 Shaginian, Marietta 33-4, 47, 92, 233 Shakespeare, William 12, 183, 185 Shakhovskoy, Dmitry 122, 142, 153-4, 156-7, 169 Shaw, George Bernard 196 Shestov, Lev 152, 155, 158-9, 173,184, 193 Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Prince Yury 228 Shirkcvich, Zinaida 247 Shishkin, Ivan 241 Shkapskaya, Maria 130 Shostakovich, Dmitry 248 Simrock, Karl 144 Slonim, Mark 127, 160, 188, 197, 201, 223-4,250 SmctSdek, Vladimir 140-1 Smith, G S vii, x, 65, 100 Smolensky, Vladimir 223 Sologub, Feodor 6, 93, 106 Soloviov, Vladimir 5, 6, 50,53,63,114, 211 Soloviova, Polyxena 53, 211 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 46, 66, 240 Sontag, Susan vii Sosinsky, Bronislav 199 Spiridonova, Maria 21 Spyri, Johanna 19 Sreznevsky, Izmail Stakhovich, Alexei 83-4, 90, 94 Stalin, Joseph 79, 98, 130, 195, 197, 213-15, 222, 224, 228, 232-5, 239-41, 247, 249, 151 Stanislavsky, Konstantin 45, 84 Steffens, Lincoln 75, 196 Steiger, Anatoly, 173, 206, 216-17 Steiger, Nikolaus Friedrich von 216 Stein, Gertrude 173 Stepun, Feodor 35, 96, 106, 160, 220, 250 Stolypin, Piotr 44 Stravinsky, Igor45,87,123,143-4,153, 155, 180-2 Struve, Gleb vii, 70, 154, 173, 212, 250, 253 Struve, Nikita 203 Struve, Peter 157, 159 Sudeikina, Vera 153 Sumerkin, Alexander 251 Surkov, Alexei 252 Suvchinsky, Piotr (Pierre Souvchinsky) 155 193 Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Prince Dmitry (D.S Mirsky) x, 146, 154-60, 162, 169-70, 173,178, 193-5 206-7 Tabidze, Nina 246 Tabidze, Titian 246 Tager, Elena 238 Tager, Yevgeny 238 Tamburer, Lydia 25, 28, 36, 40 Tamburer, Sergei 40 Tarasov, Yevgeny 21 Tarkovsky, Arseny 237-8 Tchaikovsky, Modest 89 Tchaikovsky, Piotr Ilych 5, 16, 52, 89 Teffi, Nadezhda 152, 173, 204 Terapiano, Yury 223, 228 Teskova, Anna, 139,150,156,161,169, '73-5 '78, 180, 182, 189-91, 194, 213-15, 217, 224-5, 228, 239, 253 Thurn und Taxis, Princess Maria von 19 Tikhonov, Nikolai 167, 215, 231 287 Tiutchev, Feodor 171 Tkhorahevsky Ivan 247 Tolstoy, Akiri N 124 Tolstoy, Leo (Lev) j 114.138.158, •75 »7 Trediakovsky, Vaaly I#7 Treniov Konstantia 241-3 246 248 Triolet, Elsa 188 Trotsky, Leon (Lev) 69, 73-4- 76 78, 97, 106, 129-31, 148 153- *6l 197, 220, 222, 229 Trubetskoy, Prince Nikolai 194 Tsetlin, Mikhail (Amari) 93 117, 220 Tsetlina, Maria 93, 117, 152 Tsvetaev, Andrei (Tsvetaeva’* halfbrother) 3, 10, 16-17, 77-* Tsvetaev, Dmitry (Tsvetaeva’* unde) Tsvetaev, Father Vladimir (Tnetaeva’s paternal grandfather) Tsvetaev, Feodor (Tsvetaeva’* unde) Tsvetaev, Ivan Vladimirovich (Tsvetaeva's father) 2,3, 10-12,18, 24-5, 28,31-2, 44, 116, 234 Tsvetaev, Piotr (Tsvetaeva’* unde) Tsvetaeva, Anastasia (Asya Tsvetaeva’s sister) 4,7-11,13.16-18, 20-30, 32, 34, 37-8 43-4 49-50 54 59,70,72,77,92,108,113-14.178-9 221, 228-9, 247 249 252-3 Tsvetaeva, Ekaterina (Tsvetaeva’* paternal grandmother) 1, Tsvetaeva, Elizaveta (wife of Tsvetaeva’s Uncle Dmitry) 80 Tsvetaeva, Maria Alexandrovna (n£e Meyn, Tsvetaeva’s mother) 3, 10-15, 17, 19-20, 22-3, 25, 234 253 Tsvetaeva, Marina, works of collections of verse: After Russia (Posle Rossii) 135, 139, 181,184-8, 191, 195, 236; Craft (Remeslo) 83, 88, 94, 99-100, 102,107-11, 114-17, 126, 134, 160,180,186, 209, 236; Demesne of the Swmts The (Lebedinyi stan) 70-1 82 88, 92-3, 97, 107, 114, 127, 154 160 191-2, 224-5, 25° J53; Evemmg Album, The (Vechernii al'bom) 24-6.30, 32, 38-41, 47, 56, 84 92 96: From Two Books (Iz dvykh bmgf 37,47, 96; Juvenilia (Yunoshesiie sakhi) viii, 49, 55,62-3,92,108; Sdm&cLmtem, The (Volshebnyi fonar') 37-41, 47, 96, 247; Mileposts I (Vtrtn I) 54, 56, 61-5, 92, 99-IOO, 107, 112, 130, 179-80,185,237, 245; Mileposts II (Versty II) 82-3, 92, 107, 112, 117, 185; Psyche (Psikheia) 83,116,126, 163, 180; Separation (Razluka) 115-17, 134,185; Verses to Blok (Stikhi k Bloku) 115-16, 163 cycles of poems: ‘Brothers, The’ (‘Brat'ia’) 84: ‘Captured by the Khan’ (‘Khanskii polon’) 109; ‘Cloak, The’ (‘Plashch’) 84; ‘Comedian, The’ (‘Komediant’) 84-5, 87, 100; ‘Disciple, The’ (‘Uchenik’) 94, 109; ‘Epitaph, The’ (‘Nadgrobie’) 190; ‘Good Tidings’ (‘Blagaia vest") 108; ‘Ici-haut’ 218; ‘In Praise of Aphrodite’ (‘Khvala Afrodite’) 109; ‘St George’ (‘Georgii’) 108; ‘St John’ (‘Ioann’) 84-5, 94; ‘Separation’ (‘Razluka’) 108; ‘Snowdrifts’ (‘Sugroby’) 109; ‘Telegraphic Wires’ (‘Provoda’) 134, 161; ‘To Mayakovsky’ (‘Maiakovskomu’) 202, 218; Trees’ (‘Derev'ia’) 139; ‘Two, The’ (‘Dvoe’) 161; ‘Verses about Moscow’ (‘Stikhi o Moskve’) 62; ‘Verses to Akhmatova’ (‘Stikhi k Akhmatovoi’) 237; ‘Verses to an Orphan’ (‘Stikhi sirote’) 216, 222; ‘Verses to Czechoslovakia’ (‘Stikhi k Chekhii’) 225-6, 233; ‘Verses to My Son’ (‘Stikhi k synu’) 214; ‘Verses to Pushkin’ (‘Stikhi k Pushkinu’) 218; ‘Verses to Sonechka’ (‘Stikhi k Sonechke’) 84, 87; ‘Woman Friend’ (‘Podruga’) 50,52-4, 58, 86-7, 100, 164 long poems: ‘Egorushka’ 102: ‘Enchanter, The’ (‘Charodei’) viii, 28, 30,50, 102, 140; ‘Essay of a Room’ (‘Popytka komnaty’) 166, 168, 170, 188, 199-200, 217; ‘From the Scacoast’ (‘S moria’) 102,165-6,170, 188, 199; ‘Gars’ 207-8, 222; ‘New Year’s Greetings’ (‘Novogodnee’) 168-9, *88, 199; ‘On a Red Steed’ (‘Na krasnom kone’) 98, 102-4, >15, 146, 182, 186, 199-200; ‘Perekop, 190-1, 194, 197, 200, 205, 224; ‘Pied Piper, The’ (‘Krysolov’) 138-9, 144-7.150,152,155.164-5,167,170, 180, 199-200, 231; ‘Poem of the Air’ (‘Po£ma vozdukha’) 168, /99-200; ‘Poem of the End’ (‘Podma kontsa’) 288 102,136,138,140-2,154,159.161 164, 167, 170, 191, 231; ‘Poem of the Hill’ (‘Poema gory’) 138,140-2, 159; ‘Poem of the Staircase’ (‘Podma lestnitsy’) 170-2, 179-80, 191, 195, 200, 234; ’Poem of the Tsar’s Family’ (‘Pofema o tsarskoi sem'e’) 201; ‘Sidestreets (‘Pereulochki’) 99,100-2, 109-10, 181, 200; ‘Swain, The’ (‘M61odets’) 99,138,142-3,146,155, 181-2, 199-200, 207, 222, ‘TsarMaiden, The’ (‘Tsar'-devitsa’) 83, 98-100, 112, 116-17, 142, 160, 181, 183 plays: Adventure, An (Prikliuchenie) 89, 100, 127; Ariadne (Ariadna) 138, 181-5; Fortuna 85, 90-1, 95, ill, 180-1; Jack of Hearts, The (Chervonnyi valet) 89; Phaedra (Fedra) 181-4, 188, 201, 204; Phoenix, The (Feniks) 78,89-90,127, 180; Snowstorm, The (Metel') 89,126; Stone Angel, The (Kamennyi angel) 89, 109 pkosf works: ‘Alya Notations on My First Daughter’ 47; ‘Art in the Light of Conscience’ (‘Iskusstvo pri svete sovesti’) 218, 220; ‘Captive Spirit, A’ (‘Plennyi dukh’) 2, 117, 218-19; ‘Cloudburst of Light, A’ (‘Svetovoi liven”) 117, 123; ‘Devil, The’ (‘Chort’) ,15-16, 220; ‘Florentine Nights’ (‘Les Nuits florentines’) 118-9, 207; ‘Free Passage’ (‘Vol'nyi proezd’) 76, 79; ‘Garret Life’ (‘Cherdachnoe’) 76, 80-1; ‘Hero of Labour, A’ (‘Geroi truda’) 29, 32-3, 96-8, 139, 152; ‘House Near Old St Pimen’s Church, The’ (‘Dom u starogo Pimena’) 18, 189; ‘Inauguration of the Museum’ (‘Otkrytie muzeia’) 189; ‘Ivy-Clad Tower, The’ (‘Bashnia v pliushche’) 9,19;‘Letter to an Amazon’ (‘Lettre a l’Amazone’) 53,164,208,210; ‘Living About the Living, The’ (‘Zhivoe o zhivom’)35,2l8,220; ‘My Jobs’ (‘Moi sluzhby’) 76, 91, in, 152, 158; ‘My Mother and Music’ (‘Mat' i muzyka’) 8, 12-13, 219; ‘My Mother’s Fairy Tale’ (‘Skazka materi’) 8,13-14, 220’> ‘My Pushkin’ (‘Moi Pushkin’) 8, 15, 52, 85, 218; ‘Natalia Goncharova' 9, 85, 197-8', ‘October Revolution in a Railroad Car’ (‘Oktiabr' v vagone’) 71, 76, 227 ; Omens of the Earth (Zemnyeprimely) 72, 75-6, 82, 84-5, 116,127-8, 139, 151, 154, 227; ‘On Germany’ (‘O Germanii’) 19-20, 67; ‘Otherworldly Evening, An’ (Nezdeshnii vecher’) 55-7, 60, 218; ‘Poet and Time, The’ (‘Podt i vremia’) 100, 205-6, 218; ‘Poet on Criticism, A’ (‘Podt o kritike’) 100, 143, 154, 156-60, 169, 180; ‘Poets with History and Poets without History’ (‘Po£ty s istoriei i pofety bez istorii’) 218; ‘Pushkin and Pugachov’ 15, 145, 218; ‘Story of a Dedication’ (‘Istoriia odnogo posviashcheniia’) 9, 17, 38, 59 197; ‘Tale of Sonechka, The’ (‘Povest' o Sonechke’) 75,84,86,164, 210, 218, 222, 224, 238; ‘That Which Was’ (‘To, chto bylo’) 16; ‘Women of the Flagellant Sect’ (‘Khlystovki’) 8; ‘Your Death’ (‘Tvoia smert”) 169 Tsvetaeva, Valeria (later Shevliagina, Tsvetaeva’s half-sister) 2-3, 10-11, 14-16, 18, 24, 188, 230, 247 Tsvetaeva, Varvara (n6e Ilovaiskaya, I V Tsvetaev’s first wife) 2-3 Tuchman, Barbara W 66 Turgenev, Ivan 215 Turgeneva, Anna (Asya) 35, 40, 116 Turzhanskaya, Alexandra 139 Turzhansky, Victor 139 Tynianov, Yury 159 Uritsky, Moisei 56, 77 Vakhtangov, Yevgeny 45, 83 Val6ry, Paul 207 Varshavsky, Vladimir 72-3, 194-5, 205 Veresaev, Vikenty 197 Vernadsky, Georgy (George) 194 Vickery, Walter 251 Vildrac, Charles 207, 215, 221 Villiers de l’Isle Adam, Auguste 34, 39 Vishniak, Abram 117—19,121,127,187, 207 Vishniak, Mark 96, 158, 200, 220 Vitale, Serena viii, x, 120, 208-9 Vitins, leva viii, 199-200 Vivien, Ren6e (Pauline Tarn) 208 Volkonsky, Prince Sergei 80-2, 90, 93-4,109, 204 289 Voloshin, Maximilian 17, 29, 33-7, 40-1,53.56,69,71-2, 89, 92 94-5 io5 !I9> 136-8, *64, 218 Voloshina, Elena Ottobaldovna (Pra), 36, 43.53 Wagner, Richard 165-6 Weidl£, Vladimir 184, 250 Wickes, George 211 Wilde, Oscar 52 Williams Robert C 115 Wilson Edmund 34, 122 Wolkenstein, Vladimir 94 Wrangel, General Peter 191 Wytrzens, Gunther vii Yablonovsky, Alexander 157 290 Zaitsev, Boris, 113, 158 Zamiatin, Yevgeny 148 Zasulich, Vera 69, 74 Zavadsky, Yury (Yura) 84-5, 87-9, 91, 108,121 Zelinsky, Komely 236 Zhdanov, Andrei 248 Zhemakova-Nikolaeva, Alexandra 25, 28 Zhukovsky, Vasily 27, 41, 99, 218 Zinovieva-Annibal, Lydia 53 Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 149, 248 Zveteremich, Pietro viii Zviagintseva, Vera 81-2, 93, 164, 167, 231,236 ... of the thought of T N Granovsky, V P Bothan, P V Annenkov, A V Druzhinin and K D Kavelin DEREK OFFORD Marina Tsvetaeva The Woman, her World and her Poetry SIMON KARLINSKY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. .. publisher On her father’s side of the family, apart from her grandmother Ekaterina, Marina Tsvetaeva could trace her descent only through the men But on her mother’s side, it was the matrilineal... spheres: the vocal, which belonged to Valeria and her late mother, and the piano-playing one which was the realm of Maria Alexandrovna and her unwilling daughters The feud between the stepmother