This page intentionally left blank Poe t ry a n d Pat e r n i t y i n R e n a iss a nc e E ngl a n d Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Donne and Jonson In the English Renaissance, becoming a father was the main way for a man to be treated as a full member of the community Yet patriarchal identity was by no means as secure as is often assumed:€when poets invoke the idea of paternity in love poetry and other forms, they are therefore invoking all the anxieties that a culture with contradictory notions of sexuality imposed This study takes these anxieties seriously, arguing that writers such as Sidney and Spenser deployed images of childbirth to harmonize public and private spheres, to develop a full sense of selfhood in their verse, and even to come to new accommodations between the sexes Shakespeare, Donne and Jonson, in turn, saw the appeal of the older poets’ aims, but resisted their more radical implications The result is a fiercely personal yet publicly committed poetry that would not be seen again until the time of the Romantics t om m ac fau l is Lecturer in English at Merton College, University of Oxford He is the author of Male Friendship in Shakespeare and His Contemporaries (Cambridge, 2007) and many articles on Renaissance poetry and drama Poe t ry a n d Pat e r n i t y i n R e na iss a nce E ngl a n d Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Donne and Jonson Tom M ac Fau l CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521191104 © Tom MacFaul 2010 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13 978-0-511-78945-8 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-19110-4 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For my parents Contents Acknowledgements List of abbreviations page viii ix Presumptive fathers Uncertain paternity:€the indifferent ideology of patriarchy 36 The childish love of Philip Sidney and Fulke Greville 63 4 Spenser’s timely fruit:€generation in The Faerie Queene 95 ‘We desire increase’:€Shakespeare’s non-dramatic poetry 130 John Donne’s rhetorical contraception 160 ‘To propagate their names’:€Ben Jonson as poetic godfather 188 Coda:€Sons 226 Notes Bibliography Index 234 258 272 vii Acknowledgements My first debt of gratitude in the writing of this book is to Richard McCabe, who supervised my doctoral thesis on Spenser, and who has continued to offer much-valued advice on Spenserian and other matters As an undergraduate, I was introduced to many of the authors considered here by Howard Erskine-Hill and Gavin Alexander, and for that I continue to owe them a great deal Other friends and colleagues who have helped me clarify my thinking or given valuably of their time on matters of fact and interpretation include Glenn Black, Guy Cuthbertson, Ian Donaldson, Katherine Duncan-Jones, Hugh Gazzard, Steve Gunn, Amanda Holton, David Norbrook, Emma Smith, Michael Whitworth and Kieron Winn I am also very grateful to Cambridge University Press’s readers for suggestions as to how the book might be improved€– one of whom, Patrick Cheney, having removed the veil of anonymity, I am glad to be able to thank by name Many thanks are due to Sarah Stanton at Cambridge University Press for having faith in the project, to Rebecca Jones for seeing the book through the press, and to Annie Jackson for careful copy-editing, which has saved me from many infelicities In many ways, this book began as an attempt to answer some of the questions regularly raised by students when dealing for the first time with the poetry of the English Renaissance:€I’m immensely grateful to a large number of my students (too many to name here) for their enthusiasm, fresh perspectives and insight In particular, I’d like to thank those who have taken special author papers with me on Donne, Spenser and Jonson An earlier version of chapter 3, ‘The childish love of Philip Sidney and Fulke Greville’ was published as an article in Sidney Journal 24 (2006); I am grateful to the editor, Mary Ellen Lamb, for her advice on this piece, and for permission to use this work here A brief section of chapter has appeared as Donne’s ‘The Sunne Rising’ and Spenser’s ‘Epithalamion’, in Notes & Queries 54 (2007); I am grateful to the editors for allowing me to republish this here viii Bibliography 261 â•… ‘Jonson’s Poetry’, in Richard Harp and Stanley Stewart (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Ben Jonson (Cambridge:€Cambridge University Press, 2000): 119–39 Donne, John, John Donne, ed John Carey (Oxford:€Oxford University Press, 1990) â•… Letters to Severall Persons of Honour (1651) â•… Selected Prose, chosen by Evelyn Simpson, ed Helen Gardner and Timothy Healy (Oxford:€Clarendon Press, 1967) â•… The Divine Poems, ed Helen Gardner, 2nd edn (Oxford:€Clarendon Press, 1978) â•… The Elegies and Songs and Sonnets, ed Helen Gardner (Oxford:€Clarendon Press, 1965) â•… The Epithalamions, Anniversaries and Epicedes, ed W Milgate (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978) â•… The Poems of John Donne, ed Robin Robbins, vols (Harlow:€Longman, 2008) â•… The Satires, Epigrams and Verse Letters, ed W Milgate (Oxford:€Clarendon Press, 1967) â•… The Sermons of John Donne, ed Evelyn M Simpson and George R Potter, 10 vols (Berkeley:€University of California Press, 1953–62) â•… The Variorum Edition of the Poetry of John Donne, gen ed 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Adonis:€Shakespeare and the Artists’, in Kolin (ed.), Venus and Adonis:€Critical Essays:€389–404 Index adoption, 112, 119, 230 Alexander, Gavin, 199 Alpers, Paul, 111 Alwes, Derek B., 68 Anne, Queen of England, 34 Aristotle, 3, 37, 163 Armin, Robert The Two Maids of More-Clacke, 46 Auden, W H., 103 authorship, 2, 10, 155, 217 Clinton, Bill, 104 Cogan, Thomas The Haven of Health, 22 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 12 ‘conceit’/conception, 12–19, 34 contraception, 162, 166 Cowley, Abraham, 226 Cressy, David, 20 Bacon, Sir Francis, 23, 46, 50, 135, 139, 173 Barnfield, Richard, 18 Barry, Lording Ram-Alley, 38 bastardy, 17, 98, 145 Bates, Catherine, 29, 68 Beaumont, Francis The Knight of the Burning Pestle, 7–8 Beaumont, Sir John, 223 Belsey, Catherine, 153 Bible, 1, 40, 47, 73, 114, 119, 133 Bloom, Harold, 11, 25, 151 breast-feeding, 37 Browne, Sir Thomas, 39 Bullinger, Heinrich, 41 Burrow, Colin, 142 Calvin, Jean, 40, 98, 110 Camden, William, 65 Camus, Albert, 151 canonicity, 25, 225 Carew, Thomas, 185, 226 Carey, John, 168, 169 Cecil, Robert, 172, 202 Celovsky, Lisa, 100 Chapman, George, 91–2 Charles I, King of England and Scotland, 54, 204 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 102 childlessness, 45 Cicero, 26 Daniel, Samuel, 23 Delia, 27, 72 daughters opposed to sons, 57, 110 Davies, Sir John Epigrams, 24 Gulling Sonnets, 18 Dawkins, Richard, 22 Day, John Law Tricks, 16 de Grazia, Margreta, 137 Donne, John, 34, 43, 50, 113, 125, 131, 140, 158, 160–87, 188, 226 ‘A Nocturnall Upon S Lucies Day’, 176–7 ‘A Valediction Forbidding Mourning’, 85 ‘A Valediction: Of Weeping’, 163, 169 ‘Air and Angels’, 7, 169 Anniversaries, 174–5 epithalamia, 180–4 ‘Farewell to Love’, 168 Holy Sonnet ‘Death Be Not Proud’, 176 Holy Sonnet ‘Since She Whom I Loved’, 178 ‘Love’s Exchange’, 82 ‘Love’s Growth’, 142, 184 ‘Love’s Progress’, 166 ‘Love’s Usury’, 163 ‘Love’s Warre’, 165 Metempsychosis, 170–3 Paradoxes and Problems, 163 Sermons, 179 ‘The Anagram’, 165 ‘The Autumnal’, 164 ‘The Comparison’, 165 272 Index ‘The Dissolution’, 173 ‘The Ecstasie’, 76, 168, 169 ‘The Flea’, 163 ‘The Good Morrow’, 167, 208 ‘The Perfume’, 164 ‘The Relique’, 162, 170 ‘The Storme’, 165 ‘The Sunne Rising’, 167, 177–8 ‘The Undertaking’, 170 ‘To His Mistress Going to Bed’, 166 verse epistles, 211–13 Drayton, Michael, 85, 226 Idea, 61, 144 Drummond, William, 91, 188 Dryden, John, 227 Dubrow, Heather, 26 Duncan-Jones, Katherine, 75, 148 education, 26 Edward VI, King of England, 59 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1, 5, 7, 28, 46, 51, 53, 63, 72, 78, 84, 96, 103, 112, 132, 153, 157, 165, 173 and Phoenix, 85 as maternal figure, 66 emasculation, Empson, William, 175 ensoulment, 38–9, 163 Erne, Lukas, 155 eschatology, 42–3, 108, 144 Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of, 154, 157 evolutionary biology, family, extended, family, nuclear, female orgasm, 38 femininity, 20, 212 and creativity, 4, 17 and emotions, 131 and Nature, and pathos, 28 Fletcher, Angus, 118 Fletcher, Anthony, 3, 20 Fletcher, John Sir John van Olden Barnavelt (with Philip Massinger), 222–3 The Honest Man’s Fortune (with Nathan Field), Fletcher, Phineas, 127–9, 226 fostering out, 51 Foucault, Michel, Freud, Sigmund, 2, 66–7, 71, 83, 214 Galen, 7, 37 Gascoigne, George, 24 273 genealogy, 99 genre, 7, 10, 99 Glimp, David, 73 Godolphin, Sidney, 224–5 Goodyer, Sir Henry, 212 Gouge, William, 41, 45, 48 Greene, Robert Menaphon, 28 Greenham, Richard, 41–2, 96 Greville, Sir Fulke, 35, 43, 65, 68, 96, 143 Caelica, 78, 80–90 Mustapha, 92–4 harmonization of the sexes, 68, 99, 131, 164, 217 Harvey, Elizabeth D., Hatton, Sir Christopher, 52 Henry, Prince of Wales, 34, 53 Henry VIII, King of England, 52 Herbert, George, 185–6 Herbert of Cherbury, Edward Lord, 107, 185 hermaphroditism, 7, 106, 115, 170, 186, 219, 232 Herrick, Robert, 227–31 homosexuality, 5, 216 homosociality, 5, 188, 211 infant mortality, 26, 47, 220–1 Irigaray, Luce, 107 James VI and I, King of Scotland and England, 1, 39, 53, 173 Basilikon Doron, 53–6 Jeronimo (Anon.), 16 Jonson, Ben, 1, 10, 23, 35, 43, 164, 184, 188–225, 226 Every Man in His Humour, 190–3 The Staple of News, 193–5 ‘To Penshurst’, 196–7 Keats, John, 208 Keller, Eve, 21 Kermode, Frank, 106 Krier, Theresa M., 67 Kyd, Thomas The Spanish Tragedy, 59, 61, 189–90 Lacan, Jacques, 67, 84, 95 Larkin, Philip, 230 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 72, 99 Lewis, C S., 136 Luther, Martin, 40, 43 Macfarlane, Alan, 45, 49 Mallette, Richard, 95 274 Marlowe, Christopher, 160, 162 Edward II, 60 Marotti, Arthur, 5, 79, 88 marriage, Protestant theories of, 5, 40, 45, 50, 121 Marston, John Sophonisba, 22 Marvell, Andrew, 227 Mary I, Queen of England, 147 masculinity, 3, 7, 54, 59, 63, 65, 68, 75, 78, 92, 97, 99, 131 masturbation, 22, 216 Matalene, H W., 222 maternal mortality, 104, 175 Maus, Katharine Eisaman, McCabe, Richard A., 43, 50, 101, 113, 117 Middleton, Thomas A Trick to Catch the Old One, 17 Milton, John, 105, 127, 227, 231–3 misogyny, Spenser’s challenge to, 95 Montaigne, Michel de, 23 Montrose, Louis A., 68 More, Anne, 175, 177 mourning for children, 220–1 mourning for fathers, 46, 227–8 Nashe, Thomas, 52 Neill, Michael, 42 Niccholes, Alexander, 49 Nixon, Anthony, 44 Norbrook, David, 82 Ovid, 26, 139, 160, 162 Oxford, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of, 18, 71, 135 paternity, uncertain, 2, 16, 38, 67, 92, 99, 137, 145, 197 patronage, 51, 63, 146, 199, 206, 209, 211 Pembroke, William Herbert, 2nd Earl of, 137 Perkins, William, 44, 97 Petrarch, Francesco, 158 Phaer, Thomas The Boke of Chyldren, 37 Philip II, King of Spain, 147 Phoenix, 57, 85, 105, 128, 132, 157, 182 Pigman, G W., 222 Plato, 4, 26, 101, 135 Protestant work ethic, 23 public versus private life, 2, 5, 22, 26, 51, 125, 170, 196, 207 publication, 9, 10, 11, 130, 160 Pugh, Syrithe, 109, 122 Purgatory, Protestant abolition of, 42 Index Ralegh, Sir Walter, 3, 28–34, 52, 78, 83, 97, 154 Ralegh, Walter Junior (‘Wat’), 31, 222 rape, 108, 145 reproduction, theories of, 3, 13, 21, 37–40 Ricks, Christopher, 167 Roche, Thomas P., 112, 116 Rose, Mary Beth, Schiffer, James, 153 Shakespeare, William, 13–16, 34, 43, 49, 129, 130–59, 226 ‘A Lover’s Complaint’, 146 A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 14, 79 As You Like It, 17 Hamlet, 15, 158, 191 Henry IV Part Two, 49, 138 Henry VI Part Three, 53, 60, 139 Henry VIII, 56 King Lear, 7, 13, 15, 48, 218 ‘Let the bird of loudest lay’ (aka ‘The Phoenix and the Turtle’), 134, 156–8 Macbeth, 14 Much Ado about Nothing, 130 Othello, 14 Richard II, 15 Romeo and Juliet, 15, 139 Sonnets, 18–20, 23, 40, 123, 131–45, 146, 149, 152, 208, 219 The Merchant of Venice, 13 The Passionate Pilgrim, 18 The Rape of Lucrece, 145, 148 The Taming of the Shrew, 13 The Tempest, 156 The Two Noble Kinsmen, 81, 134 The Winter’s Tale, 15–16, 56, 58, 137 Titus Andronicus, 57 Venus and Adonis, 42, 146–56 Sharpham, Edward Cupid’s Whirligig, Shepard, Alexandra, 24 Sidney, Sir Henry, 63 Sidney, Sir Philip, 6, 12, 34, 62, 63–94, 113, 130, 143, 226 Arcadia, 9, 64, 66, 72, 73, 79 Astrophel and Stella, 71–80, 153, 215 Certain Sonnets, 70 Defence of Poetry, 75, 200 ‘Four Foster-Children of Desire’, 70, 101 Letter to Queen Elizabeth, 75 Silberman, Lauren, 108, 115 Spenser, Edmund, 12, 18, 34, 43, 95–129, 131, 132, 135, 157, 160, 226 A Theatre for Worldlings, 126 Index Amoretti, 67, 80, 123, 124, 126, 161–2 Colin Clouts Come Home Againe, 180 Complaints, 52, 94, 110 Epithalamion, 124–5, 176–9 Fowre Hymnes, 125 Prothalamion, 180 The Faerie Queene, 10, 64, 96–123, 146, 148, 149, 165, 167, 170, 220 The Shepheardes Calender, 9, 110 Statius, 25 Stone, Lawrence, 45, 51 Suckling, Sir John, 226 Swetnam the Woman-Hater (Anon.), Tilney, Edward, 50 Titian, 146–7, 149, 152 Targoff, Ramie, 178 Yeats, W B., 176 Vendler, Helen, 143 Villeponteaux, Mary, 96 Virgil, 26, 99 Walton, Izaak, 179 Winnicot, D W., 80 Witmore, Michael, 27, 69 Wrightson, Keith, 45 Wroth, Lady Mary Urania, 17, 71 275 ... to interfere with this straightforward line, on the one hand by introducing the radical uncertainty of paternity, and on the other by altering a man’s sons€– both in carrying and in nurturing... understanding between the sexes Orlando, who says he ‘can live no longer by thinking’ (As You Like It, v ii 50), can gain access to life (and 18 Poetry and Paternity in Renaissance England presumably... new accommodations Poetry and Paternity in Renaissance England between the sexes, and reflect on the different spheres into which an individual may invest himself ‘Pater semper incertus est’, runs