Sander m goldberg constructing literature in the roman republic poetry and its reception 2005

CONSTRUCTING LITERATURE IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC How the Romans came to have a literature, how that literature reflected native and foreign impulses, and how it formed a legacy for subsequent generations have become central questions in the cultural history of the Republic Constructing Literature in the Roman Republic examines the problem of Rome’s literary development by shifting attention from Rome’s writers to its readers The literature we traditionally call “early” is seen to be a product less of the mid-Republic, when poetic texts began to circulate, than of the late Republic, when they were systematically collected, canonized, and put to new social and artistic uses Imposing on texts the name and function of literature was thus often a retrospective activity This book explores the development of this literary sensibility from the Romans’ early interest in epic and drama, through the invention of satire and the eventual enshrining of books in the public collections that became so important to Horace and Ovid Sander M Goldberg is Professor of Classics at the University of California, Los Angeles The author of The Making of Menander’s Comedy, Understanding Terence, and Epic in Republican Rome, he has held fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Fulbright-Hays Commission He is a past editor of the Transactions of the American Philological Association Constructing Literature in the Roman Republic POETRY AND ITS RECEPTION SANDER M GOLDBERG University of California, Los Angeles cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S˜ao Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521854610 C Cambridge University Press 2005 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2005 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Goldberg, Sander M Constructing literature in the Roman Republic : poetry and its reception / Sander M Goldberg p cm Includes bibliographical references isbn 0-521-85461-x (hardcover) Latin poetry – History and criticism Rome – History – Republic, 510–265 b.c Nationalism and literature – Rome Poetry – Appreciation – Rome Authors and readers – Rome Books and reading – Rome Rome – In literature I Title pa6047.g65 2005 871 0109358 – dc22 2005013006 isbn-13 978-0-521-85461-0 hardback isbn-10 0-521-85461-x hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Erich Gruen amico collegae magistroque semper CONTENTS Preface page ix Introduction 1 The Muse Arrives 20 Constructing Literature 52 Comedy at Work 87 Dido’s Furies 115 Enter Satire 144 Roman Helicon 178 Retrospective 204 Bibliography 213 Index of Passages Discussed 241 General Index 244 vii PREFACE this study developed from the nagging sense, increasingly common among students of the Roman world, that the traditional story told of Roman literature’s origin and early development is deeply unsatisfactory Challenges to the old verities have become too numerous, too insistent, and too convincing to keep the old story in place, but many of the alternatives now being proposed seem to me to be grounded too deeply in modern ideology and not deeply enough in ancient evidence Like most New Historicists, I want to speak with the dead, but I am more eager to hear what they have to say than to tell them what I think it means The following pages therefore set the primary evidence above the debates being waged over it Scholarly opinions come and go (and sometimes come again), but the evidence endures My presentation reflects that priority, quoting and discussing Roman sources in the text and being as clear as possible about why I read them as I do, but relegating the majority of my scholarly debts, disagreements, and suggestions to the notes Yet this is not a strictly empirical study It owes much to theorists, in particular to Stanley Fish for its definition of literature and to Pierre Bourdieu for its understanding of literature’s role in society, and its way of reading Latin poetry is inevitably influenced by the work of Giorgio Pasquali and his successors Though I am obviously not one to unpack and interrogate when I can analyze and ask, this inquiry remains in all significant respects, by choice and not just by necessity, a product of its time Its approach to literary history is nevertheless a little 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64.3: 109 95.7–8: 187 Cicero Academica 1.9: 97 ad Atticum: 13.2: 47 ad Familiares 1.9.19: 87–88 ad Familiares 5.12.7: 184 ad Q fratrem 2.10.3: 38 Brutus 57–59: 40 Brutus 71: 3, 24, 37 Brutus 75: Brutus 71–76: 11 de Officiis 1.104: 164 de Officiis 1.114: 129 de Oratore 1.72: 171–72 de Oratore 2.25: 168 de Oratore 3.171: 172–73 Hortensius, fr 15: 76 In Pisonem 46: 141 Pro Archia 22: 15, 25 Pro Archia 27: 12 Pro Caelio 18: 93 Pro Caelio 33–34: 93 Pro Caelio 36: 93–94 Pro Caelio: 61–66: 95–96 Pro Quinctio 11: 145–46 Pro Quinctio: 93: 147 Pro S Roscio Amerino 46–47: 90–91 Pro S Roscio Amerino 67: 140 Tusculan Disputations 1.3: 9–10 Tusculan Disputations 1.34: 46 Tusculan Disputations 4.3: 3–4 Ennius Annales fr iii-x: 27 Annales 39–42: 139 Annales 44–45: 36 Annales 58–59: 34 Annales 74–76: 29 Annales 80–101: 36 241 Index of Passa ges Discussed Annales 137: 32 Annales 183–90: 154, 167, 171 Annales 206–07: 37 Annales 591–2: 33 Andromache 92–94J: 134 Mede exul 208–16J: 137 Medea exul 217–18J: 135 C Gracchus fr 61M: 135 Horace Epistle 1.3.15–20: 195 Epistle 2.1.50–62: 58 Epistle 2.1.54: 25 Epistle 2.1.76–78: 179 Epistle 2.1.108–10: 181 Epistle 2.1.156–9: 23 Epistle 2.1.166–67: 142 Epistle 2.1.186–93: 59 Epistle 2.1.214–15: 44 Epistle 2.1.214–18: 189 Epistle 2.1.250–57: 184 Epistle 2.1.264–66: 187 Epistle 2.1.269–70: 187 Satire 1.4.1–2: 78, 79 Satire 1.4.1–7: 162, 163 Satire 1.4.11–13: 155–56 Satire 1.4.56–62: 156–57 Satire 1.10.31–35: 176 Satire 2.1.28–34: 168 Satire 2.1.62–70: 158 Livius Andronicus 1.117–18: 23 1.308: 36 3.72–73: 131 3.1025: 32 4.1177–79: 98 Lucilius 15–16: 173 36–37: 158–59 87–93: 161 609–10: 170 647: 168 650–51: 168 652–53: 169 793–813: 159, 160 1145–51: 156 1196–1208: 166–67 Lutatius Catulus (ap Gell 19.9.14): 107 Naevius Bellum Punicum, fr 44: 27 Tarentilla (72–4R): 169 Ovid ex Ponto: 1.1.9–10: 201 Tristia 2.229–62: 35 Tristia 2.533–36: 199 Tristia 3.1.33–38: 196–97 Tristia 3.1.49–52: 197 Tristia 3.1.67–74: 200 Tristia 4.4(a).13–16: 183 Tristia 4.10.43–54: 182 Odusia, fr 1: 37 Pacuvius Livy 7.2.3–13: 7–8 Iliona (ap Cic Tusc 1.106): 124, (ap Cic Fin 5.63), 125 Lucretius Plautus 1.1–4: 33 1.29–34: 29 1.80–101: 30 1.82–101: 131–32 1.107–9: 36 1.112–16: 36 Amphitruo 188–89: 151 Amphitruo 648–53: 152 Bacchides 214–15: 65 Captivi 670–74: 104 Curculio 99–102: 98 Mostellaria ff.: 130 242 Index of Passa ges Discussed Poenulus 917–29: 63–64 Pseudolus 67–69: 101 Pseudolus 362–74: 110 Trinummus 199–202: 147 Trinummus 705–06: 64–65 Polybius 31.25.5: 14 Porcius Licinus (ap Gell 17.21.44–6): 22–23 Propertius 2.34.61–66: 21 Quintilian 10.1.16–19: 44–45 Eunuchus 20–24: 48 Eunuchus 27: 48 Eunuchus 30–34: 48 Eunuchus 35–41: 48 Eunuchus 590: 37 Eunuchus 867–71: 105 Hecyra 14–27: 49 Phormio (didascaliae) 69, 70 Phormio 237–38: 149 Phormio 281–84: 150 Valerius Aedituus (ap Gell 19.9.10): 106 Varro de Vita pop Rom fr 84: de Lingua Latina 9.54: 41 Satires 399: 77 Seneca Suasoria 3.7: 31 Suetonius de Grammaticis et rhetoribus 2.2: 62 Augustus 89.1: 57, 164 Augustus 99: 92 Terence Adelphoe 428–29: 151 Vergil Aeneid 1.1 (parody): 31–32 Aeneid 4.68–69: 115 Aeneid 300–03: 115 Aeneid 465–73: 115 Aeneid 6.845–6: 31–32 Aeneid 362–65: 198 Volcacius Sedigitus (ap Gell 15.24), 77–78 243 GENERAL INDEX Accius, and praetexta, 16 as scholar, 75 as tragedian, 121, 130, 166 Atreus, 127, 131, 136 Clytemnestra, 124 Actium, battle of, 22 Aedes Herculis Musarum, 12 aediles, and ludi, 48, 72, 73, 92 Aelius Stilo, L., scholarly methods of, 60, 62, 75, 84, 97 social standing of, 85, 146 Aemilius Lepidus, M., in Ennius, 28 Aemilius Paullus, L., 26, 74 Aesopus (actor), 123, 125, 127 Albinovanus Celsus, 195 Albucius, T., 160–61 allusivity, in Latin literature, 31, 33, 34, 39, 130, 205, 207 Ambivius Turpio, 70, 73 Andronicus, Livius, 1, 7, 8, 18, 51, 123, 166 use of Greek models by, 37 Antiphanes, Oionistes, 49 Apollonius of Rhodes, 117, 194 archives, at Athens, 71 at Rome, 50, 71–72, 193 aristocracy, and literature, 7, 11–12, 15, 43 Aristophanes, see Old Comedy Aristotle, 44, 193, 205 Asinius, Pollio, C., 46, 190–92, 203 Atrium Libertatis, 190, 192 Atticus (T Pomponius), 24, 47, 80, 194 audience, as constructors of ‘literature’ (see also Reception), 18, 41, 43 in theater, 54, 152–53 Augustus, addressed by poets, 183, 188, 197, 199–200 and actors, 57–58 and poets, 183–84, 188 as critic, 205, 206 house of (see also Evander), 197 literary taste of, 164, 180 aural performance v private reading, 44–46 authorship, commercial value of, 66 construction of, 63, 84–85, 168–69 ballads, see carmina convivalia books, circulation of, 38, 47–48, 84 Bourdieu, Pierre, 9, 96, 206 Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q., 160, 169 Caecilius Statius, 90, 166 and ‘furtum,’ 49 and Terence, 73 Caedicius, Q., 28 Caesar, C Iulius, 56, 79, 87, 190, 193, 204 Caesar Strabo, C Iulius, 166 Calpurnius Piso, L., 146 Camenae, 37 canon-formation (see also libraries, list-making), 42–43, 80, 84–86, 97, 193, 209 carmen, definition of, 13 Carmen Priami, 26 244 General Index Carmen Saliare 61, 84 carmina convivalia, 4–5, 16 problems of reconstruction, 9, 12 Cato, and Ennius’ Annales, attitude toward poetry, 12–13, 15 Aulus Gellius on, 13 works, Carmen de moribus, 13–14 Origines, 2, 28, 82 Cicero on, 10–11 Catullus, on Vatinius, 87 response to epic, 21, 181, 187 scholarly responses to, 102, 112–13 use of comedy, 100–02, 107 use of tragedy, 137–38, 142 value of books for, 112, 205 censorship (magistracy), 83, 191 Choerilus of Iasus, 183–84 Cicero, as epic poet, 185–86 as literary historian, 2–3, 9, 17, 76–77, 175 as reader, 38–39, 40, 79, 88, 168 as translator, 39 as user of literature, 87, 89, 90–91, 94–95, 149, 184 attitude toward drama, 55–56, 124, 129–30 literary quotation in, 128, 162, 171–72, 207 quotations from tragedy by, 126–27, 130 (putative) Pro Caelio, 92–96 Pro Quinctio, 144–49, 207 Cinna, C Helvius, 21, 188 Claudius Caecus, App., 93 Clodia Metelli, 93 Clodius, P., 88, 92, 93 Clodius, Serv., 60, 63, 67, 75 comedy, as imago vitae, 91, 95 comoedia palliata (see also drama), as ‘literature,’ 62, 75, 113 as moral paradigm, 149, 150–51, 153 as social criticism, 99–100, 150 characters recalled, 88, 90, 94–95, 97 decline of, 55, 57, 208 echoes of language of, 100–02, 107 (Catullus), 169 (Lucilius) multiple performances of, 64 literary status of, 81, 96, 97, 102 popularity of, 55, 60, 122–23 stage qualities of, 79, 92 convivia, extravagance of, 14 Cornelius Lentulus Lupus, L., 157, 159–60 Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P., 87, 89, 96, 99, 207 Crates of Mallos, 25, 27, 82, 211 Cratinus, 164 critical signs ‘notae’ (see also Aelius Stilo), 61 dactylic hexameter, as Latin innovation, 23, 25–26, 37 for satire, 155 style of, 106 defamation, laws at Rome (see also invective, satire), 165 didascaliae, Athenian, 71 authority of, 74–75 of Terence, 69–70, 73, 74 patterns in, 69 drama (see also specific genres), history of, 113 status of, 17, 19, 51, 180, 210 political significance of, 41–42, 123–24 ritual context of, 45 scripts of, as texts, 64, 69 education, and class, 83, 96, 127, 210 elegiac couplet, 106 elogia, of Scipios, 46 Ennius, Q., chronology of, 11, 166 as dramatist, 11, 121, 123 as satirist, 162 epitaph of, 37, 46 Cicero on, 10–11, 16, 40, 171 Lucretius’ use of, 38, 134 status among contemporaries, 15, 40–41 individual works, Ambracia, 17 Annales, as epic model, 22–24, 133 Cicero on, 24 Homeric echoes in, 27, 33, 37 Horace on, 23 reception of, 25–28, 46 style of, 33, 106 Alexander, 126, 171 Andromache, 134 Iphigeneia, 134 Medea exul, 93, 136–38 245 General Index epic genre, audience for, 43, 153–54 criticism of, 36 prestige of, 18, 21–22, 25, 27, 84 social comment in, 154 epigram, Greek models for, 98 Roman, 106 Erucius (prosecutor), 89, 96, 207 Euripides, and Vergil, 116, 119, 121 Evander, house of, 198–99 Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Q., 31–32 Fabius Pictor, Q., 2, 81 Fabius Ululitremulus, 20 fabula togata, 56, 57, 123 fabula praetexta, status of, 16, 17 invention of, 16 Ambracia (Ennius), 17 Brutus (Accius), 17, 124 Octavia (Seneca), 17 Fish, Stanley, 39, 40, 42, 206 flagitatio, in Catullus, 110–12 in Plautus, 110 Floralia, 17, 123, 127 Foucault, Michel, 41, 85 Fulvius Nobilior, M., Cato on, 10–12, 154 and Ennius’ Annales, 11, 28, 34, 43 Fundanius (in Horace), 60 Furies, in Cicero, 140–41 in Vergil, 118 Furius of Antium, 28 Furius Bibaculus (epic poet), 21, 154 Granius ( praeco), 146, 170, 173 grassator, 13, 197 Greek influence on Rome, 7, 26, 54, 173 on Roman literature, 27, 37, 48, 82, 102, 119 of scholarship on Romans (also see Crates of Mallos), 61–62 texts, access to, 49, 192 hendecasyllable, 107 Herder, J G., history, Roman, written in Greek, 82 written in Latin, 82–83 Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 35 Horace, as literary historian, 58–60, 178–89 as panegyrist, 186–87 as public poet, 182 as satirist, 165, 174–77, 180, 185 Epistle 1.3, 195 Epistle 1.13, 188 Epistle 2.1, 58–60, 178–89 on Palatine library, 189–203 on modernity, 175–76, 179, 181–82, 184, 186 on neoteric poets, 176, 179, 188 on public performance, 44, 58–60, 183 relationship with Augustus, 178, 205–206 Hortensius Hortalus, Q., 145 126n38 iambic senarius, 103–04 Ilia, in Ennius, 34–36, 133 in Lucretius, 38 and Vergil, 138–39 “Interpretative Community,” at Rome (also see Fish), 40, 208 invective at Rome (see also libertas, satire), 57, 87, 162 Iphianassa, in Lucretius, 31, 132–33 ithyphallic cola (in Catullus), 109 Jauss, Hans Robert, 206–07 Laevius, 107 Latin language, Greek influence on, 82, 174 social change and, 43, 83, 176 libertas, in satire, 165 under Principate, 191, 201–02, 204 libraries, 38, 50, 69, 76 Greek idea of, 192–93 Roman idea of, 193–94 role in canon-formation, 194, 196, 203 at Rome in Atrium Libertatis, 190–92, 201 in Porticus Octaviae, 194, 201 on Palatine, 189–90, 192 Licinius Calvus, C., 112 Licinius Crassus, L., 146, 170, 71, 173 list-making (see also canon-formation), 76–81, 209 literacy, Roman, literary communication, 38, 42, 211 246 General Index literary history, problems of, chronology, 18–19, 24, 51, 210 ideology, 208–09 periodization, 209–11 reception, 206–07 silence, 207–08 survival, 209 teleology, 11, 209 literary history (Roman), construction of, 8, 16, 18, 112–13 sources for, 8, 15, 16, 22–23, 207 literature (general), function of, 97 literature (Roman), definition of, 17–18, 41–43, 90–91, 208–09 foreign influences in, 1, 7, 37, 48 origins of, 1–2, 7, 84, 210 social criticism in, 19, 41–42 litterae ‘literature,’ 90–91, 136, 208 Livy, 7, 34 Lucilius, C., Horace on, 155–58, 168, 174–76 meters of, 155, 159 on Greek influence at Rome, 173–74 persona of, 168 social criticism in, 159–62, 170, 176 social status of, 165, 168, 170–71 style of, 156, 169, 173–74 Lucretius, and Cicero, 38–39 comic echoes in, 98 and Ennius, 23, 32–37 epic echoes in, 133 epic elements in, 29–31 on Latin language, 30 learning of, 32–37 tragic allusions in, 131, 133–34 ludi Apollinares, 55, 123 ludi Megalenses, 45, 52, 59, 70, 92 ludi Romani, 1, 18, 51, 53, 70, 122 ludi scaenici, aristocratic sponsorship of, 42, 53, 72, 81 cultural significance of, 210 origins of, 7, 24 Livy’s bias against, performances at, 16, 44–45, 54, 153 ludiones, Etruscan, 8, 120 Luscius Lanuvinus, and Terence, 48, 50, 73 Magna Mater, Temple of, 52–53 Marius, G., austerity of, 15 Menander, Deisidaimon, 49 Kolax, 48 Samia, 102 mime, popularity of, 55–56, 57, 92, 123, 180 in Pro Caelio, 95 Mucius Scaevola, Q., 160–61, 171 munera, sponsorship of, 42 drama at, 45, 74 Naevius, Gn., 123, 124, 166, 169 and fabula praetexta, 16 Bellum Punicum, 23, 26, 154 Naevius, Sextus, 144, 147–48, 150 neoterics (see also Catullus, Horace), 32, 109, 112, 127, 175–76, 188, 205 Niebuhr, B G., 4, 6–7 Nietzsche, F W., 180 Octavius Lampadio, C., 25, 27, 60 Old Comedy (see also satire), 164 oral poetry, at Rome, 5, 6, 42 oratory, and acting, 57, 126, 129 Ovid, allusion to Vergil, 31, 199 exclusion from libraries, 200, 201, 202 on literary scene, 181–82 relegation of, 194, 201–02 reputation of, 202 Pacuvius, and praetexta, 16 and tragedy, 120, 121, 124–25 painting, Aeneas in, 20 Furies in, 118 Iphigeneia in, 133 Pentheus in, 119 Palatine, Aeneas’ visit to, 198 as site of ludi Megalenses, 52 Ovid’s visit to, 196–201 Temple of Apollo on, 190 pantomime, 119–20, 180 paraclausithyron, 98 parasite, 147 Pasquali, Giorgio, 31 performance, public v private reading, 45–47, 128 Pergamum (see also Crates of Mallos), 75, 192, 193 247 General Index philhellenism, 161, 173, 174 Philodemus, 206 plagiarism, 48–49, 195–96 Plautus, attitude toward writing, 111–12 biography of, 63, 66–68, 85, 166 on Greek sources, 37 Horace on, 43 in performance, 52, 56, 62 plays as ‘literature,’ 44, 62 revivals of, 66 style of, 104 tragic parody in, 123 individual plays Curculio, 98–99 Poenulus, 63 Pseudolus, 45, 101, as book text, 110 poetry (Roman), characteristic features, 106, 109 features shared with prose, 2–3 in liturgical contexts, 45 in private contexts, 46 status at Rome, 19 poets, social status of, 166 and personae, 168–69, 171 Polybius, 14, 82 Pomponius Macer, 194 Pomponius Melissus, C., 194 Porcius Licinus, 22–23, 51 praecones, 146, 170 production notes, see didascaliae Propertius, 98, 112 on Aeneid, 21–22, 181 prosopopoeia, 93 ‘publication’ in antiquity (see also books), 47, 48 performance as, 50 Pylades of Cilicia, see pantomime Pyrrhus, 167, 171 Quinctius, P., 144, 150 Quintilian, on aural perception, 44 on delivery, 129, 135 readership, author and, 47–48, 122, 206 reception, role in constructing literature, 16–17, 41, 206 reception theory, 206–07 recitation (see also Asinius Pollio), 21, 46, 182, 192, 208 recusatio, 21 Roscius Gallus, Q., 56–57, 62, 126, 129, 149 Roscius, Sextus (Amerinus), 89 Sallustius (on Empedocles), 39 satire (see also Horace, Lucilius), formation of, 19, 155 and epic, 156–57 and Old Comedy, 163–64 ‘dramatic’ satura, 8, 16 Saturnian verse, 23, 26, 37 scazon, 103 Scipio Aemilianus, P Cornelius, 14, 68, 166 scurra, 147 scripts (dramatic), access to, 49–50 authenticity of, 66–67, 68 Sempronius Gracchus, C., 135, 136 Servius, on Aeneid (and Euripides), 120–21 on Aeneid 9, 10 (and Lucilius), 157–58 soldiers, in comedy, 151–52 sumptuary debates, 13–14 symposium (see also carmina convivalia), ‘Tabularium,’ 191 Terence, parody of Ennius, 37 ‘furtum’ by, 48 prologues of, 2, 48 revival performances of, 68, 74–75 status of, 73, 79 style of, 105 survival of plays, 68–69, 75 individual plays Adelphoe, 94–95 Eunuchus, 37, 88, 96, 159, 207 Phormio, 148–50 theater buildings at Rome, temporary, 53 of Balbus, 59 of Marcellus, 59 of Pompey, 55, 59, 124 Thyestes’ banquet, 131 Tibullus, 98 Timanthes of Cynthos, 133 tragedy, actors in, 125, 126, 127 emotion in, 124–25 Hellenistic character of, 125 influence on poetry, 131–34 248 General Index language of, 141–42 parody of, 123 performance at Rome, 122–24 political allusions in, 123 reception at Rome, 54–55, 119–20, 123, 131, 138 texts as books, 126–27, 135–36, 138 theatricality of, 124–25 values of, 142 Vergil’s use of, 116–17 Trebatius Testa, C., 128, 136 trochaic septenarius, for didactic verse, 22, 26 Valerius Aedituus, 37, 106 Vargunteius, Q., 25, 27 Varius, Thyestes, 210 Varro of Atax (epic poet), 21, 154 Varro, M Terentius, 24, 43, 97, 107, 193 and status of drama, 50–51, 56, 77 on early poetry, 4, 41, 43 and Plautus, 43, 67–68 Vatinius, P., 87 Venus, in Lucretius, 29, 35 Vergil, Greek learning of, 119, 121–22 Aeneid, innovation in, 22 allusions to Annales in, 32–34, 138–40 allusion to stage in, 116, 118 debt to Lucilius, 157 debt to Naevius, 59 multiple reference in, 121 recitation of, 21, 182, 208 tragedy in, 116–18, 140 Eclogues, set to music, 47 virtus, 152, 166–67 Volcacius Sedigitus, 77–79 Volusius, 187 wit, Cicero on, 173 Zorzetti, N., 249 ... from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Goldberg, Sander M Constructing literature in the Roman Republic : poetry and its reception / Sander M Goldberg p cm Includes... become central questions in the cultural history of the Republic Constructing Literature in the Roman Republic examines the problem of Rome’s literary development by shifting attention from Rome’s... of the Transactions of the American Philological Association Constructing Literature in the Roman Republic POETRY AND ITS RECEPTION SANDER M GOLDBERG University of California, Los Angeles cambridge