Studies in Classics Edited by Dirk Obbink & Andrew Dyck Oxford University / The University of California, Los Angeles A Routledge Series Studies in Classics Dirk Obbink & Andrew Dyck, General Editors Singular Dedications Founders and Innovators of Private Cults in Classical Greece Andrea Purvis Empedocles An Interpretation Simon Trépanier Rhetoric in Cicero’s PRO BALBO Kimberly Anne Barber For Salvation’s Sake Provincial Loyalty, Personal Religion, and Epigraphic Production in the Roman and Late Antique Near East Jason Moralee Ambitiosa Mors Suicide and the Self in Roman Thought and Literature Timothy Hill A Linguistic Commentary on Livius Andronicus Ivy Livingston Aristoxenus of Tarentum and the Birth of Musicology Sophie Gibson Hyperboreans Myth and History in Celtic-Hellenic Contacts Timothy P Bridgman Augustan Egypt The Creation of a Roman Province Livia Capponi Nothing Ordinary Here Statius as Creator of Distinction in the Silvae Noelle K Zeiner Sex and the Second-Best City Sex and Society in the Laws of Plato Kenneth Royce Moore Simonides on the Persian Wars A Study of the Elegiac Verses of the “New Simonides” Lawrence M Kowerski Philodemus ON RHETORIC Books and Translation and Exegetical Essays Clive Chandler Aphrodite and Eros The Development of Erotic Mythology in Early Greek Poetry and Culture Barbara Breitenberger Empedocles REDIVIVUS: Poetry and Analogy in Lucretius Myrto Garani Empedocles REDIVIVUS: Poetry and Analogy in Lucretius Myrto Garani New York London First published 2007 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Garani, Myrto, 1975– Poetry and analogy in Empedocles and Lucretius / by Myrto Garani p cm — (Studies in classics) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-415-98849-7 Empedocles Lucretius Carus, Titus Greek poetry—History and criticism I Title PA3968.E6G37 2008 182'.5—dc22 ISBN 0-203-92928-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-98849-7 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-92928-4 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-98849-0 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-92928-5 (ebk) 2007031855 Contents Abbreviations vii Permissions ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction Chapter One Personification 29 Chapter Two Similes 95 Chapter Three Metaphors 151 Epilogue 221 Notes 223 List of Translations 269 Bibliography 271 Index Locorum 293 General Index 315 v Abbreviations Arr.2 G Arrighetti, Epicuro Opere, 2nd ed., (Turin 1973) CIAG H Diels (ed.), Commentaria in Aristotelem Greaca (Berlin, 1882–1909) DK H Diels and W Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker6 (3 vols.; Berlin, 1951–52) Dox Graec Doxographi Graeci, ed H Diels (Berlin, 1879; cited from 1965 reprint) Ep Hdt Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus Ep Men Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus Ep Pyth Epicurus, Letter to Pythocles FHS&G W W Fortenbaugh, P M Huby, R W Sharples, and D Gutas (eds.), Theophrastus of Eresus (Leiden, 1992) LSJ H G Liddell and R Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon9 rev H S Jones, with supplement (Oxford, 1968) [rev supplement by P G W Glare (1996)] M&P A Martin and O Primavesi (eds.), L’Empédocle de Strasbourg (P Strasb gr Inv 1665–1666) (Berlin and Strasbourg, 1998) vii viii Abbreviations OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed., eds S Hornblower and A Spawforth (Oxford, 1996) OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary, ed P G W Clare (Oxford, 1982) PHerc Papyri Herculanenses SVF H von Arnim, Stoicorum veterum fragmenta (4 vols., Leipzig, 1903–24) TLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (Leipzig, 1887–) Us H Usener, Epicurea (Leipzig, 1887) ΚΔ Epicurus, Principal Sayings Fragments of the Presocratic philosophers are numbered according to DK When Empedocles is identified by context, I am referring to his testimonia (labelled A) or extant fragments (labelled B) without naming him There is a full list of the translations used in the end of the book Abbreviations for journal titles generally follow the system used in L’Année Philologique; lists of standard abbreviations for classical authors and works can be found in LSJ and the OLD Permissions The translations of Empedocles’ testimonia are reprinted by permission of University of Toronto Press from B Inwood, The poem of Empedocles: a text and translation with an introduction, revised edition (Phoenix Supplementary volume; 39), Copyright © 2001 by University of Toronto Press Incorporated Text and translation of Empedocles’ extant fragments are reprinted by permission of Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd from Wright, M R (© 1981, 1995): Empedocles, the extant fragments The translation of Lucretius’ De rerum natura is reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from LUCRETIUS, Loeb Classical Library ® Volume 181, translated by W H Rouse, 1924, revised by Martin F Smith, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1975, 1982, 1992 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College] The translation of Diogenes Laertius is reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from DIOGENES LAERTIUS: LIVES OF EMINENT PHILOSOPHERS–VOLUME II, Loeb Classical Library Volume 185, translated by R D Hicks, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1925 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved ® ix 310 917: 262 962: 42, 174 (cited) 962–963: 259 992: 262 1019: 259 1066: 262 1096: 250 1096–1101: 214 1098: 214 (cited) 1155: 240 1161–1240: 233, 233, 234 1201–1202: 245 1202: 261 1205: 259 1305: 242 1350: 163 1351: 261 1353: 261 1439: 241 1443: 240 Book 1–6: 9–28: 194–195 (cited) 20: 209 (cited) 25: 192 (cited) 34: 209 (cited), 266 39–41: 229 42: 261 47: 224 59: 21 64–66: 241 65: 241 68: 19 74: 209 (cited) 92–95: 43, 224 95: 232 97: 242 102–107: 122 (cited) 108–115: 102–103 (cited) 116: 242 121–131: 97, 122–123 (cited), 252 132–136: 110–111 (cited) 133: 247 137–141: 145 (cited), 255 139: 231 142–144: 255 145–149: 125, 130 (cited), 249 Index Locorum 147: 132 149: 131, 132 150–155: 143–144 (cited) 152: 247 160–163: 124 (cited), 252 161: 242 172: 242 173–179: 103 173–203: 103 175–179: 118–119 (cited) 180–184: 103 181: 249, 253 181–182: 214 (cited) 185–203: 103–104 (cited) 187ff.: 230 201–203: 125 211–212: 253 211–213: 214 (cited) 215–216: 184 (cited) 231–235: 184 (cited) 249: 231 256–261: 249 274–280: 125 275: 253, 266 300–308: 119 (cited), 251 309–316: 124–125 (cited), 252–253 312: 206 314: 125 316: 242 323–329: 251 328: 266 349: 206 357–378: 242 363: 242 379–422: 97 380: 231 451–494: 252 452: 239 453: 237 470–475: 127 (cited) 471: 213 476–482: 128 (cited), 147, 218 478: 218 (cited), 255 480: 255 482: 255 483–494: 128 Index Locorum 495–507: 128–130 (cited) 504: 213 507–523: 213 508: 239 513–516: 143 (cited) 514: 261 523: 253 537–538: 140 (cited) 539: 253 540: 82, 253 552–556: 145 (cited) 572: 254 591–600: 133–136 (cited), 245 639–640: 140 639–702: 126, 136, 216–217 642: 137, 254 645: 191 (cited) 646: 65 (cited), 238, 254 647–654: 138 647–672: 137–139, 254 654: 21 655–670: 245 655–679: 137 662–672: 139 673–679: 139 680: 140 680–693: 137, 139–140 (cited) 681: 126 682: 140 683: 140 687: 140 689: 140 702: 140 840–847: 215 (cited) 848–878: 215 850–860: 215 861–878: 215–216 (cited) 871–872: 242 877–878: 184 (cited) 895–896: 250 897: 239 903–905: 250 906: 240 906–907: 240 906–1089: 165 910–911: 168 (cited) 915: 259 311 921–935: 165 922: 265 924: 265 925: 265 931: 265 933: 265 936–958: 165, 257 959–978: 165 979–997: 165 993: 265 1002: 265 1002–1021: 168–169 (cited) 1003: 265 1007: 170 1010: 170, 237 1016: 170 1031: 257 1048: 67 (cited) 1049: 265 1051: 207 1053: 208, 265 1054: 259 1056: 265 1064: 207 1065–1089: 165–167 (cited) 1067: 167, 167 1069: 167 1071: 167 1072–1073: 167 1074: 167 1074–1077: 167 1078: 167 1078–1079: 167 1079: 167 1084: 167, 259 1085: 167, 262 1086: 167 1087: 168 1151: 191 (cited) 1152: 206 (cited) 1153: 261 1167: 126 1167–1169: 254 1169: 126 (cited) 1177: 253 1204: 265 1260: 265 312 Index Locorum M MANILIUS Astronomica 1.137–138: 244 1.247–249: 244 1.251: 245 1.719: 262 1.725: 262 2.66: 244 2.67: 244 2.271: 240 2.803: 262 3.50: 244 3.55: 240, 262 MENANDER RHETOR (ed Russell and Wilson) I.333.12–15 (Empedocles DK 31 A 23): 234 I.337.1–13 (Empedocles DK 31 A 23): 234 METRODORUS (ed Körte) fr 37 (Epicurus GV 10): 225 O OVID Fasti 1.105–112: 77 (cited) 1.107: 244 1.109: 244 1.109–110: 244 1.110: 244 1.111: 244 Ibis 597–598: 254 Metamorphoses 1.9: 244, 262 1.10–14: 244 1.22–23: 244 1.24–25: 244 1.25: 262 1.26–27: 244 1.26–31: 244 1.27: 244 1.28: 244 1.29–30: 244 1.31: 244 1.32–33: 77 (cited) 1.36–37: 244 1.43–44: 244 1.68: 244 1.84–86: 244 6.242: 241 11.606: 247 15.75–478: 244 15.252–258: 265 P PARMENIDES (DK 28) B 8: 257 B 8.3–6: 235 B 8.38: 257 B 10.4: 249 PHILO Armenian translation of De Providentia (ed Hadas-Lebel) 2.60 (Empedocles A49a = fr 40 Inwood): 266 (cited) 2.61 (Empedocles A66a = fr 60 Inwood): 255, 262 (cited), 266 PHILODEMUS De Signis (ed De Lacy) col vi: 230 col xv: 230 col xxi.20: 231 col xxvii: 230 Rhetorica (ed Sudhaus) col xv 15–18 vol p 175: 153 (cited) col xxi 8–15 p 180: 153 (cited) De Pietate part I (ed Obbink) cols 225–231: 233 cols 546–547: 256 cols 1176–1217: 233 cols 2044–2045: 225 cols 2480–2509: 233 De Pietate part II (ed Obbink forthcoming) cols 123ff = P Herc 1428 cols 1ff (Henrichs 1974): 233 col 123 = P Herc 1428 col i 1–4: 236 (cited) col 127 = P Herc 1428 col iv 32—col v 8: 236 (cited) De Poematis (ed Mangoni) cols 1–6: 233 Epigrammata Index Locorum Anthologia Palatina 6.349 (Epigram 34 Sider): 40 PHILOLAUS (DK 44) B 13: 247 B 14: 260 PHILOPONUS (CIAG) In de Generatione animalium (ed Hayduck) 14.3, 123.16–21: 257 In Physica (ed Vitelli) 16, 88.16–23: 266 PLATO Cratylus 440c: 264 Gorgias 493a-494c: 191 493b: 191 493c: 191 (cited) 493d: 191 493e: 191 Meno 76 c-d (Empedocles DK 31 A 92): 196–197 Phaedo 83a: 261–262 Philebus 55c: 263 Republic: 3.390c: 235 Timaeus 43a: 161 (cited), 265 (cited) 77c5–79e9: 73 80d1–81e5: 73 81a2–4: 73 81a4ff.: 243 81b4–5: 243, 265–266 (cited) 81d2–4: 243 PLINY (the elder) Naturalis Historia 18.356: 253 PLUTARCH Adversum Colotem 5.1109C (Epicur fr 250 Us.): 258 7.1110C (fr 16 Arr.2 = fr 30 Us.): 244 10.1111F: 10.1111Fff.: 256 10.1111F-12.1113E: 227 10.1112A: 161 (cited) 313 10.1112B: 50, 238, 238, 242 11.1112D: 12.1113A-D: 16.1116C (Epicur fr 282 Us.): 198–199 (cited) 28.1123B (Empedocles DK 31 B 60): 5, 15, 171 (cited) 29.1124B (Epicur fr 263 Us.): 230 Amatorius 756E: 40 De liberis educandis 12F: 263 De facie in orbe lunae 926D-927A: 238 926E7: 236 Quaestiones conviviales: 683E: 224 Demetrius 5.890 E-F (Bollack 233): 63 (cited) [PLUTARCH] Placita Philosophorum 1.3.18 (Epicur fr 308 Us = Dox Gr 286): 260 1.4 (Epicur fr 270 Us = Dox Gr 289): 243 1.4.2–4 (Epicur fr 308 Us = Dox Gr 290–291): 218, 238, 243, 255, 258, 266–267 (cited), 266 Stromateis 10 (Empedocles DK 31 A 30 [in Euseb Praep Evang 1.8.10] = Dox Gr 582): 255 PYTHAGOREAN SCHOOL (DK 58) B 1a (Diog Laert 8.31): 260 B 30: 243 S SCHOLIA (ed Dindorf ) Scholia to Odyssey T ad Odyssey 8.332, p 386: 235 Scholia to Iliad B ad Iliad 20.67, p 231, 12ff (Bollack 158): 241 Scholia on Basil (ed Pasquali) 22 (Empedocles DK 31 A 51c): 255 SENECA Quaestiones naturales 314 III.15: 243 III.24.1–2 (Empedocles A 68): 252 SERVIUS (Danielis) ad Aen 8.641: 239 SEXTUS EMPIRICUS(ed Mutschmann and Mau) Pyrrhoniae hypotyposes 2.97–99: 230 Adversus mathematicos 8.145: 98 8.145–156: 230 9.78: 99 SIMPLICIUS (CIAG) In De caelo (ed Heiberg) 7, 528.3–530.26: 35, 234 7, 586.5–587.26: 36, 234 In Physica (ed Diels) 9, 371.33ff: 234 9, 371.33–372.9: 36 9, 371.33–372.11: 235 9, 371.33–372.14: 228 10, 1183.19–1185.15: 239 10, 1183.30: 236 SUDA s.v “Empedocles” (Empedocles DK 31 A 2): T TACITUS Annales 4.62: 241 THEOPHRASTUS Fragments (eds Fortenbaugh, Huby, Sharples, Gutas) 184: 227 De sensibus (Dox Graec., ed Diels) 7–24 (Empedocles DK 31 A 86): 157, 239, 252, 258, 263 Metarsiologica (ed Daiber) 1.6–8: 123 1.9–12: 131 1.15–17: 110 1.18–20: 123 1.24–38: 253, 266 2.2–9: 124 2.10–12: 131 2.13–17: 125, 213 Index Locorum 4.4–7: 125, 213 6.2–16: 252 6.18–21: 119, 251 6.29–36: 252 6.37–41: 252 6.64–67: 252 15: 120 15.2–16: 135 15.8–9: 146 15.10–12: 135 De causis plantarum (ed Wimmer) 6.4.1: 247 6.9.2: 247 Historia plantarum (ed Hort) 1.7.2: 247 TZETZES Exegesis of the Iliad (ed Hermann) p 42.17ff (Empedocles DK 31 A 66b = Bollack 390 quoted): 62 V VARRO Saturae Menippeae (ed Cèbe) Eumenides fr 150 vol 4: 87 De lingua Latina 5.61–62: 259 5.86: 239 VARRO ATACINUS (ed Courtney) fr 13: 253 VERGIL Aeneid 4.514: 247 12.419: 247 Georgics 1.393–397: 253 X XENOPHANES (DK 21) B 15: 234 Z ZENO CITIEUS (SVF, ed von Arnim, vol i) Physics 98: 243 Ethics 184: 266 General Index A Aether: in Lucretius: 45, 54, 78, 128, 144, 146–149, 205–206, 218, 237 n 67; Father-Aether (Air): 81, 86; as exhalation: 146–149; in Ovid: 244 n 168 air: and bladder in Anaxagoras: 252 n 86; and soul in Anaximenes: 243 n 150; bladder as container of: 122–123; in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 226 n 31; in Empedocles’ fragments: 44–45, 73, 101, 111–114, 116, 228 n 63; in Empedocles’ testimonia: 132, 142, 159, 211, 252 n 79, 255 n 128; in Epicurus: 52, 123; in Hippocratic on Breaths: 117, 251 n 62; in Ovid: 77, 244 n 168; in Plato’s Timaeus: 161; in Pseudo-Plutarch: 217, 255 n 128, 267 n 177; in Theophrastus: 119, 123, 135, 227 n 58 air in Lucretius: 38, 117, 119, 142, 144, 169, 179, 182, 203, 214, 244 n 168; assimilated with water: 108, 250 n 46; bladder as container of: 122–123; and creation of the world: 146–149, 217; cloud as container of: 102, 104, 110, 121–123; destructibility of: 208; earth as container of: 126, 134–135, 139–140; as Empedoclean element: 2, 14–15, 47, 67, 72–73, 132, 171, 205–206, 227 n 58, 228 n 64; Father- (see also aether): 81, 86; and thunderbolt: 119; and transformationist theory: 7; and Makranthropos analogy: 77–80; and soul: 134 allegorists: 17 allegory / allegoresis / allegorism / allegorical: 31, 233 n 6; Epicurus on: 30, 39; in Lucretius: 40–42 (of Venus and Mars), 126 (of furnace and Cyclopes), 193 (of Danaids), 224 n (of Calliope as harmony); of Magna Mater: 233 n.2; Stoic: 245 n 180; and Stoics in Philodemus: 233 n 6, 236 n 43 ambiguity / ambiguous style: in Empedocles: 76, 100–101, 149, 238 n 82, 249 n 27, 256 n 11; in Epicurus: 153, 256 n 5; in Lucretius: 64, 181, 208; in Heraclitus: 200 Anaxagoras: on ἄδηλα: 22; on language: 257 n 15; Lucretius on: 3, 50, 54; on mixture: 239 n 89; Philoponus on: 267 n 190; on sperms: 243 n 151; use of bladder as model: 252 n 86 Anaximander: 238 n 79 Anaximenes: 243 n 150, 258 n 37, 267 n 185 315 316 anthropomorphism / anthropomorphic: 29; in Empedocles: 34, 75–76; wording in Epicurus: 30; in Homer: 34; in Lucretius: 30, 43, 72, 74, 82, 94, 140 Aphrodite: in Empedocles: 32, 34–37, 41–42, 48–49, 154, 157, 160, 223 n 6, 229 n 71, 234 n 23 n 24, 238 n 72, 249 n 27, 252 n 78; in Homer: 40; in Lucretius: 11–12, 14, 37, 39–43, 174–175, 185, 224 n 8, 235 n 29; in Philodemus: 236 n 43; see also Harmonia, Love, Venus Apollonius Rhodius: 17, 232 n 114 Aratus: 17, 232 n 114, 255 n 128 Ares: 34–35, 40–41, 160; see also Mars, Strife Aristotle / Aristotelian: ἀντιπερίστασις: 268 n 192; analogies in: 91–92, 96–97, 117, 120, 135, 142, 245 n 185, 247 n 202 n 207, 251 n 57 n 67, 252 n 73, 254 n 112 n 113, 267 n 179 n 190; in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 264 n 141; -influenced doxography: 41; Empedocles in: 153, 158, 167, 188, 225 n 23, 234 n 22, 235 n 25, 237 n 56, 238 n 74, 239 n 94, 250 n 55; on Empedocles’ metaphors: 153, 256 n 11; on Empedocles’ pores: 257 n 19 n 27; on Empedocles’ zoogony: 36; on Empedocles’ oath: 56; metaphor in Epicurus: 152; on Heraclitean flux: 199, 264 n 137; Leucippus and Democritus in: 228 n 61; in Lucretius: 214–215; nature in: 235 n 24; on LoveEros: 237 n 70 ataraxia (ἀταραξία): 71, 191, 209, 230 n 92, 266 n 174 atheism: 30 B Bladder: in Aristophanes and Anaxagoras: 252 n 86; in Lucretius: 97, General Index 121–124, 252 n 83; in Theophrastus: 121, 123 botanical analogies: in Alcmaeon: 245 n 185; in Aristotle: 245 n 185; in Empedocles: 82–83, 87, 89, 94, 244 n 175; in Hippocratics: 245 n 185; in Lucretius: 80, 83, 89–91, 94, 247 n 203 C Calliope: 3, 34, 43, 224 n 8; see also Muse Centaurs: 58, 172–173 Chimera: 173 Chrysippus: εὔροια βίου: 266 n 174; κυκεών: 164 n 140; πνεῦμα, σύμπνοια: 186, 245 n 176; σπερματικοί λόγοι: 243 n 151; συμπάθεια: 244 n 174; συμφυΐα, συμφυής: 244 n 172; natural law in: 240 n 110, 245 n 176; universe like living animal: 243 n 164 n 165; stomach as furnace: 253 n 98; see also Stoics Cicero: 239 n 99, 240 n 107, 241 n 121, 247 n 206; on Empedocles: 3, 5, 6, 223 n 5, 226 n 34, 237 n 59; Epicureans in: 5, 76, 225 n 19, 229 n 79, 230 n 89, 233 n n 7, 242 n 131, 265 n 165; on Stoics: 233 n 2, 244 n 170 Cleanthes: 40, 266 n 174; see also Stoics cloud: -gatherer: 44; in Empedocles: 132; in Epicurus: 123; and formation of aether: 146–148; like cage: 104; like furnace: 104, 125–126; like mountain: 104; like sponge: 213–214, 218, 253 n 90; as human body: 129, 254 n 110; like wool: 127–128, 253 n 89 n 99; like flammantia moenia: 147; formation of: 127–129, 218, 252 n 82, 255 n 138; like breathing: 219; like vase: 123; like bladder: 122–124, 252 n 83; as model of sun, moon and stars: 144; as corpus: 45; General Index as container of air: 102–104, 110–111, 118–119, 121–124, 252 n 83; action of fire upon: 143, 261 n 101; as container of fire: 124–125, 143–144, 252 n 87, 252–253 n 88; as container of water: 129–132; as container of wind: 145, 255 n 132; action of wind on: 144, 184; see also lightning, Theophrastus, thunder, thunderbolt, rain composite monsters: 5, 15, 58, 173 compound adjective: in Empedocles: 224 n 12; in Empedocles and Lucretius: 4, 25, 190; pairing in Empedocles and Lucretius: 84– 85, 229 n 71, 235 n 34, 237 n 65, 246 n 192, 253 n 107 coniuncta (ἀΐδια συμβεβηκότα or παρακολουθοῦντα): 60, 182, 190 container: in Empedocles: 111–113, 121, 127, 196; of roots in Lucretius (see also bladder, clepsydra, cloud, earth, furnace, sponge, stomach, volcano, wool): 120–141, 149; concept of atomic container in Lucretius: 155–156, 208, 212–215; see also metaphor of filling and emptying the container cosmic cycle: in Empedocles: 11, 56, 61, 183, 227 n 48, 234 n 21; in Lucretius: 11–12, 71, 141, 195, 207, 227 n 53; Empedoclean cycle in Lucretius: 41–42, 67, 69, 93, 202, 224 n 11, 227 n 57 cosmogony / cosmogonic(al): in Empedocles: 7, 37, 49, 62, 141, 171, 234 n 21, 242 n 142; in Lucretius: 20, 64, 74, 77, 82, 146, 171, 242 n 142, 259 n 61; in Ovid: 77; embryological analogies in: 71 Cybele: 42, 81; see also Mother Earth, Magna Mater Cyclopes: 125–126, 131, 140 317 D deification: 32–44, 240 n 102 Demetrius of Laconia: Democritus: on ἄδηλα: 22; ἀθαμβίη: 230 n 92; analogy with letters of alphabet: 228 n 61; athropogony in: 88; on atomic shapes: 260 n 78; ἔκθλιψις in: 266 n 176; exhalation in: 268 n 197; on magnet: 259 n 53; metaphor of emptying the container: 188, 262 n 119; metaphor of flowing water: 264 n 133, 265 n 151; socio-political vocabulary: 47, 51, 238 n 83; on the sterility of the mules: 158; vocabulary of binding and weaving: 162, 258 n 47; vocabulary of warfare: 242 n 129; on weight: 210; Diogenes Laertius: Archelaus in: 90; Empedocles in: 70, 153, 225 n 21, 242 n 144, 254 n 117; Epicurus in: 22, 152, 191, 199, 225 n 19, 229 n 80, 233 n 6, 256 n 9; Hermarchus in: 5, 82; Pythagorean School in: 260 n 88 Diogenes of Apollonia: 267 n 179 n 181 Diogenes of Oinoanda: on athropogony: 246–247 n 200; Aristotle’s flux in: 264 n 141; doxography in: 226 n 31, 265 n 147; on Empedocles’ four element theory: 5, 6; Golden Age in: 243 n 149; natural desires in: 263 n 122 n 125; on pleasure: 263 n 121; simile in: 180; socio-political vocabulary: 63, 238 n 84; sun: 250 n 43; vocabulary of flowing water in: 264 n 133; vocabulary of binding and weaving: 258 n 47; warfare wording: 242 n 129 doxography / doxographical: 6, 41, 200, 226 n 31, 265 n 148 E Earth: in Archelaus: 90; in Aristotle: 135; in Censorinus: 88; in Cicero: 318 76; in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 226 n 31; in Empedocles’ fragments: 35, 43–44, 49, 62, 73, 75, 86, 100, 168 n 196, 200, 268 n 196; in Empedocles’ testimonia: 62, 84, 87, 246 n 198 n 199, 250 n 55, 252 n 79, 262 n 110, 268 n 194; as Empedoclean element in Ennius: 26–27, 132; in Epicurus: 82; in Ovid: 77, 244 n 168; in Plato’s Timaeus: 161; in Pseudo-Plutarch: 217, 267 n 177; in Theophrastus: 135, 146, 227 n 58; (see also earthquake, Mother-Earth, volcano) earth in Lucretius: assimilated with water: 205–206; autochthonous generation from: 58, 82ff., 172; and creation of world: 217–218; and connection with atmosphere: 181–182; as container of elements: 121, 133; as container of water: 145–146; as container of wind: 133–136; as Empedoclean element: 2, 7, 13–14, 38, 47, 54–55, 67, 72–73, 132, 171, 228 n 64, 244 n 168; everlasting nature of: 200–201; as human being: 29–30, 245 n 183, 253 n 109; in Makranthropos analogy: 77–80, 218–219; and subterranean water: 215–217; turning into a woman: 81–93, 253 n 109; and volcano: 136–141 passim, as wild beast: 136 earthquake: in Aristotle: 135; in Lucretius: 4, 80, 133, 135–136, 139–141, 145–146, 245 n 179; in Theophrastus: 120, 135, 145–146 effluence: in Empedocles: 5, 19, 114, 158–159, 195–197, 226 n 33, 258 n 30; in Epicurus: 5, 162, 168, 197–198; in Lucretius: 19, 108, 114, 163, 165, 170, 195, 201–207, 220 General Index Ennius: Empedocles’ influence on: 17, 25–28, 242 n 146, 253 n 106; influence on Lucretius: 26–28, 232 n 123; Empedocles, Lucretius and: 28, 70, 132 Etna (Aetna): 2, 14, 126, 136–141, 225 n 21; see also volcano etymology / etymological: of φύσις (natura): 12; of Ennius’ name: 28; of oath: 177, 260 n 84; of foedera: 239 n 99; of propago: 174; of religio: 185; of Venus: 259 n 69 extrusion (ἔκθλιψις) : 210–211, 213–214, 216–217, 266 n 175 F Fire: in Aristotle: 215 in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 226 n 31, 250 n 43; in Empedocles’ fragments: 32, 87, 100, 111, 121, 141, 248 n 16, 249 n 27, 252 n 78, 261 n 99; in Empedocles’ testimonia: 62, 142, 211, 246 n 198, 255 n 128; as Empedoclean element in Ennius: 26–27, 132; in Epicurus: 267 n 179; and Heraclitus: 54, 226 n 31; in Leucippus: 251 n 66; in Ovid: 77, 244 n 168; in Plato’s Timaeus: 161; in Pseudo-Plutarch: 217; in Theophrastus: 119, 120, 125, 227 n 58, 253 n 90 fire in Lucretius: 120, 207, 254 n 199, 255 n 136, 261 n 100; assimilated with water: 107–108, 205f., 250 n 46; and creation of the world: 217; and disease: 126, 206; and ἔκθλιψις: 211, 213–214; as Empedoclean element: 2, 7, 14, 47, 55, 67–68, 72–73, 132, 136, 171, 183, 205–206, 226 n 31, 228 n 64, 239 n 90, 244 n 168, 250 n 46; and formation of aether: 146–148; and its action upon cloud: 143; within cloud: 104, 121, 124–125, 130–133, General Index 253 n 90; furnace as container of: 125–127; as lightning or thunderbolt: 118–119, 206, 213–214; stomach as container of: 253 n 97; and subterranean water: 215– 217; and sun: 107–108, 142, 147–148, 206–207, 255 n 136, 261 n 99; and transformationist theory: 7; as vehicle in simile: 191; and volcanic eruptions: 126, 137–141, 254 n 122; and wrath: 140–141; see also Etna, cloud, lightning, thunderbolt, volcano flux (theory of ): 195, 198–201, 203, 209, 264 n 136 n 140 n 141; see also flowing water metaphor foedera naturai: 10, 23, 47, 57–61, 91, 165, 176–178, 187, 202, 239 n 99, 240 n 102 n 106 n 112, 241 n 112 n 124; fati: 187, 241 n 112; in Manilius and Lucan: 106 n 110; see also natural law formula / formulaic: in Empedocles: 228 n 60; in Lucretius: 12, 60, 79, 231 n 98; in Empedocles and Lucretius: 3, 98 furnace: cloud as: 104, 121, 125, 130, 249 n 36; stomach as: 126–127; volcano as: 126, 139–140; see also allegory H Harmonia (Ἁρμονία): 48, 174, 224 n 8, 234 n 24, 237 n 71, 258 n 41, 259 n 68; see also Aphrodite, Love, Venus harmony: 51, 55, 56, 67, 209, 224 n Heraclitus: in Lucretius: 3, 7, 50, 54, 200–202, 209, 226 n 32, 265 n 149; metaphor of flux in: 199–200, 264 n 136 n 137 n 140; mixing in: 239 n 89; war in: 63, 242 n 130 Hermarchus: 5, 82, 153, 225 n 28 Hesiod: 48, 237 n 70, 242 n 130 Hippocratic, Hippocratic writers, Hippocratics: analogy in: 82, 117, 319 120, 142, 246 n 199, 248 n 6, 251 n 72, 253 n 99, 267 n 179; botanical analogy in: 245 n 185; Empedocles in: 96; in Lucretius: 96, 117, 129, 133, 246 n 190, 248 n 7; political imagery in: 238 n 79; Homer / Homeric: allegorical reading of: 40; in Aristotle: 225 n 23; in Empedocles: 34–35, 44, 48, 56, 97–98, 100–101, 160, 237 n 71, 248 n 16, 258 n 32 n 41; in Ennius: 26–27; in Lucretius: 28, 66, 68, 98–99, 130–132, 232 n 123 n 125, 248 n 19, 249 n 22, 251 n 62; similes in Empedocles and Lucretius: 95–100, 115, 130–131, 160, 249 n 24; in Metrodorus: 225 n 19; in Theophrastus: 131; in Parmenides: 249 n 28 I Iphigenia: 245 n 186 imagery / images of: erotic: 185–186, 262 n 107; of mysteries: 23, 231 n 100; sexual / of friendship: 33–34, 47–50, 94; socio-political: 33, 47–48, 50–61, 94, 110, 128, 148, 202, 238 n 79, 255 n 138, 257 n 23, 268 n 195; of war: 61–69, 264 n 142; legal: 33, 50, 59, 61; oracular: 4; triumphal: 4; technological (see also technological metaphors): 156, 157, 160, 163, 170, 171, 175, 219; prophetic: 230 n 91 indivisibility: 6, 53, 162–163, 175, 226 n 34, 257 n 22 isonomy (ἰσονομία): 12, 67–68, 115, 146, 239 n 92 G God: in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 243 n 149; Earth as: 233 n 2; Empedocles as: 4, 225 n 21; in Empedocles: 14, 34–36, 44, 75, 76, 234 n 20; in Epicurus: 30, 39, 76; in 320 General Index Hermarchus: 153; Homeric: 44; in Lucretius: 16, 19, 32, 38–42, 53, 81, 234 n 11, 240 n 106; in Ovid: 77; in Parmenides: 235 n 32; in Philodemus: 30 L Law: Hermarchus on: 5; of ignition caused by rotation: 118–119; of like joining with like: 49, 73, 171; of light atoms rising: 148; of limit and continuous change: 93; natural / of nature: 10, 18, 23, 55–61, 70, 81, 85, 91, 93–94, 115–116, 127, 148–149, 154, 172, 176– 177, 187, 199, 208, 220, 232 n 110, 238 n 79, 239 n 96, 240 n 102 n 106, 252 n 72; Stoic metaphor of: 187, 240 n 110 Leucippus: analogy with letters of alphabet in: 228 n 61; biological analogies in: 243 n 150 n 151; metaphor of flowing in: 264 n 133, 265 n 151; metaphor of squeezing out in: 266 n 176; and shapes of atoms: 260 n 78; socio-political imagery in: 47, 51, 238 n 83; on stars: 251 n 66; metaphors of weaving and binding in: 162, 258 n 47; war imagery in: 242 n 129; lightning: Empedocles on: 132; 136; explanation in Lucretius of: 103–104, 118–119, 121–122, 124–125, 130–133, 143–144, 184, 206, 213–214; in Theophrastus: 124–125, 131, 213–214, 251 n 67, 267 n 186; Vulcan as creator of: 249 n 36; in gigantomachic-triumphal imagery: 4; instead of Empedoclean fire: 2, 64; and bladder in Aristophanes and Anaxagoras: 252 n 86 like to like: 49, 73, 171 limbs: of atoms: 45; and analogy in Empedocles: 84, 87; disjoined in Empedocles: 15, 35–36, 229 n 71, 246 n 198; of Sphairos: 75–76; of Empedoclean Strife: 243 n 161; of the sun in Empedocles: 44, 75; of the world in Empedocles: 75–76, 243 n 162; Earth’s in Epicurus: 82; Lucretius’ analogy of: 74–75, 78–80, 134–135, 138–139; Lucretius on Empedoclean disjoined: 15, 58, 171–172 Love: in Empedocles (Ἁφροδίτη, Φιλότης, Στοργή, Ἁρμονία, Γηθοσύνη, Κύπρις): 11, 35, 42, 44, 48–49, 51, 55–56, 62–63, 70, 73, 75, 234 n 23, 236 n 54, 237 n 70 n 71, 238 n 74; and Empedocles in Ennius: 26; and Empedocles in Lucretius: 7, 11, 40–42, 49, 57, 64, 70, 73, 177, 187, 236 n 39; passion of / sexual: 42, 49, 174, 185–186, 192; see also Aphrodite, Venus, harmonia, harmony Lucan: 240 n 110, 262 n 110 M Macrocosm (ic): 23, 69, 70, 78, 98, 154, 155, 206, 238 n 82, 242 n 143 Magna Mater : 31, 42, 81, 233 n 2; see also Mother-Earth, Cybele magnet: in Empedocles: 158–159, 197, 259 n 53, 264 n 132; in Lucretius: 165–170, 174, 207, 240 n 106, 262 n 118, 265 n 162 Manilius: 240 n 110, 244 n 170, 245 n 176, 262 n 110 Mars: 12, 39–40, 57; see also Ares, Strife mechanical / mechanistic process, mechanist: 30, 33, 36, 42, 50, 59, 73, 83, 85, 92, 116, 157, 160, 183, 217, 219, 221 memorization: 3, 224 n 11 metaphor: Aristotle on Empedocles’: 153; Epicurus on: 152; Hermarchus on Empedocles’: 153; of hunting: 24–25, 185–186; of ἴχνευσις τοῦ ἀδήλου: 25; technological for elementary mixture (fitting together, binding, weaving): General Index 156–187; of filling and emptying the container: 187–195, 220; of flowing water: 108, 114, 155, 195ff., 213, 219, 243 n 156, 255 n 133, 268 n 195; of regular flowing water in epistemological contexts: 195–198; of regular flowing in cosmological contexts: 198–200; of flowing water in Lucretius: 200–209; of irregular flowing water with ethical implications: 209; of squeezing out the sponge: 210–219; in Philodemus: 153; see also oath, foedera naturai metempsychosis: 5, 28, 82, 223 n 6; see also reincarnation, transmigration metonymy: 32, 42 Metrodorus: 5, 225 n 19 microcosm(ic): 14, 23, 45, 46, 55, 60, 67, 68, 69, 98, 108, 109, 117, 154, 155, 172, 190, 196 mind: connection of body and: 80, 182; in Empedocles: 20, 21, 34; of Empedocles: 2; interdependence between soul and: 180–181; in Lucretius: 21, 23, 24, 32, 39, 65, 135, 138, 141, 179, 184–186, 206, 209, 232 n 110; peace of (ἀταραξία, γαληνισμός): 22, 70, 191; projection of: 165, 179; like vessel: 193–195 Mother Earth: 31–32, 42, 49, 81, 82, 86, 89–93, 259 n 61; see also Magna Mater, Cybele Muse: 3, 34, 40, 43, 221, 224 n 8; see also Calliope N Necessity: 56–57, 257 n 22, 268 n 194 O Oath(s): 55–57, 177–178, 239 n 95, 260 n 84; see also foedera naturai, natural law onomatopoeia syntactical: 181–182 Ovid: Fasti: 77, 229 n 77, 244 n 168; Ibis: 254 n 117; Metamorphoses: 77, 321 229 n 77, 241 n 121, 244 n 166 n 168 n 169 n 170, 247 n 207, 262 n 110, 265 n 150 P Pampsychism: 82, 85 Parmenides: Eros in: 48, 237 n 70; Goddess: 40, 235 n 32; Homeric resonances in: 249 n 28; on language: 257 n 15; and Lucretius: 227 n 42; vocabulary of binding: 257 n 22 Philodemus: on Gods: 30, 233 n 5; hymnic invocation in: 40; on metaphor, metaphorical language 153, 256 n 13; on Stoic allegoresis: 236 n 43; on philosophy as prophecy: 225 n 19; on poetry and myths: 233 n 6; on Signs: 230 n 94, n 95, 231 n 108; Phytogenesis: 83, 85 Plato: allegory in: 235 n 36; analogy with letters of alphabet: 228 n 61; Empedocles in: 5, 161, 196– 197, 258 n 43, 260 n 78, 265 n 168; Epicurus on: 5, 15, 162, 260 n 78; Heraclitus in: 199, 202, 264 n 137; in Lucretius: 73–74, 191–192, 243 n 154, 259 n 53, 265 n 168; metaphor of binding in: 261 n 88; Phaedo: 261 n 106; Philebus: 263 n 126; Timaeus: 76, 235 n 24, 243 n 152, 243 n 152; Plutarch: 263 n 128; Empedocles in: 5, 40, 63, 161, 171, 224 n 12, 227 n 51, 236 n 54, 238 n 73 n 81 n 83; Epicurus / Epicureans in: 5, 15, 50, 152, 171, 198, 230 n 94, 242 n 129, 238 n 83, 244 n 172, 256 n 5, 258 n 44; Pseudo-: 211, 217, 243 n 158, 255 n 128, 260 n 78, 266 n 177 pores: in Alcmaeon: 257 n 26; of the Earth: 88, 91; in Empedocles: 157–159, 163, 188, 196, 200, 226 n 33, 322 257 n 28; Epicurus on Empedocles’: 162, 264 n 134; in Lucretius: 162–163, 212, 230 n 90; in Empedocles and Lucretius: 19, 156, 167, 220, 257 n 19 prolepsis (πρόληψις): 22, 98, 232 n 110 prophecy: 225 n 19; prophetic imagery: 230 n 91, Empedocles as prophet: 3–4 Pythagoras / Pythagorean(s) / Pythagoreanism: 5, 223 n 6, 224 n 8, 243 n 150, 244 n 169, 260 n 88 R Rain: 14, 64, 66, 86, 106, 112, 121–122, 127–129, 132–133, 143, 148, 213, 261 n 101 reincarnation (see also metempsychosis, transmigration): 94, 245 n 186 repetition: 3, 12, 224 n 11, 225 n 21, 227 n 42, 247 n 210, 265 n 162 roots: in Empedocles: 35, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 55–56, 62, 114, 154, 157, 160, 195–196, 200, 226 n 33, 234 n 23, 245 n 183; in Epicurus / Epicureans: 45, 228 n 61; in Lucretius: 6–8, 13–15, 32–33, 45–47, 50, 54–55, 60, 64–65, 68, 116, 171, 174, 183, 202, 204–206, 212–213, 226 n 34, 239 n 90, 242 n 142; Lucretian inferences based on Empedoclean: 119–150; Lucretius’ various containers of: 121–141; in action in Lucretius: 141–146; now and then in Lucretius: 146–149; in Ovid: 77; in Theophrastus: 120; in botanical analogies: 80, 91–92, 181, 247 n 202 n 203; of wombs: 87–91; see also air, earth, fire, water, wind S Sacrifice: 32, 223 n 6, 245 n 186 sensory evidence: 6,18, 264 n 141 similes: extended: 4, 65, 78, 95, 97, 98, 118, 154, 203; Homeric (see General Index also Homer): 95–100, 115, 130–131, 160, 249 n 24; multi-dimensional: 100–104, 115, 129, 147; multiple-correspondence: 106–111, 113, 115, 117, 130–131, 143, 155, 232 n 111, 250 n 41, 251 n 70, 252 n 83, 255 n 132; of clepsydra in Empedocles: 98, 101, 111–114, 116–118, 132, 149, 247 n 2, 248 n 16; of lantern in Empedocles: 97, 100, 111, 121, 127, 129, 212, 248 n 16; of painters in Empedocles:13, 97, 257 n 23 simulacra: 98, 178, 179, 192, 259 n 65 soul: in Anaximenes: 243 n 150; in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 180; in Ennius: 26–27; composition of soul: 46, 134, 179, 254 n 112, 265 n 158; in Lucretius: 82, 181, 184–185, 191–192; 194; connection with body: 80, 179–180, 184; connection with mind: 181; as vessel: 191; desires within: 191; in Plato: 191–192, 261 n 88 sperm (σπέρμα): 71, 198, 243 n 151 sponge: 121, 125, 127, 155, 210–220, 252 n 81, 253 n 90, 255 n 133, 267 n 179 spontaneous generation: 83–88 stars: in Diogenes of Apollonia: 267 n 179; in Cicero: 76; in Empedocles: 211, 258 n 42; in Epicurus: 267 n 177; in Leucippus: 251 n 66; in Lucretius: 45, 99, 144, 203, 217, 222; shooting: 214–215 Stoic / Stoics / Stoicism: allegory in Philodemus: 233 n 6, 236 n 43; animate universe: 74, 76, 243 n 152 n 165; connotations in Lucretius: 79–81, 94, 177, 186–187, 220, 226 n 32, 241 n 112, 243 n 160, 245 n 180; determinism: 60; and Epicurus: 262 n 109; Gods in: 76; image of stomach as General Index furnace: 126; metaphor of law: 59–60, 240 n 110; in Lucan: 262 n 110; in Manilius: 244 n 170, 262 n 110; in Ovid: 77, 244 n 170, 262 n 110; Terra: 233 n 2; and transformationist theory in Lucretius: 7, 226 n 32, 265 n 149; Zeus in Cleanthes: 40, 235 n 32; εὔροια βίου in: 266 n 174; δεσμός, ἐπισύνδεσις, συμπλοκή, ἐπιπλοκή: 186; συμπάθεια: 79, 238 n 78; πνεῦμα, σύμπνοια: 80; σπέρμα: 243 n 151; συμφυΐα, συμφυής (cognatus, cognatio): 244 n 172; see also Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Zeno storm: of atoms: 69; of elements in Empedocles: 62, 241 n 127; of Empedoclean elements in Lucretius: 6, 64, 133, 242 n 134; of passion: 141 Strife: civil: 63, 67, 70–71, 254 n 119; in Empedocles: 11, 34–35, 44, 49, 51, 55–56, 62–63, 70, 73, 75, 236 n 54, 237 n 70, 238 n 74, 243 n 161; in Ennius: 26; in Lucretius: 7, 40–42, 49, 57, 63–64, 67, 177, 183, 187, 236 n 39, 238 n 77; in Ovid: 244 n 166, see also Ares, Mars swerve: 49, 60, 186, 241 n 112 συμπάθεια: 50, 79, 238 n 78, 244 n 174 συμφυΐα: 79, 161, 244 n 172 T Teleology / teleologist / teleological: in Empedocles: 36–37, 157; in Lucretius: 31, 40–43, 59, 94, 171, 218, 240 n 102; in Plato and Aristotle: 235 n 24 Theophrastus: Metarsiologica: 97, 211, 248 n 9; and analogies in Metarsiologica: 96–97, 117, 120–121, 150, 247 n 207; cloud in: 253 n 89 and multiple explanations in Metarsiologica: 97; Physical Opinions: 97, 200, 211, 323 225–226 n 31; elements in: 227–228 n 58; earthquake in: 120, 135, 145–146; lightning: 124–125, 131, 213–214, 251 n 67, 267 n 186; thunder in: 110, 123–125, 131, 252 n 76; thunderbolt in: 119, 123–124, 251 n 67, 252 n 85; wool as model in: 253 n 99; sponge as model in: 214; squeezing out in: 253 n 90; within doxographical tradition: 265 n 148; see also air, earth, fire, water, wind thunder: in Empedocles: 132; in Epicurus: 123; in Lucretius: 97, 102–103, 110–111, 120–123, 125, 130– 132, 143, 145; in Theophrastus: 110, 123–125, 131, 252 n 76 thunderbolt: in Empedocles: 132; in Epicurus: 251 n 65; in Lucretius: 118–119, 121–125, 132, 140, 183, 206, 214, 249 n 36; in Theophrastus: 119, 123–124, 251 n 67, 252 n 85 tmesis: 182, 186 transformationist theory: 7, 265 n 149 transfusion of terms: 106–111, 114–115, 118, 202, 250 n 40 n 41 transmigration: 5, 26–28, 82, 93, 245 n 186; see also metempsychosis, reincarnation V Vase: 97, 123, 145 vates: Venus: in Lucretius: 37–42, 49, 57, 174, 233 n 11, 235 n 32; equated with nature: 12; as sexual passion: 42, 174–175, 185–186; Varro’s etymology of: 259 n 69; see also Aphrodite, Harmonia, Love Vergil: 17, 229 n 77; Aeneid: 247 n 206, n 207, Georgics: 253 n 99 vestigia: 24–25, 59, 231 n 96 n 107, 232 n 110 void: in Atomists: 162; in Epicurus: 262 n 114; in Lucretius: 24, 46, 324 53, 98, 154, 156; Lucretius on Empedocles’ denial of: 6, 11, 189–190, 262 n 118; in connection with theory of pores: 163, 167–170, 175–176, 183, 187–188, 197, 220, 226 n 33, 257 n 19, 258 n 45; in Pythagoreans: 243 n 150 volcano / volcanic eruption: 126, 133, 136– 141, 245 n 179, 254 n 122; see also Etna, fire, Theophrastus W Water: in Democritus: 88; in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 226 n 31, 263 n 125; in Empedocles’ fragments: 86, 101, 111–114, 116, 121, 132, 161, 167; in Empedocles’ testimonia: 59, 62, 142, 196–197, 246 n 198, 250 n 55, 252 n 79; -nourished fish in Empedocles: 14; in Ennius: 26, 132; in Epicurus: 51, 210–211, 226 n 31; in Homer: 131–132; in Plato’s Timaeus: 161; in Ovid: 77, 244 n 168; in Theophrastus: 125, 131, 146, 213, 227 n 58; in Pseudo-Plutarch: 267 n 177; see also metaphor of flowing water water in Lucretius: 50, 105–106, 107–109, 117–118, 138, 159, 166–167, 184, 189–190, 192–194, 250 n 46, 253 n 97 n 99, 261 n 101, 266 n 175; cloud as container of: 121, 127–132, 148, 218; and creation of world: 217–218, 244 n 168; as Empedoclean element: 2, 7, 14, 47, 67–68, 72–73, 132, 167, 171, 227 n 58, 228 n 64; and transformationist theory: 7; and earthquake: 145–146; sponge as container of: 125, 212; subterranean: 215–217 General Index wind: and Aeolus: 249 n 36; in Diogenes of Oinoanda: 250 n 43; in Empedocles’ fragments: 111, 113–114, 121, 248 n 16; in Empedocles’ testimonia: 262 n 110; in Epicurus: 123, 251 n 65 n 69; in Hippocratic On Breaths: 120, 248 n 7, 251 n 62; in Ovid: 244 n 168; in Pseudo-Plutarch: 267 n 177; in Theophrastus: 40, 110, 119, 199–120 wind in Lucretius: assimilated with water: 105–106, 117–118, 202; burning: 214; cloud as container of: 102–104, 110–111, 118–119, 122–126, 129, 143, 251 n 70, 252–253 n 88; action upon cloud: 184, 213; as container of fire: 124–125, 252 n 88; and earthquake: 133–136; as Empedoclean element: 14, 38, 64, 68, 88, 133, 244 n 168; and fear: 134–135; parallel action of: 144–145, 248 n 7; and volcano: 139–140 womb: 84, 87–91, 243 n 150, 246 n 190 n 199, 247 n 200 wool: as model of cloud: 121, 125, 129, 213, 253 n 89 n 99; as model of atoms: 165; united with purple colour: 166–167; see also Theophrastus Z Zeno: εὔροια βίου: 266 n 174; σπέρμα: 243 n 151; see also Stoics zoogony / zoogonical: in Empedocles: 15, 35–37, 234 n 21, 238 n 74, 245 n 184; in Epicurus: 15–16; Epicureans on Empedoclean: 5; in Lucretius: 15–16, 49, 58, 84– 90, 171, 229 n 71, 237 n 65; and Democritean in Plato: 15 ... intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Garani, Myrto, 1975– Poetry and analogy in Empedocles and Lucretius / by Myrto Garani p cm — (Studies in classics) Includes... suppose Empedocles Redivivus: Poetry and Analogy in Lucretius that in doing so he is following the example of Empedocles who according to our sources entitled his poem On nature of the things there... motions By this analogy he may implicitly allude to Empedocles simile of painters in order to refute the theory 14 Empedocles Redivivus: Poetry and Analogy in Lucretius expressed in it and lay out