A commentary on horace odes book III

HORACE: ODES BOOK III This page intentionally left blank A CO M M EN TA RY ON HORACE: ODES BOOK III BY R G M NISBET AND NIALL RUDD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © R G M Nisbet and Niall Rudd  The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2004 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0–19–926314– 10 Typeset by Kolam Information Services Pvt Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk PR EFAC E Th i s work follows the same lines as the commentaries by Nisbet and Hubbard on Books I and II of the Odes (Oxford, 1970 and 1978) It concentrates on individual poems and problems, and aims to elucidate the poet’s meaning at the most literal level; it is not another book about the Odes in general Yet in view of the lapse of time since the earlier volumes we have repeated a few facts in the General Introduction, and at the same time have summarized our approach, particularly on controversial matters Recently there has been some discussion about the commentary as a literary form: see G W Most (ed.), Commentaries—Kommentare (Goăttingen, 1999), R K Gibson and C S Kraus (edd.), The Classical Commentary (Leiden, 2002) In the case of Horace the size of the bibliography causes particular difficulty; inevitably our own reading has been selective While a commentary should be clear at all costs and not unreasonably long, these aims would never have been realized if we had done full justice even to the more important books and articles As in the earlier volumes the editors try to support their interpretations by citing parallel passages; these may record an allusion to a predecessor, exemplify a commonplace, provide the reason for preferring a textual variant, illustrate a syntactical usage, or give evidence for a historical or antiquarian point We use the catch-all ‘cf.’ to introduce these different types of parallel; it is objected that this obscures important distinctions and fails to show how the author is using his models, but the reason for the citation is usually obvious, and where Horace significantly modifies his predecessor a note is normally supplied To avoid clogging the exegesis with lengthy lists, we have often selected the earliest or most interesting parallels and then added a cross-reference to TLL, OLD, or a more expansive commentator like Mayor, Pease, or Boămer We not hesitate to cite classical authors later than Horace, as they may exemplify a standard locution or be derived from a common source We have sometimes quoted imitations of Horace in major English poets; these should not be allowed to determine the interpretation of our text, though of course the reception of Horace is an important theme in the study of European literature (see for instances the introduction to 30) Needless to say, in recording parallels we are not denying Horace’s originality, as some critics of the first volume supposed In fact we regard him as one of the most original of ancient poets for his ability vi P R EFAC E to integrate political and philosophical themes in his lyrics, his virtuosity in adapting Greek metres to the heavier Latin language, his use of traditional forms to present his unique personality, and above all the range of his style and tone which his imitators have found inimitable As our collaboration developed we reached a large measure of agreement In the few places where we differed, rather than attempt an unsatisfactory compromise we have used our initials to indicate our separate positions As before, the editors owe much to previous commentators, especially Bentley, Orelli–Hirschfelder, and Kiessling– Heinze, and to the interpretation of the Odes by H P Syndikus (edn 3, Darmstadt, 2001); the attractive short commentary on Book by David West (Oxford, 2002) appeared too late to be consulted It remains only to thank the staff of the Oxford University Press for bringing the book to completion Corpus Christi College, Oxford University of Bristol August 2003 R G M N N R CO N T EN T S bibliography general introduction horace’s early life the date of Odes i–iii the ‘roman odes’ horace and augustus maecenas and other addressees horace’s ‘love-poems’ religion in horace the meaning of the author ambiguity 10 person and persona 11 genre 12 style 13 structure 14 the arrangement of the book 15 the text 16 the ancient commentators 17 metre commentary index nominvm index verborvm index rervm ix xix xix xix xx xxi xxii xxiii xxiii xxiv xxv xxvi xxvi xxvii xxvii xxviii xxix xxix xxx 379 383 387 This page intentionally left blank B I B LI O G R A P H Y This bibliography lists books cited in abbreviated form in the commentary; references like ‘Kroll 24’ can be elucidated here It does not include either articles or commentaries on other works In the commentary a select bibliography is prefixed to each ode; the expression ‘op cit.’ normally refers to those bibliographies, not to this one For further details see W Kissel, ANRW II 31 (Berlin, 1981), 141 ff.; E Doblhofer, Horaz in der Forschung nach 1957 (Darmstadt, 1992); W Kissel in S Koster (ed.), Horaz-Studien (Erlangen, 1994), 116 ff (a) texts and commentaries For fuller lists see Schanz–Hosius 152 and Kissel (1981) cited above Lambinus, D (1561), Lyons Bentley, R (1711), Cambridge; edn (1728), Amsterdam (repr 1869) Mitscherlich, C G (1800), vol 2, Leipzig Peerlkamp, P Hofman (edn 2, 1862), Amsterdam Schuătz, H (edn 3, 1881), Berlin Orelli, J C., revised by W Hirschfelder (edn 4, 1886), Berlin Kiessling, A (edn 2, 1890), Berlin Page, T E (1895), London Wickham, E C (edn 3, 1896), Oxford Gow, J (1896), Cambridge Keller, O., and Holder, A (edn 2, 1899), Leipzig (text and parallels) Muăller, L (1900), vols., St Petersburg and Leipzig Shorey, P., and Laing, G J (edn 2, 1910), Chicago, repr Pittsburgh, 1960 Wickham, E C., revised by H W Garrod (edn 2, 1912), Oxford Classical Texts Darnley Naylor, H (1922), Cambridge Heinze, R (edn of Kiessling, 1930; edn 10, 1960), Berlin Campbell, A Y (edn 2, 1953), Liverpool Klingner, F (edn 3, 1959), Leipzig (text only) Williams, G (1969), Oxford (Book only) Quinn, K (1980), London Borzsa´k, S (1984), Leipzig (text only) Shackleton Bailey, D R (1985, revised 2001), Stuttgart (text only) EX E G I M O N V M EN T V M 375 emphasize the rusticity of his origins regnavit with a genitive is a Graecism (cf N–H on 17, Serv Aen 11 126) 12 ex humili potens: here humili is masculine (cf Cic part or 57 ‘ex beato miser’, Soph OT 454 ơıº KŒ äåäïỉŒüợò, K–S 18, 505); at Prop 10 11 ‘ex humili’ the adjective is neuter (see Enk) A reference to H’s origins suits a concluding poem; cf 20 f ‘pauperum / sanguis parentum’, epist 20 20 ‘me libertino natum patre et in tenui re’, where he adds (22) ‘ut quantum generi demas virtutibus addas’ potens describes the poet’s power to influence people’s thinking (cf 26 f ‘lingua potentium / vatum’); RN stresses the analogy with King Daunus, who was powerful in a political sense Bentley applied potens to Daunus himself, but though this suits him well enough, ex humili does not; elsewhere he is described as ‘Illyricae gentis claro viro’ (Fest 69M ¼ 60L), one of the many sons of the notable Lycaon (Ant Lib met 31) 13–14 princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos / deduxisse modos: the Aeolians settled in Lesbos near the end of the second millennium bringing with them the dialect later used by Sappho and Alcaeus Here H is referring to their metres and (in very general terms) their manner and matter; cf 12 ‘fingent Aeolio carmine nobilem’ H feels at liberty to ignore the Sapphics of Catullus 11 and 51 because those were the only two examples and he is thinking primarily of Alcaeus (cf 13 26 f., epist 2 99) Italos modos means, not ‘Italian metres’ (for the metres were taken from Greece), but ‘Italian melodies’, so described because they are played on the Roman lyre, i e they are in Latin H says Italos rather than Latinos to stress his own place of origin; cf Catull on Nepos, Prop Roman poets sometimes claim to be the first to have imitated Greek models; cf epist 19 23 f ‘Parios ego primus iambos / ostendi Latio’, 32 f ‘hunc (Alcaeum) ego, non alio dictum prius ore, Latinus / vulgavi fidicen’, Lucr 117 ff ‘Ennius ut cecinit noster qui primus amoeno / detulit ex Helicone perenni fronde coronam / per gentis Italas hominum quae clara clueret’ (perhaps echoing Ennius himself ), Prop 3 f with Fedeli, Wimmel, 1960: s.v ‘primus-Motiv’, Kambylis 155 ff In our passage princeps suggests leadership as well as priority (cf epist 19 21 ‘libera per vacuum posui vestigia princeps’, followed by ‘qui sibi fidit / dux reget examen’); as with potens above, RN thinks it may suggest an analogy with Daunus, a political leader; see further on 15–16 below deduxisse literally means ‘to have brought X to Y’; cf ars 244, Virg Aen 800, Ov fast 151 (of Numa) ‘primus oliviferis Romam deductus ab arvis’, Calp 161 That is the primary sense here: H has brought Aeolian verse to Latin poetry; the terms of the metaphor are varied in 376 H O R AC E : O D ES I I I epist 12 f ‘fidibusne Latinis / Thebanos aptare modos studet auspice Musa?’, and reversed in carm 32 f ‘dic Latinum, barbite, carmen’, where the carmen is Latin and the lyre Greek In the present passage scholars have suggested a number of extra nuances One is that of founding a colony (OLD s.v 9, E Maro´ti, Acta Ant Hung 13, 1965: 101 ff.); though not accepting all the connotations of this idea, RN sees a continuation of the analogy with Daunus (see on potens and princeps above) Others see a reference to a triumphant Roman general (Borzsa´k, op cit 145 f., Woodman, op cit 124, A Hardie, op cit 52); cf 37 31 ‘privata deduci triumpho’, Liv 28 32 ‘quos secum in patriam ad meritum triumphum deducere velit’, and especially Virg georg 10 f ‘primus ego in patriam mecum / Aonio rediens deducam vertice Musas’, where the imagery is supported by and 17 ‘victor’ and 12 ‘primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas’ (see Mynors) We accept that in a general sense H was influenced by his friend’s deducam; nevertheless Virgil’s repeated victor is abandoned, the object of deduxisse is no longer the Muses but Aeolian verse-forms; and those forms are brought not to Horace’s patria, still less to the Capitol, but to ‘Italian melodies’ (i e Latin poetry) In the closing lines H emphasizes that his garland is very different from that of the triumphator (see 15–16 n.) Finally, it is held that deducere evokes a metaphor from spinning (Ross 134 f.); the verb is used literally of ‘drawing down threads’ (Catull 64 312, OLD 4a) and metaphorically of ‘spinning verses’ (serm 4, epist 225 ‘tenui deducta poemata filo’, OLD 4b); see further W Eisenhut, Gedenkschrift fuăr G Rohde, 1961: 91 ff (reprinted in his Properz, 1975: 247 ff.), Poăschl 258 f This interpretation does not cohere well with ‘ad Italos modos’; it is true that ad can be used of a musical accompaniment (epist 31 ‘ad strepitum citharae’), but in this geographical context the reader would expect deducere ad to indicate some sort of destination This argument tells a fortiori against connecting deduxisse with the èùFúặ ồụặíỗ of Callimachus Moreover, a reference to Callimachean poetics goes against the tenor of the ode, which begins with a metaphor from monumental masonry and ends with an acknowledgement of the classical lyric poets 14–15 sume superbiam / quaesitam meritis: H is modifying the presumption of his previous claims by attributing his success to the Muse; cf 26 f ‘nil sine te mei / possunt honores’, 21 ff ‘totum muneris hoc tui est, / quod monstror digito praetereuntium / Romanae fidicen lyrae; / quod spiro et placeo, si placeo, tuum est’, Pind pae 7b 15 ff., Call fr 228 But the terms in which he does so are not entirely clear Most editors are probably right in taking the whole expression to mean ‘assume a well-earned pride’; cf Caes bG 33 ‘Ariovistus tantos sibi EX E G I M O N V M EN T V M 377 spiritus sumpserat’, Prop 25 21 ‘qui pleno fastus assumis amore’, Ov am 17 with McKeown (and contrast 10 ‘pone superbiam’) As no possessive adjective is expressed with meritis, one is naturally inclined to understand tuis from the imperative sume; for gods’ ‘deserts’ cf Plaut capt 922 ‘Iovi disque ago gratias merito magnas’, ILS 3834 ‘Aescolapio donom dat lubens merito’ (the abbreviation L M is common in inscriptions), TLL 823 53 ff For superbia as justifiable pride (rather than the more usual arrogance) cf Prop 63 ‘ut nostris tumefacta superbiat Vmbria libris’ Some argue that superbiam refers to H’s own pride, and meritis to his deserts; this follows well from the preceding account, and receives some support from Prop 25 ‘ingenio quaesitum nomen’ (a passage that draws on the ode, but without any divine address) sume then means ‘take over’; thus Porph interprets ‘adroga, inquit, tibi gloriam ubertate ingenii quaesitam’ sume suits a dedication to a god (cf CLE 868 ‘sume libens simulacra’), and cinge (16) the reciprocal boon requested on such occasions There is some inconsistency, however, in handing over his pride to the Muse while at the same time claiming the credit for himself D Korzeniewski understood superbiam as ‘a thing to take pride in’ (like the English ‘pride and joy’), i e the book of poems (loc cit., 1974: 204 ff.); cf the concrete sense of words like gloria, honor, and gaudium He saw a particular analogy in ẳêặỡặ, a word sometimes applied to an offering (it was explained as ‘a thing in which one delights’ as well as ‘a thing that glorifies’) Although this explanation would suit sume and the reciprocal cinge, it can hardly be reconciled with quaesitam meritis; the sense assigned to superbiam is very strange, and even as a calque it does not represent ẳêặỡặ satisfactorily 1516 et mihi Delphica / lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam: H does not as a rule differentiate the functions of the Muses (at 1–2 n.), but he may have associated Melpomene with lyric (cf 1, N–H on 24 1) volens (often combined with propitius) is found in prayers for a god’s goodwill, particularly in granting a request that could be refused (‘of thy grace’); cf Cato, agr 141 ‘Mars pater, te precor quaesoque uti sies volens propitius’, Liv 16 with Ogilvie, 24 38 ‘ut nobis volentes propitii adsitis’, Appel 122 f ŁÝºøí is similarly used in Greek; cf Aesch Ag 664 with Fraenkel, cho 19 êồớùF ọb úýỡỡặữùũ íứớ Kỡùò, Pind I 42 f., Pulleyn 144 f Laurus is the ‘sweet-bay, L nobilis not the cherry-laurel of English shrubberies’ (Mynors on Virg georg 18); cf Abbe 94 f with illustration; for general information see M B Ogle, AJP 31, 1910: 287 ff The plant was particularly associated with prophecy and the Delphic cult of Apollo (Lucr 154 ‘Phoebi Delphica laurus’, F Williams on 378 H O R AC E : O D ES I I I Call h 1); the Muses on Helicon gave Hesiod a branch of bay (theog 30), and a garland of bay was awarded to victors at the Pythian games, including poets (Call fr 194 33, Paus 10 22–4); H requests it here because it suits the inspired vates (Kambylis 18 ff.), cf (of Pindar) ‘laurea donandus Apollinari’ In Roman life the laurea corona was also associated with the triumph, which provided a variety of images for Augustan poets (K Galinsky, WS 82, 1969: 75 ff.): the Muse of Propertius holds a triumph (3 ff.), Ovid is a prisoner in Cupid’s triumph (am 19 with McKeown) But Delphica (emphatic in this position) shows that Horace is asking for the bays of a poet rather than those of a general; a general dedicated his bays to Jupiter (RE 7A 510), but Horace is to receive his from the Muse See also the important parallel at ff (on the poet blessed by Melpomene): ‘neque res bellica Deliis / ornatum foliis ducem / ostendet Capitolio’, followed by a contrast with the foliage of Tibur, which will make him famous as a poet In this symbolic context we should not picture the poet’s hair as it was in real life (3 14 25 n., 19 25 n.) but rather as the idealized locks of the poetic victor; similarly the last ode of Pindar’s Olympians (14 24) ends KóơåÜíøóå ữặòụặớ (Oliensis, 1998: 104 n 3) For crowning as a closural motif see also Pind P 124 f., I 49 ff., Athen 15 674 f citing Aristotle ụe ọb úụíồỉớ ịổứúòớ ụỉớặ úỗỡặòớồỉ (see I Rutherford in Classical Closure, ed D H Roberts et al., 1997: 49 ff.) I N D EX N O M I N V M (Brackets denote indirect references) Achaemenium costum, 20 Acheron, 43 Acherontia, 61–2 Achivi, 45 Acrisius, 202 Aeacus, 231 Aefula, 349 Aegaei tumultus, 364 Aelius, see Lamia Aeolium carmen, 375 Aethiops (¼ Aegyptius), 104 Aetne, 77 Afer (African), 48 Africa, 208 Africus (ventus), 265, 362 (Agenor), 329, 333 Albanae herbae, 267 Alcaeus, 164 Algidus, 266 (Aloidae), 72 Alyattes, 210 (Amphiaraus), 204 Amphion, 152 Andromeda, 352 Antiochus, 120 Antony, 38, 44, 79, 80, 103 Apollo, 74, 75; see also Cynthius; Phoebus Apulus, 86, 207 Aquilo, 143, 370 Arabes, 274 Aratus, 112 Arcturus, 14 Argivi, 52 Assyrium litus, 66 Asterie, 115 Aufidus, 374 Augustus, xxi–ii, 22–3, 36, 41, 80, 83, 98–9, 180, 298; see also Caesar Auster, 40, 326 Bacchae, 307 Bacchus, 42, 209, 296, 299, (306); see also Lenaeus; Liber Bactra, 355 Baiae, 64 Bandusia, 172–3, 176 Bantini saltus, 62 Bellerophontes, 118, 170 Berecyntia tibia, 237 Bibulus, 341 Boreas, 287 Britannus, 67, 83 Caecubum, 340 Caesar (Augustus), 68, 183, 187, 301; see also Augustus Calabrae apes, 209 Calais, 137 Callimachus, 7, 305, 376 Calliope, 57 Camenae, 63 Campus Martius, 10, 121 Canicula, 177 Cantaber, 124, 130 Capitolium, 47, 290, 372–3 Capra, 117 Carthago, 80–2, 93 Castalia, 75 (Castor) 364 Cato (censor), 251 Cato (pr 52), 36, (?) 251 Catullus, 134, 255 (Cepheus), 352 Cerberus, 156–8 Ceres, 33, 279 Chius cadus, 231 Chloe, 117, 136, 139 Chloris, 194 Cleopatra, 44, 104 Cnidos, 343 Codrus, 230 Concanus, 67 Corvinus, 250; see also Messalla Cotiso, 129; see also Dacus Crassus, 80, 84 Crete, 329 380 I N D EX N O M I N V M Cupido, (168), (335) Cyclades, 343 Cycnus, (?) 170 Cynthia (Diana), 343 Cynthius, 343; see also Apollo; Phoebus Cypriae merces, 362 Cyrus, 355 Cytherea (Venus), 168 Dacus, 104; see also Cotiso (Damocles), 12 Danae, 201, 203 Danaides puellae, 149–51, 159 (Danaus), 162–3 Daunus, 374 Delius Apollo, 75 Delphica laurus, 377 (Diana), 77, 254–60 Diespiter ( Jupiter), 34 Enceladus, 23 Enipeus, 120 Ennius, 36, 374 Etruscum mare, 356 Euhias (Baccha), 303 Europe (mulier), 318–19, 328, 333 Europe (pars orbis), 48, 337–8 Eurus, 216 Hannibal, 110 Hebrus (flumen), 303 Hebrus (iuvenis), 169 Hectoreae opes, 45 (Helen), 44, 45 Hercules, 41, 182 Hesiod, 53, 57, 70, 77, 289 Hesperia, 103 Hippolyte, 119 Hispana (navis), 31; (ora), 130, 183 (Hypermestra), 160–4 Iapyx, 326 Ibycus, 192 Icarus (insula), 120 Ida (mons), 245 Ilia, (46), 136 Ilios, 44, 47; see also Troy Ilium, 231 Inachus, 230 India, 274 Ionici motus, 106 Italia, 93 Italici modi, 375 Iuno, 36, 43, 52, 74 Iuppiter, 9, 40, 71, 82, 87, 144, 202, 301, 337 Ixion, 158 Keats, 59 Falerna vitis, 20 Faunus, 219–20, 221 Favonii, 115 Fontinalia, 173 Forentum, 62 Formiae, 209, 215 Fortuna, 360, 361 Gaetula leaena, 241 Galatea, 325 Gallica pascua, 209 (Ganymede), 245 Geloni, 67 Getae, 278 Giganteus triumphus, Gigantomachia, 9, 55–6, 72 Glycera, 238 Graecus trochus, 293 Gratia(e), 236, 253 Gyges centimanus, 76 Gyges (mercator), 116 Hadria, 40, 139, 326 Haedus (sidus), 15 Lacaena adultera (Helen), 45 Lacedaemonium Tarentum, 96 Laestrygones, 209, 215 Lamia, Aelius, 212–13 Lamiae, 214 Lamus, 213 Lanuvium, 230, 321 Laomedon, 45 Lar(es), 261–2, 264 Latona, 343 Lenaeus (Bacchus), 308 Leo, 353 Liber (Bacchus), 126, 253 Libitina, 371 (Licinius), see Murena (Livia), 183 Luceria, 197 Lucretius, 3–4, 18, 305 Lyaeus (Bacchus), 252 Lyce, 143 Lycia, 75 Lycus, 237, 238 Lyde, 154, 159, 340 I N D EX N O M I N V M Lydia, 136, 139 (Lynceus), 161 Macedo vir (Philip), 204–5 Maecenas, xxii, 5–6, 123–4, 128, 199–201, 206, 247, 345–8 Magnessa Hippolyte, 119 Manlius, 247 (Marcellus), 185 Maricae litora, 215 Mars, 43, 46, 89, 92 Marsum duellum, 188 Marsus, 86 Martiae Kalendae, 125 Martium gramen, 121 Massicum vinum, 248 Mauri angues, 147 Matronalia, 125 Medus, 48, 130 Medus rex, 86 Melpomene, 377 (Menas), 205 (Mens?), 313 Mercurius, 152 Messalla, 246–7; see also Corvinus Milton, 31, 49, 189, 323, 329, 341, 351, 356 Mimas (Gigas), 72 Minerva, 45, 169 Moschus, 319 Murena, 227, 234 Musa(e), 8, 52, 57, 236 Mygdonii campi, 210 Naiades, 306 Neaera, 189 Nearchus, 242 Necessitas, 11, 275 Neobule, 169 Neptunalia, 174, 338 Neptune, 338, 339, 342 Nereides, 342 Nilus, 49 Nireus, 244 Nothus, 196 Notus, 116 Nox, 344 Numidae, 163 (Octavia), 184 Olympus, 72 Orcus, 77, 160, 332 Oricus, 116 381 Orion, 76, 325 Ornytus, 137 (Orpheus), 155–8 Ovid, 163–4, 347 Owen, Wilfred, 27 Pacorus, 103 Paeligna frigora, 233 Palinurus, 65 Pallas, 73 Paphos, 343 Paris, (44), (45), 47 Parthi, 24, 80, 103; see also Medus; Persae Patareus Apollo, 75 Pater (Iuppiter), 359 Pelion, 72 Penates, 183, 269, 332 Penelope, 145 Persae, 83, 135 Phidyle, 264 (Philip), 204 Philippi, 65 Phoebus (Apollo), 52, 58, 254 Pholoe, 194, 195 Phrygius lapis, 19 Pierius, 69, 146 Pindar, 54–5, 58, 70, 365 Pirithous, 79 Plancus, 191 Poena, 34 Poeni, 92 Pollux, 41, 364 Porphyrion, 73 Praeneste, 64 Priamus, 45, 47 Procyon, 353 Proetus, 118 Pullia (?), 60 Punicus, 88, 109, 274; see also Poeni Pyrrhus (Epiri rex), 110 Pyrrhus (iuvenis), 241 Quirinus, 36, 43 Quirites, 51 Regulus, 80–1, 87, 96 Rhode, 238 Rhodope, 304 Rhoetus, 73 Roma, 47, 48, 351 Romana Ilia, 136 Romane, 101 (Romulus), 36, 46; see also Quirinus 382 Sabelli ligones, 110 Sabina vallis, 20 Sabinos (agros), 63 Sappho, 165 Scythes(ae), 132, 271–2, 277 -icus amnis, 67 Seres, 355 Shakespeare, 122, 133, 333, 367 Siculus, 12, 65 Sidon, 19 Silvanus, 354 Simonides, 23, 365–6 Socraticus, 250 Spartacus, 188 (Sthenoboea), 118 Tanais, 68, 143, 355 Tarentum, 96 Tartarus, 119 Telegonus, 350 Telephus, 238 Tennyson, 351 Thrace, 303 Thurinus, 137 Thyias (Baccha), 195 I N D EX N O M I N V M Thyna merx, 117 Tiberinus, 169 (Tiberis), 169, 356–7 Tibur, 64, 349 Titanes, 70 Tityos, 78, 158 Troicus, 46 Troy, 36–8, 51; see also Ilios Tullus, 127 (Tusculum), 350 Tuscus alveus, 121 Typhoeus, 76 Tyriae merces, 362 Tyrrhenus, 145, 274, 347 Venafrani agri, 96 Venus, 145, 163, 202, 223, 253, 313, 335, 343–4 ¼ amor, 138, 177 Vesper, 238 Vesta, 86 Virgil, 4–5, 36, 158, 305, 373–4 Virgo (Diana), 257 Vulcanus, 74 Vultur, 59 IN DEX V ER B O RV M ab, 93, 206, 214 abesus (?), 357 acutus, 58, 334–5 additus (custos), 78 aestuare, 158 altus (Caesar), 68 alumni ( pecoris), 222, 265 amator, 79, 221 amice pati, 24 amnes (‘waters’), 358 anciliorum, 86 anima (amatae), 137 annus, 266 arbiter, 243–4 arcanus, 33, 252 arcere, 6–7 arcus (?), 315 arduus, 63, 289, 351 argutus, 189 arte (¼ virtute), 41 asper, 26, 143 ater, 62, 187, 326 atqui, 94 attonitus, 236 augur, 204, 217 aulaea, 352 aut, 167–8, 281 avidus (Volcanus), 74 balanus, 348–9 barbitos, 312 beatus, 47, 135, 209, 316, 351 bidens (ovis), 268 bono die, 249 caducus, 71 caecus, 327 caementa, 17, 274 capitis minor, 93 caprea (¼ ibex?), 196 carere, 233–4, 316 carus, 284 catus, 170 cessare, 237, 333, 342 cista (?), 188 civicus, 282 civilis, 129 clades, 105 classe, 163 claustra, 162 clavi, 275–6 cogere, 50, 138 commodus, 235 componere, 356 condiscere, 24 consilium, 69–70, 75–6, 94, 302 consors, 294 coram, 108 cornix, 217, 323–4, 325 cornua, 177, 252–3, 332, 336 corvus, 323–4 credidimus, 82 crescere, 267, 372 creterra, 223 curtus, 208 (?), 295 debacchari, 51 decet, decorum, 26–7, 195 deducere, 375–6 delectare, 335 delicta, 100 deripere, 89, 341 descendere, 10–11, 56–7, 250 deserere, 35 dicere, 57, 154 difficilis, 122, 146 diffingere, 359 dirus, 110, 241 (?) diva, 259, 316 divinus, 323 dominus, 17, 207 duellum, 92, 188 dulce (mori), 27 dulcis, 126, 167, 176 dumeta, 75, 354 edax, 370 efficere irritum, 359 eheu, 26 eius (?), 157 384 elementa, 292 ensis, 12 erilis, 335 exigere, 187, 367–8 exsomnis, 303 exsultim, 155 faece tenus, 198 fallit beatior, 209 far, 270 fastus (¼fasti), 215 favete linguis, fax, 137 fertur, 93, 244 feta, 322 fidei, 116 firmare, 292 foedus, 281 foret, 61 fremitus, 327 frequens, 17 funeratus, 127 fustes, 111 geminus Pollux, 364 gerere, 102, 248 gestire, 50, 207 glaciare, 144 grandis, 243 haerere equo, 293 hora, 177–8 hornus, 264 horridus, 250–1, 288, 354 hosticus, 25 iactis molibus, 16 idoneus (puellis), 312 iecur, 78 ilex, 178, 266 ilicet (?), 324–5 imbrex (?), 277 immanis, 156 immetatus, 279 immunis, 269 importunus, 210 impotens, 370 improbus, 140, 295 inaudax, 242 incedere, 221 inclinare, 340, 341 incolumis, 87, 285 inconstantior (?) Hadria, 140 I N D EX V ER B O RV M in diem, 358 innare, 216 innocens, 280 institor, 109 instituere, 127 insultare, 47 intaminatus, 29 invicem, 342 invito vultu, 159 iocosus, iocus, 52, 252 ire (of rope), 145 irritus, 285, 359 iura dare, 48 iusti dei, 184 iustitia, 38–9 labis (?) expertes, 186 lacerare, 162, 332, 336 laedere collum, 334 laetus, 249, 260 lapides (‘pearls’), 291 laqueus (mortis), 277 latus, 148, 287, 313, 328 laurus, 63, 377–8 lavere (¼eluere), 167 lenis (incedas), 221–2 lentus (amor), 238–9 limen, 60, 148 limitis (?) Assyrii, 67 liquidus, 64 liquor, 48 ludere, 59, 155, 196–7, 224, 360 ludum dare, 167 luridus, 77, 314–15 lustrare, 304 lusum (?) ludere, 360 madere, 250 male nominatis (?) verbis, 186 manare (ỵ abl.), 158 manni, 322 materies mali, 291 maturare necem, 118 maturus, 106 (?), 193 meditari, 107, 131, 260, 301 medius, 48, 328 melior sagittis, 105 melius (adv iudicantis), 210 memor nostri, 325 merita (of Muse), 376–7 metuere, 187, 281 miscentur (?) pocula, 235 mitto, 290, 292 I N D EX V ER B O RV M monumentum, 368 mores (and leges), 286 movere historias, 119–20 movere sacra, 249 mundae cenae, 351–2 murreus, 189 mutuus, 137 narrare, 119, 231 natum (of wine), 247 neglegere (deos), 34, 103, 250 nenia, 344 nequitia, 78, 193 nescire (ỵ inf.), 337 nitidus, 238, 280 nitor, 169 nobilis, 178, 197, 213–14 nodus, 189, 254 nomen, 86–7, 248–9, 330, 337 non secus ac, 304–5 non sine, 63, 176, 312, 357 nuptiae, 155 praebere domum, 233 praesens, 83 princeps, 216, 375 pro(h), 84 procerus, 307 prodire, 184 profanus, 6–7 promere, 243, 250, 340 protervus, 155, 190 publicum (?) mare, 275 puella, 185, 258 purpureus, 42, 198 purus, 1445, 238, 359 quamvis (ỵ ind.), 121, 147 o (¼ si), 146, 282 odi, 6, 237, 285 olor, 344 operatus, 184 opibus (¼auxilio), 45–6 ora (ultima), 130–1, 183 ordinare sulcis, 10 oscen, 323–4 -osus, 59, 109, 217, 350 ravus, 322 recens, 302, 331, 372 recreare, 69, 244, 279 redemptor, 16 redonare, 46 regnare, 355, 375 relinquere, 78 renidere, 104 resignare, 361 retusus (?), 315 ripae, 306 (?), 327 rite, ritu, 20, 182, 278, 356 rixa, 190, 236, 248 robigo, 265 ros marinus, 268 rudis, 26, 293 paelex, 147, 335 parcere (ỵ inf ), 132, 341 parra, 321 pars (mundi), 47, 51, 286 pater (urbis), 283 pauperies, 23, 210, 288, 362 peccare, 119, 281, 326 pedes rapiunt, 163 pergula (?), 60 phaselos, 34 picus, 325 pius, 59, 248, 270 plebs (voc.), 183 plenus (dei), 299 plorare, 144, 331 poples, 28 post, 117, 253 postes, 20 postgeniti, 284 potens, 306, 358, 375 saeculum, 84 (?), 105 saliente mica, 270 saucius, 146–7 scalpere, 164 scapha, 363 scatere, 328 sectus orbis, 337 sentire (malam rem), 16, 92, 265 sequi, 334 sermones, 126, 250 situs, 369 sospes, 128, 185 strenuus, 340 structae (?) rei, 295 sublustris, 329 suboles, 177 sucus (puellae), 333 super (=de), 129 superbia, 145, 377 supercilium, 9–10 385 386 I N D EX V ER B O RV M supinus, 64, 263 supplice vitta, 185 surge, 161 suspirare, 26, 118 ungui, de tenero, 107 unicus, 183–4 utriusque linguae, 126 uxor, 52, 192, 337 tempe, 14 temperare, 71, 76, 232, 280 temptare, 31, 66, 76–7, 118, 267–8 (?) tibia, 57–8, 122, 237 torvus, 93–4 trepidus, -are, 25, 326, 356 triformis (diva), 259–60 trochus, 293–4 tuleris (¼sustuleris), 264 tumultus, 187 turma, 70, 71 tuta merces, 31–2 vacuus, 306 vagax (?), 188 vagus, 41, 178, 278, 325 vetulus, 198 vetustus, 214 vicarius, 279–80 viola, 146 virtus, 22, 28, 30, 251, 289 visere, 50, 67, 344 vixi, 309, 311, 358 vultus, 39, 94, 159 zona, 334 umescere (?) pocula, 236 I N D EX R ERV M ablative absolute, 43, 84, 108, 152, 348 ab urbe condita construction, 93, 147, 234 accusative of respect 148; retained, 126, 137 adjective for genitire, 77, 203, 335 adventus, 180 adynaton, 155, 225 aetiology, 123 agent-nouns, 73, 79, 242 alphitomantis, 270 amoebaeum carmen, 133, 342 animals desecrate grave, 47 anniversaries, 123, 127, 224, 260 annunciation, 337 apotheosis, 30, 41–3, 46 apposition encloses subject, 288 aretalogy, 155–6, 251–3 ascension by chariot, 43 assonance, 46, 161 asyndeton, 92 (?), 139, 223, 243 athletes, 166, 169–70 augury, 217, 323–4, 325 aversio of trouble, 326–7 benefactors, 200 board-games, 130 breaking-off formula, 31, 52 bronze, 52, 138, 201, 368 bulletins, military, 129–30 calque se´mantique, 186 caravans, Scythian, 278 catabasis, 156 catasterism, 301–2 caves, poetic, 69, 300 cena aditialis, 227–8 childbirth, 258 children in ceremonial, 8, 185–6 chronographers, 230–1 civil wars, 101, 104, 187, 282 closure, 20–1, 52–3, 96, 239, 344, 378 colour-contrast, 126, 177, 266, 304, 326 compendious comparison, 19, 113, 274 concilium deorum, 43, 302 constitutional reform, 354 continents, 337–8 cookery criticised, 13 country life idealised, 13–14, 100, 220, 261 dancing, 106 (bad), 194 (innocent), 226 (of peasant) degeneration, 100, 112–13 diatribe, 273, 289, 361–2 dicing, 294 discontent, 14, 15 Dog-days, 16, 177, 353 dowry, 280–1, 362 dreams, false, 331 dye (in metaphor), 90–1 elections in Principate, 10–11, 29 envy of the living, 284–5 Epicureanism, 3–4, 132, 346, 358–60 epigram, Greek, 175, 246, 255–6, 309–10 equites, 18, 24–5 ethnography, 271–2 eucharisticon, 5, 200 exploration, 50–1 flower-picking, symbolic, 329 founders, legendary, 216, 350, 374 genealogies, 212–13 genius, 218 gigantomachy, 9, 55, 70–8 goats, 173–4, 177, 223 go-between, 117 hendiadys, 58, 126, 279, 352 hetaerae, musical, 137, 147 (?), 189, 339 holidays, 218, 224, 339–40 homosexuality, xxiii, 239–40 horsemanship, 121, 170, 293 hunting, 91, 171, 256, 293 hymnal style, 152–9, 175, 220, 246–50, 254–5, 257–60, 315–16 hyperbole, 16, 19, 52, 107, 138, 207, 211, 274 imperative, future in -to, 190, 336 (?) incense, 125, 224, 264 insomnia, 13, 117 interaction in imagery, 162 invitation-poem, 127–9, 213, 250, 345–6 388 I N D EX R ERV M kerygma, kings, Eastern, 9, 86, 135, 253 lamps, 108, 128, 254 landscape, imaginary, 59, 69, 300, 306 latifundia, 10, 207, 210–11 lifeboats, 363 lightning, 40, 203 lions, 26, 162, 241, 332–3 locus amoenus, 178–9, 353–4 lot, 12 lovers: who would die for partner, 137, 140; pale, 146; neglect duties, 165, 168; compared to soldiers, 312; have rivals, 135, 137; give up the struggle, 148, 190, 310 maenadism, 296–8, 303–4 magnets, erotic, 119 merchants, 14, 109, 115–16, 288–9, 362 mining, 49 monastic corruptions, 225 moral legislation, 98–9, 283–4 mysteries, 7, 33 mythical exempla, 87, 118–19, 149–50, 152–3, 182, 201, 318–19 nominative ‘in apposition to sentence,’ 243; exclamatory, 330 omens, 320–2 onomatopoeia, 179 oracles, 101 oxymoron, 59, 161, 242, 278, 307–8, 328 paraclausithyron, 121–2, 141–2, 309 paraenesis, 113, 131–2, 151, 261, 340, 346 parataxis, 90 parenthesis, 84, 152, 160, 214 perfect, gnomic, 34, 269–70, 352 perfect infinitive, 226–7 perfume, 20, 189, 244, 348–9 personification, 17, 18, 288, 362 phyllobolia, 225 pigs, 218, 256, 260, 264–5 place-names, sentimental, 173 plural for singular, 95 (reditus), 122 (vias), 338 (nomina) poet: infancy of 53–4, 61–2; inspired, 59, 299–307; original, 8, 298, 302, 375; as priest of Muses, 7; crowned, 308, 378; survival of, 371 polar expressions, 12, 66, 222 pollution, 34, 321 prayer, posture in, 263 priamel, 10, 320–1 prolepsis, 206, 295 (?) propempticon, 163–4, 317–18, 324–5 proper names, significant, 116, 137–8, 169 (?) prosody, irregular, 88, 207, 276–7 purple, 19, 110, 352 pyramids, 366, 369 ransom, 81, 90 rivers: represent country, 68, 143, 355, 374; provide personal names, 120, 169; compared to time, 356; in flood, 357 Roman empire worldwide, 48, 187 roses, 197, 237, 348 sacrifice, 174, 176, 223, 256–7, 260, 263–7 secrets, 32–3, 252 sexism, xxiii, 191–2, 221 shopping-lists, 187, 228 silence, religious, 7, 185–6, 372 singular verb with multiple subjects, 41, 202 smoke of Rome, 102, 351 sphragis, 364–5 springs, 64–5, 172 stars: beautiful, 115, 139, 194, 238; rising and setting, 15, 117, 177, 326, 353; influence of, 16 stepmothers, 280 Stoicism, 28, 30, 36, 358 storm, signs of, 323, 326–7 subjunctive, 94, 111, 349 sufficiency, 14, 211 suicide, 334–5 supplicatio, 180–1 swimming, 121, 169 symposium: preparations for, 125–7, 229, 348; orderly, 129; seriousness avoided, 131–2, 228; toasts, 128, 234–6; prolonged, 128, 254 teichoscopia, 25 temples to be repaired, 97, 101–2 thermipolium, 232 three, 52, 234–6, 259 tigers, 42–3, 155–6, 333 tortoise-shell lyre, 153–4 torture, 94, 251–2 transferred epithet, 28, 111, 209, 253, 348, 350 transhumance, 224 I N D EX R ERV M trees in peristyle, 144; for dedications, 255–6; arbor infelix, 334 trireme, private, 18 uncles, censorious, 168 ‘unpoetical words’, 16–17, 87–8, 95–6 vertical responsion, 76, 147, 183, 258, 326 villa maritima, 16–17, 274 vistas, 349 wealth rejected, 3–4, 21, 49, 207; jettisoned, 290–1, 362–3 wet-nurses, 60 widow’s mite, 262 389 windlass, 145 wine: dated, 128, 247–8, 341; historical associations, 188, 231–2, 249; imbibes smoke, 127; ‘languid’, 209, 250; mixed with hot water, 232, 235; its praises, 247, 251–3 wolves, 143, 225, 321–2 women: work wool, 168, 197, 335; responsible for fire 111; denied wine, 167; differentiated from men, 134; reversal of roles, 195, 238; vetula derided, 191–2, 193, 198 woods, awe of, 300 zones, 50–1, 286–7 ... part contains a narrative that may include a speech (3, 11, 27) Again, an ode may break neatly into pairs of stanzas (1, 9), or it may, for a deliberate effect, sweep along with few pauses at... Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0–19–926314– 10 Typeset by Kolam Information Services Pvt Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper... the General Introduction, and at the same time have summarized our approach, particularly on controversial matters Recently there has been some discussion about the commentary as a literary form: