The palgrave handbook of sociocultural perspectives on global mental health

THE PALGRAVE HANDBOOK OF SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL MENTAL HEALTH Edited by Ross G White, Sumeet Jain, David M.R Orr, Ursula M Read The Palgrave Handbook of Sociocultural Perspectives on Global Mental Health Ross G White  •  Sumeet Jain  •  David M.R Orr  •  Ursula M Read Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Sociocultural Perspectives on Global Mental Health Editors Ross G White Institute of Psychology, Health and Society University of Liverpool Liverpool, United Kingdom David M.R Orr Department of Social Work and Social Care University of Sussex Brighton, United Kingdom Sumeet Jain School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, United Kingdom Ursula M Read CERMES3, Paris, France ISBN 978-1-137-39509-2    ISBN 978-1-137-39510-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-39510-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930576 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover image © Gameli Tordzro Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd The registered company address is: The Campus, Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom To the memory of Kanyi Gikonyo and Duncan Pedersen Notes on Contributors Ademola B. Adeponle  is Resident in Psychiatry at McGill University, Canada, and a Doctoral student in Cultural Psychiatry at McGill University, Canada Heather M. Aldersey  is Assistant Professor at the Queen’s National Scholar School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University, Canada Olayinka  Atilola  is Lecturer at the Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria Joseph Atukunda  is Founder of Heartsounds Mental health Champions David  Baillie  is Consultant Psychiatrist at East London NHS Foundation Trust, UK Parul  Bakhshi is Assistant Professor of Occupational Therapy and Surgery at Washington University, USA Sohini  Banerjee  is Assistant Professor at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Assam, India David Basangwa  works at the Ministry of Health in Kampala, Uganda Serena Bindi  is Associate Professor of Social Anthropology at the Centre for Cultural Anthropology, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France Baffour  Boaten  Boahen-Boaten  is Lecturer in the Department of Psychology, Swaziland Christian University, Mbabane, Swaziland Hannah Bockarie  is Director of ‘commit and act’, Sierra Leone Rochelle  Burgess works at the Centre for Primary Health and Social Care at London Metropolitan University, UK, and at the Health, Community and Development Research Group at London School of Economics, UK vii viii  Notes on Contributors Timothy A. Carey  is Director of the Centre for Remote Health at Flinders University and Charles Darwin University, Central Australian Mental Health Service, Northern Territory, Australia Debashis Chatterjee  is Consultant Psychiatrist at Iswar Sankalpa, India Arabinda N. Chowdhury  is Professor of Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry, Kolkata, India, and Consultant Psychiatrist at Cambridge & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Huntingdon, UK Sara Cooper  is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, ZA, South Africa Beate  Ebert  is Chairperson of ‘commit and act’ and a Clinical Psychologist at a private practice in Aschaffenburg, Germany Mark  Eggerman  is Research Scientist at the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies, Yale University, USA Carola Eyber  is Senior Lecturer at the Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK Sebastian Farquhar  is Director of Global Priorities Project in Oxford, UK Lucy  Gamble  is Consultant Clinical Psychologist at NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, UK Rimke  van der Gees  is Psychiatric Nurse and Anthropologist at VIP Mentrum (Early Psychosis Intervention Team), in Amsterdam, the Netherlands Cerdic Hall  is Nurse Consultant in Primary Care at Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, UK Christopher Harding  is Lecturer in Asian History at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, UK Frederick W. Hickling  is Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Executive Director at the Caribbean Institute of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University of the West Indies, Jamaica Simone  Honikman  is Director of Perinatal Mental Health Project at the Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa Sumeet Jain  is Lecturer in Social Work at the School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK Sanjeev Jain  is Professor of Psychiatry at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, India   Notes on Contributors     ix Janis  H.  Jenkins  is Professor of Anthropology and Psychiatry at University of California at San Diego, USA Bonnie  N.  Kaiser  works at the Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, USA Hunter  M.  Keys  works at the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands Hanna Kienzler  is Lecturer at the Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King’s College London, UK Ellen Kozelka  works at the Department of Anthropology, University of California at San Diego, USA Shuba Kumar  works in Samarth, Chennai, India K.V.  Kishore  Kumar  works at The Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, Chennai, India Ingo Lambrecht  is Consultant Clinical Psychologist in Manawanui, Māori Mental Health Services, New Zealand Peter  Locke  is Assistant Professor of Instruction in Global Health Studies and Anthropology at Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, USA Crick  Lund  is Professor at Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa Kaaren Mathias  works at Emmanuel Hospital Association, New Delhi, India, and the Centre for Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Umeå, Sweden Dennis R. McDermott  works at the Poche Centre for Indigenous Health and Well-­ Being at Flinders University, Australia Cheryl McGeachan  is Lecturer at the School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK Ingrid  Meintjes  is PhD candidate in Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Emory University, USA Gavin  Miller  is Senior Lecturer in Medical Humanities at the School of Critical Studies, University of Glasgow, UK China  Mills  is Lecturer in Critical Educational Psychology at the University of Sheffield, UK R. Srinivasa Murthy  is Mental Health Advisor at The Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India x  Notes on Contributors Rory C. O’Connor  is Professor at the Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK Bolanle Ola  is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria David  M.R.  Orr  is Senior Lecturer in Social Work in the Department of Social Work, Wellbeing & Social Care at the University of Sussex, UK Catherine Panter-Brick  is Professor of Anthropology, Health, and Global Affairs at Yale University, USA Duncan  Pedersen worked at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada Chris  Philo  is Professor of Geography at the School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK N.S. Prashanth  works at the Institute of Public Health, Girinagar, Bangalore, India Shoba Raja  is Special Advisor at BasicNeeds in Leamington Spa, UK Padmavati  Ramachandran  is Additional Director at the Schizophrenia Research Foundation in Chennai, India Ursula M. Read  is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at CERMES3, Paris, France Sarbani Das Roy  is Secretary & Director of Projects, Iswar Sankalpa, India Alok  Sarin  is Consultant Psychiatrist at Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India Tanya Seshadri  works at The Malki Initiative, Karnataka, India V.S. Sridharan  works at Swami Vivekananda Youth Movement, Sargur, Karnataka, India Jill  Stavert  is Law Professor and Director of the Centre for Mental Health and Incapacity Law, Rights and Policy, at The Business School, Edinburgh Napier University, UK Corinna Stewart  works at the National University of Ireland, Galway H. Sudarshan  works at the Karuna Trust, Bangalore, India Tim  Thornton  is Professor of Philosophy and Mental Health at the College of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, UK Mark  Tomlinson is Professor in the Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, ZA, South Africa Jean-Francois Trani  is Associate Professor at the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, at Washington University, USA   Notes on Contributors     xi Rachel  Tribe is Professor at the School of Psychology, The University of East London, UK Chris Underhill  is Founder of BasicNeeds in Leamington Spa, UK Charles Watters  is Professor of Wellbeing and Social Care, Social Work and Social Care, Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex, UK Sarah  C.  White  is Professor at the Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK Ross  G.  White  is Reader in Clinical Psychology at the Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, UK Rob Whitley  is Assistant Professor at Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Canada  Index     sustainable development goals (SDGs) diagnosis mental disorders, psychiatric, 6, 52, 60, 103, 189–91, 242, 322, 372, 429, 688, 689 (see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); International Classification of Diseases (ICD)) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 290, 571 DSM-5, 5, 51–68, 96, 170, 179, 180, 290, 550, 571 DSM-IV, 5, 52–4, 190, 511, 774 dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT), 560 disability definition of, 416 rights, 222, 449, 636 (see also Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)) Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY), 7, 36, 352 disasters, 131, 143, 178, 286, 289, 291, 386, 468, 480, 532 discrimination, 19, 113, 115, 116, 153, 197, 257–9, 261, 262, 264, 268, 269, 274, 339, 341, 342, 387, 404, 407, 409, 423, 424, 454, 594, 602, 633–5, 637, 644, 685n1, 691, 692, 695, 740, 774, 779 See also racism; sexism distress, 5, 45, 51, 71, 93, 140, 153, 169, 190, 212, 241, 260, 286, 317, 366, 384, 423, 471, 489, 517, 538, 549, 568, 591, 641, 661, 684, 729, 752, 774 idioms of, 5, 53–5, 62, 63, 67, 96, 101, 102, 106, 169–71, 179, 793 180, 202, 286, 297–9, 431, 433, 435, 439, 480, 492, 589, 591–4, 597–9, 604, 668 domestic violence (DV), 21, 118, 288, 391–2, 398, 433, 475, 478, 557, 614, 658–9, 670–1, 685n1, 684, 686, 689, 691–3, 774, 784 Dominican Republic, 21, 589–604, 776, 779 Dream-A-World Cultural Therapy program, 609–28 drug abuse/misuse, 36, 39, 478, 498, 572, 634, 693, 694 DSM See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) E East Africa, 20, 40, 96, 120, 190, 201n1, 265–7, 273–4, 287, 290, 297, 315, 333, 340, 343, 344, 353, 435, 437, 449, 451, 454–5, 457, 458, 521, 633–51, 785 Ebola, 672–3 ecology, 41, 174 of mental health, 35, 141, 142, 178, 519 economics, 7, 35, 36, 38, 41, 71, 82, 85, 94, 97, 103, 109, 115, 122, 131–5, 141n4, 142–4, 153, 155, 157–9, 161–4, 178, 196, 197, 202, 214, 217, 228, 237, 239, 240, 242, 245, 247, 253, 257, 286, 288, 292–4, 298–300, 332, 338, 340, 345, 353, 365, 369, 371, 385, 387, 389–91, 393, 397, 404, 433, 434, 436, 463, 476, 478, 519, 520, 600–2, 614n2, 693, 695, 707, 743, 756, 769, 776 ECT, 83, 176, 344, 344n19 Ecuador, 144, 179 794  Index EE See expressed emotion (EE) El Salvador, 99, 543 employment, 111–14, 171, 239, 258, 268, 275, 331, 365, 367, 387, 397, 404, 414, 417, 421–3, 451, 452, 462, 580, 633, 637–9, 650, 708, 744, 760, 764, 765, 4111 empowerment, 11, 212, 221, 229, 272, 497, 635–7, 645, 714, 784 epidemiological survey, 36, 286, 511, 710 epidemiology, 96, 510–12, 683, 713 spatial, 35, 169 Erwadi/Eravadi (dargah), 39, 716, 719 essentialism, 72, 89, 102 ethics, 2, 74, 182 Ethiopia, 266, 274, 290, 340, 343, 344, 435, 437 ethnicity, 42, 53, 98, 136, 153, 197, 293, 388, 776 See also ethnic minorities ethnic minorities, 190, 342, 663 See also Aboriginal; African Americans; first nations; Maori ethnography, 368, 616 See also anthropological research ethnopsychiatry, 97, 98, 102 Europe, 2, 3, 15, 67, 79, 259, 261, 265, 271, 336, 338, 342, 345, 468, 472, 511, 708 See also Bosnia-Herzegovina; Croatia; Russia; Scotland; United Kingdom evaluation, 11, 18, 21, 103, 133, 139, 141, 161, 163, 164, 200, 218, 237, 258, 259, 315, 317, 319, 320, 354, 454, 456, 459, 496, 545, 545n13, 546, 580, 581, 594, 596, 621, 625, 642–4, 648, 649, 724, 730, 732, 747, 754, 758, 778 theory of change, 610–12 (see also complex interventions; evidence- based; randomized controlled trial (RCT); research methods) evidence-based approach, 274, 438, 453 interventions, 114, 197, 243, 307, 438 medicine, 10–11, 18, 198 practice, 112, 198, 293, 314–16 research, 197, 293 (see also evaluation; randomized controlled trial (RCT); research methods) experts by experience, 16, 21, 22, 201, 202, 343, 783, 785 See also consumers; service users; survivors; World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP) experts by peer support, 201 explanatory models, 5, 53, 119, 253, 260–3, 275, 431, 433, 517, 518, 555, 560, 577, 593, 634 See also Kleinman, Arthur expressed emotion (EE), 119, 120 F faith healers, 84, 118, 308n2, 461, 517, 534, 735, 746, 785 See also traditional healers family family-based intervention, 531–47, 784 roles, 74, 85, 119, 175, 342 system, 74, 175, 559 Fernando, Suman, 12, 13, 17, 72, 93–5, 100, 103, 106, 170, 188, 190, 193, 194, 241, 252, 489, 780, 781 first nations, 41, 42, 115, 118, 583, 685n1 See also Aboriginal; ethnic minorities; indigenous, Australians; Maori  Index     forced migration, 181, 182, 237–76 Foucault, Michel, 31, 238 Freud, Sigmund, 2, 77, 81 full citizenship, 120, 121 functional contextualism, 660, 673 See also Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) funding/resources, 4, 15, 16, 21, 36, 82, 84, 86, 110, 114, 121, 176, 228, 437, 458, 459, 479–80, 496, 498, 543, 544, 580, 582, 590, 595, 612, 625, 626, 633, 639, 775, 777–8, 784 G Gambia, 42 GBD See global burden of disease (GBD) gender, 21, 97, 136, 153, 195, 197, 226–8, 293, 321, 339n13, 355, 387, 388, 397, 408, 417, 432, 478, 479, 504, 511, 515, 582, 594, 617, 621, 649, 658, 663, 670, 689, 691, 692, 695, 697, 736, 752, 768, 774, 776 geography, 1, 4, 17, 31–46, 98, 174, 261, 447 GH See global health (GH) Ghana, 155, 158–60, 161, 163, 177, 240, 333, 344, 421, 437, 447, 456, 457, 461, 462, 538 global burden of disease (GBD), 7, 109, 325, 403, 438, 445, 657 global health (GH), 3, 7–10, 44, 45, 198, 435, 438, 590, 604, 691 globalization, 4, 10, 17, 72, 77, 82–8, 94, 103, 154–5, 176, 181, 250, 468, 483, 550, 679–98 See also global mental health; glocalization global mental health (GMH), 1–22, 32, 43–5, 71, 72, 82, 86–9, 795 93–5, 98, 100, 101, 106, 110, 122, 129, 151–65, 169, 181, 187–202, 211–30, 237, 257, 285, 307–24, 352–4, 383–99, 403–24, 430, 445–7, 469, 484, 489, 503, 531, 549, 550, 566, 589–604, 628, 651, 668, 673–4, 691, 692, 697, 698, 770 global north, 15, 19, 20, 32, 34, 172, 173, 194–6, 590 global south, 3, 15, 16, 19, 20, 32–4, 43–6, 130, 131, 173, 174, 177, 187–202, 248, 590 glocalization, 14 See also globalization GMH See global mental health (GMH) government, 80n4, 83, 88, 114, 115, 118, 129, 132, 134, 135, 197, 222, 225, 226, 228, 292, 323, 335, 369, 375, 447, 456–9, 461, 469–71, 475, 479, 481, 499, 501, 535, 541–3, 546, 559, 568, 572, 572n3, 591, 601, 615, 625, 638, 646, 659, 672, 674, 682, 692, 707–9, 713, 714, 717, 720, 731, 733, 734, 736n3, 739, 740, 742, 743, 746n5, 756, 763, 765, 766, 769, 782, 785 governmentality, 32 grand challenges, 122, 212, 213, 237, 240, 246 H Haiti, 21, 322, 498, 532, 589–604 hallucinations, 574, 761n3 See also Hearing Voices Movement happiness, 94, 131–6, 138–40, 145, 151, 169, 170, 177, 179, 571 happiness economics, 129, 132, 178 healers faith, 84, 118, 308n2, 461, 517, 534, 735, 746, 785 796  Index healers (cont.) traditional, 44, 118, 218–21, 224, 227–30, 308, 310–16, 319, 320, 323, 324, 430, 437, 448, 470, 471, 476, 537, 659, 698, 735, 746 health inequalities, 8, 174 See also social determinants Hearing Voices Movement, 153 high-income countries (HICs), 2, 102, 103, 157, 159, 160, 173, 188, 190, 194–6, 198, 199, 202, 212, 229, 250, 258, 272, 273, 276, 307n1, 320, 330, 351–3, 365, 366, 376, 408, 418, 430, 434, 438, 484, 538, 547, 583, 628, 635, 646, 663 hikikomori, 73 Hinduism, 75, 471 history of madness, 320 of psychiatry, 610 HIV/AIDS, 12, 187, 191, 195, 212, 219, 221, 237, 499, 504, 728, 765 holism, 4, 9, 75, 114, 121, 130, 142, 144, 172, 178, 239, 245, 251, 270, 309, 446, 461, 503, 518–20, 553, 554, 556, 577, 581, 635 See also biopsychosocial approach; holistic approach holistic approach, 4, 144, 245 homelessness, 21, 39, 215, 717, 751–4, 757, 765, 769, 770, 778, 779 hope, 11, 14, 120, 122, 180, 229, 230, 247, 294, 296, 385–7, 391–9, 433, 480, 571, 596, 635, 637, 641–3, 650, 707, 717, 726, 743n4, 744, 758, 759, 782 humanitarian crises, 131, 386 humanitarianism, 80, 104, 131, 141, 162, 199, 251, 286, 295, 298, 386, 398, 512, 591 international, 141 human rights, 3, 18, 19, 39, 83, 114, 118, 122, 143, 151, 200, 212, 257, 270, 313, 323, 329–45, 386, 431, 432, 434, 438, 478, 518, 581, 602, 658, 693, 715, 728, 769, 774, 775, 778, 779, 784 abuses, 194, 237, 239, 344, 461 legislation, 39, 118, 212, 323, 329, 330, 333–5, 339, 343–5, 774 treaties, 331, 332, 334, 337, 339, 341, 432 (see also Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD); United Nations (UN)) hydrotherapy, 73 I ICD See International Classification of Diseases (ICD) idioms of distress, 5, 53–5, 62, 63, 67, 96, 101, 102, 106, 169–71, 179, 180, 202, 286, 297–9, 431, 433, 435, 439, 480, 492, 589, 591–4, 597–9, 604, 668 imperialism, 42, 99, 103, 243, 251, 320, 595, 628, 781 See also colonialism inclusion, 8, 16, 34, 144, 173, 218, 225, 226, 270, 355, 356, 406, 455, 460, 473, 533, 597, 637, 692, 698 social, 115, 121, 269, 270, 424, 538 India, 15, 31, 71–89, 98, 130, 151, 169, 193, 218, 244, 259, 289, 315, 343, 404, 430, 446, 538, 663, 679–98, 705, 726, 753, 774 indigenous, 13, 42, 52, 94, 130, 156, 179, 193, 228, 238, 311, 430,  Index     470, 514, 550, 565–83, 634, 688, 733, 755, 779 Australians, 566, 570, 575, 576, 582 (see also Aboriginal; first nations; Maori) individualism, 37, 74, 87, 94, 99, 114, 115, 121, 136, 136n3, 137, 171, 178, 340 hyper-individualism, 73 Indonesia, 151, 158, 163, 164, 356n3, 359, 366, 421 inequality(ies) ethnic, 397 gender, 21, 692 structural, 16, 779 intentional self-injury, 683, 686 See also self-harm; suicide Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) guidelines, 142, 179 interdisciplinary, 16, 164, 202, 287, 289, 300, 383, 386–8, 590 See also multidisciplinary International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 180, 290, 691, 697, 774, 783 International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), 6, 372, 417, 688, 689 international humanitarianism, 141 interventions community-based, 11–13, 15, 520, 547 mental health, 11, 143, 198, 202, 213, 227, 244, 292, 293, 383, 386, 405, 430, 451, 462, 463, 483, 511, 551, 710, 785 psychiatric, 3, 243, 489 psychological, 522, 523, 775 (see also therapy; treatment) Islam/Muslim, 85, 222, 226, 296, 366, 367, 669, 716, 753, 761, 762 Iswar Sankalpa, 751–70, 779, 781 797 J Jadhav, Sushrut, 10, 15, 31, 41, 43–5, 84, 98, 151, 153, 193, 196, 222, 697, 713, 730, 731, 732n1, 754, 755, 780 Jamaica, 20, 274, 609–28, 779–81 Japan, 71–89, 94, 103, 130, 169, 175, 176, 681 K Kanpo, 75, 77, 78 Karuna Trust, 725–48, 785 kè m fè mal (Haiti idiom), 592, 593 Kenya, 96, 451, 454–5, 458 Khmer Rouge, 467, 470, 471, 473n2, 475, 477, 479, 480 khyâl cap, 51, 54–6, 59, 64–8 ki energy, 77–9 Kirmayer, Laurence, 8, 11, 94, 106, 170, 181, 190, 193, 198, 199, 216, 242, 243, 314, 315, 315n7, 341, 345, 468, 549, 567, 594, 628 Kleinman, Arthur, 3, 5, 12, 18, 62, 65, 153, 156, 162, 163, 170, 191, 196, 215, 216, 263, 287, 294, 324, 342, 342n18, 384, 390, 452, 460, 472, 595 knowledge flows counterflows, 195, 483, 628 unidirectionality, 195 koro, 95, 96, 102, 170 Kraepelin, Emil, L Lambo, Thomas Adeoye, 97–9 Lancet, 4, 39, 244 language, 5, 12, 16, 17, 21, 61, 102, 103, 143n5, 144n7, 228, 342, 798  Index 355, 356, 383, 467, 472, 473n2, 482, 491, 504, 552, 567, 568, 573, 582, 589–604, 618–20, 640, 657, 666, 685, 727, 732n2, 761, 775, 777, 783 in therapy, 20, 80, 87, 317, 468, 492, 549, 551 (see also communication) Latin America, 2, 19, 130, 131, 141, 143, 144, 177, 179, 274, 375, 437, 532, 533, 538 See also Ecuador; El Salvador; Nicaragua; Peru law/legislation, 4, 15, 39, 74, 83, 114, 117, 175, 228, 271, 323, 368, 432, 447, 478, 553, 568, 685n1, 754, 774 mental health, 73, 80, 86, 118, 176, 212, 329–45, 431, 705, 711, 727 Liberia, 104 life course approach, 237–53, 430, 434 life skills training, 521, 717 Littlewood, Roland, 55–7, 63, 65–7, 595 livelihood(s), 370, 392, 446, 449, 451, 452, 455, 457, 461–3, 512, 636 LMIC See global south; low and middle-income countries (LMICs) local, 3, 32, 51, 72, 93, 120, 152, 171, 191, 212, 245, 267, 285, 310, 335, 372, 385, 405, 429–39, 446, 468, 487–505, 514, 541, 574, 589, 627, 659, 680, 713, 726, 745, 753 low and middle-income countries (LMICs), 4, 95, 110, 151, 187, 212, 237, 258, 307, 333, 351–76, 403, 429, 445, 487, 519, 583, 634, 713, 726 See also (global south) M madness, 1, 2, 6, 17, 31, 33, 37, 58, 76, 173n1, 174, 320, 323, 574, 753, 758, 782 maltreatment, 512, 521, 522, 695 Maori, 21, 114–17, 121, 130, 172, 549–61, 575, 782 marriage, 262n1, 263, 267, 365, 367, 368, 396, 397, 451, 511, 684n1, 689, 690, 692, 694, 763 maternal mental health, 20, 487–505, 784 See also perinatal medicalization, 93–107, 169–71, 311, 477, 489 medical pluralism, 18, 119, 307–24, 431, 434, 438 medication(s), 2, 10, 17, 44, 78, 84, 113, 152–5, 157–60, 162, 165, 177, 188, 189, 191–3, 200, 201, 240, 242, 266, 270, 319, 344, 344n19, 364, 385, 456, 462, 533–7, 539, 541, 542, 542n7, 545, 546, 554, 579, 592, 610, 647, 697, 726, 735, 740, 742, 744, 759, 762, 764, 765 See also psychopharmaceuticals; psychotropic mental disorders, 2, 34, 53, 169, 187, 220, 238, 257, 286, 372, 384, 403, 432, 445, 487, 510, 571, 596, 610, 691, 720, 729, 764, 773 See also anxiety; depression; schizophrenia mental health and development, 21, 22, 445–63 mental health disparities, 21, 589, 593, 599, 602–4, 779 mental health gap, 244, 519, 604 See also mental health Gap Action programme (mhGAP) mental health Gap Action programme (mhGAP), 11, 12, 45, 86, 176,  Index     188, 190, 193, 197, 351, 434, 435, 468 mental health legislation, 74, 80, 118, 212, 330, 333, 705, 711, 727 See also law/legislation mental health literacy, 238, 241, 243, 430, 494, 514, 516 mental health policy, 21, 44, 84, 114, 117, 118, 155, 172, 187, 195, 343, 489, 518–20, 533, 543, 547, 673, 674, 705, 706, 709, 712, 717–19, 755, 780, 783 mental health screening instruments, 490, 491, 493, 504, 521 mental illness, 3, 31, 51, 73, 94, 129, 153, 169, 192, 219, 242, 259, 290, 331, 366, 385, 404, 430, 445, 468, 490, 517, 538, 550, 589, 609, 633, 658, 683, 709, 730, 751–70, 780 severe, 109–22, 169, 171, 172, 268, 358, 417, 597, 610, 712, 720, 735, 743, 746, 785 mentalization-based treatment, 556 mërzitna, 298 meta-analysis, 271, 356 metaphors, 20, 171, 661, 666, 667, 673 therapeutic use of, 20 Mexico, 2, 316 MGMH See Movement for Global Mental Health (MGMH) migrant populations, 195 migration, 3, 18, 164, 181, 182, 237–53, 430, 435, 710, 756 See also ethnic minorities minorities, ethnic, 190, 342, 663 mobile phones, 500 Morita therapy, 74, 87, 88 Movement for Global Mental Health (MGMH), 4, 11, 12, 86, 93–5, 98, 100, 101, 106, 170, 171, 173, 176, 187, 191, 194, 197, 799 198, 200, 212, 216, 226, 228, 237, 252, 430, 434, 435, 437, 783 multidimensional poverty, 404, 406, 410, 414, 417, 419–24 multidisciplinary, 4, 10, 429, 698 N Naikan therapy, 82, 87–8, 175 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 6, 84, 176, 180, 190 nationalism, 72–3, 79–82, 88, 289 neo-colonialism, 85, 99, 101, 106, 171 neoliberalism, 196 Nepal, 89, 317, 404, 410, 414–17, 419–21, 435, 454–5, 457 nervoz, 298 neurasthenia, 73, 170 neuropsychiatric conditions, 109 New Zealand, 21, 111, 114–17, 121, 130, 169, 171–2, 265, 273, 549, 551, 553, 555, 575, 782 NGOs See nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) Nicaragua, 21, 531–47, 592, 776, 780, 784 Nigeria, 20, 97–9, 111, 117–21, 169, 171–2, 193, 259–60, 309, 437–523, 780–1, 784 NIMH See National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 16, 20, 84, 219, 248, 294, 296, 469, 477, 479–80, 482, 538–40, 542–3, 547, 590, 594, 598, 604, 659–60, 664–5, 668, 670, 672, 674, 713, 715, 717, 719, 726, 732, 733, 745, 747, 756–7, 775, 781, 784 non-professional health workers, 738 See also task-shifting/task-sharing 800  Index nosology, 104, 156, 517, 571, 617 See also diagnosis nurses mental health, 164 nursing, 4, 16, 214, 492, 495, 542, 590 psychiatric, 4, 15, 488n1, 531–2, 537–9, 541–2, 639, 659, 711 O occupational therapy/therapists, 4, 83, 110, 639 Ode ori, 104–5 open mole, 103–5, 297 othering/distancing, 35, 262, 321, 324, 483, 494, 550, 616, 662, 736 burnout, 662 P Pan African Network of People with Psychosocial Disabilities (PANPPD), 194, 636 panic attack, disorder, 55, 64, 65, 67, 180 See also anxiety PANPPD See Pan African Network of People with Psychosocial Disabilities (PANPPD) parenting, 247, 494, 504, 514, 519 participation / participatory methods, 84, 116, 141n4, 178, 214, 217, 221, 226–9, 259, 317, 324, 343, 408, 414, 417, 421, 424, 446, 513, 514, 544, 551, 552, 581, 610, 617, 627, 633, 635, 645, 651, 716, 720, 744 participatory rural appraisal (PRA), 409, 475 participatory research, 604 partnerships, 217, 218, 221, 225–9, 383, 430, 436, 437, 456, 457, 460, 546, 590, 634, 650 See also collaboration Patel, Vikram, 4, 6–10, 12–14, 71n1, 122, 151, 157, 187, 191, 193, 196, 198, 200, 212, 213, 216, 227, 237–41, 243, 244, 253, 293, 311–15, 320, 323, 324, 333, 334, 342, 344, 345, 352–4, 356, 373, 383, 403, 436, 437, 439, 452, 460, 487, 488, 503, 509, 532, 538, 602, 628, 693, 715, 726, 730, 777 paternalism, 98 pathogenic, 51, 56–63, 65, 67, 68 pathoplastic, 51, 56–9, 61–3, 65–8 Pedersen, Duncan, 8, 11, 22, 162, 169–82, 193, 216, 285, 286, 290, 291, 297, 468, 628 peer support benefits, 20, 532, 634, 637, 638, 643, 650, 785 challenges, 20, 21, 449, 633, 637, 638, 641, 642 (see also experts by experience; Pan African Network of People with Psychosocial Disabilities (PANPPD); self-help groups; service users; survivors; World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP)) Perinatal Mental Health Project (PMHP), 489–97, 503, 504 Peru, 179, 322 pesticides, 21, 367, 374, 679–98, 779 pharmaceutical, 10, 17, 32, 85, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 159–61, 164, 177, 190, 191, 296, 299, 457, 593, 757 adverse effects of, 192 (see also psychopharmaceuticals; psychotropic medication) phenomenology, 33, 105  Index     Philani Plus (+) Intervention Programme, 489, 497–8 philosophy Asian, 77, 84, 85, 87 epistemology / epistemic, 198, 314–17 positivism, 132, 178, 198 Western, 62, 63, 80 pluralism, 12, 18, 19, 81, 119, 221, 307–24, 431, 438, 782, 785 medical, 18, 119, 307–24, 431, 434, 438 policy design, 8, 573, 686, 688, 711, 777 implementation, 44, 117, 118, 188, 329–30, 342, 343, 345, 458, 460 (see also mental health policy) politics, 39, 43, 87, 97, 133, 137, 144, 182, 308, 314, 320–3, 431, 435, 559, 672, 776 positive mental health, 17, 129–45, 169, 178, 179, 213, 780 positivism, 99 post-colonial, 730, 778, 780 See also colonialism; imperialism post-developmentalism, 93, 100–3 post-psychiatry, 33 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 55, 64, 65, 94, 104, 141, 162, 163, 180, 200, 244, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 299, 386, 389, 398, 468, 472, 473, 480, 595, 613, 693, 775 poverty alleviation, 404, 423, 446 mental health, 18, 35 (see also multidimensional poverty; social determinants) power relations, 42, 194, 214, 289, 323, 551, 579 prejudice, 19, 177, 225, 259, 262–4, 269, 322, 342, 407, 423, 460, 801 540, 711 See also discrimination; racism prevention, 21, 75, 109, 118, 216, 238, 244, 245, 311, 330, 332, 336, 353, 354, 373–6, 384, 385, 515, 516, 522, 533, 610, 611, 615, 659, 663, 684, 691, 695–8, 707–9, 719 primary care, 215, 219, 223, 243, 293, 323, 435, 439, 450, 461, 489, 494, 495, 627, 639, 707, 727, 728, 731–3, 742, 744, 746, 746n5, 747, 783 See also community mental health PRogramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME), 435, 437 psychiatric city, 32, 34–7, 173, 174 See also urbanization psychiatry critical psychiatry, 31 diagnosis, 6, 52, 60, 103, 189–91, 242, 322, 359, 360, 372, 429, 688 history of, 610 psychoanalysis, 33, 74, 81, 86, 88, 137, 707 See also psychotherapy psychoeducation, 142, 292, 476, 477, 664, 672 See also peer support psychohistoriographic cultural therapy (PCT), 609–12, 616, 626–8 psychology clinical, 4, 321n11 humanistic, 131, 132, 135 liberation, 99, 628 social, 4, 86, 176 psychopharmaceuticals, 17, 85, 151, 152, 154–5, 157, 159–61, 164, 296 psychopharmacology, 83, 151–65, 610 psychosis, 104, 153, 160, 163, 188, 192, 260, 265, 438, 462, 534–7, 539, 550, 553, 554, 556, 569, 802  Index 574, 642, 662, 733, 742, 743, 746, 760, 762, 776 See also expressed emotion; hallucinations; Hearing Voices Movement; schizophrenia psychosocial approach(es), 141, 142, 201, 289–94, 431, 436 interventions, 10, 15, 21, 22, 114, 117, 151, 165, 177, 188, 197, 248, 266, 532, 658, 743 (see also biopsychosocial approach) psychosomatic, 105, 710 See also culture bound syndromes psychotherapy, 2, 33, 72, 76, 79, 80, 84, 86, 373, 398, 496, 549, 555, 555n1, 612, 628, 663, 665, 709, 720 psychotropic medication, 10, 84, 113, 152, 154, 158, 159, 162, 177, 189, 191, 193, 200, 201, 697 See also pharmaceutical psy-disciplines, 72, 72n2, 79 PTSD See post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) public sector, 494 Q qualitative research, 226, 270, 368, 385, 517, 599 See also anthropological research; ethnography quantitative research, 145, 384, 454 methods, 33, 133, 178 (see also epidemiology) R racism, 99, 153, 190, 197, 213, 320, 570, 572, 579, 581, 583, 593–4, 600, 603, 607, 615, 776–8, 781 See also discrimination randomized controlled trial (RCT), 22, 198, 227, 314, 502, 555, 613, 637, 662 See also case-control design rape, 289, 296, 334, 600, 658–9, 693 See also child abuse rational emotive behaviour therapy, 457 RCT See randomized controlled trial (RCT) recovery, approach, 11–12, 17–18, 52, 98, 109–22, 143, 157–9, 161–4, 169, 171–3, 192–3, 216, 270, 276, 300, 318–19, 330–1, 339, 438, 451, 479, 543, 552, 635–49, 650, 659, 707, 763–5, 767–9 refugees, 158, 250–2, 285, 291, 295, 398, 492, 711, 775 rehabilitation, 110–12, 118, 141, 213, 330, 339, 423, 533, 538, 627, 670, 714, 730, 736, 741, 743, 745, 748, 757, 759–60, 764–5, 767 relativist/relativism, 5, 55, 64, 67, 156, 339–41, 589, 595 religion, 53, 72, 74, 81–2, 84, 98, 113, 133, 213, 226, 323, 331, 356, 365–7, 471, 483, 635, 669, 689, 782 See also Buddhism; Christianity; Hinduism; Islam/ Muslim; Zen research methods anthropological, 63–6, 68, 95, 106, 131, 151–65, 199, 294, 312, 316, 321, 384, 532 epidemiological, 2–3, 7, 12, 35–6, 85, 112, 286, 385–6, 452, 498, 510–11, 533, 610, 634, 696, 710, 712 ethnography, 11, 368, 616 evaluation, 11, 18, 21, 103, 133, 139, 141, 161, 163–4, 200, 218,  Index     237, 258–9, 261, 315, 317, 319–20, 354, 454–6, 459, 496, 545–6, 580–1, 594, 596, 612, 621, 625, 638, 642–4, 648–9, 730, 732, 734, 747, 758, 776, 778 participatory methods, 446 participatory rural appraisal, 409, 475 qualitative, 226, 270, 368, 385, 517, 599 quantitative, 33, 133, 145, 178, 384, 454 randomized controlled trial (RCT), 22, 198, 227, 314, 502, 555, 613, 637, 662 standardization, 6, 10–11, 17, 52, 162, 286, 293, 316, 320 resilience, 18, 20, 120, 156, 245–6, 249, 291, 300, 384–7, 391–3, 396–9, 432–3, 436, 492–3, 518–21, 523, 567, 578, 609, 618, 621, 624–5 collective, 385, 387 restraint, 2, 119, 334, 344, 461 Russia, 38 Rwanda, 287, 297 S scale development, 137, 598 validation, 598 scaling up, 11–12, 156–8, 161, 163, 165, 177, 188, 193–4, 197, 273, 315, 384, 438, 445–63, 502, 519, 546, 674, 690, 731, 747–8, 783–5 See also mental health Gap Action programme (mhGAP); Movement for Global Mental Health; treatment gap; World Health Organization (WHO) 803 schizophrenia aetiology, 571 diagnosis, 2, 57, 94, 189–90, 192–3, 259, 262, 264, 267–70, 451, 537, 550, 553 epidemiology, 35 history, 58, 62 school-based interventions, 609– 28 symptoms, 62, 189 treatment, 266 (see also adolescents; psychosis; young people) school-based interventions, 244, 509–23 Scotland, 333, 343, 483 screening, 216, 243, 290, 312n6, 315, 416, 488, 490–1, 493, 504, 511, 521, 589, 596–9, 741 self concept of, 354 -harm, 21, 556, 570, 572, 613, 679–80, 683–6, 688, 691, 696–7, 744, 775 individualism, 37, 99, 121, 136 self-harm, 21, 556, 570, 572, 613, 679–80, 683–6, 688, 691, 696–7, 744, 774 See also suicide self-help groups, 447–9, 452, 456–7, 462, 475, 477–9, 538, 741 See also consumers; experts by experience; Pan African Network of People with Psychosocial Disabilities (PANPPD); peer support; survivors; World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP) self-stigma courtesy, 266 experienced, 258–9, 266, 269 perceived, 259, 272, 512 reduction, 272, 276 subjective experience, 156–8 804  Index service users, 37, 44, 109–10, 114, 116–17, 121, 143, 171–2, 189–90, 192, 197, 199–201, 227–8, 271, 291, 435, 483, 491, 504, 510, 512, 518, 544, 547, 593, 635–6, 638–40, 642, 645–51, 718–19, 732, 784–5 See also consumers; experts by experience; Pan African Network of People with Psychosocial Disabilities (PANPPD); peer support; survivors; World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP) severe mental illness, 109–22, 159, 169, 171–2, 268, 417, 597, 610, 712, 720, 735, 743, 746, 785 See also bi-polar affective disorder; psychosis; schizophrenia sexism, 197 Shinto, 77, 78 Sierra Leone, 20, 242, 287, 657–74, 779, 784 social, 4, 7–10, 16, 21, 59, 114–15, 121, 140, 162, 174, 181, 189, 196, 197, 201, 215, 216, 226, 227, 239, 270, 292–4, 296–7, 300, 321n11, 333, 339, 339n13, 385, 393, 424, 429, 431, 433, 436, 475, 495, 501, 538, 566, 569, 570, 572, 577, 578, 583, 593, 615, 697, 708, 714, 715, 717, 773, 778–80 social determinants, 7–10, 21, 59, 140, 189, 196, 197, 201, 215, 216, 226, 227, 239, 292, 300, 429, 436, 566, 569, 570, 572, 577, 578, 583, 717, 778–80 social inclusion, 115, 121, 270, 424, 538 social justice, 114–15, 174, 181, 333, 339, 339n13, 385, 475, 593, 697, 714, 774, 780 See also humanitarianism; inequality social/structural determinants, 7–10, 21, 59, 140, 153, 189, 196–7, 201, 215–16, 226–7, 239, 249, 292, 300, 384, 398, 429, 436, 566, 569–70, 572, 577–8, 583, 717, 778–80 social suffering, 162, 293–4, 296–7, 393, 431, 433 social work, 4, 16, 321n11, 495, 501, 615, 708, 715, 717 workers, 15, 110, 117, 219, 523, 593, 639, 660, 664, 667, 711, 731, 734, 738, 759, 761, 763 socio-economic indicators, 25 disadvantage, 247 somatic, disorders, 104–5, 297, 299, 689, 707, 742 See also psychosomatic South Africa, 20, 194, 218–19, 221, 227–9, 263, 333, 343–4, 353, 430, 435, 487–505, 538, 555, 663, 784 space and place, 17, 41, 173–4 spatial patterns, 35 spiritual healers, 159, 219–20, 518 See also faith healers; traditional healers spirituality, 113, 133, 219, 316, 471, 483, 518, 520, 556, 575, 601, 635, 669 See also faith healers; religion; traditional healers Sri Lanka, 55, 139–40, 241, 252, 292, 448, 680 standardization of diagnosis, 17, 52 evaluation, 10–11 treatment, 6, 10–11, 286, 293, 316, 320 state, power, 79–82 See also public sector  Index     stigma/stigmatization, 18, 31, 52, 80, 102, 113, 119, 153, 156, 177, 190, 222, 242, 257, 258, 260, 263, 264, 272, 275, 323, 330, 368, 404, 423, 430, 446, 490, 510, 536n5, 550, 579, 591, 595, 597, 628, 633, 658, 695, 758, 773 substance use/abuse/misuse, treatment, 195, 613, 731, 743 See also alcohol; drug abuse/misuse suicide culture, 368 legislation psychological autopsy, 354–6, 373, 432, 434 pesticides in, 374, 679–98 prevention strategies, 373–5, 698 risk factors in, 355–68, 373–6 (see also self-harm) Summerfield, Derek, 5–6, 10–11, 15, 93, 101, 106, 122, 141, 156, 163, 170, 198–9, 216–17, 227, 241–3, 293, 311, 436, 472, 536, 575, 595, 628, 697, 774, 781 Sunderban, 21 surveys (divided up by type), 36, 39, 83, 97, 99, 112, 117, 130, 133, 138, 155, 178, 262, 266, 273, 286, 290, 308n2, 384, 387–8, 391, 393, 414, 416–17, 423, 510, 517, 520, 544–6, 571, 595, 597, 658–9, 688, 709–11, 732, 738 survivors, 111, 116, 122, 173, 190, 200, 290–1, 592, 658 See also consumers; experts by experience; experts by peer support; Pan African Network of People with Psychosocial Disabilities (PANPPD); self-help groups; service users; World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP) 805 sustainability, 13, 132, 144, 198, 456–8, 460, 495–6, 503, 543, 547, 627, 665, 672, 747 of interventions, 21, 286, 288, 384 sustainable development goals (SDGs), 8, 22, 403 susto, 54, 170, 297, 536, 536n5 systematic reviews, 261, 264, 272, 290–1, 314, 355–6, 404, 432, 487, 509–11 T Tanzania, 120, 274, 449, 451, 457 task-shifting/task-sharing, 20, 189, 200–2, 243, 430, 434, 461, 488, 489, 497, 503–5, 513, 612, 624–5, 712, 719, 783–5 scaling up, 11–12, 156–8, 161, 163, 165, 177, 188, 193–4, 197, 273, 315, 384, 438, 445–63, 502, 519, 546, 674, 690, 731, 747–8, 783–5 (see also community mental health) theory, 2, 18, 32–3, 35, 43, 51–2, 57, 61–2, 64, 67, 72, 81, 86, 93, 97, 99, 106, 135, 138, 141, 144, 170–1, 174, 176, 243, 246, 248, 260, 270, 309, 315, 319, 333, 339n13, 345, 366, 435, 462, 590, 611–12, 618, 621–2, 625, 714 theoretical perspectives, 9, 39, 178 therapeutic landscapes, 32, 34, 40–3, 44, 169, 173–4 therapy acceptance and commitment, 20, 659–69, 671, 673, 784 cognitive behavioural, 129, 291, 439, 468, 473, 492 dialectical behaviour, 560 mentalization, 556, 559–60 Morita, 74, 82, 87–8, 175 806  Index therapy (cont.) Naikan, 82, 87–8, 175 psychoanalytic psychotherapy/ psychohistoriographic, 317, 320, 609–12, 626–8 (see also counselling; cultural; evaluation; psychosocial, approach(es); Rational Emotive; therapeutic landscapes) time, 1, 37, 63, 76, 100, 110, 132, 153, 180, 188, 214, 238, 261, 288, 308, 332, 385, 406, 433, 445, 467, 488, 511, 533, 551, 565, 615, 638, 658, 679, 709, 729, 751, 777 temporality, 237–53, 430, 434 traditional healers brujo, 534 charlatanism, 313 curandera, 534 Izangoma, 220–1 tohunga, 555–6, 558, 560 traditional healing as systems, 194 (see also faith healers; medical pluralism) training, 9, 81, 115, 142, 162, 176, 200, 212, 238, 292, 343, 374, 448, 470, 488n1, 516, 532, 558, 577, 591, 610, 634, 659, 684, 708, 730, 758, 777–8 transcultural psychiatry, 3, 7, 31, 43, 61, 65, 73, 86 See also culture bound syndromes; ethnomedicine; ethnopsychiatry Transcultural Psychosocial Organization collective, 478 historical (see collective trauma; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) trauma, 13, 21, 94, 141, 162, 200, 386, 388–92, 398, 399, 432, 433, 468, 567, 570, 595, 600, 613, 775, 779 treatment approaches, 194, 211, 220, 783 biomedical, 142, 538 multidisciplinary, 4, 10, 429, 698 (see also interventions; pharmaceutical; therapy) treatment gap See mental health Gap Action programme (mhGAP); scaling up U ufufunyane, 263 Uganda, 20, 40, 190, 201n1, 265–7, 273–4, 315, 333, 344, 353, 435, 457, 521, 633–51, 785 UN See United Nations (UN) unemployment, 35, 83, 173, 215, 217, 219, 367, 374, 404, 422, 511, 627, 658, 671 United Kingdom, 84, 334–5, 338, 408 United Nations (UN), 8, 34, 36, 97, 129, 223, 331–2, 336, 338–9, 341, 344, 403, 416, 431–2, 438, 461, 657–8 See also Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) United States (US, USA), 2–3, 6, 10, 55, 79, 84, 87–8, 99–100, 111–15, 117, 121, 130, 132, 136, 139, 144, 151, 153, 155, 158–60, 169, 171–2, 176, 177, 190, 195, 247, 262, 264, 266, 268, 315n7, 320, 321, 352n1, 364, 374, 397, 471, 472, 481, 496, 535, 539, 542, 580, 613, 657, 663, 680, 752 universality, 2, 63, 143, 198, 406, 589, 595, 716, 774 urbanization, 35–6, 100, 173, 182, 751, 756 See also psychiatric city US See United States (US, USA)  Index     V validity, 6, 51–68, 73, 93, 137, 151, 156, 164, 170, 176, 180, 189–91, 194, 198, 218, 240, 314, 371–2, 429, 434–5, 472, 491, 517, 571, 595–6, 598–9, 612, 647, 777 cross-cultural, 36, 273 Vietnam, 291, 451, 457, 470 violence communication, 21, 287 domestic, 21, 118, 288, 391–2, 398, 433, 475, 478, 557, 614, 658–9, 670–1, 684n1, 685–6, 688–9, 691–4, 774, 784 epistemic, 237–53, 430, 434–5, 438 gender-based, 195, 479, 515, 594, 649, 663, 670, 695 societal, 285–300 structural, 8, 19, 21, 197, 202, 240, 250, 287–9, 292, 391, 397, 431, 567, 589–604, 778–80 (see also domestic violence (DV); rape) W wellbeing buen vivir, 141, 143–4, 177, 179 emotional, 195, 247, 393, 468, 494, 566, 572, 574, 581 psychological, 131–2, 135–6, 170, 177, 292, 404, 417 psycho-social, 131, 141–3, 145, 178, 287, 384–6, 399 subjective, 11, 131, 133–5, 177, 412, 414, 421, 423–4 West Africa, 591, 657 See also Gambia; Ghana; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone WHO See World Health Organization (WHO) wind attacks 807 khyâl cap, 51, 55–6, 59, 64–8 witchcraft (makutu (NZ), 95, 549–61, 634, 782 See also spirituality; traditional healers WNUSP See World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP) World Bank, 2, 8, 352n1, 355, 405, 409, 532, 547, 634, 657, 753 World Health Organization (WHO) ICD, 6, 417, 688–9, 774 Mental Health Action Plan 2013–20, 192, 196, 237, 257, 329, 725 Mental Health Atlas, 468, 727 mhGAP, 11–12, 45, 86, 176, 188, 190, 193, 197, 351, 434–5, 468 outcomes study, 118, 119 schizophrenia study (IPSS) (see IPSS) Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–23, 312, 323 World Health Report, 3, 187, 189 World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP), 122, 194, 200 See also consumers; experts by experience; Pan African Network of People with Psychosocial Disabilities (PANPPD); peer support; self-help groups; service users Y young people, 238, 250, 396–7, 512, 614, 616n3 Z Zambia, 141, 178, 228, 263, 333, 344 Zen, 82, 87, 175 See also Buddhism Zimbabwe, 439 ... between the two  ritical Reflection on Global Mental Health: C The Contribution of The Palgrave Handbook of Sociocultural Perspectives on Global Mental Health To avoid the risk of becoming a hegemonic.. .The Palgrave Handbook of Sociocultural Perspectives on Global Mental Health Ross G White  •  Sumeet Jain  •  David M.R Orr  •  Ursula M Read Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Sociocultural Perspectives. .. the practice of Global Mental Health (p. 786) We hope that The Palgrave Handbook of Sociocultural Perspectives on Global Mental Health will contribute to this process of reflection, whilst simultaneously