Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Ecology and Conservation of Fishes Harold M Tyus www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Ecology and Conservation of Fishes Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Ecology and Conservation of Fishes HAROLD M TYUS Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Cover: Center photo of two biologists and an endangered pallid sturgeon is given courtesy of Steven Krentz, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service The remaining eight images are from various sources that are acknowledged elsewhere in this book CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 2011923 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9759-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com This book is dedicated to W L Minckley, William M. Lewis Jr., and Ptychocheilus lucius, who gave me the insight, fortitude, and means to accomplish this work Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Use and Features of the Book xxiii Author Biography xxv A Lexicon of Greek and Latin Word Roots Used in this Text xxvii Part I Introduction Chapter Ecology of Fishes: Content and Scope History of Ecology Fish Ecology Explored What Is a Fish? Fish: The First Vertebrate Summary Part II Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes Chapter Aquatic Evolution, Origins, and Affinities 11 Aquatic Evolution 11 Evolutionary Ecology 11 Origins and Affinities of Fishes 12 Paleoecology of Fishes 15 Summary 16 Chapter Aquatic Environment 17 Aquatic Ecosystems 17 Properties of Water 17 Seawater 21 Fish in Water: Where Is the Gravity? 21 Summary 22 Part III Fish Diversity Chapter Diversity 1: Chordates to Sharks 27 Introduction 27 From Chordate to Vertebrate 27 Agnathans: Hagfishes and Lampreys 28 vii Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com viii Contents Conodonts and Ostracoderms 31 Early Gnathostomes 32 Chondrichthyes 34 Summary 37 Chapter Diversity 2: Teleostomes to Bony Fishes 39 Radiation of Teleostomes 39 Acanthodians: Spiny Ones 40 Sarcopterygians: Lobe-Fin Fishes .40 Coelacanths 41 Lungfishes 42 Actinopterygians: Ray-Fins 43 Relict Bony Fishes 45 Summary 46 Chapter Diversity 3: Teleosts 49 Diversity and Adaptation 49 Lower Teleosts 50 Bonytongues 50 Eels 51 Herrings, Sardines, Menhaden, and Anchovies 52 Minnows, Suckers, Characins, and Catfishes 53 Whitefish, Arctic Grayling, Trout, Salmon, and Pike 54 Cods and Anglerfishes 55 Higher Teleosts 56 Perciformes 56 Flatfishes and Tetraodonts 57 Summary 59 Chapter Radiations, Extinctions, and Biodiversity 61 Life on Earth Has Not Been Easy 61 Fish Extinctions and a Few Questions 63 Abiotic Change 63 Biotic Factors 64 Pseudoextinction 64 Persistence of Survivors 65 Enhanced Radiations 65 Lessons from Long-Term Survivors 65 Ecological Concepts 66 Case Study: Fishes of Fossil Lake .66 Summary 68 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents ix Part IV Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter Zoogeography of Fishes 71 Patterns and Species Diversity 71 Factors Affecting Distribution 71 Adaptation 72 Continental Movement 73 Fishes of Zoogeographic Regions 75 Vicariance Biogeography 77 Pleistocene Glaciation 78 The Future 79 Ecological Concepts 79 Summary 80 Chapter Lotic Systems: Flowing Water and the Terrestrial Environment 83 A Drop of Rain 83 Flowing Water 83 Characteristics of Streams 85 Water Is (Almost) Always Moving 85 Channel Complexity 86 Riparian and Floodplain Features 86 Hydrology 87 Trophic Status and Energy Transport 88 Ecological Concepts 89 Summary 91 Chapter 10 Coldwater Streams 93 Structure and Function 93 Coldwater Fishes 95 Constraints on Trout 97 Case Study: Greenback Cutthroat Trout 100 Summary 102 Chapter 11 Fishes of Warmwater Streams and Rivers 103 A Warmwater Fish Viewpoint 103 The Stream Connected 103 Stream Fishes 106 Large River Fish Faunas 108 Case Study: The North American Paddlefish 109 Summary 112 (h) (f ) (j) 379 1330ft 60 223 Lake Michigan 750ft 577.5 ft Detroit River 89 236 (e) 77 28 52 33 2,212 35 150 Distance in Miles 572.3 ft 569.2 ft 500 U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 350 Niagara Falls Lake St Lawrence Gulf of Lake St Francis St Lawrence Lake St Louis Lake 243.3 ft 210ft St Clair Montreal Harbour Lake Lake Erie Huron Niagara Lake St Lawrence River 923ft River Ontario Atlantic Ocean 802ft St Marys St Clair River River Lake Superior 601.1 ft Great Lakes system profile (b) (d) (c) Plate 3 Fishes of the Laurentian Great Lakes include native (a) lake sturgeon, (b) blue pike (extinct), (c) lake whitefish, (d) lake herring (a cisco), (e) lake trout, (f) walleye, centrarchid basses and sunfishes—e.g., (g) pumpkinseed—and nonnatives such as (h) sea lamprey and (i) alewife (j) Central image: Great Lakes system ((a–d, h) By Edmondson, E., and Chrisp, H., Courtesy of NYSDEC, http://www.ny.gov/animals/52634,html With permission (e) Courtesy of USFWS, http:images.fws.gov/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fisher_holding_Lake_trout.jpg (f, g, i) From Raver, D., FW fish collection, USFWS With permission (j) Courtesy of Detroit District, U.S Army Corps of Engineers, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Lakes_2.PNG.) (g) (i) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com (f ) (i) (b) (e) (d) (c) Plate 4 Fishes of North American warmwater streams and natural lakes include native (a) largemouth bass; (b) sunfishes (e.g., black crappie); (c) channel catfish; (d) pickerels, e.g., chain pickerel; minnows, e.g., (e) redbelly dace and (f) Colorado pikeminnow; (g) suckers, e.g., shortnose redhorse; (h) darters (colorful candy darter shown); and numerous nonnatives (i) Central image: largemouth bass in nature ((a, b, d) From Raver, D., USFWS, FW fish collection With permission (c, e, g) By Edmonson, E., and Chrisp, H., Courtesy of New York Biological Survey, NYSDEC (h) Courtesy of Burkhead, N., U.S Geological Survey, http://fl.biology.usgs.gov.pics/nativefish/nativefish.html (i) Courtesy of Knepp, T., USFWS, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Micropterus_salmoides_2 jpg.) (g) (h) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com (f ) (i) (b) (e) (d) (c) Plate 5 The Missouri–Mississippi river system has an old and diverse fish fauna, including (a) alligator gar, (b) shovelnose sturgeon, (c) paddlefish, (d) bowfin, (e) flathead catfish, (f) blue catfish, (g) minnows (e.g., fathead minnow), (h) buffalo (e.g., smallmouth buffalo), and (i) endangered pallid sturgeon (center) ((a, c–h) From Raver, D., USFWS, FW fish collection With permission (b) Courtesy of Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, USNPS, http://www.nps gov/bica/naturescience/checklist-of-bighorn-canyon-fish.htm (i) Courtesy of USFWS Digital Library, http://www.fws.gov/digitalmedia/cdm4/results.php?.) (g) (h) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com (f ) (i) (e) (d) (c) Plate 6 Some sport and food fishes stocked in North American impoundments and reservoirs include (a) largemouth bass, (b) bluegill, (c) striped bass, (d) white bass, (e) white crappie, (f) channel catfish, (g) Western salmonids (e.g., rainbow trout), (h) tilapia, and (i) lake trout (center; shown with FWS biologist) ((a–g) Courtesy Raver, D., USFWS With permission (i) Courtesy of Hanson, D., USFWS.) (g) (h) (a) (b) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com (f ) (h) (b) (e) (d) (c) Plate 7 Eastern North American has an extensive network of coastal streams, ponds, and lowlands with a fish fauna that includes (a) longnose gar, (b) bowfin, (c) redfin pickerel, (d) white catfish, (e) sunfishes (e.g., mud sunfish), (f) anadromous clupeids (American shad), and (g) nonnative common carp held by D. Stephenson (h) Central image: freshwater marsh and ponds ((a–e) Courtesy Raver, D., USFWS With permission.) (g) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com (g) (k) (f ) (b) (e) (d) (c) Plate 8 Fishes of North American Southeastern estuaries are diverse and include (a) needlefish (Atlantic), (b) silver perch, (c) mullet (e.g., striped), (d) sea trout (spotted), (e) Gulf menhaden, (f) croaker, (g) drum (red), (h) tarpon, (i ) pigfish, and (j) silversides (k) Central image: Bogue Sound, North Carolina ((b–d, f–i) From Raver, D., Fishfinder Collection, North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (NCDMF) With permission (e) Courtesy of Boumje, J., http://commons.wikime dia.org/wiki/File:B.patronus.JPG (j) Courtesy of NOAA, http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/lineart/atlantic%20silverside.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Atlantic_silverside.jpg.) (h) (i) (j) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com (f ) (j) (e) (d) (c) (b) Plate 9 Some subtidal fishes of inshore marine beaches and bays: (a) bluefish, (b) northern kingfish (whiting), (c) puffer, (d) spot, (e) southern stingray, (f) big skate, (g) flounder (summer), (h) pinfish, and (i) sheepshead (j) Central image: beach seining ((a–d, g–i) From Raver, D., Courtesy of the NCDMF (e, f) Courtesy of NOAA http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/fish4182.htm and http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/fish4021.htm.) (g) (h) (i) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com (i) (e) (d) (c) (b) Plate 10 Some epipelagic offshore (neritic) fishes: (a) Pacific herring, (b) Pacific sardine, (c) northern anchovy, (d) yellowtail, (e) king mackerel, (f) bonito (oceanic), (g) blue marlin, (h) mako shark, and (i) giant manta (center) ((a) Courtesy of Islandwood.org, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clupea_pallasii.jpeg (b, i) Courtesy of NOAA, http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/fishwatch/species/sardine.htm and http://Sanctuaries.noaa.gov/sos2006/flowergarden.html (e, g, h) From Raver, D., Fishfinder collection, NCDMF With permission.) (f ) (g) (h) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com (e) (g) (d) (b) (c) Plate 11 Selected benthic (neritic) fishes: (a) Atlantic cod, (b) haddock, (c) rockfish (vermillion), (d) sea bass (black), (e) red snapper, (f) red grouper, and (g) angel shark (center) ((a, b) Courtesy of Bloch, M E., et al., http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300245v.planchecontact, fish #63 and 62, http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Gadus_morhua2.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melanogrammus_aeglefinus1.jpg (c) Courtesy of Simon, V., NOAA Photo Library, http://www.photolib.noaa/gov/htmla/fish4070.htm, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sebastes_miniatus_NOAA.jpg (d, e) From Raver, D., Fishfinder Collection, NCDMF With permission (f) Courtesy of NOAA, http://www.noaa.gov/, http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/fish/fish3131.htm, http://commons.wiki media.org/wiki/File:Epinephelus_morio.jpg (g) Courtesy of Chess, T., NOAA, http://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.asps?ParentMenuld=123&id=985, http://com mons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Squatina_californica.jpg.) (f ) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com (e) (h) (b) (d) (c) Plate 12 Examples of deep-sea fishes include mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and benthopelagic fishes such as (a) lantern fishes (Myctophum), (b) bristlemouths (Sigmops), (c) hatchetfishes (Sternoptyx), (d) fangtooths (Anoplogaster), (e) swallower (Saccopharynx), (f) anglerfishes (Melanocetus), and (g) softhead, and (h) ghostly grenadiers (center) ((a, b, c) Courtesy of Kissling, E., 1911 Monacan Expedition (Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier, prince souverain de Monaco), http://www.archive.org/stream/rsultatsdescam35albe/rsultatsdescam35albe_djvu.txt, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/+File:Myctopohum_punctatum1.jpg (for a), File:Sigmops_bathypilus.jpg (for b), and File:Sternoptyx_diaphana1.jpg (for c) (d) Courtesy of Brauer, A., 1898 German Expedition (Brauer, Die Tiefsee-Fische.I.Systematischer Teil), Fishbase.org, http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Anoplogaster_cornuta_Brauer.jpg (e, f) Courtesy of Gunther, A., 1887; (e) http://www.us.archive.org/GnuBook/?id=reportonscientif22grea#676, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saccopharynx.JPG; (f) http://www.archive.org/details/reportondeepseaf00gn, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Melanocetus_murrayi_(Murrays_abyssal_anglerfish),jpg (g) Courtesy of Noble, B., NOAA, http:www.photolib.noaa.gov.bigs/fish4320.jpg, http://commons wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Softhead_grenadier_(Malacocephalus_laevis).jpg (h) Courtesy of Bari, M., NOAA, http://www.mbnms-simon.org/other/photos/ photo-info.php?photoID=420, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coryphaenoides_ leptolepis_1.jpg.) (f ) (g) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com (i) (e) (b) (c) (d) Gangions High flyer Bouy Plate 13 Fish-sampling techniques Passive collecting gear includes (a) baited minnow traps, (b) hoop (fyke) nets, (c) baited hooks used alone or in a long-line array, and (d) entanglement nets (gill or trammel net) Active methods include purse seining (e), trolling, trawling, haul seining, or electrofishing using a generator and variable voltage pulsator Electrofishing can be done with the generator on the bank (f) or in a boat (g) Although primitive, even dip nets can be effective if the fish are in migration (h) Some passive gear (e.g., a gill net) also can be used actively (i) (center) ((c) Courtesy of NOAA, Apex Predator Investigation, NE Fisheries Science Center, http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/sharks/img/survey5.jpg (e) Courtesy of NOAA, NOAA Photo Library, http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/bigs/fish0830.jpg.) (f ) (g) (h) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com (g) (d) (c) (b) Plate 14 Biomonitoring fish with telemetry: (a) In freshwater, radio waves from transmitting fish travel in air To minimize handling and holding stress, researchers should be prepared to anesthetize (b), implant (c), and release fish at capture site Fish tracking can be done by airplane (d), but habitat use data requires a boat (e) Ultrasonics requires a hydrophone (f) that detects sound waves in water to determine underwater position of a fish Antennas locate the fish from radio waves at the water–air interface (g) Central image: determining habitat parameters at triangulated fish locations (All of the persons shown here are USFWS personnel.) (e) (f ) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com (h) (e) (b) (d) (c) Plate 15 Fish studies occur in a changing environment Natural changes include seasonal flows, illustrated here as habitat change in Colorado pikeminnow spawning grounds of the Green River from June (a) to August (b) (note reference bush on river right) Fish also move to different habitats, even going airborne (c), when a grass carp escapes capture Anthropogenic changes may be direct, such as this (d) endangered fish killed in a national park, or a radio-tagged fish (e) that was being prepared for eating More commonly, they are indirect, such as habitat loss by stream channelization (f), and blockage and habitat change by dams Predation, and competition by introduced fish such as this northern pike (held by J Beard) (g), and a deadly meal of introduced channel catfish (h), shown stuck tightly in the throat of a Colorado pikeminnow (f ) (g) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com (i) (h) (m) (b) (g) (f ) (c) (e) (d) Plate 16 People and fish-related moments: (a) Walt Courtenay works on a snakehead (b) H S Swingle talks to visitors about pond culture at Auburn University (c) F E (Gene) Hester wets a hook N.C State students aboard the old RV Eastward (d) bringing in the long line, with (e) W W Hassler at the gaff (f) Former graduate students Chuck Manooch, John Merriner, and the author mend a net at Montego Bay (g) W L Minckley with a razorback at Lake Mohave (h) Hatchery manager Roger Hamman and Don Portz discuss endangered fishes at Dexter NFH (i) John Hawkins works a fyke net on the Yampa River (j) National Park Ranger Myron Chase with a razorback sucker (k) An Ecology of Fishes field trip (l) an endangered Colorado pikeminnow with a meal of large sucker (m) Caryl Williams, W L Minckley, and the author electrofishing in Lodore Canyon (a) Courtesy of Doug Finger, The Gainesville Sun; (g) and (m) courtesy of Walter Courtenay With permission (j) (k) (l) (a) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Environmental Science Written as a stand-alone textbook for students and a useful reference for professionals in government and private agencies, academic institutions, and consultants, Ecology and Conservation of Fishes provides broad, comprehensive, and systematic coverage of all aquatic systems from the mountains to the oceans The book begins with overview discussions on the ecology, evolution, and diversity of fishes It moves on to address freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems and identifies factors that affect the distribution and abundance of fishes It then examines the adaptations of fishes as a response to constraints posed in ecosystems The book concludes with four chapters on applied ecology that discuss the critical issues of management, conservation, biodiversity crises, and climate change Features: • Considers the role of fishes in the structure and function of freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems • Discusses major changes in aquatic systems due to human impacts • Provides in-depth coverage of the causes of the increasing number of endangered species in freshwater systems and declines of commercial fisheries in marine systems • Presents case studies from all major aquatic systems to reinforce concepts • Includes a 16-page, full-color insert consisting of 141 figures • Offers an “Ecological Concepts” section in appropriate chapters to encourage students to apply theoretical concepts to real-world situations • Contains a Glossary, a Lexicon of Greek and Latin Word Roots, and an Appendix on Fish Identification to help students master the text material Major marine fisheries have collapsed, and there are worldwide declines in freshwater fish populations Fishery scientists and managers must become more effective at understanding and dealing with resource issues If not, fish species, communities, and entire ecosystems will continue to decline as habitats change and species are lost Ecology and Conservation of Fishes has taken a historical and functional approach to explain how we got where we are, providing old and new with a better foundation as ecologists and conservationists, and most importantly, it awakens senses of purpose and need Past management practices are reviewed, present programs are considered, and the need for incorporating principles of applied ecology in future practices is emphasized K12722 ISBN: 978-1-4398-5854-7 90000 w w w c rc p r e s s c o m 781439 858547 w w w c rc p r e s s c o m ... ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Ecology and Conservation of Fishes Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Ecology and Conservation of Fishes HAROLD M TYUS Free... Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, where he taught Ecology of Fishes in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology He is also adjunct professor of environmental policy and management... with the names and adaptations of major fish groups and some high-profile fishes However, some students may not have a good grasp of the morphology of the fishes or characteristics of fish groups