Oxford collocations dictionary for students of english chương 2 4

Bộ từ điển Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English.

Dd daft adj., adv. • VERBS be, feel, look, seem, sound I act, talk (both in- formal) Don't talk daft! • ADV. bloody (taboo), really I completely, plain The de- cision isjust plaiti daft. I a bit, pretty, rather dagger noun • ADJ. curved I ceremonial, jewelled, ornamental • VERB + DAGGER draw I sheathe dam noun • ADJ. hydroelectric • VERB + DAM build, construct I breach The dam has been breached and there is a danger offlooding. • DAM + VERB burst The dam burst and the valley was flooded. I hold sth back The dam holds back the water. • PREP - across/on a large hydroelectric dam on the River Danube damage noun 1harm/injury • ADJ. considerable, enormous, great, serious, severe, substantial, untold I minor, slight I extensive, wide- spread I irreparable, irreversible, lasting, long-term, permanent The incident did permanent damage to rela- tions between the two countries. I criminal, malicious, wilful He was prosecuted for criminal damage to a vehicle. I accidental The insurance policy covers the building for accidental damage. I emotional, environmental, mech- anical, psychological, structural I brain She suffered serious brain damage at birth. • VERB + DAMAGE cause, do, inflict The earthquake caused widespread damage toproperty. 0 They inflicted se- vere psychological damage on their opponents. I suffer I repair I prevent • PREP - by The palace suffered extensive damage byfire in 1825.-from Cropsare sprayed with chemicals toprevent damage from insects. - to lasting damage to the environ- ment • PHRASES the cost/value of the damage The cost of the damage is estimated at around $2 billion. the extent of the damage At the moment it is difficult to assess the ex- tent of the damage. 2 damages money you can claim from sb • ADJ. heavy, substantial • VERB + DAMAGES incur, suffer damages incurred by the unfairly sacked workers I claim, seek, sue (sb) for He decided to sue the company for damages. I assess The court will assess the damages. I apportion, award (sb) I pay (sb) I obtain, receive, recover, win I be liable for, be liable in (law) If goods are lost in transit, the carrier will be liablefor damages. • DAMAGES + NOUN action, claim A woman is to bring a civil damages action against the men she alleges mur- dered her son. I award • PREP. in - They are claiming £45 million in damages. I -for He received damages for personal injury. -of She was awarded damages of £90000. • PHRASES an action/a claim for damages The judge upheld her claim for damages against her former employer. damage verb • ADV badly, seriously, severely The building was badly damaged byfire. I slightly I irreparably, perman- ently She may have damaged her health irreparably. damaging adj. • VERBS be, prove I become • ADV deeply, extremely, gravely, highly, immensely, profoundly, seriously, severely, very This scandal could prove seriously damaging to the government. I quite, ra- ther I possibly,potentially I positively These new meas- ures will do nothing to raise school standards: they may be positively damaging. I economically, environmentally, politically, psychologically Building the proposed new road would beenvironmentally damaging. • PREP. to Smoking isdamaging to health. damp noun • ADJ. penetrating, rising • VERB + DAMP have, suffer from The house had got woodworm and rising damp. I check for, look for I find The surveyor found damp in the kitchen. damp adj. • VERBS be, feel, look, smell The room smelled damp. I become, get I remain I make sth The rain had made the walls damp. • ADV. very I a bit, a little, quite, rather, slightly Our clothes had got a bit damp. dance noun 1series of steps/movements to music • ADJ. little I fast, lively I slow, stately I traditional I ritual I ballroom, folk, square I rain I mating pigeons performing their mating dance • VERB + DANCE dance, do, perform In her delight she got up and did a little dance. I have May I have the next dance? 0 Tfelt like having a dance. I like Would you like a dance? I sit out She had to sit out the last dance because of a twisted ankle. • DANCE + NOUN music, rhythm I routine, sequence, step I class, teacher I floor, hall, studio 2social meeting with dancing • ADJ. barn I school I dinner, supper, tea • VERB + DANCE go to I hold • DANCE + NOUN band • PREP. at althe - They met at a dance. 3dancing as a form of art/entertainment • ADJ. contemporary, modern I classical • DANCE + NOUN company, troupe • PHRASES a school of dance, a style of dance dance verb • ADV almost I wildly They danced wildly down the street. I about, around, away I together • VERB + DANCE ask sb to I wantto • PREP. for He was almost dancingfor joy. to Wedanced to the music. with Willyou dance with me? dancer noun • ADJ. brilliant, excellent, good, great, wonderful He's a brilliant dancer! I professional I trained I leading, principal aprincipal dancer with the Royal Ballet I male I ballet, ballroom, classical, clog, disco, flamenco, go- go, tap She's a very goodflamenco dancer. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. • DANCER + VERB perform(sth)dancersperformingin the street 0 classical dancers performing modern work c:> Note at ron dancing noun • ADJ. wild I ballet, ballroom, belly, country, disco, fla- menco, folk, line, maypole, morris, sequence, tradition- al She does line dancing and yoga in the evenings. • VERB + DANCING do, go They liked to go dancing every Saturday night. • DANCING + NOUN display I lesson She's taking dan- cing lessons. I school I career I partner • PHRASES dancing in the streets There was dancing in the streets when we heard that the war was over. danger noun • ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, extreme, grave, great, mortal, obvious, real, serious, terrible They are in grave danger of losing everything. 0 She knew that she was now in mortal danger. 0 There is a real danger that the bridge will collapsefrom the weight of traffic. I acute, im- mediate, imminent, impending They are in imminent danger of attack. I constant, ever-present the ever- present danger of crime I long-term I inherent There are inherent dangers in the system. I slight I possible, po- tential I personal I physical I public The pollution from thefactory is apublic danger. • VERB + DANGER be exposed to, face On their jour- ney across the desert they faced danger of all sorts. I be fraught with, involve The task teasfraught with danger. I cause He was convicted of causing danger to other road users. I pose the dangers posed by the possession of nu- clear weapons I be aware of, foresee, identify, realize, recognize, see, sense, smell, spot No one foresaw the danger. 0 The animal seemed to sense danger. I run A com- pany must keep developing or it runs the danger of stag- nating. I court Some people take crazy risks because they get a thrill from courting danger. I avert Vigorous action is needed to avert the danger of runaway inflation. I less- en, minimize, reduce I avoid, escape I ignore • DANGER + VERB exist, face sb, lie (in sth), lurk, threaten sb One of the biggest dangers facing us may be climate change. 0 The danger lies in becoming too compla- cent. 0 Where would they hide if danger threatened? I arise, come (from sb/sth) The biggest danger to gorillas comes from humans. I pass We waited until all danger had passed. • DANGER + NOUN area, spot, zone Despite the high levels of radiation, people are now moving back into the danger zone. I signals, signs He recognized the danger signs and gave up smoking. I money The divers werepaid danger money for working in such hazardous conditions. I man The United manager believes Figo is the oppos- ition's danger man. • PREP. in - We weren't in any danger. in - of The plant is now in danger of extinction. out of - They ran until they wereout of danger. I -frorn, -of We'reinserious danger of becoming a nation of worriers. - to There is no danger to thepublic from these chemicals. • PHRASES be off/on the danger list He was admitted to hospital in critical condition, but is now off the danger list. dangerous adj. • VERBS be, look, prove, seem, sound I become, get The situation could get quite dangerous. I remain I make sth The ice is making the roads very dangerous tonight. I consider sth, regard sth as • ADV. bloody (taboo), exceedingly, extremely, highly, incredibly, really, terribly, very a highly dangerous situ- ation I increasingly I a bit, a little, quite, rather, slightly I possibly, potentially I downright, positively It's a risky idea, if not downright dangerous! I inherently I 189 dash notoriously This route through the mountains is notori- ously dangerous. I politically Raising income tax is con- sidered politically dangerous. • PREP. for This treatment is extremely dangerous for the mother. to not dangerous tohumans dare verb • ADV. hardly, scarcely I hardly dared breathe. • VERB + DARE wouldn'tIwouldn'tdaregobymyself. daring adj. • VERBS be, feel I become, get, grow He had grown more daring. I consider sth, think sth Her behaviour was considered very daring at the time. • ADV. greatly, very Greatly daring, he covered her hand with his own. I a little, quite dark noun • ADJ. pitch I fumbled for the light switch in the pitch dark. I gathering Wecould just make out some figures in the gathering dark. • PREP. after- The girls weren't allowed out after dark. before- We'd better try and finisli this job before dark. in the - I hate getting up in the dark. • PHRASES afraid of the dark Many small children are afraid of the dark. dark adj. • VERBS be, look I get,go,growltgetsdarkataboutsix o'clock. 0 Suddenly the whole sky went dark. 0 As it grew dark, they gathered round thefire. I remain, stay • ADV. very I completely I almost, nearly It's only three 0' clock and it's nearly dark already. I quite, rather darkness noun • ADJ. complete, pitch, total The building was in pitch darkness. I deep, inky the inky darkness of the tunnel I gathering It was becoming impossible tosee the map in the gathering darkness. • VERB + DARKNESS be plunged into The electricity failed and the house was plunged into darkness. I lie in, stand in The valley lay in darkness. • DARKNESS + VERB come, close in, descend, fall, thicken Wearrived at the oillagejust as darknessfell. I lift waitingfor the darkness to lift • PREP. in (the) - The building was in darkness. 0 Her eyes seemed to glow in the darkness. into the- The car dis- appeared into the darkness. out of the - Afigure appeared out of the darkness. • PHRASES the hours of darkness The bombing took place during the hours of darkness. under cover of dark- ness They moved about under cover of darkness. dash noun 1sudden quick movement • ADJ. quick, sudden I frantic, headlong, mad I final, last-minute • VERB + DASH make • PREP - across We had to make a frantic dash across town to get our plane -for He made a sudden dash for the door. -from, -through The book starts with a quick dash through the country's history. -to He made a ZOO-miledash to the hospital when a kidney donor became available. 2 small amount of sth • VERB + DASH addAdda dash of lemon juice. • PREP -of Thefood isEuropean with a dash of Morocco. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. dash dash verb 1 go/run quickly • ADV. frantically I about, around, back, forward, off, out I'ue got todash off now. • VERB + DASH haveto,mustImustdash-Tmlate. • PREP. across, along, down, in, into, out of, through, to, up He dashedfrantically across the road. 2 destroy sth • ADV. quickly I cruelly Her hopes were cruelly dashed when herparents refused to let her go. data noun • ADJ. accurate, reliable I comprehensive, detailed, extensive I raw We have amassed the raw data and are about to begin analysing it. I factual, hard There is no hard data to support these theories. I empirical, experi- mental, numerical, observational, scientific, statistical I demographic, environmental, financial, geological, historical, technical • QUANT. item, piece One vital item of data was missing from the table.', mass, set Special software is needed to manipulate the mass of data. 0 Although we were using the same set of data, we obtained different results. • VERB + DATA acquire, amass, capture, collect, gather, get, obtain Weneed to collect more data before we can do any more work. I enter, feed in I have, hold, re- cord, store They are not allowed to hold data on people's private finances. I access, retrieve I analyse, examine, interpret, look at, study I handle, manage, manipulate, process The computer can manipulate massive amounts of data. I exchange, share, transfer I present (sb with) I provide (sb with) The government departments refused toprovide the data that werequired. • DATA + VERB be derived from sth The data derived from this project has vastly increased our knowledge of how genes work. I indicate sth, reflect sth, show sth, suggest sth Data indicates that most crime is committed by young males. 0 This data reflects the magnitude of the problem. I support sth • DATA + NOUN acquisition, capture, collection I entry, input I storage I access, retrieval I analysis, handling, management, manipulation, processing I exchange, interchange, transfer, transmission I pro- tection, security I source I archive, bank (also databank), base (also database), file I system • PREP. in the - We have found some very interesting things in the data. I - about Data about patients is only released with their permission. - for We have no data for southern Spain. - from My aim is to synthesize data from all the surveys. - on data on the effects of pollution. • PHRASES the acquisition/handling/storage, etc. of data, a source of data database noun • ADJ. large I comprehensive I national I computer, computerized, electronic I online • VERB + DATABASE create, establish, set up We're trying to create our own computerized database. I add to, update The database is updated monthly. I access • DATABASE + VERB contain sth The new database contains 200000 images. • DATABASE + NOUN application, engine, package, server, software, system I technology I creation, de- sign, development I management I access I adminis- trator, user • PREP. on a/the - The information is stored on a large database. I - of a very large database of information date noun 1 particular day • ADJ. earlier, earliest She suggested an earlier date for 190 the meeting. I later, latest I exact, firm, specific I can't give you specific dates. I provisional, tentative I un- specified I significant 7th May, 1999 was a very signifi- cant date in my life. I closing The closing datefor applica- tions is May 22. I expiry What's the expiry date on your credit card? I dellvery I due The baby was born exactly on its due date. I birth I anniversary I sell-by This yogurt is past its sell-by date. I cut-off Historians dis- agree on the cut-off date for the medieval period. I com- mencement, completion The building was not finished by the completion date. • VERB + DATE agree (on), arrange, decide (on), fix, set Can uiefix datesfor the holiday? 0 Has adate beenfixed for the meeting? • PREP. after a/the - We cannot accept applications re- ceived after this date. at a . - The election is scheduled to take place at an unspecified date in the autumn. before a/the -, by a/the - The building must befinished by the date agreed. from a/the - The agreement runs from that date. on a/the - I'ue got two meetings on that date. I - for We need to set a date for the wedding. - of the date of the election • PHRASES the/your big date Joe's getting ready for his big date on 3rd March, when he gets married. at a/some future date More money will be made available at somefu- ture date. at a later date Wecan do that at a later date. date of birth Please give your name, address and date of birth. of recent date Thefoundations are Roman, but the rest of the building is of more recent date. put a date on/to sth It's difficult toput a date on when this neighbourhood became fashionable. today's date What's today's date? 2 appointment to meet sb socially • ADJ. dinner, lunch I blind (= a date with sb you have not met before) She met her husband on a blind date. I hot (= exciting) She had a hot date and wanted to look her best. • VERB + DATE haveTvegotadatewithCamillaonFri- day night. I make We must make a date to have lunch. I keep She wanted to arrive in time to keep her date. I break, cancel He was late, and ended up breaking their dinner date. • PREP. on a- She's out on a date with her new boyfriend. I -wlth date verb • ADV. accurately, precisely It has not yet been possible to date the paintings accurately. dated adj. • VERBS appear, be, look, seem, sound I become • ADV. hopelessly, very I a bit, a little, rather, slightly, somewhat These ideas seem a bit dated now. I curiously This drama series is supposedly modern yet its characters live in a curiously dated world. daughter noun • ADJ. baby, newborn I little, small, young I teenage I grown-up I only I eldest, first-born, middle, oldest, youngest I elder, younger I illegitimate, legitimate I dutiful, good I long-lost I married, unmarried • VERB + DAUGHTER have They've got three young daughters. I bear (formal), give birth to His wife recently gave birth to a daughter. I bring up Living alone and try- ing to bring up a small daughter is no easy task. • DAUGHTER + VERB grow up dawn noun 1 early morning • ADJ. grey • VERB + DAWN greet (literary) He always got up to greet the dawn. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. NOTE Days of the week last, next, that, this (coming)- -last/next (week) The concert is this coming Wednesday. Are you free next Thursday? She's arriving on Friday next. the-before, the previous- rd beenpaid theprevious Friday. the following- She was due to start work the following Monday. - of last/next/that/this week He arrived on Monday of last week. the - before last . Wecame here the Tuesday before last. -week, a week on- I've bought tickets for Thursday week (= for the performance that is seven days after Thursday). the first/second/third/last-in/of the month The museum isfree on the last Sunday of every month. alternate-s, each, every- The competition isfixed for alternate Wednesdays. 191 day all day- The restaurant is closedall day Saturday. -afternoon, evening, morning, night, etc. I'll seeyou on Friday evening. Saturday lunchtimes are very busy in the restaurant. firstthing (onr- I'll post it first thing on Monday morning. late (on)- The crash occurred late on Tuesday night. one - (written) One Saturday morning, without telling anyone of my plan, I boarded a bus and headed out. spend- She liked to spend Saturday afternoon shopping. see sb - (informal) So I'll seeyou Monday, then? manage - (informal) I could manage (= meet you on) Tuesday, say 11.30? • DAWN + VERB break, come (up) Dawn was breaking over the valley. • DAWN + NOUN light, sky I chorus The dawn chorus (= birds singing) woke Robyn at five. I patrol, raid Am- munition was seized during a dawn raid on theflat. • PREP. at - That morning, she rose at dawn. betore «, by -, till/until-', towards- • PHRASES (at) the crack of dawn (= assoon as it begins to be light), from dawn to dusk He works from dawn to dusk, and often well into the night. 2 beginning • ADJ. false This sudden success may prove to be afalse dawn (= not the beginning of continued success). I new • PREP. -of the dawn of civilization/history/a new era 0 Let's think back to the dawn of time. dawn verb 1 begin • PHRASES dawn bright, sunny, clear, cold, etc. The day dawned bright and sunny. 2 become clear • ADV. suddenly I gradually, slowly It slowly dawned on me that he might have been mistaken. I eventually, finally • VERB + DAWN begin to It was beginning to dawn on her that she had beenfooled. • PREP. on The dreadfultruth finally dawned on me. day noun 1 period of 24 hours • ADJ. the following, (the) next I the previous I the other I was in your area the other day (= recently). lone, some I hope we meet again some day. I the very It hap- pened on the very day (= the same day) that Kemp was murdered. 0 The parcel arrived the very next day. I auspi- cious, big, eventful, field, historic, memorable, red- letter, special The tabloid press had a field day with the latest government scandal. I fateful, sad those killed in the hail of bullets fired on that fateful day I Christmas, open/closed (on)- We'reopen every day except Sunday. -arrive, come, dawn (written) Monday dawned still and misty, with apromise of autumn sunshine. on (a)- A public meeting is to beheld on Wednesday at the town hall. She was born on a Sunday. I like tojust relax on Saturdays. between-and- (from)-to- The ticket office is open until 5 p.m. Monday toFriday. by, no later than- Entries are to arrive no later than Monday, 1 October. for- A special meeting is arranged for Friday 17 May. -'s deadline, election, game, meeting, performance, race, etc. He was not present at Tuesday's meeting. Mother's, etc. I feast, holy I election, opening, market, pay, polling, sports, visiting, wedding I rest, school, study, training thepatterti of the school day • DAY + VERB pass He thought of her less as the days passed. • PREP. by the - He's getting stronger by the day. for a/the - They stayedfor ten days. in althe - Wehope tofinish. thejob in afeui days. on the - (of) On the day of his wedding he was very nervous. I -offt was the day of the big match. 2 time between sunrise and sunset • ADJ. beautiful, bright, fine, glorious, hot, nice, sunny, warm I cold, grey, rainy, windy I autumn, spring, sum- mer/summer's, winter/winter's a fine summer's day I fun, good, great, happy, lovely, wonderful Memories of happy days on the hills never fade. I bad On a bad day chaos reigns and nobody can predict when a plane will leave. I full I knew I had afull day's driving ahead of me. • VERB + DAY spend Wespent the day gardening. • DAY + VERB break, dawn As day dawned I found her already hard at work. • PREP. by- Wetravelled at night and rested by day. dur- ing the -, for a/the - Wewent to the seasidefor the day. • PHRASES all day (long), at the end of the day, day and night, one of those days It's been one of those days when everything's gone wrong. 3 hours of the day when you work • ADJ. working I bad, busy, hard, long, tiring a hard day at the office I good, quiet I 7-hour, 8-hour, etc. a 9· hour working day • PHRASES a good day's work 4 (often days) particular period of time • ADJ. early, former, old, olden in the early days 01 the cinema I school, student, young in his younger days I golden, happy, heady the heady days of the 'swinging sixties' I darkthedarkdaysofrecession • PREP. in sb's- Things were very different in my grand- father's day. of the - the government of the day since the -s of Much has changed since the days of my youth. • PHRASES gone are the days when . Gone are the days when you could do a week's shopping and still have Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. daylight change from £20.the bad/good old days That was in the bad old days of rampant inflation. in this day and age, in those days, the present day (~ the situation that exists in the world now) a study of European drama.from Ibsen to the present day these days Kids grow up so quickly these days. those were the days (~ used to suggest that a time in the past was better than now) daylight noun • ADJ. broad, full He was robbed in broad daylight. natural Iprefer to work in natural daylight. • VERB + DAYLIGHT let in The thin curtains let in the daylight. I shut out The shutters were closed to keep out the daylight. I emerge into The prisoners emerged, blink- ing, into daylight. • DAYLIGHT + VERB filter through sth, flood in, pene- trate sth A little daylight was filtering through the cur- tains. <> He drew back the curtains and the daylightflooded in. o The daylight penetrated to thefar corners of the room. I break Towards 6 a.m. daylight broke. I fade The even- ing turned coolas daylight faded. • DAYLIGHT + NOUN hours The public has access dur- ing daylight hours. • PREP. before - She was up before daylight. by - By day- light thefire was almost under control. in - I can seebetter in daylight. into the - She went back out into the daylight. • PHRASES the hours of daylight The machines roar in- cessantly during the hours of daylight. daytime noun • DAYTIME + NOUN phone number, telephone num- ber I television I temperature I hours • PREP. during the-; in the- Resist the temptation to nap in the daytime. dazed adj. • VERBS appear, be, feel, look, seem, sound She looked dazed and frightened. I leave sb The punch left him dazed and bleeding. • ADV. almost I half I a bit, a little, slightly I still felt a little dazed. • PREP. by half dazed by shock dead adj. • VERBS be, lie His wife lay dead beside him. I look I sham The animal will sometimes escape danger by sham- ming dead. I drop He just dropped dead one day in his garden. I shoot sb, strike sb Gunmen shot dead a police- man. o She had been struck dead by lightning. I find sb The woman wasfound dead with a rope round her neck. I declare sb, pronounce sb She was declared dead on ar- rival at the hospital. • ADV. quite I'm. afraid he's quite dead. • PHRASES dead and buried (figurative) In ten years he'll be dead and buried as a politician. dead and gone That won't happen until long after I'm dead and gone. dead or alive Wedidn't know whether thefish. was dead or alive. more dead than alive Poor chiid, she looks more dead than alive. deadline noun • ADJ. strict, tight • VERB + DEADLINE have, work to We're working to a very tight deadline. I impose, set The deadline set by the High Court is Monday Brd March. I extend We'reasking them to extend the deadline. I meet It will be a struggle to meet the deadline. I miss • DEADLINE + VERB approach She began to panic as the deadline approached. I expire, pass The Wednesday deadline passed without any communication from the rebel leader. 192 • PREP. before a/the -, by a/the - I must get this report finished by tomorrow's deadline. I - for The deadline for entries is noon Thursday. deadlock noun • ADJ. complete I political • VERB + DEADLOCK end in, reach The negotiations ended in deadlock. <> The strike appeared to have reached a deadlock. I break, resolve • PREP. in- The negotiations were adjourned in deadlock last week. I- between the deadlock between striking workers and their employer - in The summit called for an end to the deadlock in the peace talks. - over The govern- ment has called new talks in an attempt to break the dead- lock over the issue of redundancy money. • PHRASES a state of deadlock Talks between the two sides remain in a state of complete deadlock. deaf adj. • VERBS be I be born Their child was born deaf I be- come, end up, go He eventually went deaf I remain She remained deaf until she died. I leave sb, make sb Stand- ing next to the machine all day left her deaf in one ear. • ADV. very I profoundly (technical), stone, totally Many of these children are profoundly deaf <> It's no good shouting-he's stone deaf I a little, partially, rather, slightly She spoke loudly because her mother was a little deaf I chronically helping chronically deaf patients • PREP. - to (figurative) The committee remained deaf to our suggestions. • PHRASES deaf in one ear deal noun • ADJ. fair, good I major They are hoping to clinch a major deal to supply computers to the army. I exclusive The TV station has signed an exclusive deal to show all United's home games. I lucrative I five-year, etc. I long- term I compromise I cut-price The company are offer- ing cut-price deals on many flights. I shady He has been mixed up in several shady deals with arms dealers. I package The union accepted a package deal including higher pension and longer holiday allowance. I busi- ness, financial, political, trade I pay, sponsorship I arms, weapons I two-book, three-film, etc. The band signed a two-album deal with a record company. • VERB + DEAL agree, arrange, close, complete, con- clude, cut (informal), do, make, negotiate, reach, seal, sign, strike Management and unions have agreed a new deal on pay and productivity. o T II make a deal with you -T II work evenings if you' II work weekends. I clinch, get, secure, win Nurses have taken to the streets to get a fair dealfrom the government. I have She has a lucrative deal with a cosmetics company. I pull out of Britain pulled out of the deal because of rising costs. I scupper Any sponsorship deal would be scuppered if Jones misses the Olympics. I offer (sb), propose I accept Staff have accepted a deal offering thema2% share ofprofits. I reject • DEAL + VERB go ahead The pay deal will not now go ahead. I fall apart, fall through The deal fell through when the author received a more attractive offer. • PREP. in a/the - They took over the company in a £750000 deal. under a/the - Under the deal, you save money if you repay the loan early. I- between a deal be- tween France and Spain -from You may get a better deal from another bank. - on I got a very good deal on my new car. - over The unions are ready to do a deal over pay. -with The company has done a deal with the catering staff • PHRASES get/have a bad/raw/rotten/rough deal Im- migrants often get a bad deal when it comes to pay. get/have a fair/square deal The union tries toget a square dealfor all its members. part of the deal Increased holiday allowance is part of the deal. the terms of the deal Under Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. the terms of the deal, the band has to make two albums a year. ~ Special page at BUSINESS deal verb • ADV. directly • PREP. in The shop deals in second-hand books. with Our factory deals directly with its customers. PHRASAL VERB deal with sth • ADV. quickly, speedily I at length, fully This topic is dealt with at greater length in thefollowing chapter. I ef- fectively I fairly, properly You have not dealt fairly with me. I easily Not all complaints are so easily dealt with. I separately The two issues should be dealt with separately. I together • PHRASES a way of dealing with sth We discussed dif- ferent ways of dealing with theproblem. dealer noun • ADJ. licensed It is always a good idea to sell through a licensed dealer. I reputable Always buy from a reputable dealer. I shady, unscrupulous I antique/antiques, arms, art, car, drug • PREP. through a/the- She sold the painting through a London art dealer. I - in a dealer in antiques ~NoteatJOB dealings noun • ADJ. extensive I personal I day-to-day The new ar- rangements will help the banks in their ordinary day-to- day dealings. I future I corrupt, fraudulent, illegal, underhand I business, commercial, financial • VERB + DEALINGS have They had extensive dealings with officials in Rome. • PREP. in your-with We need to be very careful in our dealings with these distressed young people. death noun • ADJ. early, premature, untimely The president's un- timely death has thrown the country into chaos. I sudden, unexpected I immediate, instant I quick I slow I ap- proaching, imminent, impending I certain He had been miraculously sauedfrom almost certain death. I terrible I tragic the tragic death of their son I mysterious, suspi- cious Police are not treating the death as suspicious. I natural, unnatural I accidental a verdict of accidental death I violent Police report a decrease in violent deaths. I painful I cot, road I living (figurative) the living death of captivity • VERB + DEATH bring, cause, lead to, mean, result in the drivers who bring death to our roads 0 Poor living con- ditions can lead to early death. 0 Touching the wires means instant death. 0 The brutal attack resulted in the man's death. I die, face, meet She died a slow and painful death. 0 He met his death two years later. I contemplate I risk I fear I approach, be near, near I cheat, escape He escaped death by inches when a treefell on his tent. I save sb from I mourn mourning the death of their daughter I bleed to, burn to, choke to, freeze to, starve to I con- demn sb to, sentence sb to I batter sb to, beat sb to, burn sb to, choke sb to, club sb to, crush sb to, flog sb to, hack sb to, kick sb to, put sb to, stab sb to, stone sb to, torture sb to, trample sb to I be punishable/pun- ished by Incest was punishable by death. • DEATH + VERB come, happen, occur Her death came at the age of 82. 0 More deaths occur in winter. I result from deaths resulting front disease • DEATH + NOUN rate The government's campaign aims to cut the death rate from heart attacks. I toll The death toll in the earthquake has been put at over one thou- 193 debate . :. sand. I penalty, sentence If found guilty of drug traffick- ing, the pair could face the death penalty. I row There are currently over 3 000prisoners on death row. I certificate I benefit Your next of kin will receive death benefit if you die in an accident. I duties After the death duties had been paid, there was little money leftfor thefamily: I threat The actor has received death threats since appearing in the con- troversial film. I wish He took drugs as if he had some kind of death wish. I agonies, throes The snake was writhing in its death agonies. 0 (figurative) By 1740Euro- pean fetuialism. was in its death throes. I bed (also death- bed) On his deathbed, my father made me promise not to sell the house. I squad Paramilitary death squads are ru- moured to be operating in the area. I warrant (often fig- urative) By publicly condemning the terrorists he was signing his own death warrant. I camp He died as a pris- oner of war in an enemy death camp. • PREP. after (sb's) - Do you believe in life after death? at - (format; The average age at death of plague victims was 14. before (sb's)-, in- His face looked more peaceful in death than it had during his last days. near (to) - It was clear that the dog was near death. on sb's> On Samuel's death, thefarm passed to his sons. I - by death by starva- tion -from Two deaths from cholera have been reported. • PHRASES cause of death The coroner said the cause of death was a stroke. a matter of life and/or death Fulfill- ing orders on time is a matter of life and death for a small company. sentence of death Four prisoners were under sentence of death. debatable adj. • VERBS be I remain • ADV. highly, very This is a highly debatable point. I somewhat debate noun 1discussion • ADJ. considerable I fierce, heated, intense, lively, vigorous There has been heated debate about whether the film should be allowed. I wider You cannot separate un- employment from the wider debate about the economy. I public Television actually encourages public debate about such issues. I political • VERB + DEBATE have I contribute to Many leading charities have contributed to the debate on worldpoverty. I encourage, promote A healthy society promotes vigorous debate. I provoke, spark off This accident has sparked off an intense debate on road safety. I stifle He accused the government of trying to stifle debate. I lose, win The environmentalists seem to have lost the debate over the building of this road. I be a matter for, be open to The benefits of the new law are open todebate. • DEBATE + VERB rage, take place A debate about safety is taking place in schools everywhere. • PREP. under - The issue is still under debate. I - about/on/over the debate on the environment - among the debate among academics - between, - surrounding the debate surrounding contemporary art -with • PHRASES the subject of debate The proposed changes to the law have been the subject of much debate. 2 a formal discussion • ADJ. brief I lengthy, long I acrimonious, fierce, heated, lively, stormy a stormy debate in the House of Commons I congressional, parliamentary a parliamen- tary debate on thefishing industry • VERB + DEBATE have, hold We had a brief debate about whether or not to accept the offer. 0 The union holds debates for students. I participate in, speak in, take part in Do you ever speak in debates? I open The prime minis- ter will open the debate. I close I lose, win The govern- ment lost the debate in the House of Commons. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. debate • PREP. during/in a/the- I - about/on Many of these points were raised during the debate onprison reform. debate verb • ADV fully, properly, seriously, thoroughly I fiercely, hotly The issue is still being hotly debated. I openly, pub- licly The question of security needs to bedebated publicly. I at length, endlessly, extensively • PREP. with a presidential candidate debating with his opponent <> He sat there debating with himself tohat to do. • PHRASES be widely debated The report has been wide- ly debated in the industry. debit verb • ADV. automatically • PREP. from The money will be debited from your ac- count. with Your current account is automatically debited with the amount of your purchase. debris noun • ADJ. flying She was hit on the head by flying debris. I food, plant, rock These toormsfeed onplant debris. I gar- den, industrial, volcanic • QUANT. piece I heap, pile • VERB + DEBRIS scatter, shower The tank exploded, scattering debris all over the field. I clear (away/up), clear sth of, remove Teams of people are working to clear the debris. <> Remember to clear the drain of debris regular- ly. I search through, sift through Police have spent the day sifting throught the debris for clues. • DEBRIS + VERB accumulate Debris accumulates at the bottom of the bottle. • PREP. among the -, in the - She found a pair of chil- dren's shoes among the debris. through the- debt noun 1sum of money owed • ADJ. big, crippling, enormous, high, huge, large, massive, substantial He was burdened with crippling debts. I mounting a company faced with mounting debts I outstanding, unpaid She used her lottery winnings topay off her outstanding debts. I overdue I bad (= that cannot be repaid) Bad debt has hit the bank's profits this year. I long-term, short-term I overall, total I gross, net I commercial, corporate I external, foreign, internation- al I national, public The country has a national debt of 80%of GNP I gambling • VERB + DEBT be burdened with, have, owe (sb) the substantial debts that the company owed to the bank I incur, run up She ran up huge debts on her credit card. I clear, meet, pay (back/off), repay, settle Without a job, he'll never clear his debts. o It'll take months topayoff all your debts. I reduce I tackle The new governments main aim is to tackle the country's massive debt. I default on Thefirm defaulted on its debt and its assets were seized. I cancel, wipe off/out, write off After a series of meetings, the banks wereforced to write off the company's debts. I service (= pay interest on) Thefall in exports has left the country unable to service its debts. I reschedule, restruc- ture The company has reached a deal with its major credit- ors allowing it to restructure its debts. I secure a debt se- cured onproperty • DEBT + VERB fall due I stand at sth, total sth The na- tional debt stands at $7 000million. I arise from sth debts arising from bad investments • DEBT + NOUN collection, collector I burden • PREP. of- $80million of debt • PHRASES a burden of debt Faced with a mounting burden of debt, he sold off the company. payment/repay- ment/settlement of a debt 2 state of owing money 194 • ADJ. serious • VERB + DEBT go into, get into, slip into It is easy to get into serious debt with a credit card. I get out of You can get out of debt by strict economizing. • PREP. in - He was heavily in debt by the time he sought advice. out of- struggling to stay out of debt • PHRASES deeply/heavily in debt 3sth that you owe sb • ADJ. great • VERB + DEBT owe I acknowledge, recognize • PREP. in sb's - I am in Ruth's debt for the excellent ad- vice she gave me. I - to In the introduction, the author ac- knowledges her debt to other writers on the subject. • PHRASES owe a debt of gratitude to sb Weowe a great debt of gratitude to ourfamilies for their support. decade noun • ADJ. present I coming, following, next I last, past, preceding, previous, recent • DECADE + VERB elapse, go by, pass This decade has passed uneventfully. I begin, open, start This decade began badly for us. I close, end I see sth The past dec- ade has seen a huge rise in the number of computer owners. • PREP. during a/the -, for a/the -, in a/the -', over a/the>, throughout a/the-, within a/the- decay noun • VERB + DECAY rapid I slow I dental, tooth I eco- nomic, industrial, urban I moral, physical, social • VERB + DECAY cause Bacteria sticks tofood debris in the teeth, causing decay. I stop Without a lot of money, the mayor won't be able to stop urban decay. I reverse This government promises to reverse industrial decay. I pre- vent The wood is treated with preservative to prevent decay. I fall into old buildings that hadfallen into decay • PREP. in - The derelict buildings are the signs of a town in decay. I - in Smoking accelerates age-related decay in the heart and arteries. - of the slow decay of the castle and the surrounding buildings • PHRASES the process of decay, signs of decay My dentist could not find any signs of decay. an odour/a smell/a stench of decay A smell of decaypervaded the air. a state of decay decayed adj. • VERBS be, look, smell I become • ADV. badly Some of her teeth were very badly decayed. I completely The wood was completely decayed. I sadly New Shoreham, now sadly decayed, has barely 100 inhabitants. deceased adj. • VERBS be • ADV. recently her recently deceased husband I sadly His mother is now sadly deceased. deceive verb • ADV. easily Human nature issuch that we easily deceive ourselves. • VERB + DECEIVE attempt to, try to • PREP. into The public should not be deceived into buy- ing inferior goods. December noun q Note at MONTH decency noun • ADJ. common, human a lack of common decency I public Your behaviour is an affront topublic decency. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. • VERB + DECENCY have He might have had the de- cency to let us know. • PHRASES a sense of decency, standards of decency decent adj. 1good/acceptable • VERBS be, look The pub looked decent enough. • ADV really, very I perfectly I half/halfway, pretty, quite Wehad trouble finding a hotel that was halfway de- cent. I enough • PREP. to My uncle has beenpretty decent to me. 2 honest/respectable • VERBS be • ADV. very I perfectly, thoroughly • PHRASES do the decent thing I think the minister should do the decent thing and resign. deception noun • ADJ. cruel I elaborate This elaborate deception fooled hisfamilyfor ages. I deliberate • VERB + DECEPTION practise, use He'll use deception to get what he wants. I see through She failed to see through his deception. I obtain .sth by (especially law) She was charged with obtaining property by deception. deceptive adj. • VERBS be • ADV highly, very I dangerously • PHRASES can be deceptive Appearances can be deceptiue-i-dangerously deceptive. decide verb • ADV. finally Wefinally decided to stay where we were. I sensibly, wisely He decided very wisely to keep his money rather than spend it. • VERB + DECIDE be able/unable to, can/can't could (not) I can't decide what to do. I have to, must You will have to decide soon. I try to I be difficult to • PREP. against They decided against taking legal action between It was difficult to decide between the various op- tions. in favour of They decided in fauour of reducing the fees. on/upon We'restill trying to decide on a venue. • PHRASES decide for yourself She should be allowed to decidefor herself, the task of deciding sth The committee will have the task of deciding whether more cash should be made available. to be decided The exact time of the meet- ing is still to be decided. decision noun • ADJ. big, crucial, fateful, important, key, landmark (law), major, momentous It was a big decision to make. 0 In a landmark decision, the court agreed to hear evidence from twenty years earlier. I difficult, hard, tough the diffi- cult decision of whether to go to university or nurse her sick mother I firm We need a firm decision by Friday. I prompt, snap I had to make a snap decision about what to do with the money. I hasty, knee-jerk, rash I final, irre- versible, irrevocable On Monday, the board of directors will meet to make their final decision. 0 The decision is ir- reversible. I informed I need morefacts before I can make an informed decision. I arbitrary I good, rational, right, sensible, wise I bad, poor, unwise, wrong I collective, joint, unanimous In the end, the decision to scrap thepro- ject was unanimous. I majority, split I court, govern- ment, etc. I investment, policy, etc. • VERB + DECISION arrive at, come to, make, reach, take Key decisions are always taken by the editor. I an- nounce, give (sb) The committee will give us their deci- sion tomorrow. I abide by The decision has been made, and we must all abide by it. I affirm, uphold The manage- ment committee upheld her decision tofire two of her staff. 195 decline I reconsider I appeal against, challenge plans to chal- lenge this decision in the High Court I overrule, overturn, quash, reverse Nobody has the authority to overrule his decision. I defer • DECISION + NOUN maker • PREP. - about/on a decision on herfuture c:> Special page at MEETING decisive adj. • VERBS be, prove • ADV absolutely I potentially He had one potentially decisivefactor in his fauour: the element of surprise. I ul- timately It is the chief executive's opinion which is ultim- ately decisive. deck noun 1top outside floor of a ship/boat • ADJ. open • VERB + DECK go up on When we heard the alarm, we went up on deck. • PREP. below- The passengers were trapped below deck. on- Ijoined the others on deck. 2one of the floors of a bus/ship • ADJ. lower, top, upper I aft/after, main, poop, prom- enade, saloon, sun (on a ship) • PREP. on a/the- sitting on the top deck of the bus declaration noun • ADJ. formal, solemn I ringing The Russian leader re- ceived a ringing declaration of support yesterday. I joint I unilateral I public • VERB + DECLARATION issue, make The government will issue a formal declaration tomorrow. I adopt, sign All four countries have adopted the declaration against hunting rare animals. • PREP. - about/on the UN declaration on Human Rights - of a declaration of war declare verb • ADV. virtually He has virtually declared war on the right-wingers in his party. I immediately, promptly Mar- tiallaw was immediately declared. I formally, officially I openly, publicly I grandly, proudly She proudly declared that she had once been introduced to the Queen. I loudly I boldly, confidently, firmly, roundly, stoutly I brightly 'I'm asfresh. as a daisy,' he declared brightly. I solemnly I unanimously I unilaterally The communists had unilat- erally declared a ceasefire. I hereby (law or formaly We, the people of Indonesia, hereby declare Indonesia's independence. • PREP. to He declared his truefeelings to her. decline noun • ADJ. catastrophic, considerable, dramatic, drastic, massive, marked, precipitate, precipitous, rapid, ser- ious, sharp, significant, steep, substantial I gentle, gradual, modest, slight, slow I continuing, progres- sive, steady a steady decline in manufacturing I general, long-term, overall I absolute, inevitable, inexorable, ir- reversible, terminal an industry in terminal decline I economic, industrial, moral, political, urban the moral decline of the nation I national • VERB + DECLINE fall into, go into, suffer The cloth trade went into gradual decline. I cause, lead to The in- creased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery busi- ness. I arrest, halt, stop We must halt this decline in health services. I prevent I reverse I accelerate I see We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recentyears. • PREP. in- The motor industry is still in decline. on the- Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. decline This area has been on the declinefor someyears now. I- in a steep decline in sales - of the decline of British farming • PHRASES the decline and fall of sth the decline and fall of agreat civilization decline verb 1refuse • ADV. politely I absolutely I absolutely decline to dis- cuss my dealings with him or anyone. 2 become smaller/weaker • ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, marked- ly, sharply, significantly, steeply The economy has de- clined sharply in recent years. I a little, slightly I fast, rapidly The market for these products is declining fast. I steadily I gradually, slowly I further • PREP by Profits declined by 6% this year. from, to The number offull-time staff has declinedfrom 300tojust 50. • PHRASES decline in importance/numbers/size This section of the market has slowly declined in importance. decompose verb • PHRASES badly/partially/partly decomposed His badly decomposed body tuasfound many weeks later. decorate verb 1make sth attractive • ADV beautifully, elaborately, el~gantly, gaily, intri- cately, lavishly, ornately, richly The room was lavishly decorated with tinsel and holly. • PREP. with Decorate the cake with raspberries qnd whipped cream. 2with painVwallpaper • ADV nicely, pleasantly, tastefully The bedrooms are tastefully decorated. • PREP. in The room is decorated inpale blues andgreens. 3 give sb a medal • PREP. for He was decoratedfor bravery. • PHRASES highly decorated the most highly decorated unit in the British Army decorative adj. • VERBS be, look • ADV extremely, highly, richly, very, wonderfully The style is ornate and highly decorative. I purely The items he makes arepurely decorative. I quite decrease noun • ADJ. dramatic, large, sharp, significant There has been a sharp decrease in pollution since the law was intro- duced. I slight, small I gradual, progressive, steady I corresponding Fewer houses are available, but there is no corresponding decrease in demand. • VERB + DECREASE show This year's figures show a decrease of 30% on last year. I report Half the companies in the survey reported a decrease in sales. I cause, lead to, result in • PREP. on the - Marriage is still on the decrease. I -from . to . a decreasefrom 62% tojust under half-in The new treatment led to a huge decrease in the number of deaths. -of a decrease of20% I -rto decrease verb • ADV considerably, dramatically, drastically, marked- ly, significantly I slightly Spending has decreased slightly this year. I rapidly I steadily I gradually • PREP. by Crime has decreased by 20per cent. from, to Average family size has decreased from five to three chil- dren. with The number of quarrels among children de- creases with age. 196 • PHRASES decrease in number/size/value The heart gradually decreases in size. decree noun • ADJ. emergency The government had the power to le- gislate by emergency decree independently of Parliament. I papal, presidential, royal I court • VERB + DECREE adopt, issue, pass, publish The president issued a decreeprohibiting trade unions. I sign I enforce Local inspectors helped enforce presidential de- crees. I revoke I defy 10000 demonstrators defied the de- creeand gathered in the square. I govern by, legislate by, rule by The general will rule by decree until a general elec- tion. • PREP. in a/the- In an emergency decree, the government banned all rallies. I- on a decreeonproperty rights dedicated adj. • VERBS appear, be, seem I become I remain • ADV. highly, really, truly, very The toorkforce is small but highly dedicated. I absolutely, totally, utterly • PREP. 'to She is totally dedicated to her job. dedication noun • ADJ. complete, total I great • VERB + DEDICATION have Not everyone has the ded- ication and the talent to achieve this. I show I need, re- quire You will need dedication and determination to com- plete the course. o Thejob requires total dedication. • PREP -to I really admire Gina for her dedication to her family. deduce verb • ADV. easily I logically The total amount can be de- duced logically from thefigures available. • VERB + DEDUCE be able to, can I be possible to Using the evidence available it ispossible to deduce quite a lot about how these people lived. • PREP. from Wededucefrom his behaviour that he is try- ing togain attention. deduct verb • ADV. at source Tax is deducted at source. I automatic- ally This amount will be deducted automatically from your salary. • PREP. from deduction noun 1working things out from the facts • ADJ. brilliant I logical I reasonable • VERB + DEDUCTION make • PREP. by - She arrived at this conclusion by logical de- duction. I - about Wecan make some deductions about the history of the ruins. • PHRASES powers of deduction a detective with excel- lent powers of deduction a process of deduction She ar- rived at the solution by a simple process of deduction. 2taking an amount from a total/the amount taken • ADJ. monthly, weekly monthly deductions for health insurance I tax • VERB + DEDUCTION make The company automatical- ly makes tax deductions from your salary. • PREP. -for deductions for travel costs-from deductions from his wages deed noun • ADJ. brave, daring, glorious, good, great, heroic, mighty, noble Shefelt that she had done her good deedfor the day. I dark, dastardly, dirty, evil, terrible The prince swore she would bepunished for her dastardly deeds. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. • VERB + DEED do, perform, perpetrate She would not be able to relax until the deed was done. 0 warriors who performed glorious deeds 0 evil deeds perpetrated by wicked people • PREP. in -rs) Hefrequently expressed his lovefor her in words if not in deeds. deep adj. 1 a long way from top to bottom/front to back • VERBS be, look The water looks quite deep there. • ADV. really, very I fairly, pretty, quite • PHRASES ankle/knee/waist deep She stood knee deep in the water. 2 low in tone • VERBS be, sound Her voice sounded very deep on the telephone. I become • ADV. very I fairly, quite 3strongly felt • VERBS be, go, run This suspicion runs very deep among some government members. I become • ADV. very a very deepfeeling of love I fairly, quite defeat noun • ADJ. bitter, catastrophic, complete, comprehensive, crushing, decisive, devastating, disastrous, heavy, hu- miliating, ignominious, overwhelming, resounding, serious, stunning Their party suffered a heavy defeat in the election. 0 The battle ended in a humiliating defeat. I narrow They lost 4-3 in their second narrow defeat of the week. I consecutive, successive I election, electoral, political I military • VERB + DEFEAT accept, admit, concede She is very determined, and will never admit defeat. 0 Theprime min- ister conceded defeat and resigned. I face I go down to, slump to, to suffer The team went down to their fifth con- secutive defeat. I reverse A skilful politician can always reverse any defeats. I avoid Wejust need to avoid defeat in our last two matches. I inflict The army inflicted a heavy defeat on rebelforces. I end in I lead to • PREP - against last week's crushing defeat against Manchester United - by their defeat by the French • PHRASES defeat at the hands of sb The team suffered defeat at the hands of their oldest rivals. defeat verb • ADV comprehensively, convincingly, decisively, easily, heavily, soundly, totally The English were heavily defeated by the Scots in the battle thatfollotoed. 0 The pro- posed bill was decisively defeated in Parliament. I nar- rowly Our team was narrowly defeated in the final. I eventually, finally, ultimately • PREP. by The motion was defeated by 20votes to 18. defect noun • ADJ. fundamental, important, major, serious afurula- mental defect in the product I minor, slight, small Goods with slight defects are sold at half price. I building, mech- anical, structural I birth, congenital, genetic All lambs are checked for birth defects when they are born. I eye, heart, physical, sight, speech, visual I character • VERB + DEFECT contain, have, suffer from The book contains serious defects. 0 He has a congenital heart defect. I find The inspector found defects in the aircraft's con- struction. I correct, cure, remedy, repair This is aphysic- al defect that cannot be cured. 0 The builders agreed to remedy the structural defects. . • PREP. - in major defects in the education system - of a defectofhercharac~r 197 defend defective adj. • VERBS be, prove If the goods prove defective, the cus- tomer has the right to compensation. • ADV. highly, seriously, severely Her vision is seriously defective. defence noun 1 action to protect sb/sth from attack • ADJ. adequate, effective I natural the body's natural defence against viruses I national I air I civil I nuclear • VERB + DEFENCE organize, plan toplan the defence of harbour I come to, leap to, rush to, spring to He always sprang toRose's defence when Ed tried to criticize her. • PREP. in - of to fight in defence of your country I -against defence against attacksfrom the north • PHRASES weapons of defence 2sth that protects sb/sth from sth • ADJ. effective I coastal, sea • VERB + DEFENCE put up They put up an effective de- fence against the guerrilla forces. I overcome, over- whelm With her tears and angry accusations she complete- ly overwhelmed his defences. I build (up) They are build- ing up defences along the river. I breach The sea breached the coastal defences in a number of spots. • DEFENCE + NOUN mechanism • PREP. -against 3forces, etc. for protecting a country • DEFENCE + NOUN force/forces, system I minister, ministry I policy, strategy I industry I budget, cuts, expenditure, spending 41egal argument • ADJ. good I robust, spirited, strong I adequate I legal • VERB + DEFENCE conduct, make, mount, put up, raise I destroy • DEFENCE + NOUN counsel, lawyer • PREP. in sb's-Shespoke in his defence. I -of,-toade- fence to murder • PHRASES counsel for the defence 5 in sport • ADJ. good, strong, stubborn • VERB + DEFENCE put up I destroy I strengthen • PREP. uvr to play iruiefence defenceless adj. • VERBS be, feel, lie The city lay defenceless before the most powerful fighting force on the continent. I leave sb They were left virtually defenceless against enemy attack. • ADV entirely, quite, totally, utterly She felt utterly de- fenceless. I almost, virtually • PREP. against They werecompletely defenceless against enemy attack. • PHRASES poor defenceless stealing money from a poor defenceless old lady defend verb 1 protect against attack • PREP. against • PHRASES heavily defended The city was heavily de- fended against attack. 2 support • ADV. fiercely, hotly, robustly, staunchly, stoutly, strenuously, strongly, vigorously The company has strenuously defended its decision to reduce the toorkforce. I publicly • PREP. against She defended her department against ac- cusations of incompetence. 3in sport/competitions • ADV successfully Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. [...]... should not be a cause for depression the depths of depression I was in the depths of depression after receiving my exam results feelings of depression, the onset of depression The onset of depression oftenfollouis a traumatic event a state of depression He was in a state of acute depression symptoms of depression, treatment for depression She had been receiving medical treatment for depression c;> Special... about reform of the health service - as to Discussion continues as to the relative merits of the different schemes - between discussions between management and union officials - of a discussion of the issues involved -with discussions with the government • PHRASES a basis for discussion We can use the draft document as a basis for discussion a forum for discussion The group provides a forum for the... among students about the lack of 'funding for education - with growing discontent with the government -within There were reports of growing discontent within the army a cause/source of discontent, murs/rumbles/rumblings of discontent • PHRASES mur- discord noun • ADJ internal I family, marital Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark discount 22 2 hint, noteA note of. .. bank of the river -wind a bitter east wind in the- (of) I live in the north There are lakes in the north-east of Poland from the- (of) The wind is coming from the west to the- (of) Oxford is to the north-toest of London towards the- Towards the north the woods turn into pine forests Which way is>? Which way is west? Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark directive 21 8... world premiere of the film I literary I state • ADJ elegant, lavish I formal, A state dinner was held in honour of the visiting Japanese premier • VERB + DINNER give, hold, throw Myoid school is giving a fund-raising dinner I attend We're going to attend a formal dinner in aid of cancer research I be invited to I change for, dress for Are we expected to dress for dinner? I speak at Theformer Olympic... letters properly so as to reduce delays I apologize for I apologize for the delay in delicacy noun replying toyou 1 rare and expensive type of food Travellers complained about lack of information when travel delays occurred • PREP without- Please send him the information without delay I -in delays in getting to the airport -of a delay of several weeks - tofurther delays to the scheme • DELAY + VERB occur... slight discomfort after the operation I bodily, physical amount, degree + DISCOMFORT complain of, experience, feel, get, have, suffer Some of the patients complained of discomfort I didn't have much discomfort after the operation I cause I ease, lessen, reduce, relieve Not eating • QUANT • VERB late at night should help to relieve the discomfort in - He appeared to be in great discomfort with/without-... gree of certainty I appropriate, necessary, proper, requisite, right I unacceptable • PREP in -s The party leaders were all found to be corrupt in varying degrees of - employees of various degrees of ability to a - The boss sometimes follouis her instincts to a dangerous degree with a - of We all tried tofind out about the bus service, with varying degrees of success I - of There is a degree of risk... trolley • PREP for- Wehad moussefor dessert I -of Wefinished off with a dessert of honey and nuts q Special page at FOOD destination despair noun • ADJ black, bleak, deep I complete, total, utter • VERB + DESPAIR feel I drive sb to The novel tells the story of a teenager driven to despair by the hypocrisy of the adult world • PREP in - Robert shook his head in despair of- She let outacryofdespair.with-Hecriedoutwithdespair... on For more detail on how to obtain a visa, seepage 8 • PHRASES attention to detail The secret of their success lies in their attention to detail down to the last detail an expedition planned down to the last detail every last detail She remembered every last detail of what Id told her the month before an eye for detail He has an excellent eyefor detail full of detail Her short stories are full of . claiming 45 million in damages. I -for He received damages for personal injury. -of She was awarded damages of £90000. • PHRASES an action/a claim for damages. danger. in - of The plant is now in danger of extinction. out of - They ran until they wereout of danger. I -frorn, -of We'reinserious danger of becoming