CAMBRIDGE English Phonetics and Phonology A practical course Peter Roach Fourth edition English Phonetics and Phonology A practical course English Phonetics and Phonology: A practical course by Peter Roach has been a leading coursebook on English pronunciation for twenty-five years It presents the basic theoretical material needed to understand phonetics, phonology and the pronunciation of English in the form of a 02-unit course Each unit ends with notes on issues that deserve further study and recommendations for further reading, as well as notes for teachers and written exercises In addition, there are audio exercises for every chapter of the course on the two accompanying CDs The new edition adds to this a website with additional written and spoken exercises, as well as a wealth of other material offering a wider perspective on the subject • Combines examination of theoretical matters with extensive practice material • Designed as a 02-unit course which is suitable both for self-study or group work • Includes notes for teachers working with a class and an answer key at the back of the book • Is suitable for beginners who are expected to achieve a thorough working knowledge of English phonetics and phonology • Includes updated references and bibliography, greater coverage of different varieties of English • Visit www.cambridge.org/elt/peterroach for additional exercises and resources Peter Roach has taught phonetics and English pronunciation in France and Spain and has been a visiting lecturer in many countries around the world He is the principal editor of the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 71th edition, and a member of the International Phonetic Association, the British Association of Academic Phoneticians and IATEFL Before retiring in 0222 he was Professor of Phonetics and Head of the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at the University of Reading He is now Emeritus Professor of Phonetics at the University of Reading 1250879292707 English Phonetics and Phonology A practical course Fourth edition PETER ROACH Emeritus Professor of Phonetics University of Reading CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB7 5RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/1250879292707 © Cambridge University Press 7001 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 9157 Fourth edition 7001 Printed in Italy by G.Canale & C S.p.A A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roach, Peter (Peter John) English phonetics and phonology: a practical course / Peter Roach - 7th ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 125-0-879-29270-7 (pbk.) - ISBN 125-0-879-55557-0 English language - Phonetics English language - Phonology English language - Study and teaching - Foreign speakers I Title PE9977.R88 7001 779'.8-dc77 7005087070 ISBN 125-0-879-29270-7 paperback ISBN 125-0-879-55557-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Preface to the fourth edition ix List of symbols x Chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet xii Introduction • How the course is organised • The English Phonetics and Phonology website • Phonemes and other aspects of pronunciation • Accents and dialects The production of speech sounds • Articulators above the larynx • Vowel and consonant 01 • English short vowels 03 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 11 • English long vowels 01 • Diphthongs 01 • Triphthongs 11 Voicing and consonants 22 • The larynx 22 • Respiration and voicing 22 • Plosives 21 • English plosives 21 • Fortis and lenis 28 Phonemes and symbols 11 • The phoneme 30 • Symbols and transcription 33 • Phonology 33 Fricatives and affricates 13 • Production of fricatives and affricates 33 • The fricatives of English 01 • The affricates of English 43 • Fortis consonants 00 Nasals and other consonants 61 • Nasals 01 • The consonant l 08 • The consonant r 24 • The consonants j and w 05 The syllable 61 • The nature of the syllable 31 • The structure of the English syllable 57 • Syllable division 05 Strong and weak syllables 16 • Strong and weak 10 • The @ vowel ("schwa") 65 • Close front and close back vowels • Syllabic consonants 68 66 11 Stress in simple words 31 • The nature of stress 73 • Levels of stress 74 • Placement of stress within the word 75 11 Complex word stress 82 • Complex words 82 • Suffixes 83 • Prefixes 10 • Compound words 83 • Variable stress 81 • Word-class pairs 81 12 Weak forms 83 13 Problems in phonemic analysis • Affricates 31 • The English vowel system • Syllabic consonants 011 • Clusters of s with plosives • Schwa (@) 010 • Distinctive features 012 • Conclusion 013 33 33 010 14 Aspects of connected speech 103 • Rhythm 011 • Assimilation 115 • Elision 003 • Linking 003 15 Intonation 113 • Form and function in intonation • Tone and tone languages 020 • Complex tones and pitch height • Some functions of English tones • Tones on other words 021 021 022 023 16 Intonation 123 • The tone-unit 023 • The structure of the tone-unit 031 • Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit 033 17 Intonation 111 • Fall-rise and rise-fall tones followed by a tail 031 • High and low heads 038 • Problems in analysing the form of intonation 001 • Autosegmental treatment of intonation 003 18 Functions of intonation 161 • The attitudinal function of intonation • Expressing attitudes 031 001 19 Functions of intonation 161 • The accentual function of intonation 033 • The grammatical function of intonation 030 • The discourse function of intonation 031 • Conclusions 033 21 Varieties of English pronunciation 111 • The study of variety 010 • Geographical variation 012 • Other sources of variation 013 21 Recorded exercises 113 Audio Unit 1: Introduction 013 Audio Unit 2: English short vowels 011 Audio Unit 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 010 Audio Unit 2: Plosives 013 Audio Unit 0: Revision 011 Audio Unit 0: Fricatives and affricates 011 Audio Unit 7: Further consonants 013 Audio Unit 1: Consonant clusters 080 Audio Unit 4: Weak syllables 083 Audio Unit 15: Word stress 083 Audio Unit 11: Complex word stress 081 Audio Unit 12: Weak forms 088 Audio Unit 13: Revision 031 Audio Unit 12: Elisions and rhythm 030 Audio Unit 10: Tones 032 Audio Unit 10: The tone-unit 033 Audio Unit 17: Intonation 033 Audio Unit 11: Intonation: extracts from conversation 031 Audio Unit 14: Further practice on connected speech 031 Audio Unit 25: Transcription of connected speech 038 22 Answers to written exercises 200 23 Answers to recorded exercises 210 Recommendations for general reading 203 Bibliography Index 221 222 Preface In previous editions I have used the Preface as a place to thank all the people who have helped me with the book My debt to them, which in some cases dates back more than twenty-five years, remains, and I have put copies of the Prefaces to the first three editions on the new website of the book so that those acknowledgements are not lost and forgotten In this new edition, I would like firstly to thank Professor Nobuo Yuzawa of the Takasaki City University of Economics for his wise suggestions and his meticulous and expert scrutiny of the text, which have been invaluable to me Any errors that remain are entirely my fault At Cambridge University Press, I would like to thank Jane Walsh, Jeanette Alfoldi, Liz Driscoll, Anna Linthe, Clive Rumble and Brendan Wightman As in all previous editions, I want to thank my wife Helen for all her help and support List of symbols Symbols for phonemes as in 'pit' as in 'pet' as in 'key' as in 'car' as in 'pat' as in 'core' as in 'putt' as in 'coo' as in 'pot' as in 'cur' as in 'put' as in 'about', upper' , as in 'bay' as in 'go' as in 'buy' as in 'cow' as in 'boy' as in 'peer' as in 'pear' as in 'poor' as in 'pea' as in 'bee' as in 'doe' as in 'toe' as in 'cap' g as in 'gap' as in 'vat' as in 'fat' as in 'thing' as in 'this' as in 'sip' as in 'zip' as in 'ship' as in 'measure' as in 'hat' as in 'led' as in 'map' as in 'red' as in 'nap' as in 'yet' as in 'hang' as in 'wet' as in 'chin' as in 'gin' Non-phonemic symbols as in 'react', 'happy' , as in 'to each' (glottal stop) h aspiration, as in 'pin' phn syllabic consonant, as in 'button' shortened vowel, as in 'miss' syllable division, as in 'differ' Word stress primary stress, as in 'open' secondary stress, as in 'half time' Intonation tone-unit boundary pause Tones: \ fall / rise fall-rise rise-fall - level stressed syllable in head, high pitch, as in please \do stressed syllable in head, low pitch, as in please \do stressed syllable in the tail, as in \my turn extra pitch height, as in \my turn 90 90 'on the\top I 'on the \hd (both pronunciations of 'on' might be unstressed) 99 well theyre 'on al vternate -steps I theyre 'not on vevery -step 97 'what about the went I at the \back 97 and a 'ladys \handbag | hanging on a nail on the \wall 97 'you the \left hand -bit of the -picture I and Ill the \right hand -bit 98 were being 'very par vticular I but we 'just haven't 'hit upon 'one of the \differ- ences-yet (stress on 'just' is weak or absent) 96 and 'what about your tele\vision I 'two /knobs I in the / front Audio Unit 13 Exercise I suppose the best thing's to try later If he's coming today there ought to be a letter around The world's greatest lawn tennis festival begins on Monday We've fixed for the repair man to come and mend it under guarantee The number's been engaged for over an hour Exercise Exercise '''' ''''''' ''' ''' Audio Unit 20 Note: Transcription of natural speech involves making decisions that have the effect of simplifying complex phonetic events The broad transcription given below is not claimed to be completely accurate, nor to be the only "correct" version ' ' 717 ' ' ' ''' ' ' ' ' 717 Recommendations for general reading References to reading on specific topics are given at the end of each chapter The following is a list of basic books and papers recommended for more general study: if you wish to go more fully into any of the areas given below you would well to start by reading these I would consider it very desirable that any library provided for students using this book should possess most or all of the books listed I give full bibliographic references to the books recommended in this section English phonetics and phonology The best and most comprehensive book in this field is A C Gimson's book originally titled Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, now in its Seventh Edition edited by A Cruttenden with the title The Pronunciation of English (London, Edward Arnold, 7005); the level is considerably more advanced and the content much more detailed than the present course All writers on the pronunciation of British English owe a debt to Daniel Jones, whose book An Outline of English Phonetics first appeared in 9195 and was last reprinted in its Ninth Edition (Cambridge University Press, 9128), but the book, though still of interest, must be considered out of date Two other books that approach the subject in rather different ways are G O Knowles, Patterns of Spoken English (London: Longman, 9152) and C W Kreidler, The Pronunciation of English, Second Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 7007) A McMahon, An Introduction to English Phonology (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 7007) covers the theory of phonology in more depth than this book: it is short and clearly written H Giegerich, English Phonology: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9117) is more advanced, and contains valuable information and ideas I would also recommend Practical Phonetics and Phonology by B Collins and I Mees (Second Edition, London: Routledge, 7005) General phonetics I have written a basic introductory book on general phonetics, called Phonetics in the series 'Oxford Introductions to Language Studies' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7007) There are many good introductory books at a more advanced level: I would recommend P Ladefoged, A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition, Boston: Thomson, 7006), but see also 718 the same author's Vowels and Consonants (Second Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 7007) or M Ashby and J Maidment, Introducing Phonetic Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7008) Also recommended is Phonetics: The Science of Speech by M Ball and J Rahilly (London: Edward Arnold, 9111) D Abercrombie, Elements of General Phonetics (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 9162) is a well-written classic, but less suitable as basic introductory reading J C Catford, A Practical Introduction to Phonetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 9155) is good for explaining the nature of practical phonetics; a simpler and more practical book is P Ashby, Speech Sounds (Second Edition, London: Routledge, 7008) J Laver, Principles of Phonetics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9117) is a very comprehensive and advanced textbook Phonology Several books explain the basic elements of phonological theory F Katamba, An Introduction to Phonology (London: Longman, 9151) is a good introduction Covering both this area and the previous one in a readable and comprehensive way is J Clark, C Yallop and J Fletcher, An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Third Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 7002) A lively and interesting course in phonology is I Roca and W Johnson, A Course in Phonology (Oxford: Blackwell, 9111) A recent addition to the literature is D Odden's Introducing Phonology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7008) The classic work on the generative phonology of English is N Chomsky and M Halle, The Sound Pattern of English (New York: Harper and Row, 9165); most people find this very difficult Accents of English The major work in this area is J C Wells, Accents of English, vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9157), which is a large and very valuable work dealing with accents of English throughout the world A shorter and much easier introduction is A Hughes, P Trudgill and D Watt, English Accents and Dialects (Third Edition, London: Edward Arnold, 7008) See also P Foulkes and G Docherty, Urban Voices (London: Edward Arnold, 9111) and P Trudgill, The Dialects of England (Second Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 9111) Teaching the pronunciation of English I not include here books which are mainly classroom materials Good introductions to the principles of English pronunciation teaching are M Celce-Murcia, D Brinton and J Goodwin, Teaching Pronunciation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9116), C Dalton and B Seidlhofer, Pronunciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 9117) and J Kenworthy, Teaching English Pronunciation (London: Longman, 9152) M Hewings, Pronunciation Practice Activities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7007) contains much practical advice A Cruttenden's revision of A C Gimson's The Pronunciation of 716 English (Seventh Edition, London: Edward Arnold, 7005) has a useful discussion of requirements for English pronunciation teaching in Chapter 97 Pronunciation dictionaries Most modern English dictionaries now print recommended pronunciations for each word listed, so for most purposes a dictionary which gives only pronunciations and not meanings is of limited value unless it gives a lot more information than an ordinary dictionary could A few such dictionaries are currently available for British English One is the Seventeenth Edition of the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, originally by Daniel Jones, edited by P Roach, J Hartman and J Setter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7006) Jones' work was the main reference work on English pronunciation for most of the twentieth century; I was the principal editor for this new edition, and have tried to keep it compatible with this book There is a CD-ROM disk to accompany the dictionary which allows you to hear the English and American pronunciations of any word Another dictionary is J C Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (Third Edition, London: Longman, 7005) See also C Upton, W Kretzschmar and R Konopka (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7009) A useful addition to the list is L Olausson and C Sangster, The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7006), which makes use of the BBC Pronunciation Research Unit's database to suggest pronunciations of difficult names, words and phrases Intonation and stress Good introductions to intonation are A Cruttenden, Intonation (Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9112), J C Wells, English Intonation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7006) and E Couper-Kuhlen, An Introduction to English Prosody (London: Edward Arnold, 9156) D R Ladd, Intonational Phonology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9116) is much more difficult, but covers contemporary theoretical issues in an interesting way E Fudge, English Word Stress (London: Allen and Unwin, 9157) is a useful textbook on word stress 712 Bibliography Abercrombie, D (9162) Elements of General Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Abercrombie, D (9119) 'RP today: its position and prospects', in D Abercrombie, Fifty Years in Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp 75-87 Adams, C (9121) English Speech Rhythm and the Foreign Learner, The Hague: Mouton Ashby, P (7008) Speech Sounds, 7nd edn., London: Routledge Ashby, M and Maidment, J (7008) Introducing Phonetic Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ball, M and Rahilly, J (9111) Phonetics: The Science of Speech, London: Arnold Bauer, L (9157) English Word-Formation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Bolinger, D (9127) 'Accent is predictable - if you're a mind-reader', Language, vol 75, pp 677-77 Brazil, D (9117) Pronunciation for Advanced Learners of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Brazil, D., Coulthard, M and Johns, C (9150) Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching, London: Longman Brown, G (9110) Listening to Spoken English, London: Longman Brown, G., Curry, K and Kenworthy, J (9150) Questions of Intonation, London: Croom Helm Brown, G and Yule, G (9157) Teaching the Spoken Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Catford, J C (9122) Fundamental Problems in Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Catford, J C (9155) A Practical Introduction to Phonetics, Oxford: Oxford University Press Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D and Goodwin, J (9116) Teaching Pronunciation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Chen, M (9120) 'Vowel length variation as a function of the voicing of the consonant environment', Phonetica, vol 77, pp 971-81 Chomsky, N and Halle, M (9165) The Sound Pattern of English, New York: Harper and Row Clark, J., Yallop, C and Fletcher, J (7002) An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, 7rd edn., Oxford: Blackwell 715 Collins, B and Mees, I (7005) Practical Phonetics and Phonology, 7nd edn., London: Routledge Couper-Kuhlen, E (9156) An Introduction to English Prosody, London: Edward Arnold Cruttenden, A (9112) Intonation, 7nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cruttenden, A (ed.) (7005) Gimson's Pronunciation of English, 2th edn., London: Edward Arnold Crystal, D (9161) Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Crystal, D (7007) English as a Global Language, 7nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Crystal, D and Quirk, R (9167) Systems of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features in English, The Hague: Mouton Dalton, C and Seidlhofer, B (9117) Pronunciation, Oxford: Oxford University Press Dauer, R (9157) 'Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalysed', Journal of Phonetics, vol 99, pp 89-67 Davidsen-Nielsen, N (9161) 'English stops after initial Is/', English Studies, vol 80, pp 779-5 Dimitrova, S (9112) 'Bulgarian speech rhythm: stress-timed or syllable-timed?', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol 72, pp 72-77 Foulkes, P and Docherty, G (eds.) (9111) Urban Voices, London: Arnold Fox, A T C (9127) 'Tone sequences in English', Archivum Linguisticum, vol 7, pp 92-76 Fromkin, V A (ed.) (9125) Tone: A Linguistic Survey, New York: Academic Press Fudge, E (9161) 'Syllables', Journal of Linguistics, vol 8, pp 787-56 Fudge, E (9157) English Word Stress, London: Allen and Unwin Fudge, E (9111) 'Words and feet', Journal of Linguistics, vol 78, pp 727-16 Giegerich, H (9117) English Phonology: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Gimson, A C (9167) 'Phonetic change and the RP vowel system', in D Abercrombie et al (eds.) In Honour of Daniel Jones, London: Longman, pp 979-6 Goldsmith, J A (9110) Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology, Oxford: Blackwell Halliday, M A K (9162) Intonation and Grammar in British English, The Hague: Mouton Harris, J (9117) English Sound Structure, Oxford: Blackwell Hewings, M (7007) Pronunciation Practice Activities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hewings, M (7002) English Pronunciation in Use; Advanced, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hirst, D and di Cristo, A (eds.) (9115) Intonation Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hogg, R and McCully, C (9152) Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 711 Honikman, B (9167) 'Articulatory settings' in D Abercrombie et al (eds.) In Honour of Daniel Jones, London: Longman, pp 27-57 Hughes, A., Trudgill, P and Watt, D (7008) English Accents and Dialects, 7th edn., London: Edward Arnold Hyman, L (9128) Phonology: Theory and Analysis, New York: Holt, Rinehart International Phonetic Association (9111) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Jakobson, R and Halle, M (9167) 'Tenseness and laxness', in D Abercrombie et al (eds.) In Honour of Daniel Jones, London: Longman, pp 16-909 James, A R (9155) The Acquisition of a 7nd Language Phonology, Tubingen: Narr Jenkins, J (7000) The Phonology of English as an International Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press Jones, D (9179) 'The word as a phonetic entity', Le Maitre Phonetique, vol 76, pp 60-8 Jones, D (9186) The Pronunciation of English, 7th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (first published 9101) Jones, D (9128) An Outline of English Phonetics, 1th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (first published 9195) Jones, D (9126) The Phoneme: its Nature and Use, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (first published 9180) Jones, D., eds Roach, P., Hartman, J and Setter, J (7006) Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (first published 9192) Katamba, F (9151) An Introduction to Phonology, London: Longman Kenworthy, J (9152) Teaching English Pronunciation, London: Longman -■ Knowles, G (9152) Patterns of Spoken English, London: Longman Kreidler, C (7007) The Pronunciation of English, 7nd edn., Oxford: Blackwell Ladd, D R (9116) Intonational Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ladefoged, P (7007) Vowels and Consonants, 7nd edn., Oxford; Blackwell Ladefoged, P (7006) A Course in Phonetics, 8th edn., Boston: Thomson Laver, J (9150) The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Laver, J (9117) Principles of Phonetics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Lee, W R (9185) English Intonation: A New Approach, Amsterdam: North Holland Lehiste, I (9122) 'Isochrony reconsidered', Journal of Phonetics, vol 8, pp 787-67 Lisker, L (9120) 'Supraglottal air pressure in the production of English stops', Language and Speech, vol 97, pp 798-70 MacCarthy, P A D (9187) English Pronunciation, 7th edn., Cambridge: Heffer McMahon, A (7007) An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Mitchell, T F (9161) Review of Abercrombie (9162), Journal of Linguistics, vol 8, pp 987-67 Obendorfer, R (9115) Weak Forms in Present-Day English, Oslo: Novus Press 700 O'Connor, J D and Arnold, G F (9127) The Intonation of Colloquial English, 7nd edn., London: Longman O'Connor, J D and Tooley, O (9167) 'The perceptibility of certain word boundaries', in D Abercrombie et al (eds.) In Honour of Daniel Jones, pp 929-6, London: Longman O'Connor, J D and Trim, J L (9187) 'Vowel, consonant and syllable: a phonological definition', Word, vol 1, pp 907-77 Odden, D (7008) Introducing Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Olausson, L and Sangster, C (eds.) 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Linguistic Controversies, London: Edward Arnold Roach, P J (9117) 'Conversion between prosodic transcription systems: "Standard British" and ToBI', Speech Communication, vol 98, pp 19-1 Roach, P J (7007) Phonetics, Oxford: Oxford University Press Roach, P J (7007) 'Illustration of British English: Received Pronunciation', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol 77.7, pp 771-76 Roach, P J (7008) 'Representing the English model', in Dzubialska-Kolaczyk, K and Przedlacka, J (eds.) English Pronunciation Models: a Changing Scene, pp 717-1, Basel: Peter Lang Roca, I and Johnson, W (9111) A Course in Phonology, Oxford: Blackwell Sapir, E (9178) 'Sound patterns in language', Language, vol 9, pp 72-89 Schmerling, S (9126) Aspects of English Sentence Stress, Austin: University of Texas Press Shockey, L (7007) Sound Patterns of Spoken English, Oxford: Blackwell Spolsky, D (9115) Sociolinguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press Taylor, D S (9159) 'Non-native speakers and the rhythm of English', International Review of Applied Linguistics, vol 91, pp 791-76 Tench, P (9116) The Intonation Systems of English, London: Cassell Trager, G and Smith, H (9189) An Outline of English Structure, Washington: American Council of Learned Societies Trudgill, P (9111) The Dialects of England, 7nd edn., Oxford: Blackwell 709 Upton, C., Kretzschmar, W and Konopka, R (eds.) (7009) Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation, Oxford: Oxford University Press Wells, J C (9157) Accents of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Wells, J C (7006) English Intonation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Wells, J C (7005) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 7rd edn., London: Longman Williams, B (9116) 'The formulation of a transcription system for British English', in Rnowles, G., Wichmann, A and Alderson, P., Working with Speech, London: Longman 707 Index accents 7-7, 969-5 American 7, 91, 80, 20, 988-6, 967, 967-9, 962 Australian 969, 967 Canadian 967 Irish London 7, 65 New Zealand 967 northern English 7, 969 Northern Irish 969 Norwich 967 Scottish 8, 91, 80, 977, 969, 967-8, 962 southern English 76967 Spanish 967, 967 Welsh 66, 969 Yorkshire 66 Adam's Apple 77 affixes 57-8 affricates 71-70, 77 one-phoneme analysis 12, 15-1 two-phoneme analysis 12-1 age variation 968-6, 962-5 airstream 77-8 egressive pulmonic 77-8 subglottal pressure 78 allophones 77 allophonic transcription 77 alphabet 79-7 Cyrillic 72 alveolar ridge alveolar sounds 1, 76, 79676 ambisyllabic consonants 67 American English 7691, 80, 20, 988-6, 967, 967-7, 962 analphabetic notation 72 approximants 75-89 articulators 5-90 articulatory phonetics articulatory settings 992 arytenoid cartilages 77 aspiration 72-5 assimilation 990-97 coalescent 999 progressive 999 regressive 999 attitude 976, 972-87, 986 Australian 9696967 BBC pronunciation 7, 7-8, 91, 76-2 BBC Pronunciation Research Unit bilabial sounds 90, 76, 72676 Blair, Tony 966 body language 980, 981 body movement 971, 980 brackets 77 breathing 77-8 breathy voice 77 Britain cardinal vowels 97-97 cartilage 77-7 centralisation 77 Chinese (Mandarin) 90, 977 clear 975-1 coalescence 999 coarticulation 997 coda 86, 81, 60, 26-2 complementary distribution 77 compound words 57, 58-6 connected speech 902-95 consonant clusters 82-606909 consonants 90-99, 97, 87 affricates 71-70, 77 ambisyllabic 67 approximants 75-89 continuant 71 fortis 75-70, 77-8 fricatives 77, 71^97, 78 glottal 7, 77, 77, 76, 77 lenis 75-70 nasals 76-5, 89, 87-7, 61-20 palatal 1, 77678 plosives 76-706909 post-alveolar 79-7, 71-80 707 fundamental frequency 970 GA (General American) 91, 967-7 GB (General British) generative phonology 50-9, 907, 981 gesture 9716980 glide vowels 92-91 glottal fricatives 77677 glottal plosives/stops 7, 77, 76 glottalisation 77-8 glottis 77-7 goals grammar 9, 977, 97669726987-6 Greek 57 hard palate heads 979 high 975-70 low 975-70 hesitation 962 homorganic 71—70 IATEFL6 information 976, 982-5 initial consonants 76-2, 82 intelligibility 27, 21 intensity 78 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) xii, 77, 72 International Phonetic Association (IPA) xii, 97, 77672 intonation 7, 76667, 991-75, 971-78, 976-78 accentual function 976, 9726987-7 attitudinal function 976, 972-87, 986 autosegmental treatment 9776977 contrastive 987 discourse function 9766972, 986-60 emphatic 987 form 970 function 970-9, 977-8, 976-60 grammatical function 976, 972, 987-6 listing 976, 972 suprasegmental variables 971-80, 989-7 tone 28, 979-6, 972-5, 977 tone-units 976, 971-78, 976-77 transcription 979, 971, 977, 977, 970 intonation languages 971 intonational subordination 985, 981 intrusive r 998 IPA see International Phonetic Alphabet; International Phonetic Association jaws 90 juncture 998-96, 992 key 971, 985 Kono 977 consonants (continued) retroflex 71 syllabic 60, 67, 65-296900-9 continuant consonants 71 contoids 97 contractions 516997-98 contrasts 970 conversational interaction 985-1 cover terms 71-70 cricoid cartilage 77 dark 75-1, 967 declination 970 deletion 997 dental sounds 1, 70-9, 78 devoicing 89 diacritics 77, 72 dialectology 967-7 dialects diphthongs 92-95, 706900 centring 92, 95 closing 92695 discourse 976, 972, 986-60 distinctive feature analysis 907-76907 distribution 99, 77 elision 676997-986968 emotion 971 emphasis 987 England English as an International Language Estuary English 7, 8, 65, 966 extra pitch height 972 facial expression 971, 980 final consonants 76, 75, 81-60 flapped r 967 focus 987-7, 982-5 foot 905, 970 force of articulation 71-70 fortis 75-70677-8 frequency 786970 fricatives 71, 70-7 alveolar 79 dental 70-9, 78 glottal 77677 labiodental 70, 79 palatal 77, 78 post-alveolar 79-7 voiceless 77677-7, 78 friction 97 function words 51 707 labiodental sounds 90, 70679 larynx 5, 90, 77-7, 78 lateral approximant 75-1 lateral release 65 Latin 57 length mark 96 lenis 75-70 level tone 979-76978 linguistics linking r 998-96 lip-position 97 lip-rounding 97, 92, 77, 80 lips 90 loudness 276980 lungs 77-8 Mandarin Chinese 906977 manner of articulation 71 maximum onsets principle 69 metrical analysis 905 minimal pairs 89, 87 minimum syllables 86 models morphemes 72 morphology 72, 57 mouth muscles nasal cavity 5, 90 nasal consonants 76-5, 89, 87-7, 61-20 Network English see GA (General American) neutralisation 626900 non-rhotic accents 80 nose 90 nuclear stress see tonic stress nucleus see tonic syllables onsets 86, 82, 60 oral cavity palatal consonants 1,77, 78 paralinguistics 980, 989-7 pause 977 peak 60, 26-2, 50 pharynx 5-1 phonation 78 phonation type 987 phonemes 7, 79-7, 126970 phonemic symbols x-xi, 7, 8691-70, 77-8 phonemic system 77, 77, 76 phonemic transcription 77-8 phonetic symbols xii, 77, 77-8, 72 phonetic transcription 77-8 phonetic variation 969 phonetics 9, 5, 78 phonological variation 969-7 phonology 9, 78-6, 907, 991, 969-7 see also generative phonology phonotactics 82, 67 pitch 27, 991-70, 977-7, 976-70 high 991, 972 low 991, 972 movement 276977 perception 970 pitch level 976 pitch range 977-76980 narrow 971 wide 971 place of articulation 71, 70, 87 plosion 76 plosives 77, 76-70, 909 closing phase 76 compression phase 76 post-release phase 76 release phase 76 post-alveolar approximant 71-80 post-alveolar fricatives 79-7 post-final consonants 81 post-initial consonants 82, 85 pre-final consonants 81 pre-fortis clipping 75 pre-head 979 pre-initial consonants 82, 85 prefixes 57, 58 prepositions, co-ordinated 10 primary cardinal vowels 97 primary stress 28 prominence 27-76970, 979 pronunciation 9, 7-6, 969-5 age variation 968-6, 962-5 geographical variation 967-8, 962 phonetic variation 969 phonological variation 969-7 social and class differences 966 style 966-2 Pronunciation Teaching Paradox 962-5 prosodic phonology 991 prosodic variables 980, 989-7 prosody 991 Public School Pronunciation question-tags 986 questions 988-6 realisation 77, 997 Received Pronunciation (RP) 7, 8, 91, 70 708 retroflex consonants 71 rhotic accents 80, 20, 967-8 rhyme 60, 26-2, 972 rhythm 902-90, 996-92, 980, 962 stress-timed 9026905-90 syllable-timed 902-5 root (tongue) root (word) 57 schwa 97, 68-6, 29-7, 909-7, 907, 967 Scottish English 8, 91, 80, 977, 969, 967-8, 962 secondary cardinal vowels 97 secondary stress 28 segmental phonology 991, 969 segments 79 semivowels 80 sentence stress 987 slant brackets 77 sociolinguistics 967 soft palate sonority 67 Spanish 990, 967, 967 speed 971 spelling Spoken English Corpus 977 square brackets 77 stem 57, 57 stress 7, 76, 67, 27-59, 987 complex words 26, 57-5 levels 27-8 perception 27-7 placement 28-2 primary 28 production 27 secondary 28 sentence stress 987 tertiary 28 three-syllable words 25-1 tonic stress 970, 987-7, 982, 981 transcription 27, 28 two-syllable words 22-5 variable 56-2 word-class pairs 52 stress-shift 901 stress-timed rhythm 902, 905-90 strictures 78 style 966-2 subglottal pressure 78 suffixes 57, 57-8 suprasegmental phonology 76, 991 suprasegmental variables paralinguistic 980, 989-7 prosodic 980, 989-7 sequential 971 syllabic consonants 60, 67, 65-29, 900-9 syllabicity 909 syllable-timed rhythm 902-5 syllable-timing 990 syllables 76, 86-67, 970 coda 86, 60, 50 division 60-7 heavy 21-50 length 27 light 21-50 loudness 27 minimum 86 onsets 86, 82, 60 peak 60, 26-2, 50 sonority theory 67 strong 67, 26 structure 82-60, 67-7 tonic 970, 977, 976-5, 979-7, 987 unstressed 28 weak 67-27, 22 symbols 72 phonemic x-xi, 7, 8, 91-70, 77-8 phonetic xii, 77, 77-8, 72 tail 979-7, 977-7 teeth tertiary stress 28 TESOL thyroid cartilage 77 ToBi 977 tonal rhyme 972 tonality 977 tone 28, 979-6, 972-5, 977 falling 979, 977, 976, 972, 986, 985 fall-rise 977, 977-8, 976, 976-2, 972, 985 fall-rise-fall 972 level 979, 978 moving 979 rise-fall 977, 978, 976, 972-5, 975 rise-fall-rise 972 rising 979, 977-7, 976, 972, 988-6, 985 tone languages 977, 976-2, 971 tone-units 976, 971-78, 976-77 anomalous 977-7 boundaries 977, 977, 988 heads 979, 975-70 pitch possibilities 977-9, 976-70 pre-head 979 706 structure 970-7 tail 979-7, 977-7 tonic syllables 97069776976-56979-7, 987 transcription 979, 971, 977 tongue tongue position 99-97, 75-80, 65 tonic stress 970, 987-7, 982, 981 tonic syllables 970, 9776976-56979-7, 987 tonicity 977, 981 trachea 77 transcription allophonic 77 broad phonetic 77 from dictation 77 intonation 9796971, 97769776970 narrow phonetic 77 phonemic 77-8 phonetic 77-8 stress 27, 28 from written text 77-7 triphthongs 95-91, 70, 900 turn-taking 981 United Kingdom unstressed syllables 28 upspeak/uptalk 968-6, 962 utterances 970, 970 velar consonants 1, 76, 72676 velar nasal consonant 76, 89, 87—7 velum vocal apparatus 5-90 vocal cords 77-7 vocal effects 980, 9896987 vocal folds 77-7 vibration 77-7, 786970 vocal tract vocoids 97 voice quality 971, 9806987 voiced t 967 voiceless glottal fricatives 77677 voiceless palatal fricatives 77, 78 voiceless w 77-7678 voicing 78 vowels 90-98, 96-79 back 97 cardinal 97-97 close 99, 66-5 diphthongs 92-95, 70, 900 front 97 glide 92-91 lax 916907 long 96-92, 900 open 99 pure 92 quadrilateral 97 quality 78, 27 schwa 97, 68-6, 29-7, 909-7, 907, 967 short 97-97 tense 91, 907 triphthongs 95-91, 70,900 websites 'wh' 77-7, 78 "wh-question words" 986 whispered speech 980 words boundaries 999-97, 998-96 complex 26, 57-5 compound 57, 58-6 contracted forms 51, 997-98 function words 51 polysyllabic 22-1, 57 simple 26 stress 27-59, 57-5, 987 strong forms 51-10, 17-8 weak forms 51-16 zero coda 81 zero onset 82 zero realisation 997 702 ... giving brief explanations of the terms and concepts found in phonetics and phonology 1.3 Phonemes and other aspects of pronunciation The nature of phonetics and phonology will be explained as the... difference between England and Britain; there are many different accents in England, but the range becomes very much wider if the accents of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Scotland and Wales are... • The English Phonetics and Phonology website • Phonemes and other aspects of pronunciation • Accents and dialects The production of speech sounds • Articulators above the larynx • Vowel and consonant