SOUND & SPEECH MAIN NEW FEATURES OF PRONUNCIATION PHONEMES (44) CONSONANTS (24) VOICED VOWEL UNVOICED SIMPLE VOWEL (12) SHORT DIPHTHONG (8) TRIPTHONG LONG Suprasegmental Features stress intonation word stress sentence stress ENGLISH VOWEL SOUND Tongue Position Tongue Height High Front (unrounded) Tense Lax Tense Mid Low /i:/ /i/ /e/ Lax Tense Lax EXLPANATION: /i/: high front unrounded tense vowel /æ/ Central (unrounded) Back (rounded) /u:/ /u/ /3:/ /ʌ/ /ə/ / ɔ:/ /a:/ /o/ ENGLISH CONSONANT SOUND CHART Place of articulation Manner of articulation Stops (âm tắc) Fricatives (âm xát) Affricative (âm tắc xát) Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Alveorpalatal Interdental (âm (âm môi (âm ổ (vòm ngạc (răng) môi) răng) răng) cứng) Velar (ngạc mềm) Vcl s /p/ /t/ /k/ Vd /b/ /d/ /g/ Vcl s /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ Vd /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ Vcl s /tʃ/ Vd /dʃ/ Nassals (âm mũi) Lateral (âm biên) Semi-vowel/ gliding/ approximant (bán nguyên âm) Palata l (ngạc cứng) /m/ Glottal (âm tắc hầu) h* depend on the context /n/ /ŋ/ /l/ Vd /w/ /r/ /j/ EXPLANATION: /p/: voiceless bilabial stop HIGH TONGUE A SUMMARY OF ENGLISH VOWEL CHARTS VOWELS DIPTHONGS FRONT BACK i: e æ I Ǝ Ʌ End at front End at back u ɜ: a: u: ɔ: ɒ LOW Lips can be Spread Neutral Rounded ei iǝ ǝu i uǝ eǝ au Closing Centring Closing STRESS ADDING SUFFIXES: a) Suffixes that attract/ receive stress: tiếp vị ngữ nhận dấu nhấn ‘Major major’ette Tai’wan taiwan’ese Evacuee evacu’ee Picture pictur’esque NOTE: the suffixes receive stress: “AIN” “EE” “EER” DERRIVED WORDS STEM + “ESE” “ETTE” “ESQUE” b) Suffixes that cause stress to shift: tiếp vị ngữ làm cho dấu nhấn chuyển đổi/ hoán đổi vị trí ‘Photograph pho’tography Cl’imate clim’atic ‘Legal le’gality ‘Injure inj’urious Ad’vantage advant’ageous ‘Perfect perf’ection ‘Photo phot’ography ‘Tranquil tranqu’ility ‘Proverb prov’erbial ‘Reflex refl’exive NOTE: the suffixes that the stress will fall on the syllable right before it “EOUS” “GRAPHY” “IAL” “IC” STEM + “ION” DERRIVED WORDS “IOUS” “TY” “IVE” c) Suffixes that not affect stress: tiếp vị ngữ không ảnh hưởng đến dấu nhấn At’tain at’tainment Re’fuse re’fusal Comfortable Childlike powerless wonderful widen Devilish hurriedly development beautify amazing Happiness clockwise refusal poisonous honesty “MENT” “NESS” “OUS” “FY” - - “ABLE” “AGE” “AL” “EN” - “FUL” “ING” “ISH” “LIKE” - “WISE” “Y” A DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTENT WORDS AND FUNCTIONS IN STRESS PLACEMENT: Content words Are those words that express independent meaning concept Include: Noun Main verb Adverbs adjectives Question words ( ex: why, when, what) - Demonstratives (this, that, these, those) Are usually stressed Function words Are words that have little or no meanings in themselves, but which express grammatical relationships - - Article Preposition Auxiliaries Pronouns Conjunction Relative pronouns Are usually unstressed, unless they are to be given special attention Ex: Content words are in bold • Mary has lived in England for ten years • He's going to fly to Chicago next week • I don't understand this chapter of the book • The children will be swimming in the ocean at five o'clock • John had eaten lunch before his colleague arrived • The best time to study is early in the morning or late in the evening • The trees along the river are beginning to blossom • Our friends called us yesterday and asked if we'd like to visit them next month • You'll be happy to know that she's decided to take the position • I won't give away your secret 7 PRESENT SHORTLY ABOUT ASSIMILATION, TYPES OF ASSIMILATION AND ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES FOR EACH TYPE OF ASSIMILATION IN “ASPECT OF CONNECTED SPEECH” Assimilation : is when a speech sound changes, and becomes more like another sound which follows it or precedes it Assimilation is only found in the most rapid and casual speech; generally speaking, the tendency is again for regressive assimilation and the change in manner is most likely to be toward an “easier” consonantone which makes less obstruction ( tắc nghẽn) to the airflow Thus it is possible to find cases where a final plosive becomes a fricative or nasal Regressive assimilation (đồng hóa âm thoái - âm sau ảnh hưởng lên âm trước): it occurs when the following sound influences the precede sound because the following sound is too dominant Ex possible a bilabial sound ) impossible ( as possible starts with a bilabial sound, the prefix im-ends in Progressive assimilation (đồng hóa âm tịnh tiến - âm trước ảnh hưởng lên âm sau ) : its occurs when the preceding sound influences the following sound because the preceding sound is too dominant o Ex Boys /z/ as /i/ : voiced Cats /s/ as /t/ : voiceless Coalescent Assimilation (đồng hóa âm kết hợp) occurs when two sounds are combined to form a new or a different sound o Ex /d/ + /j/ = /ʤ/ Would you /’wuʤu/ Some rules for assimilation a /t/ assimilates to /p/ /p/ /d/ assimilates to /b/ before bilabial sound /b/ /n/ assimilates to /m/ /m/ Ex: that pen / ‘đæt pen/ /đæ’ppen/ He’s rather fat boy.( /t/ assimilates to /p/) He’s very good boy.(/d/ assimilate to /b/) There are ten men in the class b /t/ assimilates to /k/ before velar sound : /k/, /g/ /d/ assimilates to /g/ Ex: that cat / đæ’k kæt/; good concert / ‘gug kog’so:t/ c /n/ assimilates to /ɳ/ before velar sound /k/, /g/ Ex: I’ve been going out too much lately d /s/ assimilates to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ Ex: this ship /điʃʃip/ e /z/ assimilates to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ Ex: cheese shop / ‘tʃiʒʃɔp/ /t/ + /j/= /tʃ/ Ex: last year / la:st/+/jiᶕr/ = /lastʃiᶕr/ /d/ + /j/ = /ʤ/ Ex: Would you /’wuʤu/ PRESENT SHORTLY ABOUT INTRUSION AND SOME ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES FOR THE INTRUSION IN ‘ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEECH’ f Intrusion: when two vowel sounds meet, an extra consonant is added at the end of word and links it to another word starting with vowel sound Ex Chine and Japan /tʃainᶕ(r)ᶕn ʤᶕpæn/ Some rules of instrusion: + add /r/ when the first world ends in /ᶕ / ; /a:/ ; /ɔ:/ Ex: Mr John was a victim of media exploitation /ᶕre/ The media are to blam./ᶕra:/ I saw it happen /ɔ:ri/ + Add /j/ when - the first word end in / i:/ - Diphthong ends in /i/ Ex: I agree with you / aijᶕri ‘wid ju:/ + add /w/ when - the first word end in / u:/ - Diphthong ends in /u/ Ex Go on / gᶕuwon/, Who is? / hu:wiz/ , you are / ju:wa:/ INTONATION Present shortly about in intonation, some types of intonation contour normally found English and illustrative examples for each type of intonation Intonation is the rise and fall of voice or changing the pitch of voice: high voice, medium and low Intonation is closely connected with stress There is different way to mark intonation Symbols used in describing intonation: Intonation marking: (dấu ngữ điệu ) I : stress mark : falling mark : rising mark Rising-falling: Falling-rising: TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION CONTOURS Falling intonation Used for + Information question words such as: Who, Which, etc Ex: what’s your name? + statements Ex: He lives in New York + Imperatives Ex: sit down + Tag questions expecting confirmation Ex she is tall, isn’t she Rising intonation : Used for : + Yes/No Question Ex Do you like chicken? + Tag Questions used for tag questions showing less certainty Ex you’re Vietnamese, aren’t you? Rising, rising and finally falling : Used for lists of items Ex I need a pen, a ruler, and a pencil Falling-Rising intonation : v yes, v no The falling-rise used in a lot in English and has rather special function In present context it could be described as limited agreement or response with reservation Ex: A: John is a good student B: v yes B’s reply would be taken to mean that he would not completely agree with what A said and A would probably expect B to go on explain why he was reluctant to agree Rising – falling ~yes, ~no This is used to convey rather strong feelings approval, disapproval or surprise It is not usually considered to be an important tone for foreign learners to acquire, though it is useful to practice learning to distinguish it from other tone A: I think Ho Chi Minh city is very beautiful A: Isn’t he handsome? B: ~Yes B: ~No 10 INTONATION IN CONTEXT OPEN QUESTION & CHECK QUESTION • An open question is where we ask for information we didn’t have before, and the voice usually goes down at the end • A check question is where we make sure that the information we have is correct, and the voice usually goes up at the end Ex: A: What’s your name? A: How old are you? B: Judy B: Thirty A: Julie? A: Thirteen? B: No, Judy B: No, I am thirty A: Where are you from? A: What you do? B: Beijing B: I am a businessman A: Is that in China? A: You’re a businessman? B: Yes, that right B: Yes, I am OLD INFORMATION & NEW INFORMATION Old information is what we often refer back to something we said before, and the voice normally goes up at the end New information is what we also tell the listeners things we haven’t mentioned before, and the voice normally goes down at the end EX: A: Let’s go to the beach at this weekend B: But the beach is crowded at weekend A: Let’s go hiking B: But hiking is not good for my leg A: So, where we go this weekend ? B: Why don’t we go to the cinema ? A: Cinema is not a bad idea B: I’ll meet you at 7p.m A: Ok, we will meet at 7p.m