AFGHANISTAN ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHRAIN BERMUDA BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BRAZIL CANADA CHILE CHINA COSTA RICA CROATIA CUBA EGYPT ENGLAND ETHIOPIA FRANCE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GUATEMALA ICELAND INDIA INDONESIA IRAN IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KUWAIT MEXICO THE NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NIGERIA NORTH KOREA NORWAY PAKISTAN PERU THE PHILIPPINES PUERTO RICO RUSSIA SAUDI ARABIA SCOTLAND SENEGAL SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH KOREA SPAIN SWEDEN TAIWAN TURKEY UKRAINE UZBEKISTAN VENEZUELA VIETNAM Greece Zoran Pavlovic´ Series Consulting Editor Charles F Gritzner South Dakota State University Frontispiece: Flag of Greece Cover: Greek houses and windmill, Santorini Island, Cyclades, Greece Greece Copyright © 2006 by Infobase Publishing All ri ghts re s erved No part of this book may be reprodu ced or utilized in any form or by any means, el ectronic or mechanical, including ph o tocopyi n g, recording, or by a ny inform a ti on stora ge or retri eval sys tem s , without perm i s s i on in wri ting from the publ i s h er For inform a ti on t act : Ch elsea Ho u s e An imprint of In fobase Pu bl i s h i n g 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pavlovic, Zoran Greece / Zoran Pavlovic p cm — (Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-8797-2 (hard cover) Greece—Geography—Juvenile literature I Title II Series DF720.P38 2005 914.95—dc22 2005031779 Ch elsea House books are ava i l a ble at special discounts wh en purch a s ed in bu l k qu a n ti ties for businesses, associati on s , i n s ti tuti on s , or sales promoti on s Please call our Special Sales Dep a rtm ent in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Ch elsea House on the World Wi de Web at http : / / w w w.chelseahouse.com Text and cover design by Ta keshi Takahashi Printed in the United States of America Bang 21C 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper All links, web ad d re s s e s , and Intern et search terms were ch ecked and veri f i ed to be correct at the time of publicati on Because of the dynamic natu re of the web, s om e ad d resses and links may have ch a n ged since publ i c a ti on and may no lon ger be valid Table of Contents Introducing Greece Physical Landscapes 14 Greece Through Time 28 People and Culture 41 Government and Politics 56 Greece’s Economy 66 Regions of Greece 76 Greece Looks Ahead 89 Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Bibliography and Further Reading Index 94 96 98 99 Greece Introducing Greece A top the hill overlooking Athens, Greece’s capital city, lies the Acropolis This famous cultural relic is more than simply one of the country’s best known archaeological monuments It also serves as a majestic reminder of an era when Greek civilization dom i n a ted the known worl d The influ en ce of the ancient Greek culture reached from the Straight of Gibraltar to as far east as the Himalaya Mountains Zeus and other gods from Greek mythology were well known throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia Both warriors and merchants, with sword and gold, were spre ading Greek knowl ed ge , inventions, and philosophy For their accomplishments in learning and the spread of their knowledge, the ancient Greeks were known by other cultures as the “people of the book.” Roots of many modern scien tific disciplines, including geography, are found in ancient Greek civilization Before what we recognize tod ay as “geography” existed, Greeks were actively practicing the science Introducing Greece Athens, pictured here from atop Lycabettus Hill, east of the city, is the capital of Greece and regarded by many as the birthplace of Western Civilization The Acropolis, the center of ancient Athens’s chief religious and municipal buildings, can be seen in the center of the photo (It was not until 200 B.C that the Greek scholar Eratosthenes first used the word geography, meaning “writing about the earth”.) These early people, tucked away in a distant corner of Europe, had long studied changes taking place on the earth’s surface They analyzed differences and similarities between pl aces and won dered why certain things were happening in 90 Greece its cultural system Too many people expect the government to support them in a cradle-to-grave welfare system Although the welfare state is an important part of European political tradition , it imposes a trem en dous econ omic burden on the co u n try and its people In order to provide welfare, the government must collect more taxes Eventually, the tax burden can limit economic growth and cause a perilous rise in unemployment Future socioeconomic changes must focus on adjusting unequal employment rates The current gender imbalance is counterproductive: Female unemployment rates are twice that of Greek males Working at the same jobs, women also earn much lower salaries than their male counterparts This imbalance results from a slowly changing cultural system in which a male-dominated society is not willing to accept the fac t that times are changing: Women are as capable as men in many areas They deserve equal compensation for equal work, and they should be en ti t l ed to ch oose their own life professions In rural areas, women are still expected to engage only in traditional female professions, or to dedicate themselves exclusively to being wives and mothers Rural areas are not transforming rapidly enough In the future, wealth and power must be spread throughout urban and rural areas The country can no longer allow the major urban centers, Athens and Thessaloniki, to develop at their expense The countryside, although beautiful and inviting, requires serious attention Greece cannot affor d to allow its rural peoples and environments to languish as living museums of times past Futu re proj ects design ed to revitalize rural Greece should emphasize its two most important potentials: agriculture and tourism Both activities can be highly c ompetitive; Greece simply has to further develop its potential and find ways to promote them in today’s world Unfortunately, many rural people, because of their folk culture, strongly resist change It may be difficult, for example, to introduce and implement the latest technologies of organic agriculture Even though it would Greece Looks Ahead be far more profitable than traditional agriculture, changes in farming practices would require doing things differently in the context of a deeply entrenched lifestyle Elements of a traditional lifestyle are rapidly vanishing in Athens, where popular culture dominates Cultural diffusion from the West has affected Greece’s capital city, and it dominates the country’s economy Its citizens enjoy new technologies and economic practices, and the service sector has been g reatly expanded Because of this rapid expansion, however, Athens will face difficulties com m on to many other metropolitan cen ters Polluti on and traffic probl em s , in particular, a re a price that must be paid In order to prevent pollution, which ranks among Europe’s wors t , At h ens will need to implem en t s tringent envi ronmental regulations More high - s peed highways will provide better and faster intra- and intercity connections In order to revi t a l i ze the countrys i de and bring At h ens som e population relief, the government will have to improve living conditions in and accessibility to rural areas Demographic issues are be coming increasingly alarming throughout aging Europe Greece, no doubt, will follow the rest of Europe with a declining birthrate, resulting in an aging and ultimately shrinking population If , indeed , this occ u rs, the on ly option is for the country to open its doors to immigration This poses a serious political and potential social problem, however, in a country that is 98 percent ethnically homogeneous Few immigrants share Greek ethnicity; rather, they come from Africa, Asia, or neighboring Albania Immigrants are willing to take jobs that are less desirable and pay less Th ey also tend to re s i de in nei gh borh ood s surrounded with others of their race and ethnicity How an increase in immigration and the creation of such neighborhoods will affect Greece politically, econ om i c a lly, and soc i a lly is anyon e’s guess The on ly certainty is that under ex i s ting demographic conditions, changes will undoubtedly occur in the foreseeable future 91 92 Greece Children wave Greek flags in anticipation of the arrival of the Olympic torch, shortly before the opening of the Athens Olympics in August 2004 Like many European countries, Greece’s low birthrate and aging population have led to minimal population growth, which ultimately may force Greece to open its doors to immigrants to fill available jobs A growing population (even if by migration) means a larger labor force for the growing economy Assuming social issues can be resolved, the positive impact of immigration will be continued economic growth Despite its many regulations, integration into the European Union will continue to stimulate economic growth in Greece With future EU expansion eastward, Greece will be in a splendid position to further benefit economically If Turkey is accepted into the Union, it will add 70 million consumers to the common European market This will be ben eficial to many Greek companies and perhaps will also help improve rel a ti ons bet ween the two co u n tri e s E s t a blishing a good econ omic rel a ti onship is a gi ga n tic step Greece Looks Ahead toward en suring a successful po l i tical rel a ti on s h i p The primary economic challenge in the near future is for Greece to balance its budget Past governments have borrowed much more than they earned A budget deficit burdens a nation’s economy and can lead toward potential crisis and destabilization One of the best ways to fulfill budget obligations is through income from to u rism Greece’s tourism has increased ste ad i ly during recent decades With properly managed expansion of the tourist sector, the country can easily become one of the worl d ’s leading to u rist de s ti n a ti on s It of fers unmatch ed natu l and cultural landscapes A marvelous heritage, spectacular islands and seascapes, and rugged terrain can attract tourists So, too, can sharp ly tra s ting folk and popular cultu re s , quaint ru ral vi ll a ges, and a worl d - class capital city These, p lu s won derful cuisine on ly add to the co u n try’s to u ri s t - lu ring potential On the other hand, Greece is on a long trip between the past and the future Today, the country is at a crossroads It can continue its journey into a modern and prosperous future, or turn back to the obscurity of the European periphery It will be interesting to see which route Greece follows 93 Facts at a Glance Physical Geography Country name Capital city Location Area Climate and ecosystem Terrain Elevation extremes Long form: Hellenic Republic; Short form: Greece Athens Southeastern Europe; the southernmost country on the Balkan Peninsula Shares boundaries with four European countries: Albania, 175 miles (282 kilometers); Bulgaria, 306 miles (494 kilometers); Turkey, 128 miles (206 kilometers); Macedonia, 152 miles (246 kilometers) Total borders with other countries: 763 miles (1,228 kilometers) Coastal boundaries: 8,497 miles (13,676 kilometers) Total: 51,146 square miles (131,468 square kilometers) Mediterranean: hot, dry summers; mild, wet winters Mountainous interior with coastal plains; 2,000-plus islands Mount Olympus reaches 9,570 feet (2,917 meters); the lowest elevation is sea level People Population Population Density Population Growth Rate Net Migration Rate Fertility Rate Life expectancy at birth Median Age Ethnic groups Religions Language Literacy 10,668,354 (July 2005 est.); males, 5,237,413 (July 2005 est.); females, 5,430,941 (July 2005 est.) 80 per square kilometer 0.19% 2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) 1.33 children born/woman (2005 est.) Total population: 79 years; male, 77 years; female, 82 years (2005 est.) 40.5 years Greeks 98%, others 2% (Turks, Albanians, Macedonians) Greek Orthodox, 98%; Islam, 1.3%; other, 0.7% Greek 99% (age 15 and over can read and write) Total population, 97.5%; males, 98.6%; females, 96.5% (2003 est.) Economy Land Use Arable land, 21.1%; permanent crops, 8.78%; other, 70.12% 94 Irrigated Land Natural Hazards Environmental Issues Currency GDP (purchasing power parity) PPP GDP per capita (PPP) Labor Force Unemployment Labor force by occupation Industries Leading trade partners Exports Export Commodities Imports Import Commodities Transportation 5,490 sq miles (14,220 sq km) (1998 est.) Earthquakes, volcanoes Air pollution; water pollution Euro $242.8 billion (2005 est.) $22,800 (2005 est.) 4.72 million (2005 est.) 10.8% 68% services, 20% industry, 12% agriculture Tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, mining, petroleum Exports: Germany, 13.1%; Italy, 10.3%; UK, 7.5%; Bulgaria, 6.3%; U.S., 5.3%; Cyprus, 4.6%; Turkey, 4.5%; France, 4.2% (2004) Imports: Germany, 13.3%; Italy, 12.8%; France, 6.4%; Netherlands, 5.5%; Russia, 5.5%; U.S., 4.4%; UK, 4.2%; South Korea, 4.1% (2004) $18.54 billion (2005 est.) Manufactured goods, food and beverages, petroleum products, cement, chemicals $48.2 billion (2005 est.) Basic manufactures, food and animals, crude oil, chemicals, machinery, transport equipment Highways: 72,700 miles (117,000 kilometers); 66,738 miles (107,406 kilometers) paved; Railroads: 1, 597 miles (2,571 kilometers); 474 miles (764 kilometers) electrified; Waterways: 3.72 miles (6 kilometers) of Corinth Canal; Airports: 80 Government Type of government Head of State Independence Administrative divisions Communications Republican parliamentary democracy Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis 1829, from the Ottoman Empire 51 prefectures and autonomous region TV stations: 36 (1995); Phones (including cellular): 14,141,300 (2003); Internet users: 1,718,400 (2003) 95 History at a Glance 6,000—4,000 B.C Evidence found of a significant presence of population in present-day Greece 2,000—1,500 B.C Minoan civilization on Crete is at its zenith 1,000—900 B.C 776 B.C 700—500 B.C 667 B.C Most recent wave of migration of Greek peoples First Olympic Games are held Mediterranean cultural realm is colonized extensively during this period Colonists from Megara establish Byzantium, a colony on Bosporus that later becomes Constantinople Fifth century to fourth century B.C Greece wages victorious wars against Persians; Athens rises to power Third century B.C Alexander the Great makes Greece part of his Macedonian Empire Second century B.C to Greece is a part of Roman (later Eastern Roman) Empire fifteenth century A.D 330 A.D 1054 Constantine I moves capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople After the Great Schism, Greece is integrated into the Eastern Orthodox world 1453—1821 Fall of Constantinople in 1453 marks the beginning of the Ottoman Empire’s nearly 400-year occupation of Greece 1829 Greece becomes independent from the Ottoman Empire 1896 First modern Olympic Games begin in Athens 1912 First Balkan War is waged against the Ottoman Empire 1913 Second Balkan War is waged against Bulgaria 1914 Greece enters World War I 1918—1922 1923 Greece enters conflict with the Turks Treaty of Lausanne serves as basis for territorial exchange, as well as forced migrations of Greeks from Turkey and Turks from Greece 1939—1945 Greece is involved in World War II 1946—1950 Royalist and Communist factions in Greece wage a civil war; the Communists lose 96 1952 Greece joins North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1967 Greek military organizes a coup to overthrow the government 1967—1974 The country is led by military junta 1980 The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) wins elections and holds power for most of 1980s and 1990s 1981 Greece joins the European Economic Community, which is later renamed the European Union 2001 Greece enters Eurozone; the euro replaces drachma as official currency 2004 Summer Olympic Games held in Athens for second time 97 B i b l i o g raphy and Further Reading Campbell, John Kennedy, and Philip Sherrard Modern Greece New York: Praeger, 1968 Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook: Greece 2005 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gr.html Curtis, G.E., ed Greece: A Country Study Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1994 Dubin, Marc S The Greek Islands New York: DK Publishing, 1997 Frankland, E Gene Gl obal Studies: Europe Guilford, CT: Dushkin/McGrawHi ll , 2002 Harrington, Lyn Greece and the Greeks New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962 Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G., and Bella Bychkova-Jordan The European Culture Area New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001 National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG) Greece in Figures Pireas: NSSG, 2005 Pavlovic´, Zoran Turkey Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004 Stanislawski, Dan “Dionysus Westward: Early Religion and the Economic Geography of Wine.” The Geographical Review, 65, no (1975), 427–44 Toynbee, Arnold J Greeks and Their Heritage New York: Oxford University Press, 1981 Tozer, Henry Fanshawe Geography of Ancient Greece Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1974 U.S Department of State Background Notes 2005 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm 98 Index Bulgaria, 27, 57, 74 ethnic gro u p s , 42 indepen dence, 40, 77–78 Ac ropolis a rchaeological monu m ents, religious and municipal buildings, Aegean Peninsula, 10, 12, 38, 42, 44 Aegean Sea, 15, 17, 82 islands in, 18–19, 29, 31–32, 54–55, 77–78, 87–88 Agricultu re , 23, 32, 52 produ cts, 67–69, 79–80, 90–91 Albania, 21, 57, 80–81 and Greece, 64–65 immigrants, 50, 91 Alex a n der the Gre a t , 34–35, 78 An c i ent Greece artifacts, 29, 48, 51 dom i n a ti on of , 8, 15, 29, 31, 38 i n f lu en ce of, 8, 44, 77–78 i nventions, military, 35, 45 s ch o l a rs, 10 scientific disciplines, 8–10, 29 set t l em ents, 15, 19, 29, 35 Archimede s , 10 Aristotle, 10, 35 At a tu rk, Kemal, 40 At h ens, 31, 77–78, 81 air polluti on, 25, 91 capital city, 8–9, 17, 35–36, 60, 73 culture and econ omy of , 24, 82–83, 85–86, 90 eart h qu a ke , 26 Olympics, 70 politics, 80, 85, 92 pop u l a tion, 52 Sy n t a gma Square, 43 At l a n tis, 19 At tica, 85–86 Axios (Va rdar) River, 27, 78 Caspian Sea, 74 Christianity in Greece , 36, 38–39, 46, 48, 54, 67, 83 Civil wars, 57–58 Cold War, 58, 67 Con s t a n tine, 36–37 Con s t a n tine II, 58 Con s t a n ti n op l e , 33, 37–40 Corfu, 88 Crete , 19, 29–30, 55, 87 Croe sus, 82 Cu l ture celebration of life and family, 12, 45 changes and trasts, 10–12, 45, 77, 88–89, 93 characteristics, 41, 76–77 diet, 53–55, 76 ethnic gro u p s , 42–48, 76 expansion, 32–35 geography, 41, 77, 84 influ en ces, 22, 29–30, 33, 35–36, 38–39 language, 35, 44 and religion, 33, 45–46, 48–51, 54, 76 struggles, 10, 25 traditional, 11, 15, 45, 76, 85, 87, 89–91, 93 Cycl ades, 87–88 Cyprus, 46–47, 58, 63–64, 89 D a nu be River, 15 Dark Age , 32 Dinaric Alps, 20–21 Dionysu s , 33 Dodecanese island gro u p, 88 Balkan Peninsula, 15–16 Ba s ketb a ll, 10 Earthquakes, 25–26, 30 99 Index E conomy, 12 developm ent, 24, 35, 46, 56, 59, 66–68, 74, 79–81, 83–85, 90, 93 energy, technology and transportati on , 71, 74–75, 84, 90 gaps in growth, 11, 52–53, 58, 70–71, 81–82, 86–87 reform, 67, 76 s ectors, 68–71 trade and labor, 29, 31–33, 71–74, 91–92 u n em p l oyment, 72–73, 90 Egypt, 28, 31, 35 Ei n s tein, Albert, 13 Epirus, 21, 80–82 Erato s t h en e s , 9–10 Eu ropean Un i on and Greece, 59, 61, 63, 67–68, 71–72, 89, 92 Ev via, 88 Fra n ce , 40 Futu re , 89–93 geography, 12 G ermany, 45–46, 57 G overn m ent and politics, 12, 75, 77 conflicts, 11, 33, 42, 44, 52, 56–58, 63, 66–68, 89, 91 conservation programs, 24, 85 s ti tution, 62 dem oc rac y, 56, 58–59 distri buti on of power, 59–62 foreign affairs, 63–65, 70, 89 m odern ch a n ge s , 58–62, 87, 93 postwar history, 57–58 power, 15, 36, 38, 73, 90 Great Britain, 40 Greece central and we s tern, 82–84 facts at a gl a n ce , 94–95 h i s tory at a gl a n ce , 96–97 independen ce , 11, 39–40, 42, 47 introducti on, 8–13 nationalism, 42–44, 63 t h ro u gh time, 28–40 wars, 11, 57–58, 82 Greek islands, 86–88 Ha gia Sophia, 37 Hellenic Pa rl i a m en t , 59–62 Herodo tu s , 10, 34 Hi m a l aya Mo u n t a i n s , In dustrial Revoluti on, 39 Ionian Sea, 15, 67, 74, 82 islands in, 18–19, 87–88 It h aca, 88 Ka z a n t a k i s , Ni ko s Zorbo the Greek, 87 Kn o s s o s , 29–30 Koz a n i , 80 Lyc a bettus Hi ll, Lyd i a , 82 Macedon i a , 27 central, 20–21, 77–80 eastern, 77–78 empire, 34, 36 and Greece, 42, 47, 64, 74 west, 78–80 Mara t h on , Battle of, 33 Mediterranean Se a , 10, 17 islands in, 18–19, 88 settlements alon g, 15, 20, 29, 32–33, 36, 40 Me s opotamia, 28 Meteora, 81 Minoan civilization decline, 30–31 developments, 30–31 n av y, 29 Mount Athos Peninsula, 50 Mount Olympus, 11, 20, 80 gods of , 10 100 Index Mount Parnassus, 83 Mycen aean civilization, 31–32 Mythology gods, 8, 10, 45, 51, 80, 83 North At l a n tic Treaty Organization ( NATO), 57, 65 Onassis, Ari s to t l e , 45 Ot toman Empire , 38–40, 47, 82 Pa n h ellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), 59, 61 Pa p adopoulos, Geor gios, 59 Pa p a n d reou, An d re a s , 59 Pa tra, 84 Pelopon n e sus Peninsula, 19–20, 84–85 Peop l e , 41–55 clothing, 43 ethnic Greeks, 44–46, 63–64, 76, 78, 91 ethnic non - Greeks, 46–48, 52, 86 hospitality, 12 lifestyle, 11–12, 52, 57, 85, 87–88, 91 pop u l a tion, 28, 32, 51–53, 86 Persian Empire , 33–34, 38, 45, 82 Philip II, 34–35 Physical landscapes, 14–16, 48 be a uty of , 11, 70, 81, 83, 87, 90 cl i m a te , 15, 20–22 ecosys tems, 22–24 land, 17–20, 77, 82 pre s ervation and hazards, 24–27 P i n dus Mo u n t a i n s , 20–21, 80–81 Piraeus, 86 P l a to, 10, 19, 35 Puti n , Vladimir, 50 Pythagoras, 10 Regions At tica, 85–86 Central and Western Greece, 82–84 Central and West Macedon i a , 77–80 d ivers e , 12, 76–77 Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, 77–78 islands, 86–88 Renaissance period, 38 Rh odes, 88 Roman Empire , 36–37, 39, 45, 78, 85 Rostlund, Erh a rd , 12 Salamina, Battle of , 33 Santorini (Th era), 19, 87 Sava River, 15 Schultz, Th eodore , 72 Serbi a , 40, 65 Soccer, 10 Sparta, 31, 35, 84–85 Sporade s , 88 Stanislaws k i , Dan, 33 Straight of G i braltar, S tri m on (Struma) River, , Thessaloniki, 52, 78–80, 90 Thessaly, 21, 48, 80–81 Thrace, 77–78, 88 Tourism, 11, 22 incom e , 23, 70–71, 74, 81, 83–85, 87, 90, 93 mon a s teries, 48, 51 Turkey, 57, 74, 77, 88 ancient, 38–40, 47, 82 f l i cts with Greece, 45, 63–64, 89 Turks, 46–47, 88 Muslims, 50, 54, 67 Un i ted Nations, 63, 83 Vo l c a n oe s , 17, 19, 25, 30, 87 101 Index Wi l d f i re s , 26–27 World War I, 40, 47, 77 World War II ef fect on Greece, 45, 57–58, 67–68, 84, 86 Yugoslavia, 42, 57, 71, 79 Zorbo the Greek (Kazantakis), 87 102 Picture Credits page: 9: 16: 18: 21: 26: 30: 34: 37: 43: 49: New Millennium Images © Lucidity Information Design © Lucidity Information Design New Millennium Images BlackStar Photos/NMI New Millennium Images New Millennium Images EPA/NMI KRT/NMI KRT/NMI 53: 60: 64: 69: 73: KRT/NMI New Millennium Images Gamma Presse/NMI KRT/NMI Fayez Nureldine/AFP/ Getty Images/NMI 79: New Millennium Images 83: Zuma Press/NMI 92: AFP/NMI Cover: New Millennium Images 103 About the Contributors ZO RAN “ZOK” PAV LO V IC´ is a cultural geographer currently working at Oklahoma State Un iversity in Stillw a ter Greece is Zok’s seventh book a ut h ored or coa ut h ored for the Ch elsea House geogra phy series MODERN WORLD NATIONS He also aut h ored Eu rope for the MODERN WORLD CULTURES series Within the field of geography, his interests are culture theory, evoluti on of geogra phic thought, and geogra phy of vi ti c u l tu re Wh en not writing, Zok en j oys go u rm et cooking and lon g - d i s t a n ce motorc ycle travel He was born and i s ed in sout h e a s tern Eu rope CHARLES F “FRITZ” GRITZNER is Distinguished Professor of G eogra phy at So uth Dakota State Un ivers i ty in Brookings He is now in his fifth dec ade of co ll ege te aching, scholarly re s e a rch, and wri ti n g In ad d i ti on to te ach i n g, he enjoys traveling, writing, working with te ach ers, and sharing his love of geogra phy with stu dents and re aders alike As Con su l ting Editor and f requ ent aut h or for the Ch elsea Ho u s e M O D E R N WO R L D NAT I O N S a n d MO D E R N WO R L D C U LT U R E S s eri e s , he has a won derful opportu n i ty to com bine each of these “h obbi e s ” Profe s s i onally, Gritzner has served as both pre s i dent and executive d i rector of the Na ti onal Council for Geogra phic Edu c a ti on He has received nu m erous aw a rds in recogn i ti on of his ac ademic and te ach i n g ach i evem en t s , i n cluding the Na ti onal Council for Geogra phic Edu c a ti on’s Geor ge J Mi ll er Aw a rd for Di s ti n g u i s h ed Servi ce to geogra phy and geogra phic educati on 104 ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pavlovic, Zoran Greece / Zoran Pavlovic p cm — (Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-8797-2 (hard cover) Greece Geography—Juvenile literature... of Contents Introducing Greece Physical Landscapes 14 Greece Through Time 28 People and Culture 41 Government and Politics 56 Greece s Economy 66 Regions of Greece 76 Greece Looks Ahead 89 Facts... rapidly growing urban culture and modern lifestyle The culture change occurring in countries such as Greece is, perhaps, what leads to the creation of a modern world nation Trad i ti on-bound folk