11 viết lại câu

MỘT SỐ DẠNG NGỮ PHÁP, TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU.. Phương pháp này áp dụng được cho mọi câu mà khôgn cần phân tích xem nó thuộc mẫu này, tuy nhiên phương pháp này không

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II Giải pháp thực tế giúp học sinh học Viết lại câu hiệu quả 4

3.2 MỘT SỐ TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU 24

3.2.1 Dạng chuyển đổi giữa động từ và danh từ chỉ người 24

3.2.1 go up/ rise/ increase /fall/ decrease/ decline/drop  N: rise/

increase/fall/ decrease/ decline 24

3 MỘT SỐ DẠNG NGỮ PHÁP, TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU

3.1 MỘT SỐ DẠNG NGỮ PHÁP THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU

3.1.1 Viết lại câu thực hiện chuyển đổi từ Thì quá khứ đơn sang thì hiện tại hoàn thành

và ngược lại

3.1.1.1 This is the first time S have/has + (ever) + Vpp/ Ved + (O)/ Adv

 S have/ has never Vpp Vpp/ Ved + (O)/ Adv … before

Example:

This is the first time I have seen him

 I have ………

 I have never seen him before

3.1.1.2 The last time + S + past simple……was + time + ago/ in+ time

 S + have/ has + not + Ved/Vpp………for/ since + time

Example:

The last time she visited us was two years ago

 She hasn't ………

She hasn't visited us for two years

Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since

3.1.1.3 S + last + past simple …… time + ago /in + time/ when + S + past simple

 S + have/ has + not + Ved/Vpp………for/ since + time

Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since

3.1.1.4 S + began/ started + V-ing/ To V … in+time/ time+ago/ when S + past simple

 S + have/has + Ved/3……… since/ for + time

have/ has + been + V-ing……

I started / began studying English 3 years ago

I have………

 I have studied English for 3 years / I have been studying English for 3 years

Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since

3.1.1.5 It’s + time + since + S + (last) + past simple

 S + have/ has + (not) + Ved/Vpp…… for + time

have/ has + S + Ved/Vpp… ?

Example

When did you buy it ?

How long ………

How long have you bought it?

3.1.1.7 It/this/that is the + Adj (superlative) + S + have + ever + Ved/Vpp

 S + have/ has + never + Ved/Vpp + such (a/ an) + Adj + N + (before)

This is the most delicious cake I’ve ever tasted

 I have ………

I have never tasted such a delicious cake before

3.1.1.8 This is the first time + S + have + Ved/Vpp + ……

 S+be + not used to + Ving/N

This is the first time I have seen so many people crying at the end of the movie

I was not used………

I was not used to seeing so many people crying at the end of the movie

3.1.2 Cách biến đổi Although/Even though/ Though  Despite/ In spite of

Although/ though + Clause

Despite / in spite of + N/ Ving

Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ như sau:

3.1.2.1 Although/ though + S + V, S’ + V’ (S=S’)

 Despite/ in spite of + Ving, S’ + V’……

Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time

 Despite / in spite of ………

Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time

2.1.2.2 Although/ though + the+N + be + Adj, S’ + V’

 Despite/ in spite of + the adj + N, S’ + V’……

Although the rain was heavy, they enjoyed their game

Despite/ in spite of ………

Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, they enjoyed their game

3.1.2.3 Although/ though + personal Pronoun + be + Adj, S’ + V’

 Despite/ in spite of + possessive adjective + N, S’ + V’……

Although He was sick,

=> Despite / in spite of his sickness,

3.1.2.4 Although/ though + personal Pronoun + V + adv, S’ + V’

 Despite/ in spite of + possessive adjective + adj+N, S’ + V’……

Although He behaved impolitely,

=> Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior ,

3.1.2.5 Although/ though + there be+(a/an)N , S’ + V’

 Despite/ in spite of + a/an + N, S’ + V’……

Although there was an accident ,

=> Despite / in spite of an accident,

3.1.2.6 Although/ though + it + be + Adj (weather), S’ + V’

 Despite/ in spite of + the adj + N(weather), S’ + V’……

Although it was rainy,

=> Despite / in spite of the rain, ………

Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này là:

Foggy => fog ( sương mù )

Snowy => snow (tuyết)

Rainy => rain (mưa)

Stormy => storm ( bão)

3.1.2.7 Phương pháp cuối cùng cũng là phương pháp dễ nhất : thêm the fact that trước mệnh

đề

Phương pháp này áp dụng được cho mọi câu mà khôgn cần phân tích xem nó thuộc mẫu này, tuy nhiên phương pháp này không được khuyến khích sử dụng vì suy cho cùng những biến đổi trên đây là rèn luyện cho các em cách sử dụng các cấu trúc câu, do đó nếu câu nào cũng thêm

the fact that rồi viết lại hết thì các em sẽ không nâng cao được trình độ Phương pháp này chỉ

áp dụng khi gặp câu quá phức tạp mà không có cách nào biến đổi Một trường hợp khác mà các em có thể sử dụng nữa là : trong lúc đi thi gặp câu khó mà mình quên cách biển đổi Although he behaved impolitely,

 Despite / in spite of the fact that he behaved impolitely,

3.1.2.8 Although/ though + S + V + Adj /adv, S’ + V’

 However+ adj/adv +S+V… , S’ + V’……

Driving at that spees is dangerous although you are an experienced driver or not

However

However experinced a driver you are// you are as a driver, driving at that speed is dangerous

3.1.2.9 Although/ though + S + V + Adj /adv, S’ + V’

 adj/adv +as/though+S+V… , S’ + V’………

I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements

→Much ………

→Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her

3.1.3 THE CONDITIONAL(CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)

3.1.3.1 Conditional type 1

a Nếu câu đề là: (Don’t )V…….or S will/can(not) infinitive :

 If S1 present simple, S2 will/can(not) infinitive

Example:

1 Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson

→ If ……… ….………

If you don’t stop talking, you won’t understand the lesson

2 Don’t be impatient or you will make mistakes

 If………

If you are impatient, you will make mistakes

b S1 will/can infinitive; S2 will/can(not) infinitive :

 If S1 present simple, S2 will/can(not) infinitive

Example: He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car

 If………

If he pays me tonight, I will have enough money to buy a car

c Use UNLESS  IF ……NOT

EX:

1 If you do not study hard, you will fail the exam

Unless you study hard, you will fail the exam

2 If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another

Unless………

d If S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive

 Provided that/ As long as/ So long as S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive

1 If we try hard, we can finish it in a week

Provided ………

Provided that we try hard, we can finish it in a week

2 Provided your hand writing is legible the examiner will accept your answer

As long as the examiner ………

So long as the examiner ………

So long as the examiners can read your handwriting, they will accept your answer

e If S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive

 Should S infinitive, S2 will/ can(not) infinitive

a S1 present simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 present simple

 If S1 past simple, S2 could/would infinitive

Nếu trong câu có because, so (= that’s why) thì phải bỏ (đặt if vào chổ because , còn so (= that’s why) thì ngược lại)

Peter is fat because he eats so many chips

→If ……… …

If Peter did not eat so many chips, he would not be fat

b S1 + present simple, so S2 could/ would (not)/ present simple

 If S1 past simple, S2 could/would (not) infinitive

They don't go to the cinema, so they don't know anything about new movies and actors

If ………

If they knew something about new movies and actors, they would go to the cinema

c If S1 past simple, S2 could/would (not) infinitive

 Were S1 (+ to V) O… , S2 could/would (not) infinitive

The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money

→Were ………

→Were it not for the money, the job wouldn’t be worthwhile

3.1.3.3 Conditional type 3

a S1 + past simple, so S2 could/ would (not)/ past simple

 If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp

My husband didn’t leave the keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station

If my husban………

b S1 past simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 past simple/ past perfect

 If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp

We got lost in the jungle because we didn't have a map

If we had

c - If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp

- S1 past simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 past simple/ past perfect

- It was N that + past simple+…………

 But for + N/Ving,………

Had S (not) Vpp/Ved… , ………

 If it had not been for his incompetence, they would not have been captured

d Without + Ving/ N, S will/ would/ could + ………

If conditional type 2/ type 3

If he had not helped, I would not have been able to find my way

Without………

Without his help, I would not have been able to find my way

3.1.4 PASSIVE VOICE

3.1.4 1 Somebody + want/ like/expect + someone to do something

Somebody + want /like/expect + something + to be done

EX:

Our teacher wants us to prepare our lessons carefully

Our teacher wants our lessons to be prepared carefully

They expected me to finish my work early

They expected my work to be finished early

3.1.4.2

Somebody + agree/arrange/determine/decide + to do something

Somebody + agree/arrange/determine/decide + that something + should be + done

EX:

She decided to rebuild the house

She decided that the house should be rebuilt

3.1.4.3 Something + need(s) + doing (also: want+ v-ing/require+v-ing)

Something + need(s) + to be done (also: want+ to be done/require+to be done)

EX:

The house needs cleaning (passive meaning) These flowers require watering

The house needs to be cleaned These flowers require to be watered

You don’t need to prepare the lesson (active) The chickens need feeding

The lesson doesn’t need to be prepared The chickens need to be fed

The lesson doesn’t need preparing

3.1.4.4 A PRESENT MEANING

people + think/expect/believe/estimate/say/report/suppose/hope/declare/rumour + that + some one + do something (active)

 PASSIVE

PASSIVE

thought expected believed estimated said reported supposed hoped declared rumoured

that S + do something

EX:

1 People think that he drives dangerously (active)

It is thought that he drives dangerously (type 1)

He is thought to drive dangerously (type 2)

2 People believe that he is a good teacher

It is believed that he is a good teacher (type 1)

He is believed to be a good teacher (type 2)

3 People believe that this new teaching method is more effective than the old one

This new teaching method ………

This new teaching method is believed to be more effective than the old one

that S + did something

EX:

People think that he drove dangerously (active)

It is thought that he drove dangerously (type 1)

He is thought to have driven dangerously (type 2)

People believed that he is a good teacher (active)

It is believed that he was a good teacher (type 1)

He is believed to have been a good teacher (type 2)

NOTE:

It’s your duty to do something

You are supposed to do something

EX:

It’s your duty to lock all the doors

You are supposed to lock all the doors

3.1.4.5

Somebody + see/make/let + someone + do + something (active)

Someone is seen/made + to do something (passive)

Someone is let + do something (passive) but we often say: someone is (not) allowed to do something

EX:

He made me stay outside yesterday (active)

I was made to stay outside yesterday

The teacher let us go home early last week (active)

We were let go home early by the teacher last week

often: We were allowed to go home early by the teacher last week

I saw the thief climb the wall (active)

The thief was seen to climb the wall

3.1.4.6

Somebody + have + someone + do something

Somebody + get + someone + to do something

Somebody + have + something + done

"To get someone to do something" suggests that you talked to the person and convinced him to

do something

"To have someone do something" simply states that you arranged for someone to do

something, whether or not that person did it voluntarily

Example

He had his waiter carry the luggage home

He had the luggage carried home by the waiter

I got the postman to post the letter for me

I had the letter posted for me by the postman

3.1.4.7

Don’t do something (active)  something mustn’t be done

It’s impossible to do something (active)  something can’t be done

It’s possible to do something (active)  something can be done

Example

Don’t touch this switch

 This switch mustn’t be touched

It is impossible to do this

This can’t be done

3.1.4.8

Somebody + advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend someone to do something (active)

Cách 1: someone is advised/ begged/ urged/ recommended to do something

Cách 2: somebody advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend that something should be done

EX: He advised me to sell the car

I was advised to sell the car

He advised that the car should be sold

3.1.4.9

Somebody + agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ is determined/ is anxious +to do

something (active)

Somebody + agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ is determined/ is anxious + that

something should be done

EX: She decided to rebuild the house

She decided that the house should be rebuilt

3.1.4.10

Somebody + insist/ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + doing something (active) Somebody insist/ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest that something should be done

Example

He suggested selling the radio

He suggested that radio should be sold

They advised enlarging the garden

They advised that the garden should be enlarged

3.1.4.11

Mệnh lệnh thức (imperative) + Object  S + should/must + be +P2/ Let+object+be+P.P

Example

Turn on the lights

 The lights should be turned on

Open your book, please!

 Let your book be opened, please!

3.1.5 INVERSION

3.1.5.1 Đảo ngữ trong 1 số trường hợp câu phủ định

( Inversion in nagative sentences)

1 You can hardly/barely/scarcely see anyone wear a hat nowadays

Barely/ Hardly/ Scarcely………

 Barely/ Hardly/ Scarely can you see anyone wear a hat nowadays

2 Such a situation should never be allowed to arise again

> Never ………

> Never again should such a situation be allowed to arise

3 The thief little realized that the police had thrown a cordon around the bank

> Little ………

Little did the thief realize that the police had thrown a cordon around the bank

4 This remedy rarely failed

> Rarely did this remedy fail

5 I had never before been asked to accept a bribe

>Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe

b Đảo ngữ trong câu bắt đầu bằng “Not”

Not + noun phrase

Not + till + phrase + Inversion

Not + until + clause

Example

1 She didn’t shed a tear even though the story ended in tragedy

> Not a tear did she shed even though the story ended in tragedy

2.The whole truth didn’t become known until many years later

> Not until many years later did the whole truth become known

3 I didn’t realize how difficult the exercise was until I was half way through it

> Not until I was half way through the exercise did I realize how difficult it was

4 He didn’t realize that he had lost it till he got home

> Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it

Note:

Tuy nhiên trường hợp cụm danh từ bắt đầu bằng “No” hoặc “Not” làm chủ ngữ trong câu thì không gọi là đảo ngữ

No example of this word is given in this dictionary

Mặt khác với “Not until + clause” thì đảo ngừ ở vế cau chính chứ không phải lấy ở vế ngau sau “Not until”

c Đảo ngữ với cấu trúc “Not only but also ”

Not only + clause (đảo ngữ) + but + S + also + V

She dances beautifully and she sings sweetly, too

> Not only does she dance beautifully but she also sings sweetly

Not only do I enjoy classical music, but I also have a season ticket to the symphony

d Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ co “No”, “Not” đứng đầu câu

1 The bus driver can’t be blamed for the accident in any way

> In no way can the bus driver be blamed for the accident

2 The doctor told his patient that he should on no account return to work un til he had made a complete recovery

> The doctor told his patient that on no account should he return to work until he had made

a complete recovery

3 Remote villages don’t have a regular bus service any longer

> No longer do remote villages have a regular bus service

4 The accused never expressed regret for what he’d done

> At no time did the accused express regret for what he’d done

5 This switch must not be touched on any acount

> On no acount must this switch be touched

3.1.5.2 Đảo ngữ trong cấu trúc có “Only”

a

noun phrase

Only prepositional phrase + Inversion

later (only by, only after, only in this way)

Example

1 You can make yourself heard only by shouting at the top of your voice

> Only by shouting at the top of your voice can you make yourself heard

2 The facts were not all made publicity until later

> Only later were the facts all made publicity

3 He mentioned it to me only yesterday

> Only yesterday did he mention it to me

1 You will understand what true responsibility is only when you became a parent

> Only when you become a parent will you understand what true responsibility is

2 You can enter the competition to meet the cast noly if you purchase a ticket for a show > Only if you purchase a ticket for a show can you enter the competition to meet the cast

3 We realized, only then, what a mess we had got ourselves in

> Only then did we realize what a mess we had got ourselves in

Note:

Nếu “Only” ám chỉ tình trạng duy nhất thì không sử dụng đảo ngữ

Example: Only Mary realized that the door was unlocked

3.1.5.3 Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ thời gian

Dùng để diễn tả hành động diễn ra ngay sau 1 hành động khác Thường thì những hành động

đó đêu ở quá khứ

Hardly/ Scarely/Rarely + Inversion (past perfect) +when +S (past simple)

No sooner + Inversion (past perfect)+than +S (past simple)

Example

1 Immediately after his arrival home a water-heater exploded

→Hardly ………

→Hardly had he arrived home when a water-heater exploded

2 Tear gas was released as soon as the thieves touched the safe

No sooner………

No sooner had the thieves touched the safe than tear gas was released

3 He had no sooner drunk the coffee than he began to fell drowsy

3.1.5.4 Đảo ngữ trong các nhận xét để diễn đạt sự hợp ý

Sử dụng các liên từ so/ neither/ nor với đảo ngữ của động từ chính Chúng được dùng trong câu trần thuật để rút gọn lời nói, tránh lặp lại các ý kiến đã được đưa ra từ trước Cấu trúc:

Statement

Affirmative sentence (and) so + inversion

Nagative sentence neither + inversion

Example

1 Jack went out last night and we went out last night, too

> Jack went out last night and so did we

2 He has never been to London and I’ve never been there, either

> He has never been to London and neither have I

The boys cheated and so did the girls

I’m having a tooth out tomorrow and so is she

Tom never goes to concert, neither does his wife

Ann hasn’t any spare time ~ Neither/ Nor have I

I didn’t get much sleep last night ~ Neither/ Nor did I

Hơn nữa “Nor” còn dược dùng để nối 2 câu phủ định với nhau không tính đến nghĩa của

chúng có giống nhau hay không

3.1.5.5 Đảo ngữ dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ kết quả với “so, such” để nhấn mạnh ý kiến hơn

S + V + so + adj/adv + that - clause

S + V + such + that – clause

 So + adj/adv + clause (inversion) + that - clause

Such + clause (inversion) + that - clause

(such = so much/ great)

Thông thường ta hay dùng:

So + adjective that' combines with the verb 'to be'

'Such + to be + noun (that)':

Example

1 The snow fall was so heavy that all the train had to be cancelled

> So heavy was the snow that all the train had to be cancelled

2 The force of the storm was such that all the trees were uprooted

> Such was the force of the storm that all the tree were uprooted

3.1.5.6 Đảo ngữ sau “As”

Được sử dụng nhiều nhất trong ngôn ngữ viết và văn phong có tính xã giao Nó chỉ dùng có tính chất phù hoa nên nó phải được dùng như 1 bộ phận trong câu, không thể tách lẻ thành câu riêng biệt

I thought, as did my colleagues, that the inflation would be over

I supposed, as did most people, that I’d be retiring at 60

3.1.6 SUBJUNCTIVES

3.1.6.1 WISH

Dạng câu đề thường là

S 1 be sorry that S 2 + past simple

 S 1 wish that S 2 + past perfect/ Could/ Would (not) have Vpp/Ved

Example:

It's a pity you didn't tell us about this

I wish ………

I wish you had told us about this

I wish I were a boy (In fact, I am a girl.)

I wish it were not raining (In fact, it is raining.)

I wish he would come here tomorrow (In fact, he will not come)

I wish I hadn't gone to the party last night (In fact, I went there last night.)

3.1.6.2 Mệnh đề chứa cụm từ IF ONLY

I’d love to live in Paris for a year

If only………

If only I could live in Paris for a year

Ex: If only I could turn back the time (In fact, I can't)

If only she would attend the meeting tomorrow (In fact, she will not come)

If only I hadn't met him years ago (In fact, I met him)

3.1.6.3 WOULD SOONER, WOULD RATHER

We would rather you did not smoke

3.1.6.4 IT'S TIME, IT'S ABOUT TIME, IT'S HIGH TIME…

It's time / It's about time / It's high time + for sb + to do st

It's time / It's about time / It's high time + Sb did st

Example:

When are the council going to do something about the city’s traffic problems?

It’s high time something………

It’s high time something were done about the city’s traffic problems

3.1.6.5 AS IF, AS THOUGH (như thể là…./ dường như….)

3.1.7.1 Dạng It was not until + time word/phrase/clause that + clause

Dạng viết lại câu này thường có câu đề như sau

a S+past simple until/till time word/ time phrase/ clause

 Not until time word/ time phrase/ clause + Inversion

Example

1 She didn’t become a teacher until yesterday

=> It was not until yesterday that he became a teacher

=> Not until yesterday did he become a teacher

2 He didn’t come home until late in the evening

=> It was not until late in the evening that he came home

=> Not until late in the evening did he come home

3 He didn't know how to swim until he was 30 years old

=> It was not until he was 30 years old that he knew how to swim

=> Not until he was 30 years old did he know how to swim

4 He did not realize how difficult the task was until he was halfway through it

As soon as we receive your cheque, we shall send the goods to you

Chú Ý: Phần bài tập Đảo Ngữ và Time Clauses thường có những phần liên quan đến nhau như: Only when, Not until, No sooner, Hardly…………

3.1.8 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

3.1.8.1 SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO / TO

S + V + so that/ in order that+ S + V  S + V + to + infinitive

Mệnh đề + SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + S can/could/will/would + V …

Lưu ý: Thông thường nếu không có NOT thì dùng can /could còn có NOT thì dùng won’t / wouldn’t, trừ những trường hợp có ý ngăn cấm thì mới dùng can’t/couldn’t

Example

1 I study hard so that I can pass the exam

 I study hard in order to pass the exam

2 I study hard so that I won’t fail the exam

 I study hard in order not to fail the exam

3 The boys stood on the desks They wanted to get a better view

 The boys stood on the desks in order that they could get a better view

Phrase of purpose: Cụm từ chỉ mục đích

Nếu có NOT thì để NOT trước TO, tuy nhiên mẫu TO không áp dụng được trường hợp có NOT

Example:

1 I study hard I want to pass the exam

 I study hard in order to / so as to /to pass the exam

2 I study hard I don’t want to fail the exam

 I study hard in order not to fail the exam (đúng)

 I study hard so as not to /to fail the exam (đúng)

 I study hard not to fail the exam (sai)

Cách nối câu :

* Dùng SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT :

Trong câu thứ hai nếu có các động từ : want, like, hope thì phải bỏ đi rồi thêm

can/could/will/would vào

–Nếu sau các chữ want, like, hope…có tân ngữ thì lấy túc từ đó ra làm chủ từ

I give you the book I want you to read it

 I give you the book so that you can read it

* Dùng IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO :

– Chỉ áp dụng được khi 2 Chủ ngữ 2 câu giống nhau

– Bỏ Chủ ngữ câu sau, bỏ các chữ want, like, hope giữ lại từ động từ sau nó

Example:

I study hard I want to pass the exam

-> I study hard in order to pass the exam

She worked hard to pass

She worked hard in order to pass

To reach him, I had to wait for five minutes on the line

In order to reach him, I had to wait for five minutes on the line

Before a negative infinitive, we usually prefer in order to

In order not to miss the train, I started early

Note the position of ‘not’ in the structure It goes before to

In order not to wake up the baby, I tiptoed into the room

The expression so as to can also be used to express purpose It carries the same degree of formality as in order to

I am planning to move house so as to be closer to my place of work

Before stative verbs like know, seem, appear, understand, have, etc, it is more usual to use

in order to or so as to:

I talked to them both for half an hour so as to have a thorough understanding of the problem

I followed her around all day in order to know whether she had any intention of meeting him

3.1.9 SO ADJ/ADV THAT / SUCH AN/AN + ADJ+ N + THAT

3.1.9.1 Đổi từ so… that sang such ……that

N + be + so + adj+ that+ clause

 Đại từ + be such (a/an) adj+N+ that clause

Example :

The film is so interesting that I have watched it three times

It is

It is such an interesting film that I have watched it three times

* Nếu danh từ là số ít hoặc không đếm được thì không có a, an

* Chú ý: Thường sẽ có bài tập đổi từ such… that sang so….that

3.1.9.2 Đổi từ so adj/adv that sang too to :

S + be +so + adj + that + clause

 S + be + too adj (for sb to infinitive

Cách làm :

Thêm tính từ vào, bỏ can't, couldn't lấy từ động từ trở đi

Nếu chủ ngữ 2 câu khác nhau thì thêm phần for sb

Nếu tân ngữ câu sau giống chủ ngữ câu đầu thì bỏ Tân ngữ đó đi

Example

The table is so heavy that I can't lift it

The table is too

The table is too heavy for me to lift

- Nếu đổi ngược lại từ too to sang so…that thì thường dễ sai nhất là việc quên thêm tân ngữ

vào và chia sai thì

3.1.9.3 Đổi từ too to sang enough:

S + be + too + adj + to infinitive

S + be not adj enough+ to infinitive

Example

He is too weak to run fast

 He isn't

He isn't strong enough to run fast

Ghi chú :Trong tất cả các cấu trúc trên nếu thay be là V thì ADV sẽ thay cho ADJ

3.1.9.1 Đổi từ so… that / such ……that

S + be such (a/an) adj+N+ that clause /S + be +so + adj + that clause

 So adj tobe S that clause

 Such to be N/S that clause

Example:

They were so excited that they couldn’t sit still

So ………

Such ………

So excited were they that they couldn't sit still

Such was their excitement that they began to jump up and down

Note that "so" is followed by an adjective and "such" can be replaced by "so great" (So great was their excitement that )

3.1.10 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Chuyển đổi câu qua lại giữa so sánh hơn/ bằng/ nhất

Để làm được phần này ta phải nắm vững công thức của các dạng so sánh tính từ /trạng từ Các dạng đề thường cho là :

3.1.11.1 REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật)

Ta dùng động từ say hoặc tell để tường thuật:

* S + said + (that) + S + V

* S + told + O + (that) + S + V

Ex: He said, “I have just bought a computer today.”

He said that he had just bought a computer that day

Linda said, “There is someone at the door, Bill.”

Linda told Bill that there was someone at the door

* LƯU Ý: Các trường hợp KHÔNG thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật:

a Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3

Nếu câu nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3, ta chỉ thay đổi các đại từ, tình từ…mà không đổi thì trong câu

Ex: “If I were older, I would retire.”, he said

He said if he were older, he would retire

“If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently”, he said

He said that if he had heard the whole story, he would have acted differently

b Câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lí, hay một thói quen ở hiện tại

Nếu câu nói trực tiếp nói về một sự thật, một chân lí hay một thói quen thường xuyên lặp đi, lập lại ở hiện tại, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta phải giữ nguyên thì của câu trực tiếp

Ex 1: Trực tiếp: The teacher said, “The earth moves round the Sun”

Gián tiếp: The teacher said that The earth moves round the Sun

Ex 2: Trực tiếp: My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast

Gián tiếp: He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast

c Động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai

Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta không thay đổi thì và các cum trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn, mà chỉ thay đổi các đại từ hay tính từ…

Ex: He says/ He is saying/ He has said/ He will say, “The bus is coming.” → He says the bus

is coming

d Không thay đổ thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp nếu có thời gian xác định trong quá khứ

Ex She said, ‘‘I was born in 1980’’

She said that she was born in 1980

e Các động từ khiếm khuyết: could, would, might, ought to, should thường không thay

đổi trong câu tường thuật

Ex He said, ‘I might come’

 He said that He might come’

- Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn: “wish’

Ex: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”

 He wishes (that) he had a lot of money

- Khi tường thuật cấu trúc: “It’s (high/ about) time”

Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”

 She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed

3.1.11.2 REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)

a Yes-No questions: Khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta cần thêm if hoặc whether trước chủ từ

của câu hỏi được tường thuật:

* S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S + V

* S + wondered + if /whether + S + V

* S + wanted to know + if /whether + S +V

Ex: He said to me, “Are you from Canada?”

He asked me if/whether I was from Canada

The man said to her, “Did Bill tell you my address?”

The man asked her if/whether Bill had told her his address

The girl said, “Do you live near here, David?”

She asked David if/whether he lived near there

b Wh – Questions: Các câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng một từ để hỏi như: who, when, where, when,

why, how…,

* S + asked + (O) + wh -word + S + V

* S + wondered + wh - word + S + V

* S + wanted to know + wh - word + S + V

Ex: He said to them, “Where are you going?”

He asked them where they were going

The teacher said, “When do you do your homework, Tom?”

The teacher asked Tom when he did his homework

The tourist said to me, “How often does the train get in?”

The tourist asked me how often the train got in

3.1.11.3 CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU LÀ TO-INFINITIVE

1 Tường thuật mệnh lệnh: told sb (not) to do sth

“Put your books away,” said the teacher

 The teacher told us to put our books away

2 Tường thuật lời yêu cầu: asked sb (not) to do sth

“Please, don’t smoke in this room,” said the clerk

 The clerk asked me not to smokr in that room

3 Tường thuật lời khuyên: advised sb (not) to do sth

“If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much wine,” he said

 He advised me not to drink so much wine

“You should study harder, Sheila.” he said

 He advised Sheila to study harder

“You had better go to school early tomorrow, children It will likely rain in the early

morning.” the mother said

 The mother advised her children to go school early the next day as it would likely rain in

the early morning

“Why don’t you get up earlier?” he said to me

 He advised me to get up earlier

4 Tường thuật lời hứa: promised to do sth

“I’ll give you a hand, if you like,” said Darian

 Darain promised to give me a hand, if I liked

5 Tường thuật lời đe dọa: threaten to do sth’

“Get out or I’ll call the police,” said the woman

 The woman threatened to call the police if he didn’t get out

6 Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb (not) to do sth

“Don’t touch that wire,” he said

 He warned me not to touch that wire

7 Tường thuật lời mời: invited sb to do sth

“Come for inner with us tonight, will you?” Bill said

 Bill invited me to come for dinner with them that night

“Would you like to join us, Paul?” she said

 She invited Paul to join them

“Would you like to come to my 18th birthday party?” he asked me

He invited ………

He invited me to come to his 18th birthday party

(Đề thi TN THPT QG năm 2015)

8 Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở: remindered sb to do sth

“Remember to post my letter on your way,” Wendy said

 Wendy reminded me to post her letter on my way

“Don’t forget to do your homework,” he said to her

 He reminded her to do her homework

9 Tường thuật lời động viên: encouraged sb to so sth

“Go heard, you must enter for the contest, Jill!” said Pam

 Pam encouraged Jill to enter for the contest

10 Tường thuật lời khẩn cầu: begged sb to do sth

“Please, do me a favor,” said the beggar to Carol

 The beggar begged Carol to do him a favor

11 Tường thuật lời tự nguyện: offered to do sth

“Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to hiss wife

 Tim offered to help his wife with the housework

12 Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agreed to do sth

“OK, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Carl

 Carl agreed to take Sue to work in his car

13 Tường thuật sự từ chối: refused to do sth

“I will not accept your view,” he said to her

He refused to accept her view

3.1.11.4 CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU LÀ GERUND

1 Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of doing sth

“You damaged my new laptop, Dan,”said Susan

 Suasan accused Dan of damaging her new laptop

2 Tường thuật lời thừa nhận: admitted doing/having done sth

“I didn’t tell you he truth, Ron,” said Kim

 Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth

3 Tường thuật lời phủ nhận: denied doing/having done sth

“I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom

 Tom denied breaking /having broken that vase

4 Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apolozied (to sb) for doing sth

“I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting,” said Amanda

 Amanda apolozied for having kept me waiting

5 Tường thuật lời khen: congratulated sb on doing sth

“Congratulations! You won the game!” said the principal

The principal congratulated the students on winning the game

6 Tường thuật lời nài nỉ, khăng khăng: insisted on doing sth

“I must pay for this damage,” the man said

 The man insisted on paying for that weekend

7 Tường thuật lời đề nghị: suggested doing sth

“Let’s have a picnic this weekend,” Maud suggested

 Maud suggested having a pinic that weekend

8 Tường thuật lời cảm ơn: thanked sb for (doing sth)

“Thank you very much for your advice,” he said

 He thanked me for my advise

9 Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb against (doing) sth

“Don’t invest in that business,” said my lawyer

 My lawyer warned me against investing int hat business

10 Tường thuật lời đỗ lỗi: blamed sb for (doing) sth

“You are responsible for this failure,” said the director

 The director blamed his deputy for that failure

11 Tường thuật lời thú nhận: confessed to (doing) sth

“It was me who stole the money,” said Jack

 Jack confessed to stealing the money

12 Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Exclamation in reported speech)

- Động từ tường thuật là: exclaim/shout

Ex: He said, “What a lovely garden they have”

He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden

- Các hình thức cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “what’ và “how” chuyển sang gián tiếp bằng:

He said that it was … / hoặc He exclaimed that it was …

Ex 1: She said; “What a pity!” (Direct speech) -> She exclaimed that it was a pity

Ex 2: I said; “What a nice horse” -> I exclaimed that it was a nice horse

Ex 3: He said; “How beautiful she is!” -> He exclaimed that she was beautiful!

Ex 4: “What a big egg” he said -> He said that it was a big egg

Ex 5: “How dreadful!” he said -> He exclaimed that it was dreadful

3.2 MỘT SỐ TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU

3.2.1 Dạng chuyển đổi giữa động từ và danh từ chỉ người

Các dạng đề thường cho là : S + V + ADV

=> S +BE + (a/an) ADJ + N (người)

Cách làm :

- Đổi động từ thành danh từ chỉ người

- Đổi trạng từ thành tính từ ,đem đặt trước danh từ

ví dụ :

Tom drives carefully (Tom lái xe cẩn thận)

=> Tom is ………

=> Tom is a careful driver (Tom là một tài xế cẩn thận)

Một số cách đổi động từ thành danh từ chỉ nguời :

Thông thường chỉ việc thêm ER sau động từ, nhưng có một số ngoại lệ sau:

study => student

type => typist

cycle => cyclist

cook => cook (không dùng cooker!)

play guitar => guitarist

Nếu có động từ play + môn chơi thể thao thì đặt môn chơi trước chữ player:

play football => football player

3.2.2 Dạng chuyển đổi giữa động từ và danh từ với một số động từ chỉ sự tăng giảm:

V: go up/ rise/ increase /fall/ decrease/ decline/drop  N: rise/ increase/fall/ decrease/ decline

Cấu trúc thường gặp:

price/value/cost of N + go up/ rise/ increase/ fall/ decrease/ drop + adv

 There to be/ has been/ have been +a/an + adj + fall/rise/ increase/decline

Example:

1 The value of Sterling had fallen considerably in the past week

 There has………

There has been a considerable fall in the value of Sterling in the past week

2 House prices have risen dramatically this year

 There has ………

There has been a dramatic rise in house prices this year

3 The price of gold has gone up a great deal recently

 There has been ……… gold recently

 There has been ……… living lately

There has been a sharp rise in the price of living lately

4 The cost of living has gone up considerably in the last few years

There………

There has been a considerable rise/increase in the cost of living in the last few years

3.2.3 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SURPRISE

Ta thường gặp động từ(not) expect chuyển sang câu với cấu trúc surprise sau:

to one’s surprise, ………

Example

The work completely failed and everyone was surprised

 To everybody………

To everybody’s surprise, the work completely failed

It comes as (no) surprise to someone that S+ V

I wasn’t surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test

It came ………

It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test

3.2.4 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ INTEND

S (not) fullly intend to V  S have (no) every intention of Ving

Example:

1 The railworkers do not intend to call off their strike

 The railworkers have no ………

The railworkers have no intention of calling off their strike

2 I fully intend to find out who is responsible for the graffiti

 I had every………

I had every intention of finding out who is responsible for the graffiti

S not mean to V  S have (no) intention of Ving

Example

1 I'm sorry, I didn't mean to interrupt the conversation

I'm sorry, I ………

I’m sorry, I had no intention of interrupting the conversation

S to be determined to V  S have no intention of V (contrast meaning)

Example:

The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office

→The Prime Minister ………

→The Prime Minister had no intention of resigning office

3.2.5 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ DIFFICULT

S find st difficult/ hard to V  S have/experience difficulty (in) Ving

Example

My father finds maps difficult to follow

 My father has

My father has difficulty following maps

S V easily / It to be easy for sb to V  S have no difficulty (in) Ving/ There tobe some difficulties (in) Ving

Example:

1 It was easy for us to find the house

→We had ………

→We had no difficulty in finding the house

2 It wasn’t easy to persuade her to come

There were some difficulies

There were some difficulties (in) persuading her to come

Exercises

1.The accident victim was having increasing difficulty in breathing

→The accident victims were increasingly ………

→The accident victims were increasingly difficult to breathe

2 We had not expected that we should have so much difficulty in finding the place

→The place was ………

→The place was much more difficult to find than we had expected

3 I find his handwriting very hard to read

 I have ………

I have (considerable) difficulty (in) reading his hand writing

4 You can ring this number whenever there is any difficulty

→ Should ………

Should there is any difficulty, you can ring this number

5 The Police caught the pickpockets easily

Police had………

Police had no difficulty in catching

3.2.6 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SUCCEED/ MANAGE/ FAIL

succeed in Ving/ to be successful in Ving  manage to V/ fail to V/ try in vain to V

Example

1 Sally finally managed to get a job

 Sally finally succeeded

Sally finally succeeded in getting the job

2 He didn’t succeeded in searching for the stolen car

 He tried in vain

 He tried in vain to search for the stolen car

3 John Speck failed to find the source of the river Nile

 John Speck did not succeed ……

John Speck did not succeed in finding the source of the river Nile

3.2.7 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ LIKELY

It seems that = it appears that = it is likely that

Example:

It seems that he will come late

 It appears that / It is likely he will come late

 He is likely to come late

It to be likely that S will V  S may/ might V

Example:

It’s very likely that the company will accept his application

 The company ………

The company might/ may accept his application

3.2.8 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANCE/ OPPORTUNITY

Chance = possibility = (it to be likely that)

Example:

Their chances of success are small

→It’s not ………

→It’s not likely that they will succeed

The chances are that the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term

→In all ………

→In all probability/likelihood the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term

take a chance = risk

Example:

You’ll just have to take a chance (POT)

→You’ll just have to take pot luck (Take pot luck: ăn thử)

by chance = luck (accidentally)

Example

I met your sister by chance at the airport last week

I ran ………

I ran into your sister at the airport last week

3.2.9 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ POSSIBLE

It to be (im)possible to V  Ving to be (im)possible

It is impossible to learn a foreign language in a week

Learning………

Learning a foreign language in a week is impossible

It’s (im)possible that S + past simple  S might have Vpp

It’s possible that he didn’t get my letter

 He might………

He might not have got my letter

Can/could (not) = tobe (un)able to = tobe (im)possible to/that

Example:

He can’t walk on his foot

 He isn’t able to walk on his foot

 He is unable to walk on his foot

Couldn’t you have got a bus to the station?

 Wasn’t it……… ?

Wasn’t it possible to get a bus to the station?

3.2.10 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANGE

Change (n)  changeable (adj)/ change (v)

In countries like Britain the weather changes all the time

 In countries like Britain, the weather is

In countries like Britain, the weather is very changeable

The weather is probably not going to change

→There will ………

→There will probably be no change in the weather

change = turn over a new leaf

Example:

Your attitude will have to change if you want to succeed

→You have to turn ………

→You have to turn over a new leaf if you want to succeed

3.2.11 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SEEM

S seem to have Vpp  It look as if/ though S has/ have/ had Vpp

The house seemed to have been unoccupied for several years

 It looked………

It looked as if the house had been unoccupied for several years

It seems that S past simple  S seem to have Vpp

Example:

1 It seems that no-one predicted the correct result

 No-one………

No one seems to have predicted the correct result

2 He seemed to be living in the area

 It seemed ………

3 It seemed that he was living in the area

3.2.12 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ MIND

Mind (n): make up one’s mind= decide/ change one’s mind

Example:

When you do decide what you want to do, please let us know

 When you make………

 When you make up your mind what you want to do, please let us know

If you changed your mind, you’ll be welcome to join our club

 Were you

Were you to change your mind, you’ll be welcome to join our club

Mind (n): in one’s mind= your thought, your ability to think

We’ve been thinking the matter over and have and have finally come to a decision

 We’ve………

We’ve given our mind to think the matter over and come to a decision

I never thought that I would win a prize

→It had never ………

→It had never crossed my mind that I would win a prize

mind (v): mind + Ving  to be happy/ willing to V

Example

Mary will be happy to give you a hand

 Mary does not mind………

Mary does not mind giving you a hand

Would you mind/ Do you mind: politely ask someone’s permission

Example:

1 May I borrow your pencil?

→ Would you mind ………

Would you mind if I borrow your pencil?

2 Is it a problem if I open the window a little?

Do you ………

Do you mind if I open the window a little?

3.2.13 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ NECESSARY

to be necessary to V  S have/ need to V

Example:

1 It isn’t necessary to finish the work today

 You don’t………

You don’t have to finish the work today

2 An up- to – date visa is necessary for Andorra

 You’ll………

You’ll need to get an up-to-date visa for Andorra

3.2.14 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ EXPECT

S V as adj/adv as S’ expect/hope (v)  come/live up to one’s expectation (n)

Example

What was much better than I expected was the costume design

 What exceeded………

What exceeded my expectation(s) was the costume design

S expect  S’ come as no surprise to sb

We had expected Pedro to get promoted

Pedro's ………

Pedro's promotion came as no surprise to us

expect that S will/can… + V  S expect sb to V

I expect that he will get there by lunchtime

 I expect him………

I expect him to get there by lunchtime

3.2.15 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ PREVENT/ STOP

S can/could/will not V because of N/Ving  N prevent/stop somebody from Ving

(Ai/cái gì không/có thể làm gì vì cái gì)(Ai/cái gì ngăn cản ai/cái gì không làm gì )

Example:

1.We couldn’t get nearer because of the police

The police

The police prevented us from getting nearer

2 We couldn’t drive because of the fog

The fog prevented

The fog prevented us from driving

3.2.16 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ WORTH/ POINT/ USE/ WASTE

Tobe not worth doing sth = there is no point in doing sth = it is a waste of time doing = it

to be pointless to do= it’s no use doing: không đáng, vô ích làm gì

Example:

1 It’s not worth making him get up early

There is no point………

There is no point in making him getting early

2 It’s no use asking John to join our plan

There’s no point

There’s no point in asking John to join our plan

to be worth money = to be valued at/about

The painting is worth $25,000

→The painting has been ………

→The painting has been valued at $25,000

3.2.17 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SPEND/TAKE TIME

It + takes/took+ someone + amount of time + to do something(làm gì mất bao nhiêu

thờigian )

 S + spend + amount of time/ money + V-ing(dành bao nhiêu thời gian làm gì…)

 S + spend + amount of time/ money + on + something(dành thời gian vào việc gì )

Example:

1 It takes me 5 minutes to get to school