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level Question 4: According to the passage, young children learn languages quickly for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________ A.. The relationship between man and mammoth in the

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In the explosion of the linguistic life cycle, it is apparent that it is much more difficult to learn a second language in adulthood than a first language in childhood Most adults never

completely master a foreign language, especially in Phonology – hence the ubiquitous foreign

accent Their development often “fossilizes” into permanent error patterns that no teaching or correction can undo Of course, there are great individual differences, which depend on effort,

attitudes, amount of exposure, quality of teaching and plain talent, but there seems to be a cap for

the best adults in the best circumstances

Many explanations have been advanced for children’s superiority; they exploit Motherese (the simplified, repetitive conversation between parents and children), make errors unself-

consciously, are more motivated to communicate, like to conform, are not set in their ways, and

have not first language to interfere But some of these accounts are unlikely, based on what is known about how language acquisition works Recent evidence is calling these social and motivation explanations into doubt Holding every other factor constant, a key factor stands out: sheer age

Systematic evidence comes from the psychologist Elissa Newport and her colleagues They

tested Korean and Chinese – born students at the University of Illinois who had spent a least ten

years in the United States The immigrants were give a list of 276 simple English sentences, half

of them containing some grammatical error The immigrants who came to the United States between the age of 3 and 7 performed identically to American – born students Those who arrived between ages 8 and 15 did worse the latter they arrived, and those who arrived between 17 and 39

did the worst of all, and showed huge variability unrelated to their age of arrival

Question 1: The passage mainly discussed

A adult differences in learning a foreign language

B children’s ability to learn a language

C the age factor in learning languages fast

D research into language acquisition

Question 2: From the passage, it can be inferred that “Phonology” is the study of

A he grammar of language

B the rules of a language

C the vocabulary of a language

D the sound system of a language

Question 3: The word “cap” in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to _

A prize B limit C covering D level

Question 4: According to the passage, young children learn languages quickly for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A they make many mistakes B they want to talk

C their approach is flexible D they frequently repeat words

Question 5: The word “unrelated” in paragraph 3 is closet in meaning to _

A unconnected B unfamiliar C unclassified D unidentified

Question 6: In the experiment in the passage, the Psychologists discovered _

A most students had lived in the U.S for more that 10 years

B older students were unable to learn English

C young students learned English best

D students who arrived late were worst of all

Question 7: The word “who” in paragraph 3 refers to _

A Elissa Newport B Koreans C students D colleagues

Question 8: According to the passage, what was the purpose of examining a sample number of

immigrants?

A To compare different age groups

B To detect differences in nationalities

C To confirm different language characteristics

D To measure the use of grammar

The time when human crossed the Arctic land bridge from Siberia to Alaska seems remote

to us today, but actually represents a late stage in the prehistory of humans, an era when polished

stone implements and bows and arrows were already being used and dogs had already been

domesticated

When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found the woods and plains

dominated by three types of American mammoths These elephants were distinguished from today’s elephants mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge, upward-curving tusks They had arrived on the continent hundreds of thousands of years before their followers The woody mammoth in the North, the Columbian mammoth in middle North America, and the imperial mammoth of the South, together with their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land Here, as in the Old World, there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants, as shown by

numerous spear points found with mammoth remains

Then, at the end of the Ice Age, when the last glaciers had retreated, there was a relatively sudden and widespread extinction of elephants In the New World, both mammoths and mastodons disappeared In the Old World, only Indian and African elephants survived

Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear? Were humans connected

with their extinction? Perhaps, but at that time, although they were cunning hunters, humans were

still widely settled and not very numerous It is difficult to see how they could have prevailed over the mammoth to such an extent

Question 9: With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?

A Migration from Siberia to Alaska

B Techniques used to hunt mammoths

C The prehistory of humans

D The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World

Question 10: The word “implements” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _

A tools B ornaments C houses D carvings

Question 11: The phrase “these early migrants” in paragraph 2 refers to

Question 12: Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?

A Alaska

B the central portion of North America

C the southern part of North America

D South America

Question 13: It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they

A had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia

B had never seen mammoth before

C brought mammoths with them from the Old World

D soon learned to use dogs to hunt mammoths

Question 14: Which of the following could be best substitute for the word “remains” in

paragraph 2?

A bones B drawings C footprints D spear points

Question 15: The passage supports which of the following conclusions about mammoth

A Humans hunted them to extinction

B The freezing temperatures of the Ice Age destroyed their food supply

C The cause of their extinction is not definitely known

D Competition with mastodons caused them to become extinct

THE DIGITAL DIVIDE

Information technology is influencing the way many of us live and work today We use the Internet to look and apply for jobs, shop, conduct research, make airline reservations, and explore areas of interest We use e-mail and the Internet to communicate instantaneously with friends and business associates around the world Computers are commonplace in homes and the workplace

Although the number of Internet users is growing exponentially each year, most of the world’s population does not have access to computers or the Internet Only 6 percent of the

population in developing countries are connected to telephones Although more than 94 percent of U.S households have a telephone, only 42 percent have personal computers at home and 26 percent have Internet access The lack of what most of us would consider a basic communications necessity –the telephone –does not occur just in developing nations On some Native American

reservations only 60 percent of the residents have a telephone The move to wireless connections may eliminate the need for telephone lines, but it does not remove the barrier to equipment costs

Who has Internet access? Fifty percent of the children in urban households with an income over $75,000 have Internet access, compared with 2 percent of the children in low-income, rural households Nearly half of college-educated people have Internet access, compared to 6 percent of those with only some high school education Forty percent of households with two parents have access; 15 percent of female, single-parent households do Thirty percent of white households, 11 percent of black households, and 13 percent of Hispanic households have access Teens and children are the two fastest-growing segments of Internet users The digital divide between the populations who have access to the Internet and information technology tools is based on income, race, education, household type, and geographic location Only 16 percent of the rural poor, rural and central city minorities, young householders, and single parent female households are connected

Another problem that exacerbates these disparities is that African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans hold few of the jobs in information technology Women hold about 20 percent of these jobs and are receiving fewer than 30 percent of the computer science degrees The result is that women and members of the most oppressed ethnic groups are not eligible for the jobs with the highest salaries at graduation Baccalaureate candidates with degrees in computer science were offered the highest salaries of all new college graduates in 1998 at $44,949

Do similar disparities exist in schools? More than 90 percent of all schools in the country are wired with at least one Internet connection The number of classrooms with Internet connections differs by the income level of students Using the percentage of students who are eligible for free lunches at a school to determine income level, we see that nearly twice as many

of the schools with more affluent students have wired classrooms as those with high

concentrations of low-income students

Access to computers and the Internet will be important in reducing disparities between groups It will require greater equality across diverse groups whose members develop knowledge and skills in computer and information technologies If computers and the Internet are to be used

to promote equality, they will have to become accessible to populations that cannot currently afford the equipment which needs to be updated every three years or so However, access alone is not enough Students will have to be interacting with the technology in authentic settings As technology becomes a tool for learning in almost all courses taken by students, it will be seen as a means to an end rather than an end in itself If it is used in culturally relevant ways, all students can benefit from its power

Question 16 Why does the author mention the telephone in paragraph 2?

A To contrast the absence of telephone usage with that of Internet usage

B To describe the development of communications from telephone to Internet

C To demonstrate that even technology like the telephone is not available to all

D To argue that basic telephone service is a first step to using the Internet

Question 17 Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the statement

“Although the number or the Internet.” in the paragraph 2?

A The number of computers that can make the Internet available to most of the people in the world is not increasing fast enough

B The Internet is available to most of the people in the world, even though they don't have their own computer terminals

C Most of the people in the world use the Internet now because the number of computers has been increasing every year

D The number of people who use computers and the Internet is increasing every year, but most people in the world still do not have connections

Question 18 Based on information in paragraph 3, which of the following best explains the term

"digital divide?"

A The disparity in the opportunity to use the Internet

B Differences in socioeconomic levels among Internet users

C The number of Internet users in developing nations

D Segments of the population with Internet access

Question 19 Why does the author give details about the percentages of Internet users in paragraph

3?

A To argue for more Internet connections at all levels of society

B To suggest that improvements in Internet access are beginning to take place

C To prove that there are differences in opportunities among social groups

D To explain why many people have Internet connections now

Question 20 According to paragraph 4, why are fewer women and minorities employed in the

field of computer technology?

A They do not have an interest in technology

B They prefer training for jobs with higher salaries

C They are not admitted to the degree programs

D They do not possess the educational qualifications

Question 21 The word “concentrations” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A confidence B protections C numbers D support

Question 22 What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about Internet access?

A The cost of replacing equipment is a problem

B Technology will be more helpful in three years

C Better computers need to be designed

D Schools should provide newer computers for students

Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a

jointly cherished goal Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation,

based on group organization and attitudes

In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued

While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group Cooperation itself is not a value Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige,

or power Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation

In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization

is loose and fragile Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it

breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals This is not,

strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship

Question 23 What is the author’s main purpose in the first paragraph of the passage?

A To offer a brief definition of cooperation

B To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict

C To urge readers to cooperate more often

D To show the importance of group organization and attitudes

Question 24 The word cherished in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _

A agreed on B prized C defined D set up

Question 25 Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by

information in the passage?

A It is an ideal that can never be achieved

B It was confined to prehistoric times

C It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate

D It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills

Question 26 According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary

cooperation?

A To get rewards for themselves

B To defeat a common enemy

C To experience the satisfaction of cooperation

D To associate with people who have similar backgrounds

Question 27 Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined

in the fourth paragraph?

A Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow

B Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party

C Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades

D A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company

Question 28 Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?

C Tertiary cooperation D Antagonistic cooperation

Question 29 The word fragile in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A poorly planned B involuntary C inefficient D easily broken

Question 30 Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?

A The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic

B The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations

C The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms

D The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion

Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly

meant reading aloud Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace

One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud was a distraction to others Examinations of factors related to the historical development of silent reading have revealed that it became the usual mode of reading for most adults mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character

The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy and thus in the number of readers

As the number of readers increases, the number of potential listeners decline and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common,

so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers

Towards the end of the century, there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully and over whether the reading of materials such as newspapers was in some mentally weakening Indeed, this argument remains with us still

in education However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was

replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership on the other

By the end of the twentieth century, students were being recommended to adopt attitudes

to books and to use reading skills which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader

The social, cultural and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term “reading” implied

Question 31 Reading aloud was more common in the medieval world because

A few people could read to themselves

B people relied on reading for entertainment

C there were few places available for private reading

D silent reading had not been discovered

Question 32 The word “commonplace” in the first paragraph mostly means “ ”

A attracting attention B for everybody’s use

Question 33 The development of silent reading during the last century indicated

A an increase in the number of books B an increase in the average age of readers

C a change in the nature of reading D a change in the status of literate people

Question 34 Silent reading, especially in public places, flourished mainly because of

A the increase in literacy B the decreasing number of listeners

C the decreasing need to read aloud D the development of libraries

Question 35 The phrase “a specialized readership” in paragraph 4 mostly means “ ”

A a reading volume for particular professionals

B a status for reader specialized in mass media

C a requirement for readers in a particular area of knowledge

D a limited number of readers in a particular area of knowledge

Question 36 All of the following might be the factors that effected the continuation of the old

shard literacy culture EXCEPT

A the specialized readership B the inappropriate reading skills

C the diversity of reading materials D the print mass media

Question 37 Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?

A The decline of reading aloud was wholly due to its distracting effect

B Reading aloud was more common in the past than it is today

C Not all printed mass media was appropriate for reading aloud

D The change in reading habits was partly due to the social, cultural and technological changes

Question 38 The writer of this passage is attempting to

A show how reading methods have improved B encourage the growth of reading

C explain how reading habits have developed D change people’s attitudes to reading

For many people who live in cities, parks are an important part of the landscape They provide a place for people to relax and play sports, as well as a refuge from the often harsh environment of a city What people often overlook is that parks also provide considerable environmental benefits

One benefit of parks is that plants absorb carbon dioxide—a key pollutant—and emit oxygen, which humans need to breathe According to one study, an acre of trees can absorb the same amount of carbon dioxide that a typical car emits in 11,000 miles of driving Parks also make cities cooler Scientists have long noted what is called the Urban Heat Island Effect: building materials

such as metal, concrete, and asphalt absorb much more of the sun’s heat and release it much more quickly than organic surfaces like trees and grass Because city landscapes contain so much of these building materials, cities are usually warmer than surrounding rural areas Parks and other

green spaces help to mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect

Unfortunately, many cities cannot easily create more parks because most land is already being used for buildings, roads, parking lots, and other essential parts of the urban environment However, cities could benefit from many of the positive effects of parks by encouraging citizens

to create another type of green space: rooftop gardens While most people would not think of starting a garden on their roof, human beings have been planting gardens on rooftops for thousands

of years Some rooftop gardens are very complex and require complicated engineering, but others are simple container gardens that anyone can create with the investment of a few hundred dollars and a few hours of work

Rooftop gardens provide many of the same benefits as other urban park and garden spaces, but without taking up the much-needed land Like parks, rooftop gardens help to replace carbon dioxide in the air with nourishing oxygen They also help to lessen the Urban Heat Island Effect, which can save people money In the summer, rooftop gardens prevent buildings from absorbing heat from the sun, which can significantly reduce cooling bills In the winter, gardens help hold in the heat that materials like brick and concrete radiate so quickly, leading to savings on heating bills Rooftop vegetable and herb gardens can also provide fresh food for city dwellers, saving them money and making their diets healthier Rooftop gardens are not only something everyone can enjoy, they are also a smart environmental investment

Question 39 Based on its use in paragraph 2, it can be inferred that mitigate belongs to which of the

following word groups?

A allay, alleviate, reduce B absorb, intake, consume

C exacerbate, aggravate, intensify D obliterate, destroy, annihilate

Question 40 Using the information in paragraph 2 as a guide, it can be inferred that

A most people prefer parks to rooftop gardens

B most people prefer life in the country over life in the city

C cities with rooftop gardens are cooler than those without rooftop gardens

D some plants are not suitable for growth in rooftop gardens

Question 41 Based on the information in paragraph 3, which of the following best describes the

main difference between parks and rooftop gardens?

A Parks absorb heat while rooftop gardens do not

B Parks require much space while rooftop gardens do not

C Parks are expensive to create while rooftop gardens are not

D Parks are public while rooftop gardens are private

Question 42 The author claims all of the following to be the benefits of rooftop gardens EXCEPT

A savings on heating and cooling costs

B better food for city dwellers

C improved air quality

D increased space for private relaxation

Question 43 According to the author, one advantage that rooftop gardens have over parks is that

they

A do not require the use of valuable urban land

B decrease the Urban Heat Island Effect

C replenish the air with nourishing oxygen

D are less expensive than traditional park spaces

Question 44 The author’s tone in the passage is best described as

A informative B argumentative C descriptive D passionate

Question 45 Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A A thesis is presented and then supported

B A hypothesis is stated and then analyzed

C A proposal is evaluated and alternatives are explored

D A viewpoint is established and then defended

Not so long ago almost any students who successfully completed a university degree or diploma course could find a good career quite easily Companies toured the academic institutions,

competing with each other to recruit graduates However, those days are gone, even in Hong Kong, and nowadays graduates often face strong competition in the search for jobs

Most careers organization highlight three stages for graduates to follow in the process of securing a suitable career: recognizing abilities, matching these to available vacancies and

presenting them well to prospective employers

Job seekers have to make a careful assessment of their own abilities One area of assessment should be of their academic qualifications, which would include special skills within their subject area Graduates should also consider their own personal values and attitudes, or the

relative importance to themselves of such matters as money, security, leadership and caring or others An honest assessment of personal interests and abilities such as creative or scientific skills acquired from work experience should also be give careful thought

The second stage is to study the opportunities available for employment and to think about how the general employment situation is likely to develop in the future To do this, graduates can study job vacancies and information in newspapers or the can visit a career office, write to possible employers for information or contact friends or relatives who may already be involved in a particular profession After studying all various options, they should be in a position to make informed comparisons between various careers

Good personal presentation is essential in the search for a good career Job application forms and letters should, of course, be filled in carefully and correctly, without grammar or spelling errors Where additional information is asked for, job seekers should describe their abilities and work experience in more depth, with example if possible They should try to balance their own abilities with the employer’s needs, explain why they are interested in a career with the particular company and try to show that they already know something about the company and its activities

When graduates are asked to attend for the interview, they should prepare properly by finding out all they can about the prospective employer Dressing suitably and arriving for the interview on time are also obviously important Interviewees should try to give positive and helpful

answers and should not be afraid to ask questions about anything they are unsure about This is

much better than pretending to understand a question and giving an unsuitable answer

There will always be good career opportunities for people with ability, skills, and determination; the secret to securing a good job is to be one of them

Question 46: In paragraph 1, “those days are gone, even in Hong Kong” Suggests that

A in the past, finding a good career was easier in Hong Kong than elsewhere

B nowadays, everyone in Hong Kong has an equal chance of finding a good job

C it used to be harder to find a good job in Hong Kong than in other countries

D even in Hong Kong companies tour the universities trying to recruit graduates

Question 47: The word “prospective” in paragraph 2 is closed in meaning to

A generous B reasonable C future D ambitious

Question 48: According to paragraph 3, job seekers should:

A aim to give a balanced account of what the employer needs

B divide the time equally between listening to the interviewer and speaking

C discuss their own abilities in relation to what the employer is looking for

D attempt to show the employer is looking for

Question 49: According to paragraph 3, graduates should

A only consider careers which are suited to them as people

B include information about personal attitudes and values in their job application

C consider how lucky they are to be able to find careers that provide such things

D consider the values of their parents and families as well their own wishes

Question 50: The advice given in the first sentences of paragraph 4 is to _

A find out what jobs are available and the opportunities for future promotion

B examine the careers available and how these will be affected in the future

C look at the information on, and probably future location of, various careers

D study the opportunities and the kinds of training that will be available

Question 51: According to paragraph 4, graduates should

A find a good position and then compare it with other careers

B ask friends or relatives to secure them a good job

C get information about a number of careers before making comparisons

D find out as much as possible and inform employers of the complaints they want

Question 52: Which of the following does “this” in paragraph 6 refers to?

A Not being afraid to be unsure B Giving positive and helpful answers to the questions

C Being prepared to ask questions about things they don’t understand

D Being unsure about the questions

Question 53: In paragraph 6, the writer seems to suggest that

A interviewees should ask question if they can’t think of an answer

B pretending to understand a question is better than giving a suitable answer

C it is better for interviewees to be honest than to pretend to understand

D it is not a good idea for interviewees to be completely honest in their answers

Social parasitism involves one species relying on another to raise its young Among vertebrates, the best known social parasites are such birds as cuckoos and cowbirds; the female lays egg in a nest belonging to another species and leaves it for the host to rear

The dulotic species of ants, however, are the supreme social parasites Consider, for

example, the unusual behavior of ants belonging to the genus Polyergus All species of this ant have lost the ability to care for themselves The workers do not forage for food, feed their brood

or queen, or even clean their own nest To compensate for these deficits, Polyergus has become specialized at obtaining workers from the related genus Formica to do these chores

In a raid, several thousand Polyergus workers will travel up to 500 feet in search of a

Formica nest, penetrate it, drive off the queen and her workers, capture the pupal brood, and

transport it back to their nest The captured brood is then reared by the resident Formica workers

until the developing pupae emerge to add to the Formica population, which maintains the

mixed-species nest The Formica workers forage for food and give it to colony members of both mixed-species

They also remove wastes and excavate new chambers as the population increases

The true extent of the Polyergus and dependence on the Formica becomes apparent when

the worker population grows too large for existing nest Formica scouts locate a new nesting site, return to the mixed-species colony, and recruit additional Formica nest mates During a period

that may last seven days, the Formica workers carry to the new nest all the Polyergus eggs, larvae, and pupae, every Polyergus adult, and even the Polyergus queen

Of the approximately 8000 species of ants in the world, all 5 species of Polyergus and some

200 species in other genera have evolved some degree of parasitic relationship with other ants

Question 54: Which of the following statements best represents the main idea of the passage?

A Ants belonging to the genus Formica are incapable of performing certain tasks

B The genus Polyergus is quite similar to the genus Formica

C Ants belonging to the genus Polyergus have an unusual relationship with ants belonging to the genus Formica

D Polyergus ants frequently leave their nests to build new colonies

Question 55: The word “raise” is closest in meaning to _

Question 56: The author mentions cuckoos and cowbirds because they _

A share their nests with each other B are closely related species

C raise the young of their birds D are social parasites

Question 57: The word “it” refers to

Question 58: What does the author mean by stating that “The dulotic species of ants, however, are the supreme social parasites”

A The Polyergus are more highly developed than the Formica

B The Formica have developed specialized roles

C The Polyergus are heavily dependent on the Formica

D The Formica do not reproduce rapidly enough to care for themselves

Question 59: The word “excavate” is closest in meaning to _

Question 60: According to the information in the passage, all of the following terms refer to ants beginning to the genus Formica EXCEPT

A dulotic B captured brood C developing pupae D worker population

ARE HUMAN BEINGS GETTING SMARTER?

Do you think you're smarter than your parents and grandparents? According to James Flynn,

a professor at a New Zealand university, you are! Over the course of the last century, people who have taken IQ tests have gotten increasingly better scores-on average, three points better for every decade that has passed This improvement is known as "the Flynn effect," and scientists want to know what is behind it

IQ tests and other similar tests are designed to measure general intelligence rather than knowledge Flynn knew that intelligence is partly inherited from our parents and partly the result

of our environment and experiences, but the improvement in test scores was happening too quickly

to be explained by heredity So what was happening in the 20th century that was helping people

achieve higher scores on intelligence tests?

Scientists have proposed several explanations for the Flynn effect Some suggest that the improved test scores simply reflect an increased exposure to tests in general Because we take so many tests, we learn test-taking techniques that help us perform better on any test Others have pointed to better nutrition since it results in babies being born larger, healthier, and with more brain development than in the past Another possible explanation is a change in educational styles, with teachers encouraging children to learn by discovering things for themselves rather than just memorizing information This could prepare people to do the kind of problem solving that intelligence tests require

Flynn limited the possible explanations when he looked carefully at the test data and discovered that the improvement in scores was only on certain parts of the IQ test Test takers didn't

do better on the arithmetic or vocabulary sections of the test; they did better on sections that required a special kind of reasoning and problem solving For example, one part of the test shows

a set of abstract shapes, and test-takers must look for patterns and connections between them and decide which shape should be added to the set

According to Flynn, this visual intelligence improves as the amount of technology in our lives increases Every time you play a computer game or figure out how to program a new cell phone, you are exercising exactly the kind of thinking and problem solving that helps you do well

on one kind of intelligence test So are you really smarter than your parents? In one very specific way, you may be

Question 61 The Flynn effect is

A used to measure intelligent

B an increase in IQ test scores over time

C unknown in some parts of the world

D not connected to our experiences

Question 62 The Flynn effect must be the result of

A heredity

B our environment and experiences

C taking fewer tests

Question 64 Which sentence from the article gives a main idea?

A Scientists have proposed several explanations for the Flynn effect

B Because we take so many tests in our lives, we learn test-taking techniques that help us perform better on any test

C Test-takers didn’t do better on the arithmetic or vocabulary sections of the test

D For example, one part of the test shows a set of abstract shapes, and test-takers must look for pattern and connections between them and decide which shape should be added to the set

Question 65 According to the article, newer education techniques include

A exposure to many tests

B children finding things out themselves

C memorizing information

D improved test scores

Question 66 Why does the author mention computer games?

A to give an example of technology that improve our visual intelligence

B to explain why young people have poor vocabularies

C to encourage the reader to exercise

D to show that young people are not getting more intelligent

Question 67 Which statement would Professor Flynn agree with?

A People today are more intelligent than in the past in every way

B People today have fewer problems to solve

C People today are taking easier tests

D People today have more visual intelligence

Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors

It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives

Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands

to manipulate toys, food, and other objects They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished They learn social skills for interacting with other children After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields Teachers need to understand the best ways

to educate children Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers

Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this

storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it In contrast,

psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences

There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment) People and animals can also learn by observation – that is, by watching

others perform behaviors More complex forms of learning in clued learning languages, concepts, and motor skills

Question 68 According to the passage, which of the following is learning in broad view comprised

of?

A Acquisition of academic knowledge

B Acquisition of social and behavioral skills

C Knowledge acquisition and ability development

D Knowledge acquisition outside the classroom

Question 69 According to the passage, what are children NOT usually taught outside the

classroom?

A Literacy and calculation B Interpersonal communication

Question 70 Getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job are mentioned in

paragraph 2 as examples of

A the situations in which people cannot teach themselves

B the changes to which people have to orient themselves

C the areas of learning which affect people’s lives

D the ways people’s lives are influenced by education

Question 71 Which of the following can be inferred about the learning process from the passage?

A It is more interesting and effective in school than that in life

B It becomes less challenging and complicated when people grow older

C It plays a crucial part in improving the learner’s motivation in school

D It takes place more frequently in real life than in academic institutions

Question 72 It can be inferred from the passage that social workers, employers, and politicians

concern themselves with the study of learning because they need to

A understand how a stimulus relates to the senses of the objects of their interest

B change the behaviors of the objects of their interest towards learning

C thoroughly understand the behaviors of the objects of their interest

D make the objects of their interest more aware of the importance of learning

Question 73 The word “retrieves” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A recovers B generates C creates D gains

Question 74 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A Psychologists studying learning are interested in human behaviors

B Psychologists studying memory are concerned with how the stored knowledge is used

C Psychologists studying memory are concerned with the brain’s storage of knowledge

D Psychologists are all interested in memory as much as behaviors

Question 75 The passage mainly discusses

A simple forms of learning

B practical examples of learning inside the classroom

C general principles of learning

D application of learning principles to formal education

The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms

himself to conforming to its demands Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very

important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition

of each new skill: the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set

up dangerous feelings of failure and states of anxiety in the child This might happen at any stage

A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads On the other hand, though, if a child is

left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his

desire to find out new things for himself

Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crosswords are good examples

Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at

night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness In general, the controls imposed represent the

needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being

With regard to the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no

foundation for morality Also, parents should realize that“Example is better than precept” If they

are hypocritical and do not practice what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been, to some extent, deceived A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' ethics and their morals can be a dangerous disillusion

Question 76 The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children

A is in the provision of clockwork toys and trains

B is to send them to clinics

C is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced

D offers recapture of earlier experiences

Question 77 Learning to wait for things is successfully taught

A in spite of excessive demands being made

B only if excessive demands are avoided

C because excessive demands are not advisable

D is achieved successfully by all children

Question 78 The encouragement of children to achieve new skills

A should be focused on only at school

B can never be taken too far

C will always assist their development

D should be balanced and moderate

Question 79 Parental controls and discipline

A serve a dual purpose

B are designed to promote the child's happiness

C reflect only the values of the community

D should be avoided as far as possible

Question 80 The practice of the rule “Example is better than precept”

A only works when the children grow old enough to think for themselves

B would help avoid the necessity for ethics and morals

C will free a child from disillusion when he grows up

D is too difficult for all parents to exercise

Question 81 In the 1st paragraph, the author lays some emphasis on the role of helping the child in trouble

A Psychiatrists B.community C family D nursery

Question 82 Hypocrisy on the part of the Parents may

A result in their children's wrong behaviors

B make their children lose faith in them

C disqualify their teachings altogether

D impair their children's mind

According to airline industry statistics, almost 90 percent of airline accidents are survivable or partially survivable But passengers can increase their chances of survival by learning and following certain tips Experts say that you should read and listen to safety instructions before take-off and ask questions if you have uncertainties You should fasten your seat belt low on your hips and as tightly as possible Of course, you should also know how to release mechanism of your belt operates During take-offs and landings, you are advised to keep your feet flat on the floor Before take-off you should locate the nearest exit and an alternative exit and count the rows of seats between you and the exits to so that you can find them in the dark if necessary

In the event that you are forewarned of a possible accident, you should put your hands

on your ankles and keep your head down until the plane comes to a complete stop If smoke is present in the cabin, you should keep your head low and cover your face with napkins, towels,

or clothing If possible, wet these for added protection against smoke inhalation To evacuate

as quickly as possible, follow crew commands and do not take personal belongings with you

Do not jump on escape slides before they are inflated, and when you jump, do so with your

arms and legs extended in front of you When you get to the ground, you should move away

from them as quickly as possible, and never smoke near the wreckage

Question 83 What is the main topic of the passage?

A Guidelines for increasing aircraft passenger survival

B Airline industry accident statistics

C Procedures for evacuating aircraft

D Safety instructions in air travel

Question 84 Travelers are urged by experts to read and listen to safety instructions

A if smoke is in the cabin B before take off

C in an emergency D before locating the exits

Question 85 According to the passage, which exits should an airline passenger locate before

takeoff

A The ones with counted rows of seats between them

B The ones that can be found in the dark

C The two closest to the passenger's seat

D The nearest one

Question 86 It can be inferred from the passage that people are more likely to survive fires in

aircrafts if they

A wear a safety belt

B don't smoke in or near a plane

C read airline safety statistics

D keep their heads low

Question 87 Airline passengers are advised to do all of the following EXCEPT

A locate the nearest exit

B ask questions about safety

C fasten their seat belts before takeoff

D carry personal belongings in an emergency

Question 88 The word "inflated" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

A extended B assembled C lifted D expanded

Question 89 The word "wreckage" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

A material B damage C prosperity D wreck

Question 90 What does the paragraph following the passage most probably discuss!

A How to recover your luggage

B Where to go to continue your trip

C When to return to the aircraft

D How to proceed once you are away from the aircraft

According to airline industry statistics, almost 90% of airline accidents are survivable or partially survivable But passengers can increase their chances of survival by learning and following certain tips Experts say that you should read and listen to safety instructions before take-off and ask questions if you have uncertainties You should fasten your seat belt low on your hips and as tightly

as possible Of course, you should also know how the release mechanism of your belt operates During take-offs and landings, you are advised to keep your feed flat on the floor Before take-off

you should locate the nearest exit and an alternative exit and count the rows of seats between you

and the exits so that you can find them in the dark if necessary

In the event that you are forewarned of a possible accident, you should put your hands on your ankles and keep your head down until the plane comes to a complete stop If smoke is present

in the cabin, you should keep your head low and cover your face with napkin, towels or clothing

If possible, wet these for added protection against smoke inhalation To evacuate as quickly as

possible, follow crew commands and do not take personal belongings with you Do not jump on

escape slides before they’re fully inflated, and when you jump, do so with your arms and legs

extended in front of you When you get to the ground, you should move away from the plane as quickly as possible, and never smoke near the wreckage

Question 91: What is the main topic of the passage?

A Airline industry accident statistics

B Procedures for evacuating aircraft

C Guidelines for increasing aircraft passenger survival

D Safety instruction in air travel

Question 92: Travelers are urged by experts to read and listen to safety instructions _

A in an emergency B before locating the exits

C if smoke is in the cabin D before take-off

Question 93: According to the passage, when should you keep your feet flat on the floor?

A throughout the flight B during take-offs and landings

C especially during landings D only if an accident is possible

Question 94: According to the passage, which exits should an airline passenger locate before

take-off”

A The ones that can be found in the dark

B The two closest to the passenger’s seat

C The nearest one

D The ones with counted rows of seats between them

Question 95: The word “them” in the last line of the first paragraph refers to _

Question 96: It can be inferred from the passage that people are more likely to survive fires in

aircraft if they

A keep their heads low B war a safety belt

C don’t smoke in or near a plane D read airline safety statistics

Question 97: Airline passengers are advised to do all of the following EXCEPT

A locate the nearest exits B ask questions about safety

C fasten their seat belts before take-off D carry personal belongings in an emergency

Question 98: The word “evacuate” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

Franklin D Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, was from a wealthy known family As a child, he attended private school, had private tutors, and traveled with his parents to Europe He attended Harvard University, and afterward studied law At age 39, Roosevelt suddenly developed polio, a disease that left him without the full use of his legs for the rest of his life Even though the worst of his illness, however, he continued his life in politics In

well-1942 he appeared at the Democratic National Convention to nominate Al Smith for president, and eight years after that he himself was nominated for the same office Roosevelt was elected to the presidency during the Great Depression of the 1930s, at a time when more than 5,000 banks had

failed and thousands of people were out of work Roosevelt took action First he declared a bank holiday that closed all the banks so no more could fail; then he reopened the banks little by little with government support Roosevelt believed in using the full power of government to help what

he called the “forgotten people” And it was these workers, the wage earners, who felt the strongest affection toward Roosevelt There were others, however, who felt that Roosevelt’s policies were destroying the American system of government, and they opposed him in the same intense way that others admired him

In 1940 the Democrats nominated Roosevelt for an unprecedented third term No

president in American history had ever served three terms, but Roosevelt felt an obligation not to

quit while the United States’ entry into World War II was looming in the future He accepted the

nomination and went on to an easy victory

Question 99: What does the passage mainly discuss?

A political aspects of Roosevelt’s life B problems during the Great Depression

C Roosevelt’s upbringing D criticisms of Roosevelt’s action

Question 100: Which on of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A Roosevelt was elected during the Great Depression

B Roosevelt voted for Al Smith

C Roosevelt had difficulty walking during his presidency

D Roosevelt supported strong government powers

Question 101: The phrase “took action” in the first paragraph is used to illustrate the idea that

Roosevelt _

A performed admirably B exerted himself physically

C responded immediately D got assistance

Question 102: As used in the passage, the phrase “little by little” means that Roosevelt

A opened the smaller banks first B opened the banks for minimal services

C opened the banks a few at a time D opened the bank for a short time

Question 103: The word “full” in the first paragraph could be best replaced by which of the

following?

A packed B loaded C overflowing D complete

Question 104: The word “affection” could be best replaced by which of the following?

A fascination B fondness C lure D appeal

Question 105: In the second paragraph, the author uses the word “looming” to indicate a feeling

of _

A reservation B determination C regret D threat

At 7 pm on a dark, cold November evening, thousands of people are making their way across

a vast car park They're not here to see a film, or the ballet, or even the circus They are all here for what is, bizarrely, a global phenomenon: they are here to see Holiday on Ice Given that most people don’t seem to be acquainted with anyone who's ever been, the show's statistics are extraordinary: nearly 300 million people have seen Holiday on Ice since it began in 1943; it is the most popular live entertainment in the world

But what does the production involve? And why are so many people prepared to spend their lives travelling round Europe in caravans in order to appear in it? It can't be glamorous, and it's undoubtedly hard work The backstage atmosphere is an odd mix of gym class and workplace A curtained-off section at the back of the arena is laughably referred to as the girls' dressing room, but is more accurately described as a corridor, with beige, cracked walls and cheap temporary tables set up along the length of it Each girl has a small area littered with pots of orange make-up, tubes of mascara and long false eyelashes

As a place to work, it must rank pretty low down the scale: the area round the ice-rink is grey and mucky with rows of dirty blue and brown plastic seating and red carpet tiles It's an unimpressive picture, but the show itself is an unquestionably vast, polished global enterprise: the lights come from a firm in Texas, the people who make the audio system are in California, but Montreal supplies the smoke effects; former British Olympic skater Robin Cousins is now creative director for the company and conducts a vast master class to make sure they're ready for the show's next performance

The next day, as the music blares out from the sound system, the case start to go through

their routines under Cousins' direction Cousins says, 'The aim is to make sure they're all still getting to exactly the right place on the ice at the right time - largely because the banks of lights in the ceiling are set to those places, and if the skaters are all half a metre out they'll be illuminating empty ice Our challenge, ' he continues, 'is to produce something they can sell in a number of countries at the same time My theory is that you take those things that people want to see and you give it to them, but not in the way they expect to see it You try to twist it And you have to find music that is challenging to the skaters, because they have to do it every night.'

It may be a job which he took to pay the rent, but you can’t doubt his enthusiasm 'They only place you'll see certain skating moves is an ice show,' he says, 'because you're not allowed to do

them in competition It's not in the rules So the ice show word has things to offer which the

competitive world just doesn't Cousins knows what he's talking about because he skated for the

show himself when he stopped competing - he was financially unable to retire He learnt the hard way that you can't put on an Olympic performance every night I'd be thinking, these people have

paid their money, now do your stuff, and I suddenly thought, "I really can't cope I'm not enjoying it".' The solution, he realized, was to give 75 per cent every night, rather than striving for the sort

of twice-a-year excellence which won him medals

To be honest, for those of us whose only experience of ice-skating is watching top-class Olympic skaters, some of the movements can look a bit amateurish, but then, who are we to judge? Equally, it's impossible not to be swept up in the whole thing; well, you'd have to try pretty hard not to enjoy it

Question 106 The writer describes the backstage area in order to show

A how much fun the cast have during their work

B how much preparation is needed for a performance

C the type of skater that the show attracts

D the conditions that the skaters put up with

Question 107 The word blares out in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A seeps out B sounds beautifully C resounds loudly D rings

Question 108 What does the writer highlight about the show in the third paragraph?

A the difficulty of finding suitable equipment

B the need for a higher level of professional support

C the range of companies involved in the production

D the variety of places in which the show has been staged

Question 109 The word them in paragraph 5 refers to

C things that people want to see D the skaters

Question 110 For Robin Cousins, the key point when rehearsing skating routines is

A keeping in time with the music B the skaters' positions on the ice

C the movement of the lights D filling all available space on the ice

Question 111 Cousins believes that he can meet the challenge of producing shows for different

audiences

A by adapting movements to suit local tastes

B by presenting familiar material in an unexpected way

C by selecting music that local audiences will respond to

D by varying the routines each night

Question 112 What is meant by 'the hard way'?

A through making a lot of errors

B through difficult personal experience

C by misunderstanding the expectations of others

D by over-estimating the ability of others

Question 113 What conclusion does the writer draw about Holiday on Ice?

A.It is hard to know who really enjoys it

B It requires as much skill as Olympic ice-skating

C It is more enjoyable to watch than formal ice-skating

D It is difficult to dislike it

Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present – day North Dakota They had large villages of houses built close together The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next

The women had primary responsibility for the fields They had to exercise considerable skill

to produce the desired results, for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons Winter often lingered; autumn could be ushered in by severe frost For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring, clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting From this point until the first green corn could be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance

Harvesting proceeded in two stages In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully This green corn was boiled, dried and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored in animal – skin bags Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for alter use in underground reserves With

appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of

crop failure and accompany hunger

The woman planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices

before they stored them Once again, they saved the seeds from the best of the year’s crop The

Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the older men

Question 114 What is the main topic of the passage ?

A The agricultural activities of a North American Society

B Various ways corn can be used

C The problems encountered by farmers specializing in growing once crop

D Weather conditions on the western plains

Question 115 The Mandans built their houses close together in order to

A share farming implements

B guard their supplies of food

C protect themselves against the weather

D allow more room for growing corn

Question 116 Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers?

A They developed new varieties of corn

B They could grow crops despite adverse weather

C They developed effective fertilizers

D They could grow crops in most types of soil

Question 117 Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by both men and

women?

A clearing fields B Harvesting corn C Harvesting squash D Planting corn

Question 118 The word “disaster” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A catastrophe B history C control D avoidance

Question 119 The word “them” in the last paragraph refers to _

A women B seeds C slices D the Mandans

Question 120 Throughout the passage, the author implies that the Mandans _

A valued individuality B were very adventurous

C were open to strangers D planned for the future

Even with his diverse experience as an elected official at the state level, Andrew Johnson was the first president of the United States ever to be impeached, primarily because of his violent temper and unyielding stubbornness His career started in 1828 with his collection to the city council of

Greenville, Tennessee, and after two years as an alderman, he took office as mayor His

advancements followed in rapid succession when he was elected to the Tennessee state senate, then as the state governor, and later to the U.S House of Representatives for five consecutive terms

In 1864, Johnson ran for the office of vice-president on the Lincoln- Johnson ticket and was inaugurated in 1865 After Lincoln’s assassination six weeks into his term, Johnson found himself president at a time when southern leaders were concerned about their forced alliance with the northern states and feared retaliation for their support of the secession Instead, however, with the diplomatic skill he had learned from Lincoln, Johnson offered full pardon to almost all Confederates on the condition that they take an oath of allegiance He further reorganized the former Confederate states and set up legislative elections

Congressional opposition to his peace- making policies resulted in gridlock between the House and Johnson, and the stalemate grew into an open conflict on the issue of the emancipation

of slaves While Johnson held the view that newly freed slaves lacked understanding and knowledge of civil liberties to vote intelligently, Congress overrode Johnson’s veto of the Civil

Rights Bill, which awarded them citizenship and ratified the Fourteenth Amendment In the years

that followed, Congress passed bills depriving the president of the power to pardon political

criminals, stripping away his status of commander-in-chief, and taking away Johnson’s right to dismiss civil and executive officers from their duties Johnson vetoed each bill, and each veto was overridden When Johnson dismissedvthe secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, Stanton refused to step down and was supported by the House of Representatives, which voted to impeach Johnson At the trial, the Senate came one vote short of the two-thirds majority necessary to remove him from office After Johnson’s term expired, he returned to his home state, but in 1875 he was elected senator and went back to Washington to take his seat

Question 121 What does the passage mainly discuss?

A Andrew Johnson’s career as a politician

B Congressional decisions in the late 1800s

C Andrew Johnson’s personal characteristics

D Congressional decisions and procedures in the late 1800s

Question 122 What can be inferred from the first paragraph about Andrew Johnson’s work in

Tennessee?

A He was represented to the posts five times

B His personality precluded him from important positions

C His work became known to the governor

D He was elected to several important posts

Question 123 According to the passage, what led to Johnson’s downfall?

A His personal characteristics

B His waffling and hesitation

C The state of the nation’s economy

D His liberal position on slavery

Question 124 The author of the passage implies that when Johnson became president he

A had already experienced political turmoil

B was a dedicated supporter of civil rights

C was a soft-spoken and careful diplomat

D had an extensive background in politics

Question 125 According to the passage, Congress’s disapproval of Andrew Johnson’s policies

was

A directed at his civic duties

B short-lived and groundless

C detrimental to his presidency

D stopped as soon as it emerged

Question 126 In line 21, the word “pardon” is closest in meaning to

A exonerate B parade C patronize D extricate

Question 127 According to the passage, the attempt to impeach Andrew Johnson

A overwhelmed his supporters in Tennessee

B succeeded as expected by the House

C failed by a minimal margin

D put an end to his political career

Even before the turn of the century, movies began to develop in two major directions: the realistic and the formalistic Realism and formalism are merely general, rather than absolute, terms When used to suggest a tendency toward either polarity, such labels can be helpful, but in the end they are just labels Few films are exclusively formalist in style, and fewer yet are completely

realist There is also an important difference between realism and reality, although this distinction

is often forgotten Realism is a particular type, whereas physical reality is the source of all the raw materials of film, both realistic and formalistic Virtually, all movie directors go to the photographable world for their subject matter, but what they do with this material- how they shape

and manipulate it- determines their stylistic emphasis

Generally speaking, realistic films attempt to reproduce the surface of concrete reality with

a minimum of distortion In photographing objects and events, the Filmmaker tries to suggest the

copiousness of life itself Both realist and formalist film directors must select (and hence

emphasize) certain details from the chaotic sprawl of reality But the element of selectivity in realistic films is less obvious Realists, in short, to preserve the illusion that their film world

is unmanipulated, an objective mirror the actual world Formalists, on the other hand, make no such pretense They deliberately stylize and distort their raw materials so that only the very naive would mistake a manipulated image of an object or event for the real thing We rarely notice the style in a realistic movie; the artist tends to be self-effacing The filmmakers are more concerned with what is being shown than how it is manipulated The camera is used conservatively It is

essentially a recording mechanism that produces the surface of tangible objects with as little

commentary as possible A high premium is placed on simplicity, spontaneity, and directness It

is not to suggest that these movies lack artistry, however, for at its best the realistic cinema specializes in art that conceals art

Question 128 What does the passage mainly discuss?

A Styles of filmmaking B Filmmaking 100 years ago

Question 129 With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?

A Most films are neither exclusively realistic nor formalistic

B Realistic films are more popular than formalistic ones

C Realism and formalism are outdated terms

D Formalistic films are less artistic than realistic ones

Question 130 The phrase "this distinction" in the first paragraph refers to the difference between

A general and absolute B physical reality and raw materials

C formalists and realists D realism and reality

Question 131 Whom does the author say is primarily responsible for a style of film?

Question 132 The word "Copiousness" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

A abundance B greatness C fullness D variety

Question 133 How can one recognize the formalist style?

A it mirrors the actual world B it obviously manipulated images

C it uses familiar images D it is very impersonal

Question 134 The word "tangible" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to

Question 135 Which of the following films would most likely use a realist style?

A A musical drama B An animated cartoon

C A science fiction film D A travel documentary

Because geologists have long indicated that fossil fuels will not last indefinitely, the U.S government finally acknowledged that sooner or later other energy sources would be needed and,

as a result, turned its attention to nuclear power It was anticipated that nuclear power plants could supply electricity in such large amounts and so inexpensively that they would be integrated into

an economy in which electricity would take over virtually all fuel-generating functions at nominal

cost Thus, the government subsidized the promotion of commercial nuclear power plants and authorized their construction by utility companies In the 1960s and early 1970s, the public

accepted the notion of electricity being generated by nuclear power plants in or near residential

areas By 1975, 54 plants were fully operational, supplying 11 percent of the nation’s electricity, and another 167 plants were at various stages of planning and construction Officials estimated that by 1990 hundreds of plants would be on line, and by the turn of the century as many as 1000 plants would be in working order

Since 1975, this outlook and this estimation have changed drastically, and many utilizes have cancelled existing orders In some cases, construction was terminated even after billions of

dollars had already been invested After being completed and licensed at a cost of almost $6 billion, the Shoreham Power Plant on Long Island was turned over to the state of New York to be dismantled without ever having generated electric power The reason was that residents and state authorities deemed that there was no possibility of evacuating residents from the area should an accident occur

Just 68 of those plants under way in 1975 have been completed, and another 3 are still under construction Therefore, it appears that in the mid1990s 124 nuclear power plants in the nation will be in operation, generating about 18 percent of the nation’s electricity, a figure that will undoubtedly decline as relatively outdated plants are shut down

Question 136: What was initially planned for the nation’s fuel supply in the 1950s and in the early

1960s?

A Expansion and renovation of existing fuel-generating plants

B Creation of additional storage capacities for fossil fuels

C Conversion of the industry and the economy to nuclear power

D Development of an array of alternative fuel and power sources

Question 137: How does the author describe the attitude of the population in regard to nuclear

power as fuel in the early to the mid 1970s?

A Apprehensive

B Ambivalent

C Receptive

D Resentful

Question 138: In line 5, the word “nominal” is closet in meaning to _

A so-called B minimal C exorbitant D inflated

Question 139: In line 7, the word “notion” is closet in meaning to _

Question 140: In line 13, the phrase “this outlook” refers to _

A the number of operating nuclear plants

B the expectation for increase in the number of nuclear plants

C the possibility of generating electricity at nuclear installations

D the forecast for the capacity of the nuclear plants

Question 141: It can be inferred from the passage that government officials made a critical error

in judgment by

A disregarding the low utility of nuclear power plants

B relying on inferior materials and faulty plant design

C overlooking the possibility of a meltdown, however remote

D locating installation in densely wooded areas

Question 142: In line 14, the word “terminated” is closet in meaning to

A delayed B stopped C kept going D conserved

Question 143: The author of the passage implies that the construction of new nuclear power

plants

A is continuing on a smaller scale

B is being geared for greater safety

C has been completely halted for fear of disaster

D has been decelerated but not terminated

According to some accounts, the first optical telescope was accidentally invented in the 1600s by children who put two glass lenses together while playing with them in a Dutch optical shop The owner of the shop, Hans Lippershey, looked through the lenses and was amazed by the way they made the nearby church look so much larger Soon after that, he invented a device that

he called a “looker”, a long thin tube where light passed in a straight line from the front lens to the viewing lens at the other end of the tube In 1608 he tried to sell his invention unsuccessfully In the same year, someone described the “looker” to the Italian scientists Galileo, who made his own version of the device In 1610 Galileo used his version to make observations of the Moon, the planet Jupiter, and the Milky Way In April of 1611, Galileo showed his device to guests at a banquet in his honor One of guests suggested a name for the device: telescope

When Isaac Newton began using Galileo’s telescope more than a century later, he noticed

a problem The type of telescope that Galileo designed is called a refractor because the front lens bends, or refracts, the light However, the curved front lens also caused the light to the separated into colors This meant that when Newton looked through the refracting telescope, the images of bright objects appeared with a ring of colors around them This sometimes interfered with viewing

He solved this problem by designing a new type of telescope that used a curved mirror This mirror concentrated the light and reflected a beam of light to the eyepiece at the other end of the telescope Because Newton used a mirror, his telescope was called a reflector

Very much larger optical telescopes can now be found in many parts of the world, built on hills and mountains far from city lights The world’s largest refracting telescope is located at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin Another telescope stands on Mount Palomar in California This huge reflecting telescope was for many years the largest reflecting telescope in

the world until an even larger reflecting telescope was built in the Caucasus Mountains A fourth famous reflector telescope, the Keck Telescope situated on a mountain in Hawaii, does not use a single large mirror to collect the light Instead, the Keck uses the combined light that falls on thirty-six mirrors

Radio telescopes, like optical telescopes allow astronomers to collect data from outer space, but they are different in important ways First of all, they look very different because instead of light waves, they collect radio waves Thus, in the place of lenses or mirror, radio telescopes employ bowl-shaped disks that resemble huge TV satellite dished Also, apart from their distinctive appearance, radio telescope and optical telescopes use different methods to record the information they collect Optical telescopes use cameras to take photographs of visible objects, while radio telescopes use radio receivers to record radio waves from distant object in space

Question 144: What can be inferred about the first optical telescope?

A It was bought by children B It was invented in America

C It was sold by a shop owner D It was invented by accident

Question 145: Which of the following is NOT true about Hans Lippershey?

A He owned a shop

B He was a Dutch

C He sold his invention in 1608

D He got his idea of a telescope from the kids in his shop

Question 146: When was Galileo’s invention called “telescope”?

Question 147: What did Newton notice about Galileo’s telescope when he used it?

A It had many problems B It refracted the light

C It was called a refractor D It had a curved mirror

Question 148: What did Newton do with Galileo’s telescope?

A He called it reflector B He sent it back to Galileo

C He improved it D He stopped using it after his notice

Question 149: When did Newton start to use Galileo’s telescope?

A in the 17th century B in the 18th century

C in the 16th century D in the 15th century

Question 150: Where does the largest reflecting telescope stand?

The modem comic strip started out as ammunition in a newspaper was between giants of the American press in the late nineteenth century The first full-color comic strip appeared in January 1894 in the New York World, owned by Joseph Pulitzer The first regular weekly full-color comic supplement, similar to today's Sunday funnies, appeared two years later, in William

Randolph Hearst's rival New York paper, the Morning Journal

Both were immensely popular, and publishers realized that supplementing the news with comic relief boosted the sale of papers The Morning Journal started another feature in 1896, the

"Yellow Kid," the first continuous comic character in the United States, whose creator, Richard

Outcault, had been lured away from the World by the ambitious Hearst The "Yellow Kid" was

in many ways a pioneer Its comic dialogue was the strictly urban farce that came to characterize

later strips, and it introduced the speech balloon inside the strip, usually placed above the

characters' heads

The first strip to incorporate all the elements of later comics was Rudolph Dirks's

"Katzenjammer Kids", based on Wilhelm Busch's Max and Moritz, a European satire of the

nineteenth century The "Kids" strip, first published in 1897, served as the prototype for future

American strips It contained not only speech balloons, but a continuous cast of characters, and was divided into small regular panels that did away with the larger panoramic scenes of the earliest comics

Newspaper syndication played a major role in spreading the popularity of comic strips throughout the country Though weekly colored comics came first, daily black-and-white strips were not far behind They first appeared in the Chicago American in 1904 It was followed by

many imitators, and by 1915 black-and-white comic strips had become a staple of daily

newspaper; around the country

Question 151 What does the passage mainly discuss?

A A comparison of two popular comic strips

B The differences between early and modern comic strips

C The effects of newspapers on comic strip stories

D Features of early comic strips in the United States

Question 152 Why does the author mention Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst?

A They established New York's first newspaper

B They published comic strips about the newspaper war

C Their comic strips are still published today

D They owned major competitive newspapers

Question 153 The passage suggests that comic strips were popular for which of the following reasons?

A.They provided a break from serious news stories

B Readers enjoyed the unusual drawings

C Readers could identify with the characters

D They were about real-life situations

Question 154 To say that Richard Outcault had been "lured away from the World” by Hearst (line 7)

means which of the following?

A Hearst convinced Outcault to leave the World

B Hearst fired Outcault from the World

C Hearst warned Outcault to leave the World

D Hearst wanted Outcault to work for the World

Question 155 The word “it” in line 9 refers to

Question 156 According to the passage, the “Yellow Kid” was the first _ comic strip to do all of the

A feature the same character in each episode B include dialogue inside a balloon

C appear in a Chicago newspaper D characterize city life in a humorous way

Question 157 The word "incorporate" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

Question 158 The word "prototype" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

Question 159 In what order does the author discuss various comic strips in the passage?

A In alphabetical order by title

B In the order in which they were created

C According to the newspaper in which they appeared

D From most popular to least popular

The Atmosphere of Venus

Venus, also called the Morning Star and Evening Star, is the second-closest planet to the sun and the brightest object in the night sky The planet orbits the sun every two hundred and twenty four Earth-days and is sometimes referred to as Earth’s sister planet because the two share both a similar size and bulk What is not similar, however, is Venus’s atmosphere in comparison

to Earth’s atmosphere

The atmosphere on Venus is much heavier and has a higher density than that of Earth

Venus’s atmosphere also expands significantly higher than Earth’s atmosphere although a thick cloud cover makes the surface of Venus nearly impossible to see unless observed through radar mapping

While the pressure and temperature of Venus’s upper atmosphere are comparable to those

of Earth, the heat and pressure of the lower atmosphere are not unlike a furnace Venus’s atmosphere is very thick due to a composition consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, and a small

amount of nitrogen If man could survive the extreme heat of Venus’s surface (400 degrees Celsius), then he would have to contend with a surface pressure that is more than 90 times that of Earth Venus’s extremely high temperature is thanks to the greenhouse effect caused by

such a large amount of carbon dioxide The greenhouse effect is a process by which the sun’s infrared radiation is more readily absorbed by the atmosphere Just like in a real greenhouse used

to grow plants years round, the proliferation of carbon dioxide traps radiation and warms Venus’s atmosphere Due to this phenomenon, Venus boasts a higher atmospheric temperature than Mercury, even though Venus is twice the distance from the sun

However, scientists postulate that Venus’s atmosphere was not always so hot Studies show that large bodies of water were once on Venus’s surface but that eventually evaporation of all the water caused the runaway greenhouse effect which regulates the planet today.Thus Venus has become a critical study for today’s scientists, as human being are only beginning to struggle with

the early stages of the greenhouse effect Our problems do not stem from evaporated water supplies

but from a propagation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases due to industrial and automobile emissions

Another interesting characteristic to note regarding Venus’s atmosphere is that its daytime temperatures and nighttime temperatures are not that far removed from each other This is due to the thermal inertia, the ability of a substance to store heat despite changing temperatures and the transfer of heat by Venus’s strong winds Although winds on the surface of Venus move slowly in comparison with Earth’s winds, Venus’s air is so dense that a slow-moving there can move large obstructions and even skip stones along the planet’s surface

In 1966, humankind made its first attempt at sending a recording instrument into Venus’s atmosphere The Venera 3 probe did collide with Venus surface; however, the abrupt impact caused its communication system to fail, and it was unable to send and feedback In 1967, Venera

4 successfully enter Venus’s atmosphere and was able to take many readings, one of which recorded that Venus’s atmosphere was between ninety and ninety-five percent carbon dioxide Subsequent Venera probes were sent into Venus’s atmosphere, but most of them succumbed to the crushing air pressure

Question 160 According to paragraph 1, Venus is named the Morning Star and Evening Star

because

A it is very bright

B it is close to the sun

C it can be seen from evening till morning

D it is used to find the direction by sailors

Question 161 The word that in paragraph 2 refers to

A size B bulk C atmosphere D density

Question 162 Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the bold sentence

in paragraph 3? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

A Earth experiences greater surface pressure than Venus

B If a man could survive its surface pressure

C The surface pressure and heat of Venus are much greater than those on Earth

D Venus’s surface temperature and pressure make it uninhabitable by humans

Question 163 According to paragraph 3, the greenhouse effect on Venus is owed to

A the small amounts of nitrogen

B the rapid increasing amounts of carbon dioxide

C growing plants

D the high atmospheric temperatures

Question 164 In paragraph 4, the author of the passage implies that Earth

A might suffer the same greenhouse effect as Venus

B once had an atmosphere similar to Venus’s

C has bodies of water similar to those on Venus today

D is experiencing a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions

Question 165 The word propagation in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A generation B elimination C evaporation D desecration

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the nest decisions Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in

their essential aspects

Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these valued together The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision

Since most important problems are multi-faceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their mind at once A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number

of variables with complex relationships A realistic example for many college students in the question "What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, purse an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and

immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones

Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will

I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"

Question 166 What does the passage mainly discuss?

A A comparison of actual decisions and ideal ones

B A tool to assist in making complex decisions

C Research on how people make decisions

D Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

Question 167 The word "essential" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A introductory B changeable C beneficial D fundamental

Question 168 According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

A is agreed to by the greatest number of people

B uses the most decision worksheet

C has the most points assigned to it

D is agreed to by the greatest number of worksheet

Question 169 The author organizes paragraph 2 by

A describing a process C providing historical background

B classifying types of worksheets D explaining a theory

Question 170 The word "succinct" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A creative B satisfactory C personal D concise

Question 171.The author states that"On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their mind at once"(paragraph 3) to explain that

A most decisions involve seven steps

B human mental capacity has limitations

C some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions

D people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

Question 172 The word "revise" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual

male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column The column

is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds or thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted

into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the

specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator

To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each

blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds Some orchids even change

their scents to interest different insects at different times

Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant

crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities At the same time

they have made themselves irresistible to collectors

Question 173 What does the passage mainly discuss?

Question 174 The orchid is unique because of _

A the habitat in which it lives

B the structure of its blossom

C the variety of products that can bemade from it

D the length of its life

Question 175 The word "fused" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

Question 176 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?

Question 177 Which of the following is a kind of petal?

Question 178 The labellum (line 6) is most comparable to

Question 179 The word "their" in line 10 refers to

Question 180 The word "discrete" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

A complicated B separate C inoffensive D functional

One of the factors contributing to the intense nature of twenty-first-century stress is our continual exposure to media – particularly to an overabundance of news If you feel stressed out

by the news, you are far from alone Yet somehow many of us seem unable to prevent ourselves from tuning in to an extreme degree

The further back we go in human history, the longer news took to travel from place to place, and the less news we had of distant people and lands altogether The printing press obviously changed all that, as did every subsequent development in transportation and telecommunication When television came along, it proliferated like a poplulation of rabbits In 1950, there were 100,000 television sets in North American homes; one year later there were more then a million Today, it’s not unusual for a home to have three or more television sets, each with cable access to perhaps over a hundred channels News is the subject of many of those channels, and on several

of them it runs 24 hours a day

What’s more, after the traumatic events of Sptember 11, 2001, live newcasts were paired

with perennial text crawls across the bottom of the screen – so that viewers could stay abreast of every story all the time

Needless to say, the news that is reported to us is not good news, but rather disturbing images and sound bytes alluding to diasater (natural and man-made), upheaval, crime, scandal, war, and the like Compounding the proplem is that when actual breaking news is scarce, most broadcasts fill in with waistline, hairline, or very existence in the future This variety of story tends to treat with equal alarm a potentially lethal flu outbreak and the bogus claims of a wrinkle cream that overpromises smooth skin

Are humans meant to be able to process so much trauma – not to mention so much overblown

anticipation of potetial trauma – at once? The human brain, remember, is programmed to slip into

alarm mode when danger looms Danger looms for someone, somewhere at every moment Exposing ourslves to such input without respite and without perspective cannot be anything other than a source of chronic stress

(Extracted from The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Beating Stress by Arlene Matthew Uhl –

Penguin Group 2006)

Question 181 According to the passage, which of the following has contributed to the intense

nature of twenty-first-century stress?

A An overabundance of special news

B The degree to which stress affects our life

C Our inability to control ourselves

D Our continual exposure to the media

Question 182 In the past, we had less news of distant people and lands because

A means of communication and transprotation were not yet invented

B the printing press changed the situation to slowly

C printing, transportation, and telecommunications were not developed

D most people lived in distant towns and villages

Question 183 The word “traumatic” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _

A are full of dangerous diseases such as flu

B send out live newscasts paired with text across the screen

C send out frightening stories about potential dangers

D are forced to publicise an alarming increase in crime

Question 185 Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?

A The news that is reported to us is not good news

B Many people are under stress caused by the media

C Many TV channels supply the public with breaking news

D The only source of stress in our modern life is the media

Question 186 The word “slip” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

Question 187 According to the passage, our continual exposure to bad news without perspective

is obviously

A the result of human brain’s switch to alarm mode

B a source of chronic stress

C the result of an overabundance of good news

D a source of defects in human brain

Question 188 What is probably the best title for this passage?

A Effective Ways to Beat Stress

B More Modern Life - More Stress

C The Media - A Major Cause of Stress

D Developments in Telecommunications

THE SAVANNAH

The tourist looking at the African savannah on a summer afternoon might be excused for

thinking that the wide yellow grass plain was completely deserted of life, almost a desert With only a few small thorn trees sticking out through the veldt, there seems to be almost no place for a living creature to hide

However, under those trees you might find small steenbok, sleeping in the shade, and waiting for the night to fall There may even be a small group of lions somewhere, their bodies exactly the

same shade as the tall grass around them In the holes in the ground a host of tiny creatures, from

rabbits and badgers to rats and' snakes are waiting for the heat to finish

The tall grass also hides the fact that there may be a small stream running across the middle of the plain One clue that there may be water here is the sight of a majestic Marshall eagle circling

slowly over the grassland When he drops, he may come up with a small fish, or maybe a grass snake

that has been waiting at the edge of a pool in the hope of catching a frog

The best time to see the animals then, is in the evening, just as the sun is setting The best time

of the year to come is in late September, or early August, just before the rains Then the animals