thiết kế nội thất bếp kitchen and bath lighting concepts design light

Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Kitchen & Bath Lighting www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Kitchen & Bath Lighting Concepts, Design, Light Daniel Blitzer Tammy MacKay, AKBD, NCIDQ, LEED Green Associate www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Cover image: Kitchen photo: Kitchen design by Joseph A Giorgi, Jr., CKD; codesigners Erin Paige Pitts and Dru Hinterleiter Photo by Peter Leach Bathroom photo: Bathroom design by Paul Knutson Photo by Troy Thies Cover design: Wiley This book is printed on acid-free paper National Kitchen & Bath Association 687 Willow Grove Street Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Phone: 800-THE-NKBA (800-843-6522) Fax: 908-852-1695 Website: NKBA.org Copyright © 2015 National Kitchen and Bath Association All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com Library of Congress cataloging-in-publication data is available upon request ISBN 978-1-118-45454-1 (cloth); 978-1-119-12456-6 (ebk.); 978-1-119-12455-9 (ebk.) Printed in the United States of America 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Sponsors The National Kitchen & Bath Association recognizes, with gratitude, the following companies whose generous contribution supported the development of Kitchen & Bath Lighting PLATINUM SPONSOR www.hafele.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com GOLD SPONSORS DELTA FAUCET COMPANY TRESCO LIGHTING Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com About the National Kitchen & Bath Association  The National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) is the only nonprofit trade association dedicated exclusively to the kitchen and bath industry and is the leading source of information and education for professionals in the field Fifty years after its inception, the NKBA has a membership of more than 60,000 and is the proud owner of the Kitchen & Bath Industry Show (KBIS) The NKBA's mission is to enhance member success and excellence, promote professionalism and ethical business practices, and provide leadership and direction for the kitchen and bath industry worldwide The NKBA has pioneered innovative industry research, developed effective business management tools, and set groundbreaking design standards for safe, functional, and comfortable kitchens and baths Recognized as the kitchen and bath industry's leader in learning and professional development, the NKBA offers professionals of all levels of experience essential reference materials, conferences, virtual learning opportunities, marketing assistance, design competitions, consumer referrals, internships, and opportunities to serve in leadership positions The NKBA's internationally recognized certification program provides professionals the opportunity to demonstrate knowledge and excellence as Associate Kitchen & Bath Designer (AKBD), Certified Kitchen Designer (CKD), Certified Bath Designer (CBD), and Certified Master Kitchen & Bath Designer (CMKBD) For students entering the industry, the NKBA offers Accredited and Supported Programs, which provide NKBA‐approved curriculum at more than 60 learning institutions throughout the United States and Canada For consumers, the NKBA showcases award‐winning designs and provides information on remodeling, green design, safety, and more at NKBA.org The NKBA Pro Search tool helps consumers locate kitchen and bath professionals in their area The NKBA offers membership in 11 different industry segments: dealers, designers, manufacturers and suppliers, multi‐branch retailers and home centers, decorative plumbing and hardware, manufacturer's representatives, builders and remodelers, installers, fabricators, cabinet shops, and distributors For more information, visit NKBA.org www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Gettin g Light i ng Bu ilt Lighting Supply Channel A number of people may be involved in the lighting component of a project Clients Clients are the most important stakeholders in the project They have lighting requirements that must meet both functional and aesthetic goals In the initial programming phase, clients must be honest about what they want to spend on lighting, so that the design concept presented meets with their suggested budget Keeping clients informed and getting approval of submittals along the way is a necessary part of the process Designer The designer is often the primary consultant who acts as a liaison between clients and all the other people involved in the project When it comes to lighting, the designer also is responsible for: • Collecting all the information from clients regarding needs and wants and researching the appropriate fixtures • Sourcing pricing within the budget and determining suitability and availability of initial lighting choices Pricing can be received from agents or manufacturer representatives as well as retailers, depending on professional relationships, which can be unique to each design firm • Providing complete specifications and pertinent information required for the supply and installation of the lighting • Receiving, reviewing, and approving submittals provided Designers need to know what clients would like to spend on lighting during the programming phase of the project This will affect all lighting decisions to come Lighting typically is installed toward the end of the project If the designer has done his or her job correctly, the importance of lighting to the overall design has been impressed on clients In new construction and renovation, client patience and budget often have been taxed toward the end of the project It is important that they still are committed to and satisfied with the end result that the designer painted a picture of in the beginning Consultants such as engineers (electrical, mechanical, and structural), home automation specialists, ergonomists, and occupational therapists also may be engaged in a project Their involvement occurs during the design development prior to construction They work as a team with clients and designer, so that all details requiring special attention are refined by an expert in the related field In some cases, local authorities who have jurisdiction will require reports and approvals from such professionals General Contractors Once all of the drawings and specifications are complete, you are ready to engage a general contractor When you have a good set of project documents, it is easy to get cost estimates on the project, knowing you are comparing apples to apples If specifications are incomplete or confusing, pricing can be equally incomplete and confusing Once you award the project, a contract typically is drawn up between clients and the contractor Consultants should not act as contractors; typically they not carry appropriate insurances and other necessary accreditation related to construction The general contractor is the individual who hires the subtrades required for the project He or she manages the construction and closely monitors schedule, costs, and workmanship Electricians work for the general contractor and are responsible for ordering the fixtures and controls They can source any fixture but may have accounts with certain wholesalers where www.ebook777.com 257 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 258 G e t tin g L ig ht ing B uilt Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Gettin g Light i ng Bu ilt Figure 16.4 Example of submittal by Philips www.ebook777.com 259 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 260 G e t tin g L ig ht ing B uilt they may get preferred pricing As a result, they may suggest alternate fixtures In such cases, they present the designer with a submittal to review If the original design intent is met, the designer may approve the alternate fixtures suggested Manufacturers Manufacturers are the companies that make the lighting and any supporting hardware and components Manufacturers are located all over the world It is vital that lighting is ordered in a timely fashion, since it can take up to 16 weeks for your order to arrive, depending on where it is coming from Manufacturer’s Representative A manufacturer’s representative is an individual employed by the manufacturer to promote its products to wholesalers In some cases, the representative works directly with specifiers, such as interior designers or lighting designers A manufacturer’s representative also can work directly with large home improvement retailers With no middleman involved, pricing can be less Manufacturer’s representative may have limited offerings from the manufacturers they represent, so not all pieces in a catalog may be available for purchase through this type of retailer Agents Agents are very similar to manufacturer’s representative (see Figure 16.5) Unlike a manufacturer’s representative, they are not employed by the manufacturer and typically are compensated on a commission‐based structure This allows them to be agents for multiple manufacturers An agent promotes the manufacturers’ products to wholesalers Both agents and manufacturer’s reps also promote their products to architects and designers These professionals are not sellers of the product, but they require detailed information in order to create specifications for the projects on which they are consulting Wholesalers Wholesalers carry products from numerous manufacturers They not have a showroom or carry samples for display Wholesalers may, however, decide to stock certain items offered by a manufacturer There may be a few items that they always keep in stock to meet demand, such as standard recessed downlights For some projects with tight timelines, working with a wholesaler with certain stocked items may be your only option Retailers purchase product from wholesalers Electricians and some contractors also may purchase through wholesalers, provided they have accounts They will then mark up the product and include labor in the pricing they submit to the general contractor or to the client (if they are working directly for the client) If there are any warranty issues, the wholesaler typically deals directly with the manufacturer to rectify the problem Retailer/Vendor Retailers range from small boutique lighting shops, such as seen Figure 16.6, to large home improvement box‐type stores They sell directly to consumers These businesses have showrooms displaying a lot of products, although it is only a fraction of what they have access to They also have catalogs available if what you want is not on display You can order your lighting package directly from the retailer It is helpful for clients to see what the end product will look like as well as the size and scale of the piece It is also helpful for designers to see lighting finishes, especially if they are using multiple manufacturers The showrooms Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Gettin g Light i ng Bu ilt Figure 16.5 Lighting agent and designer have the different finishes available for comparison At a lighting showroom, salespeople may be able to help with lighting design Some sales associates may have received formal training You should confirm the sales associate’s qualifications prior to your visit You may have to make an appointment to get one‐on‐one attention Electricians also can purchase lighting through retailers They generally receive contract pricing and not have to pay the suggested retail price that the typical consumer, walking in off the street, would be charged www.ebook777.com 261 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 262 G e t tin g L ig ht ing B uilt Figure 16.6 Vivid Concepts lighting showroom located in Edmonton, AB, Canada When choosing a fixture, understanding the ordering process is important You must know details such as who will be ordering the fixture and from where Research a fixture that you may want to use on a project Find the technical data for this fixture What specific decisions need to be made before the fixture can be ordered? Take a look at your local lighting community Identify who is an agent, manufacturer’s representative, manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer List them in the order of the lighting supply channel described earlier Summary Construction administration during the project is necessary for a successful project You must know the roles and responsibilities of all of the stakeholders Keeping the flow of information constant and consistent will keep the lines of communication open and ensure that errors and forgotten details are kept to a minimum At the end of the project, you will have a file complete with documentation that reflects decisions that were made along the way Review Questions Who typically manages the submittal process? (See “Submittals” page 256) Who approves the submittals? (See “Submittals” page 256) Give examples of submittals and who they would originate from (See “Submittals” page 256) Who purchases product from wholesalers? (See “Wholesalers” page 260) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Glossary A Canadian Standards Association (CSA) F Directional lighting used to highlight and draw attention to something, such as artwork, architecture, or landscape A respected authority on safety and performance standards and certification in Canada Unit of illuminance One lumen falling on square foot equals footcandle AFF (above finished floor) Candela Accent lighting A dimension given for mounting suspended light fixtures Unit of candle power Ambient lighting Abbreviation for compact fluorescent lamp CFL Also referred to as general lighting Lighting that provides an overall illumination that allows people to move about safely Ampere (amp) Unit of electrical current Rate of electricity flow and circuit capacity are stated in amperes ANSI Standards The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is an organization that oversees the development of consensus standards for products and services in the United States Aperture The open area of a fixture that allows light to exit B Color rendering index (CRI) The most widely used metric for color rendering Color rendering represents the light's ability to interpret color Color temperature A measurement used to describe the color characteristics of light, usually described as being warm or cool Color temperature is measured in Kelvins (K) Cool colors In color theory, green, blue, and violet are referred to as cool colors They are often associated with ice and cool water D Diffuse Ballast A device that regulates the amount of electrical current going through a fluorescent lamp The lamp requires more voltage to start initially The ballast ensures that once the lamp is illuminated, the current is regulated so it does not overheat C Canadian Electric Code (CEC) A book of referenced standards developed to help protect human safety at home and at work Spread out, not concentrated in one area When a surface is rough and textured, light will reflect in a more diffused and scattered way Driver An item that controls a device Like a ballast or transformer, a driver is used with the light‐emitting diode (LED) source It regulates the power supply to the fixture so that it has enough power to illuminate but not so much to cause it overheat or burn out Footcandle (fc) G Glare When bright light is directed or reflected, causing discomfort of the eye Grazing When lighting is placed in such a way that the whole surface is lit rather than having a direct light that creates a high light on one area I Illuminance Light falling on a surface or object Measured in footcandles (fc) or lux Illumination The act of lighting something Incandescent An artificial light source that uses a glowing heated wire filament to produce light Traditionally warm light has a Kelvin temperature of about 2700 to 3000 Indirect lighting Results when light bounces off a surface before illuminating a space (i.e., cove lighting) Kelvin (K) Scientific unit of temperature Color temperature is measured on the Kelvin scale, for example 3000 K Kilowatt‐hour One thousand watt‐hours A measure of electrical energy consumed 263 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 264  G l o ssary L P Lamp Photometry Proper term given to an artificial light source (not bulb) The measurement of visible light at top of stairs and another at the bottom of stairs that operate the same fixture in the stairwell Plenum Topology Life cycle assessment An air space above the ceiling that typically accommodates heating and cooling ducting, cabling, or recessed lighting fixtures Transformer Defined by the US Green Building Council as an analysis of the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service R Life cycle cost Reflection Defined by the US Green Building Council as a process that looks at both purchase and operating costs as well as relative savings over the life of a product Light bouncing off a surface Line voltage Voltage used directly from source Usually 120 volts (V) Refraction The bending of the light wave when it passes through two different mediums where the light either speeds up or slows down S Low voltage Solar heat gain Requires the use of a transformer to step the voltage down to 12 volts When sunlight passes through a window, the space's temperature will rise This can be a positive effect in the winter months but an unwanted effect in hotter months or in warm climates lm/W or LPW Lumens per watt LRV (Light reflectance value) The amount of light reflected off a surface LRV is expressed as a percentage Lumen (lm) A measurement of the total amount of visible light emitted by a source Luminaire An electrical piece of equipment used to produce artificial light by a particular lamp source Luminance Brightness of the surface seen from our point of view Luminous flux A measurement, in lumens, of the amount of light energy radiating from a source of light Lux Metric unit of illuminance One lumen falling on square meter equals lux (One lux equals 10.76 footcandles.) N National Electric Code (NEC) A set of standards that describe the safe installation of electrical wiring and related components Spectral power distribution (SPD) A measurement that describes the power per unit area per unit wavelength of an illumination Spectrum In lighting, refers to the colors that make up white light: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet Specular When a surface is smooth and shiny, the surface acts like a mirror and reflects light creating a highlight on the surface Sustainability Involving methods that meet the needs of the present without destroying natural resources and compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs T Task lighting Provides the illumination required for a particular task, such as reading or preparing meals Three‐way switch A switch that operates a fixture from two different locations: for example, a switch A set theory based on researched concepts Similar to a ballast for fluorescent lamps, a transformer regulates the incoming electrical current that is being sent to a low‐voltage lamp, such as halogen It steps the current down to a lower voltage to ensure the lamp can initially start up but not overheat once it has started U UL (Underwriters Laboratories) Independent, not‐for‐profit product safety testing and certification organization V Volt Unit of electrical force Residential voltage in the United States and in Canada is 120 volts VLT (visible light transmission) The amount of visible light that is transmitted through glazing (glass) Also referred to as VT W Warm colors In color theory, red, orange, and yellow are referred to as warm colors They often are associated with fire Wattage Unit of electrical power The energy a lamp consumes is measured in watts (W) A 50‐W halogen suggests it uses 50 watts of energy per unit of time X Xenon A type of light source that falls under the incandescent umbrella It has a good color rendering index and Kelvin temperature and is used mostly in under‐cabinet or recessed millwork lighting Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index accent illumination, 223 accent lighting, 54, 57, 117, 123, 227–28 accent luminaires, 234–35 recessed adjustable, 234 track-mounted, 234–35 activity, space and, 45–47 adaptation, adjacent spaces, control systems for, 209 adjustable shades, 101 aesthetic experience, 125–26 age, vision and, 27 agents, lighting supply channel and, 260 age-related macular degeneration, 36 aging changes in vision during, 35–39 color, help with, 39 control of glare and, 38–39 health care professionals and, 41 increased intensity and, 36 lighting and safety, 39–41 lighting solutions for eyes, 36–39 uniform lighting and, 36–38 vision and, 35–42 ambient illumination, 221–23 from downlights, 235–37 ambient lighting, 50, 54 laundry room with, 56 recessed lighting and, 56 appearance, of light, 17–20 arbitrary lamps, 199 architectural integration, 127–33 ceiling conditions, 129 coves, 129, 132–33 daylight integration, 128 automatic lighting controls, safety and, 40 backlight, 61, 63 ballasts, 158 choice of, 202 bathroom activities, lighting for, 113–23 baths and spas, 117 cleanup, 119, 121 first aid, 121 grooming, 113–14 shower, 114, 117 bathrooms children’s, 124 clerestories in, 92 guest, 125 lighting, 224–27 lighting controls, 209, 210 lighting fixtures in, 62 light sources for, 137–38, 147 recessed lights in, 181 shower, 226 space, feel of, 44–48 tub, 226–27 vanity, 224–26 baths, lighting for, 117 beauty, windows and, 84 brightness, first impression and, 45 budget schematic design and, 106 as selection criteria, 177–78 bulge reflector (BR), 199 cabinets under, 219–21 downlights near, 218–19 lighting inside, 221 cabinet tasks, recommended lighting for, 64 candela, cataract, 36 ceiling conditions, 129 recessed downlights and, 231 recessed lighting and, 131 wallboard ceilings, 131 ceiling height, light fixtures and, 179 ceiling mount fixture, 182 CFL See Compact fluorescent (CFL) chandelette, 186 chandeliers, 52, 114, 178, 179, 184–85 channel, 195–96 circuits, 196 cleanup, lighting for, 119, 121 clerestories, 91, 100 clients lighting supply channel and, 257 schematic design and, 105–6 closet lighting, 224 code compliance, 214–17 electric code, 214–16 energy codes, 216–17 collectibles, recommended lighting for, 64 color, 9–12 of daylight, 87–88 electric lighting and, 141–43 of fluorescent lighting, 161 help with, 39 lamp, 233 of LEDs, 166 in light, of light, 32 in objects, 12 primary, 11 quality of, 170 rendering, 18, 142–43 temperature, 141–42 color appearance, 18–20 culture and, 18–20 mood and, 18–20 color temperature, 17–18 of daylight, 18 scale, 18 color vision, 11 comfort, windows and, 83 common household bulb, 150 communication, of schematic design, 133–34 compact fluorescent (CFL), 70, 71, 217 compact integrated lamps, 158, 160 compact nonintegrated lamps, 158, 160 concentration, 62 cones, 11 construction process, lighting in, 253–62 door swings, 254–56 lighting supply channel, 257, 260, 262 submittals, 256–58 265 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 266 I n dex suspended fixtures, 254 switching, 254 contrast, 4, 23 low, 31 controller, 197 controls design development and, 238–40 devices, 239 of electric lighting, 144 lighting, 193–212 See also Lighting controls loads, determining, 239 location, 240 luminaire/control compatibility, 239 programming, 240 stand-alone, 239 system, 239 zones, creating, 238 controls plans, 243–45 control systems, 206–11 adjacent spaces, 209 for entire house, 209–11 single room systems, 206–9 strategies, 211 wireless, 211 cookbooks, lighting for reading, 28 cooktop tasks, recommended lighting for, 64 correlated color temperature (CCT), 141 cost model, 76 costs disposal, 76 of electricity, 75 labor, 75–76 life cycle, 77 maintenance, 76 of materials, 74 of sustainability, 74–77 sustainability and, 79 total, of ownership, 76 counter tasks, recommended lighting for, 64 coves, 129, 132–33, 221–23 accent illumination, 223 ambient illumination, 221–23 ambient lighting from, 237–38 detail, example of, 246 sizing, 237 socket shadows, 223 culture, color appearance and, 18–20 daylight admitting, 88–97 balancing, 206 change in, 88 characteristics of, 86–88 clerestories and, 91 color of, 87–88 color temperature of, 18 different forms of, 85–86 direction, 87 glazing and, 89 harvesting, 206 human experience and, 81 importance of, 81–104 indirect, 99 insufficient, compensating for, 98–102 integration, 128 integration with electric lighting, 97–102 intensity, 86 looking for, 103 orientation and, 90 overcast sky, 86 overcoming, 102 penetration of, 91 reflected, 86 shading and, 96–97 skylights and, 85–86, 91–93 sunlight, 85 sun trajectory, 90 texture, 87 windows and, 82–85, 90 decorative lighting, 55–58 decorative luminaires, 232–33 diffusers, 233 maintenance, 233 design development, 213–41 code compliance, 214–17 controls, 238–40 locating luminaires, 217–28 selection of luminaires, 228–35 sizing light source, 235–38 designers, lighting supply channel and, 257 design process, lighting in, 44 diabetic retinopathy, 36 diffuse light, 62 diffusion, of light, 12 dimensions, documenting, 245–47 dimmers, 197, 198–203 choice of, 202 diagram of, 200 for different loads, 199 drivers, 201 for fluorescent loads, 201–3 ganging, 239 illuminated, 203 for incandescent loads, 198–201 line voltage, 199 low-voltage electronic, 199, 201 low-voltage magnetic, 199 preset, 202 smart, 202, 206 dimming, 155 fluorescent lamps and, 162–63 fluorescent luminaires, 233 LED luminaires, 234 LEDs and, 169 range, 201 reverse phase cut, 200 direction, 60–61 backlight, 61 of daylight, 87 direct light, 60 indirect light, 61 of light, 31 direct light, 60 disposal cost, 76 documentation, of lighting design, 243–52 details, 245 dimensions, 245–47 notes, 251 plans, 243–45 schedules, 249–50 specifications, 247–49 symbols, 250–51 door swings, 254–56 downlights, 217–19 ambient illumination from, 235–37 near cabinets and walls, 218–19 recessed, 229–31 over sink, 219 drivers, 165 dimming, 201 dual technology, 205 effect, controls and, 194 effects, lighting, 43–44 efficacy, 140 efficient lighting equipment, 78 EISA See Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) electrical, existing, 174 electrical panel, 174 electric code, 214–16 electricity cost, 75 generation and consumption, 68–69 pricing, 75 usage, 69 electric lighting comparison of sources, 147–71 compensating for insufficient daylight, 98–102 controlled, 128 control of, 102 integration with daylight, 97–103 sources, choosing, 137–45 embedded energy, 70 emotion, space and, 45–47 emotional experience, 124–25 energy codes, 216–17 high-efficacy light sources, 217 high-efficacy luminaires, 216 energy efficiency, 77–79 energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), 154 entire house, control systems for, 209–11 environmental impacts, of lighting, 68–74 electricity, 68–69 embedded energy, 70 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index life cycle assessment, 71–72 material content, 71–72 material usage, 70–71 mercury, 72 recycling, 72–74 equipment life, 79 experience, schematic design and, 123–26 aesthetic, 125–26 emotional, 124–25 spatial, 123 experiential layering, 48–53 ambient light, 50 focal light, 49–50 sparkle, 51 using, 51–53 experiential lighting effects, 48–53 eyes aging, 36–39 diagram of, physiology of, 4–5 faces, lighting, 21–22 fascias, 219 fenestration, 90 finishes, fixture, 176 first aid, lighting for, 121 fixture dimension, example of, 247 fixture finishes, 176 fixture lamping, 174 fixtures, light, 173–91 See also Light fixtures ceiling or surface mount, 182 comparison of, 190 placement tip, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188 portable, 188–90 recessed, 180–82 semi-surface mount, 183 suspended, 254 suspended fixtures, 183–87 wall-mount, 187–88 fluorescent lighting, 144, 147, 157–63 character of, 161 compact integrated lamps, 60, 159 compact nonintegrated lamps, 158, 160 dimming, 162–63, 201–3 families of, 158–59 lamp options, 163 life of, 162 light output, 161–62 linear lamps, 158, 159 mercury, 163 nomenclature, 159–60 practical lighting, 162 technology, 157–58 fluorescent luminaires, 233 dimming, 233 lamp color, 233 strip lights, 233 focal glow, 50 focal light, 49–50 food preparation, lighting for, 46, 109–11 footcandles, 7, 28 form, of light, 12–13 functional layering, 54–59 accent lighting, 54 ambient lighting, 54 application of, 64 decorative lighting, 55–58 task lighting, 54 using, 58–59 wall lighting, 54 functional lighting effects, 48, 54–59 ganging dimmers, 239 general contractors, lighting supply channel and, 257–60 generic specifications, 247 glare, 31 control of, 38–39 LEDs and, 166 reflected, 31 glass doors, 83 glaucoma, 36 glazing, 89 interior, 96 gloss, 14 glow, focal, 50 grazing light, 13 grooming, lighting for, 113–17, 238 halogen technology, 153–54 benefits of, 153 infrared coating, 153–54 health, windows and, 83–84 health care professionals, lighting and, 41 heat, glazing for, 89 high-efficacy light sources, 217 high-efficacy luminaires, 216 holiday sparkle, 52 horizontal tasks, 29, 30 human experience, daylight and, 81 illuminance, 7, 28 kitchens and, 28 levels, 29 measuring, 29 illuminance meter, illuminated dimmers, 203 illumination, task, 33 incandescent lighting, 74, 147, 148–57 attributes of, 148–49 background, 148 common household lightbulb, 150 common lamp bases, 152 construction, 149 dimming, 155, 198–201 halogen technology, 153–54 lamp options, 155–57 www.ebook777.com LEDs versus, 167 low-voltage lighting, 154–55 nomenclature, 149–53 reasons not to choose, 148–49 reasons to choose, 149 regulation of, 154 replacements for, 154 screw shell, 150 shapes of, 151 indirect daylight, 99 indirect light, 61 input, controls and, 194–95 intensity of daylight, 86 increased, for aging eyes, 36 luminous, interior glazing, 96 intimacy, lighting and, 20 kitchen activities, lighting for, 108–13 food preparation, 109–11 socialization, 110–13 storage, 111 kitchens ceiling mount fixtures, 183 clerestories in, 92 control system plan, 208 control systems for, 206 experiential lighting in, 51–53 illuminance and, 28 light sources for, 137–38, 147 luminance and, 27–28 luminance task contrast, 24–25 open, 106 recommended lighting for, 64 schematic designs for, 108–13 social interaction in, 46 space, feel of, 44–48 task visibility in, 23–33 under-cabinet lighting for, 38 visual performance and, 28 visual size, 25 knobs, 202 labor costs, 75–76 lamps color, 233 common bases, 152 compact integrated, 158, 160 compact nonintegrated, 158, 160 fluorescent, 163 incandescent, 155–57 LED, 165 linear, 158, 159 package label for, PAR30L, 152 layering, 48 experiential, 48–53 functional, 48, 54–59 of light, 107 267 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 268 I n dex LEDs See Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) life of fluorescent lamps, 162 of LEDs, 168–69 of light source, 143–44 quality of, 170–71 life cycle assessment, 71–72 life cycle costs, 77 light adaptation to, ambient, 50 appearance of, 17–20 applying, 59–65 backlight, 61, 63 brightness, color in, concentration, 12, 62 contrast and, conventional sources versus, 168 cool, 17 diffuse, 62 diffusion of, 12direct, 60 direction, 60–61 focal, 49–50 form and texture, 12–13 glazing for, 89 gloss, 14 grazing, 13 illuminance, indirect, 61 intensity of, lumen and, matte, 14 measuring, 5–7 orientation, 63–65 people and, 21–22 physics of, 1–2 physiology of eye and, 4–5 primary colors of, 11 quantity of, 174 reflection and, refraction and, scattering and, sense of space and, 20 skin pigments and, 21 sources, spatial impression and, 20 visible spectrum, warm, 17 white, 9, 12 windows and, 84–85 light distribution, 140–41 lighted switches, 41 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 70, 71, 72, 79, 138, 139, 143, 144, 147, 217, xvi character of light, 165–66 color, 166 dimming, 169 dimming loads, 201 drivers, 165 incandescent versus, 167 lamps, 165 life of, 168–69 light output, 166 luminaires, 165, 234 options, 169 product configuration, 165 product quality, 169–71 sources, 164 technology, 164–65 temperature, impact on, 169 wireless control, 211 light fixtures, 173–91 selection criteria, 173–79 types of, 180–91 lighting accent, 54, 57, 117, 123, 227–28 age and, 27 ambient, 54 bath, 224–27 closet, 224 concepts, 108, 134–35 construction process, 253–62 current issues in, xvi decorative, 55–58 design development, 213–41 in design process, 44 effects, 43–44 of faces, 21–22 facts label, 139 health care professionals and, 41 incandescent, 74 intimacy in, 20 journal, 103 layering, 48 low-voltage, 154–55 nonuniform, 20 origins, 48 pendant, 110, 115, 132, 224, 252 peripheral, 20 quality, 31–32 recessed, 114, 117, 125, 130, 131 recommended locations for, 64 relaxation and, 20 safety and, 39–41 supply channel, 257–61 sustainability and cost of, 74–77 sustainable, 67–80 task, 54 terms, using, under-cabinet, 38 uniform, 20 wall, 54 lighting controls, 193–212 application of, 211–12 benefits of, 193–94 changing field of, 194 channel or zone, 195–96 concepts, 194–95 controller, 197 control systems, 206–11 dimmers, 197, 198–203 language of, 195–98 load, 195 power and signal, 196–97 preset, 198 remote, 198 scene, 198 sensors, 203–6 switch, 197 user interface, 197 wireless, for LED lamps, 211 lighting design, documenting, 243–62 lighting effects experiential, 48–53 functional, 48, 54–59 lighting plans, 243–45 lighting supply channel agents, 260 clients, 257 designer, 257 general contractors, 257–60 manufacturers, 260 manufacturer’s representative, 260 retailer/vendor, 260–61 wholesalers, 260 light output, 138–39 of fluorescent lighting, 161–62 of LEDs, 166 light shelf, 99, 100 light source, spectral power distribution of, 10 light sources attributes of, 138–45 choosing, 137–45 color, 141–43 comparison of electric, 147–71 control, 144 efficacy, 140 high-efficacy, 217 LED, 164–71 life, 143–44 light distribution, 140–41 light output, 138–39 physical size, 143 power, 139–40 sizing, 235–38 light-to-solar gain (LSG), 89 linear lamps, 158, 159 T5, 162 T8, 161 line voltage, 199 linkage, 195 loads, 195 determining, 239 locations, for lighting, 64 low vision, 41 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index low-voltage electronic dimmers, 199, 201 low-voltage lighting, 154–55 benefits of, 155 low-voltage magnetic dimmers, 199 low-voltage wiring, 216 lumen, lumens per watt (LPW), 79, 140 luminaires, 6, 180–91 accent, 227–28 bath lighting, 224–27 closet lighting, 224 coves, 221–23 decorative, 232–33 description of, 248 downlights, 217–19 fluorescent, 233 high-efficacy, 216 inside cabinets, 221 labels, 214, 215 LED, 165, 234 locating, 217–28 losses in, 236 luminaire/control compatibility, 239 pendants, 224 selection of, 228–35 type IC downlights, 215–16 under-cabinet, 219–21 luminance, kitchens and, 27–28 task contrast, 24–25 luminous intensity, lux, 7, 28 motion sensors, 203–5 motivation, sustainable lighting and, 77 National Electric Code (NEC), 214 National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA), vii certification programs, vii night lights, 39 nonuniform lighting, 20 orientation, 63–65 of daylight, 90 output, light, 138–39 overcast sky, 86 macular degeneration, age-related, 36 maintenance cost, 76 manual daylight control, 205–6 manufacturers, lighting supply channel and, 260 manufacturer’s representative, lighting supply channel and, 260 materials clean, 79 content, 71–72 cost of, 74 refraction and wavelength, 10 usage, 70–71 vision and, 9–15 matte, 14 maximum overall length (MOL), 163 measurement of illuminance, 29 perception versus, median value, 144 mercury, 72 fluorescent lamps and, 163 testing, 72 money, time value of, 74 monitors, 93 mood, color appearance and, 18–20 paintings, recommended lighting for, 64 parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR), 199 PAR30L lamp, 152 passive infrared technology, detection by, 204 pendalette, 186 pendant lighting, 110, 115, 132, 186, 224, 252 people, light and, 21–22 perception, measurement versus, performance, cost and, 76 peripheral lighting, 20 photoreceptors, photo sensors, 205 physical size, of lights, 143 plans, lighting and controls, 243–45 portable fixtures, 188–90 power, 139–40 lighting controls and, 196–97 practical light, 162 presbyopia, 35 presence detectors See Motion sensors preset, 198 preset dimmers, 202 primary colors, 11 prism, 10 product configuration, LED, 165 product quality, 169–71 quality of color, 170 quality of life, 170–71 programmable keypad, 209 programming, controls, 240 proprietary specifications, 248–49 quality, lighting, 31–33 color of light, 32–33 direction, 31 uniformity, 32 rail system, 184 rainbows, 10 recessed adjustable luminaires, 234 recessed downlights, 229–31 aesthetic options, 231 www.ebook777.com 269 ceiling conditions, 231 light source and effect, 230 quality, 230 size, 230 typical aperture sizes, 230 recessed fixtures, 180–82 recessed lighting, 56, 114, 117, 125, 130 ceiling construction and, 131 recycling, 72–74 bins, 73 cost of, 73 reflected ceiling, plan and specifications, 251 reflected daylight, 86 reflected glare, 31 reflecting surfaces, 94–95 reflection, reflective finishes, 78, 94 reflectivity, 14 refraction, wavelength and, 10 regulation, of incandescent lamps, 154 relaxation, lighting for, 20 remote, 198 rendering, color, 142–43 index, 142 retailers, lighting supply channel and, 260–61 retrofit lamps See Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) reverse phase cut dimming, 200 rockers, 202 safety lighting and, 39–41 night lights, 39 scaled sketch, 180 scattering, scene, lighting, 198 scene settings, typical, 240 schedules, 249–50 schematic design, 105–35 activities and tasks, 106 architectural integration, 127–33 clients, 105–6 communicating, 133–34 experience, 123–26 layers of light, 107 lighting concept, 108 lighting for bathroom activities, 113–23 lighting for kitchen activities, 108–13 preferences and budget, 106 program, 105 scope, 105 screw shell incandescent lamp bases, 150 selection criteria, for fixtures, 173–79 budget, 177–78 ceiling height, 179 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 270 I n dex selection criteria (continued ) existing electrical, 174 finishes, 176 lamping, 174 materials and finishes of space, 174–76 quantity of light, 174 size and proportion of, 179 style, 176 timeline, 178 semi-surface mount fixture, 183 sensors, 203–6 manual daylight control, 205–6 motion, 203–5 passive infrared technology, 204 photo, 205 response, 205 ultrasonic technology, 204–5 shading, 96–97 shielding, 219 showers, lighting for, 114, 117, 226 colored light, 122 signal, lighting controls and, 196–97 single rooms, control systems for, 206–9 skin pigments, light and, 21 skylights, 85–86, 91–93, 95 sliders, 202 smart dimmers, 202, 206 social interaction, lighting for, 46 socialization, lighting for, 110–13 socket shadows, 223 solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), 89 solar tube, 97 space feel of, 44–48 sense of, 20 sustainability and, 79–80 space, feel of brightness and first impression, 45 emotion and activity, 45–47 spacing ratio, application of, 218 sparkle, 51 holiday, 52 from table setting, 53 spas, lighting for, 117 spatial experience, 123 spatial impression, light and, 20 specifications, 247–49 generic, 247 proprietary, 248–49 spectral power distribution (SPD), 10, 17 specularity, 14 spotlighting, 181 stand-alone controls, 239 storage, lighting for, 111 strategies, sustainable, 77–80 clean materials, 79 cost and, 79 energy efficiency, 77–79 equipment life, 79 motivation, 77 strip lights, 233 style, of lighting, 176 submittals, 256–58 example of, 258–59 sunlight, 85 sun screen, 101 surface mount fixture, 182 suspended fixtures, 183–87, 254 sustainability, definition of, 67 sustainable lighting, 67–80 costs of, 74–77 environmental impacts of, 68–74 strategies for, 77–79 switch, 197 switching, 254 symbols, 250 symbols, 250–51 switching, 250 system controls, 239 system design, 207–9 table fixture, 189 table setting, sparkle from, 53 task contrast, luminance, 24–25 task lighting, 54 tasks horizontal, 29, 30 illumination of, 33 lighting for, 23–33 low contrast and, 31 schematic design and, 106 size, speed, and accuracy, 26–27 small size and, 31 vertical, 29, 30 viewer and, 31 visual size and, 25 task visibility, 23–28, 28 challenges to, 30–33 temperature, color, 17–18 application of, 141 correlated, 141 electric lighting and, 141–42 temperature, LEDs and, 169 texture of daylight, 87 of light, 12–13 timeline, light fixtures and, 178 time value, of money, 74 T5 linear lamps, 162 T8 linear lamps, 161 toe-kick, lighting under, 40 toggles, 202 total cost of ownership (TOC), 76 track-mounted luminaires, 234–35 traditional-style floor fixture, 189 tubs, lighting, 226–27 type IC downlights, 215–16 ultrasonic technology, detection by, 204–5 under-cabinet lighting, 38, 61, 219–21, 231 comparison of light sources, 231 task lighting, 237–38 uniformity, of light, 32 uniform lighting, 20 aging eyes and, 36–38 user interface, 197 vanity lighting, 224–26 lighting for grooming at, 238 veiling reflections, 31, 32 vendors, lighting supply channel and, 260–61 Ventana fixture, 249 vertical tasks, 29, 30 view, windows and, 82–83 viewer, tasks and, 31 visible light transmittance (VLT), 89 visible spectrum, of light, vision, 2–4 age and, 27 aging and, 35–42 changes with age, 35–39 color, 11 low, 41 materials and, 9–15 visual performance, 28 visual size, 25 wallboard ceilings, 131 wall lighting, 54 wall-mount fixtures, 187–88 wall washing, 13 wash, 13 wattage, 139 wavelength, refraction and, 10 white light, 9, 12 wholesalers, lighting supply channel and, 260 windows beauty and, 84 comfort and, 83 daylight and, 90 functions of, 82–85 health and, 83–84 light and, 84–85 view and, 82–83 wireless controls, 41 of LED lamps, 211 wiring, low-voltage, 216 zone, 195–96 creating, 238 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA www.ebook777.com ... sustainable lighting and daylighting In Chapter we cover schematic design by presenting a visual vocabulary for speaking about lighting and applying these ideas to conceptualizing lighting for kitchen and. .. demonstrate knowledge and excellence as Associate Kitchen & Bath Designer (AKBD), Certified Kitchen Designer (CKD), Certified Bath Designer (CBD), and Certified Master Kitchen & Bath Designer (CMKBD)... fundamentals of lighting and to guide in the application of lighting to the two most critical task spaces of the home We approach kitchen and bath lighting in several broad categories familiar to designers