ompacts of climate change on allegens and allegic disseases

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com IMPAC T S O F C L IMATE CHANGE ON AL L E R G E N S A N D A L LERGI C DI SEASES Climate change has been identified as the biggest global health threat of the twenty-​first century (The Lancet) Hundreds of millions of people around the world currently suffer from allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and the prevalence of these diseases is increasing This book is the first authoritative and comprehensive assessment of the many impacts of climate change on allergens, such as pollen and mould spores, and allergic diseases The international authorship team of leaders in this field explore the topic to a breadth and depth far beyond any previous work This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in climate change, environmental allergens, and related allergic diseases It is written at a level that is accessible for those working in related physical, biological, and health and medical sciences, including researchers, academics, clinicians, and advanced students is Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Macquarie University, Australia In 2009 he was awarded the Eureka Prize for Medical Research for his research on the impacts of climate change on allergens and allergic diseases He was a contributing author of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, published in 2007, the same year the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change won the Nobel Peace Prize He was the President of the International Society of Biometeorology from 2008 to 2011 PAUL J.  BEGGS www.Ebook777.com IMPAC T S OF C L I M AT E C H A N G E ON AL L E R G E N S A N D AL L E R GI C D IS E A S E S Edited by PAUL J. B E GGS Macquarie University Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/​9781107048935 © Cambridge University Press 2016 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2016 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: Beggs, Paul J., 1968 – editor Title: Impacts of climate change on allergens and allergic diseases / Paul J Beggs, editor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University Description: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016017601 | ISBN 9781107048935 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Climatic changes – Health aspects | Environmental health | Allergens | Respiratory allergy Classification: LCC QC903.I448 2016 | DDC 614.5/993–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017601 ISBN 978-​1-​107-​04893-​5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-​party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate www.Ebook777.com This book is dedicated to Dr. Diana J. Bass, who in the early 1990s generously introduced me to the wonderful world of airborne pollen and mould spore monitoring and, in so doing, set me on the path that would ultimately lead to the production of this book There are likely to be quantitative and/​or qualitative changes in the airborne concentration of allergens, e.g., molds and pollens This in turn could lead to changes in the prevalence or intensity of asthma and hay fever episodes in affected individuals (Janice Longstreth, “Anticipated public health consequences of global climate change”) Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms and Abbreviations page ix xi xiii xvii xix xxi 1 Introduction PAUL J. BEGGS Impacts of Climate Change on Aeroallergen Production and Atmospheric Concentration 10 ANNETTE MENZEL AND SUSANNE JOCHNER Impacts of Climate Change on the Distributions of Allergenic Species 29 LINDA J. BEAUMONT AND DAISY E. DUURSMA Impacts of Climate Change on Aeroallergen Dispersion, Transport, and Deposition 50 MIKHAIL SOFIEV AND MARJE PRANK Impacts of Climate Change on Allergenicity 74 JEROEN T. M. BUTERS Impacts of Climate Change on Allergen Seasonality 92 LEWIS H. ZISKA Impacts of Climate Change on Indoor Allergens 113 GINGER L. CHEW AND SHUBHAYU SAHA vii viii Contents Interactions among Climate Change, Air Pollutants, and Aeroallergens 137 PATRICK L. KINNEY, KATE R. WEINBERGER, AND RACHEL L. MILLER Impacts of Climate Change on Allergic Diseases 157 CONSTANCE H. KATELARIS 10 Synthesis and Conclusion 179 PAUL J. BEGGS AND LEWIS H. ZISKA Index Colour plates are to be found between pages 136 and 137 189 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Figures 1.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Monthly mean atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna Loa Observatory from March 1958 to July 2015 Diagrammatic representation of a correlative species distribution model A schematic view of the main parts of pollen life cycle in the atmosphere Wind speed at 10 m in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 for three European regions: south (6°W, 38°N –​3°W, 41°N), central (10°E, 49°N –​13°E, 52°N), north (22°E, 61°N –​25°E, 64°N) Wind direction at 10 m (ϕ10) in April for the years 1980–​2013 (a), and u10–​v10 scatter plots for wind at 10 m (b) Turbulent intensity (Kz) at m in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 Relative humidity at m in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 Total monthly rain duration in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 Birch total seasonal pollen count in Europe for 2000 and its 1980–​2012 trend Grass total seasonal pollen count in Europe for 2000 and its 1980–​2012 trend Shape of Dactylis glomerata pollen at ambient humidity Allergenicity of olive pollen from different climatic areas Pollen potency depending on climatic conditions Allergen Bet v expression in birch pollen upon ripening from four trees in Munich during April 2007 Changes in ragweed pollen seasonality as a function of urbanisation along a rural–​urban transect for Baltimore, Maryland, USA An explanation for why carpet serves as a reservoir for dust mites New Orleans building after flooding from Hurricane Katrina Trends in the percentage of homes with air-​conditioning across the United States from 1980 to 2009 Heat pumps for air-​conditioning in summer and heating during winter are widely used in Beijing, China page 36 51 56 58 60 62 63 67 68 77 78 80 82 102 119 121 124 125 ix www.Ebook777.com 188 Synthesis and Conclusion IPCC (1996) Climate Change 1995:  Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change:  Scientific-​Technical Analyses Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R T., Zinyowera, M C., Moss, R H., Dokken, D J., eds.] Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press IPCC (2015) Summary for policymakers In: The Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R K., Meyer, L A., eds Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC, pp. 1–​31 Katz, D S. W., Carey, T S (2014) Heterogeneity in ragweed pollen exposure is determined by plant composition at small spatial scales Science of the Total Environment, 485–​486, 435–​440 Longstreth, J (1991) Anticipated public health consequences of global climate change Environmental Health Perspectives, 96, 139–​144 Lynch, A J.  J., Thackway, R., Specht, A., et  al (2015) Transdisciplinary synthesis for ecosystem science, policy and management: the Australian experience Science of the Total Environment, 534, 173–​184 Pawankar, R., Canonica, G W., Holgate, S T., Lockey, R F., eds (2011) World Allergy Organization (WAO) White Book on Allergy Milwaukee, USA:  World Allergy Organization Platts-​Mills, T A. E (2015) The allergy epidemics: 1870–​2010 The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 136(1), 3–​13 Salo, P M., Arbes Jr, S J., Jaramillo, R., et al (2014) Prevalence of allergic sensitization in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–​2006 The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 134(2), 350–​359 Takaro, T K., Knowlton, K., Balmes, J R (2013) Climate change and respiratory health: current evidence and knowledge gaps Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 7(4), 349–​361 Watts, N., Adger, W N., Agnolucci, P., et al (2015) Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health The Lancet, 386(10006), 1861–​1914 Index Acer See maple adaptation, 147, 184 aerobiological networks, 184 allergenic plant management, 106, 185 definition, 184 planting policies, 185 aerobiological networks, 11, 106, 172, 183 Europe, 11 North America, 11 standardisation, 105, 185 technology transfer, 185 aerosols, 5 Africa, 11, 35, 40, 159, 167, 183 air pollution, 168 human health, 139 impact of climate change, 137 models, 138 pollen allergenicity, 145 atmosphere interactions, 145, 180 host interactions, 142 release of allergens, 146 primary, 140 projections, 138 secondary, 140 air-​conditioning, 124, 130, 138 United States of America, 124 Albania, 159 alder, 12, 13, 15, 83 allergenicity, 74, 75 fungal spores carbon dioxide, 84 plants, 74 pollen, 76, 77, 79, 81, 180 carbon dioxide, 82 allergic conjunctivitis, 158 allergic dermatitis, 31, 85 allergic diseases, 1, 2, 157, 158, 181, 186 allergic rhinitis, 1, 31, 32, 158, 162, 168, 181 prevalence, 158 allergic sensitisation, 74, 115, 119, 142, 143, 144, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 168, 171 allergy epidemics, 172, 181 Alnus See alder Alternaria, 21, 84, 94, 102, 118, 120, 122, 163, 165 spore concentration temperature, 21 temperature, 21 amaranth, 32 Amaranthus See pigweed Ambrosia See ragweed American Housing Survey, 127, 130 annual pollen index, 10, 13, 19 ants, 35, 40–​41 temperature, 40 Apidae See bees Arabidopsis, 100 Arachis See peanut Arctic, 5 Argentina, 14, 33, 34 Artemisia See mugwort ash, 13, 30, 33, 38 Asia, 11, 35, 40, 159, 167 aspen, 39, 102 Aspergillus, 21, 84, 102, 120, 142, 144, 163, 168 Asteraceae, 100 asthma, 1, 115, 119, 121, 122, 140, 141, 142, 144, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 181 economic burden, 159 atopic dermatitis, 170, 181 Australia, 34, 35, 40, 94, 159, 160, 163, 166, 184 Austria, 20, 30, 31, 32, 38 Baltic States, 66 Bassia See fireweed beech, 30, 38, 96 bees, 34, 35–​36, 181 climate, 35 Belarus, 40 189 190 Index Betula See birch birch, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 30, 33, 38, 39, 51, 54, 57, 65, 66, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 83, 95, 96, 101, 142, 145, 146, 171 pollen allergenicity temperature, 79 pollen production temperature, 20 Blattodea See cockroach Blomia See house dust mite Brazil, 35, 114 brome, 32 Bromus See brome, grass Canada, 94, 98, 160, 162, 164, 166, 169 carbon dioxide, 74 Mauna Loa, 3 observed, 3 projected, 5 carelessweed, 32 Caribbean, 167 Carpinus See hornbeam cedar, 30, 38 Chenopodiaceae, 13, 16 Chenopodium See goosefoot children, 1, 33, 114, 115, 121, 122, 123, 140, 141, 144, 145, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169 Chile, 34 China, 31, 33, 35, 40, 125, 159, 167, 183 Cladosporium, 21, 84, 102, 120, 163 temperature, 21 climate change, 1, 3, 5 atmospheric circulation, 4, 6 atmospheric moisture, 5 climate extremes, 4, 6 impacts allergens and allergic diseases, 180–​181 direct, 1 human health, 1 indirect, 1 monsoon, 6 precipitation, 3, 5 projections, 5 temperature See temperature climate extremes, 2 climate system, 3 co-​benefits, 147, 184 cockroach, 1, 114, 115, 118, 122, 125, 130, 141, 144, 145, 170, 181 allergic sensitisation, 115 home characteristics, 117 Colombia, 114 Corylus See hazel Cryptomeria japonica See Japanese cedar Cupressaceae See cypress cypress, 12, 13, 16, 103, 146, 161 Dactylis See grass Dermatophagoides See house dust mite Didymella, 166 diesel exhaust particles, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 158, 168 allergic sensitisation, 143 health effects, 139 immunoglobulin E, 143 disability-​adjusted life years, 159 dock, 14, 39, 97 dust storms, 167 economic costs, 31, 42 elm, 16, 30 England, 34, 38 Environmental Protection Agency (USA), 2 EPA See Environmental Protection Agency (USA) Europe, 2, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 52, 54, 55, 57, 61, 64, 66, 70, 78, 79, 99, 101, 104, 124, 144, 145, 159, 160, 161, 171, 183, 185 European Aeroallergen Network, 11 European Centre for Medium-​Range Weather Forecasts, 52 European Community Respiratory Health Survey, 159 FACE See Free-​Air CO2 Enrichment Fagus See beech Federal Emergency Measurement Agency (USA), 127 Finland, 14, 54, 66, 79 fireweed, 39 floods, 2, 40, 102, 105, 120, 121, 122, 130, 166, 181 homes, 84 basements, 126, 127, 128 water line, 121 flowering, 13, 14, 31, 54, 57, 59, 65, 66, 69, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 160, 180 food allergens, 85 food allergy, 171, 181 Forest Inventory and Analysis, 30 Formicidae See ants France, 16, 39 Fraxinus See ash Free-​Air CO2 Enrichment, 18, 22, 85, 101 fungal spores, 1, 10, 21, 83, 140, 164, 166, 181 seasonality, 102 fungi, 94, 163 indoor, 118, 130 Georgia, 159 Germany, 15, 20, 36, 54, 66, 76, 160, 169 Global Allergy and Asthma Network of Excellence, 159 goosefoot, 20, 97 grass, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 32, 39, 51, 54, 65, 66, 76, 78, 79, 83, 97, 98, 99, 100, 145, 146, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167 Greece, 12, 38 greenhouse gases, 2, 3, 5, 184 Index hayfever See allergic rhinitis hazel, 12, 13, 14 Health Impacts of Airborne Allergen Information Network, 79 heat waves, 4, 6, 14, 138 hemlock, 33 HIALINE See Health Impacts of Airborne Allergen Information Network hop, 33 hornbeam, 12, 20 hornets, 39 hospital presentations, 140, 141, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169 house dust mite, 1, 113, 118, 122, 124, 130, 142, 161, 170, 181 allergic sensitisation, 115 climate, 114 home characteristics, 117 humidifiers, 126 relative humidity, 113 temperature, 123 Hungary, 40, 52 Hurricane Katrina, 2, 105, 122, 123, 166 hurricanes, 4, 104, 120, 181 immunoglobulin E, 74, 75, 143, 144 India, 183 Indonesia, 159 insect sting allergy, 170, 181 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1, 5, 52 International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, 75, 159, 186 IPCC See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Ireland, 159 ISAAC See International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Italy, 31, 39, 97, 99, 125, 146, 161 Japan, 14, 17, 32, 168 Japanese cedar, 14, 17, 142, 168 Juglans See walnut juniper, 38 Juniperus See juniper knowledge gaps, 181 Korea, 33 The Lancet, 1, 186 Lantana, 39 Ligustrum See privet Lolium See grass maize, 97 maple, 33, 103, 161 masting, 15, 22 Mediterranean, 14, 32, 38, 39, 55, 159, 171 191 Mexico, 31, 32, 35, 169 mitigation, 5, 137, 184, 185 definition, 184 modelling ecophysiological, 35 pollen dispersion, 50, 69, 70 mould spores See fungal spores mouse, 114, 115, 118, 122, 125, 130, 144, 181 allergic sensitisation, 115 home characteristics, 117 mugwort, 12, 13, 14, 16, 54, 97 Mus See mouse National Allergy Bureau (USA), 98 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (USA), 186 Nature Climate Change, 2 Nerium See oleander The Netherlands, 13, 16, 97, 99 nettle, 15, 97 New Zealand, 34, 35, 40, 41, 159 NHANES See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (USA) niche conservation of, 37 North America, 2, 14, 31, 32, 34, 40, 41, 98, 99, 159, 183 Northern Hemisphere, 3, 29, 54, 99, 183 Norway, 30, 66, 145 nutrients, 14 oak, 13, 15, 18, 30, 37, 38, 39, 96 flowering, 95 Olea See olive oleander, 38 olive, 15, 16, 20, 39, 51, 54, 57, 77, 79, 81, 161, 162 Ostrya, 38 ozone, 17, 64, 103, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146, 147, 168, 169 health effects, 139 Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 32 Parietaria, 83, 161 particulate matter, 64, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 168, 169 health effects, 139 peanut, 85, 171 Penicillium, 21, 120, 163, 164, 168 Phleum pratense See timothy grass Picea See spruce pigweed, 39, 100 Pinaceae, 13 pine, 18 pollen production carbon dioxide, 18 Pinus See pine Pistacia, 38 Plantago, 12, 162 192 Platanus, 12, 13 Poaceae See grass poison ivy, 85, 181 Poland, 33, 40, 97, 101 pollen, 1, 10, 142, 145, 181 asthma hospital, 162 release, 96, 97, 104 precipitation, 65 relative humidity, 59 resuspension, 51 scavenging, 51, 53 sedimentation, 51 transport, 14, 50, 65, 70, 180 precipitation, 53, 64 relative humidity, 61 wind speed, 55 vertical mixing, 51, 54 pollen concentrations, 180 near-​plant wind speed, 69 observed, 12, 13 pollen seasonality, 94, 180 carbon dioxide, 99 carbon dioxide and temperature, 100 pollutants, 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 141, 142, 143, 144 Populus See aspen Portugal, 20, 79, 81 privet, 39 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2 Prunus, 39 Puerto Rico, 114 Quercus See oak ragweed, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 31, 33, 52, 54, 76, 81, 82, 83, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 143, 145, 146, 161, 162, 163 pollen concentration, 2 carbon dioxide and temperature, 19 pollen diameter temperature, 19 pollen production, 17 temperature, 19 pollen season, 2 observed, 98 range shifts, 29, 180 arthropods observed, 33 projected, 39 barriers, 41 plants observed, 30 projected, 37 tools, 36 Index Representative Concentration Pathways, 5 research needs, 181 allergic diseases, 184 experiments, 182 fungal spores, 183 house dust mite, 183 range shifts, 183 Romania, 159 roof ice dams, 120 Rumex See dock Russia, 31, 66 rye, 103 Salix, 38, 103 sassafras, 30 Scandinavia, 30, 38, 40 seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 161 Silene, 100 South Africa, 34 South America, 11, 34, 35, 159, 183 South Korea, 34 Southern Hemisphere, 29, 183 Spain, 13, 18, 30, 31, 32, 37, 54, 81, 94, 146, 162, 163 species distribution models, 36 assumptions, 37 correlative, 31, 36, 37 mechanistic, 31, 37 Sporobolomyces, 166 spruce, 20, 30 Sweden, 30, 75, 82, 125 Switzerland, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 83, 99 System for Integrated modeLing of Atmospheric coMposition, 65 Taiwan, 35, 167 Taxus, 12 temperature global mean surface observed, 3 projected, 5 land and ocean observed, 3 projected, 5 thunderstorm asthma, 2, 83, 105, 166, 167 Tilia, 30, 38 timothy grass, 103, 142, 146 pollen production, 17 Toxicodendron See poison ivy tropical cyclones See hurricanes Ulmus See elm United Kingdom, 11, 17, 21, 99, 102, 117, 159, 160, 166, 169 United States of America, 2, 13, 18, 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 85, 94, 101, 105, 114, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 141, 144, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 184 Index urban environment, 14, 16, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 113, 114, 138, 146 Urtica, 14 Urticaceae, 162 vernalisation, 96 Vespidae See wasps, hornets, yellow jackets volatile organic compounds, 118, 138 walnut, 30, 38 wasps, 34, 40, 181 temperature, 34 West Indies, 35 WHO See World Health Organization World Health Organization, 158 wormwood, 32 yellow jackets, 34 193 (a) (b) Figure 4.2.  Wind speed at 10 m in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 for three European regions: south (6°W, 38°N –​3°W, 41°N), central (10°E, 49°N –​13°E, 52°N), north (22°E, 61°N –​25°E, 64°N) Median and its trend are marked by red; data quartiles and outliers are blue (Unit: m s−1.) www.Ebook777.com newgenrtpdf Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com newgenrtpdf (a) (b) Figure  4.3.  Wind direction at 10 m (ϕ10) in April for the years 1980–​2013 (a), and u10–​v10 scatter plots for wind at 10 m (b) Regions and notations are the same as in Figure 4.2 (Unit: degrees for (a) and m s−1 for (b).) newgenrtpdf (a) (b) Figure 4.4.  Turbulent intensity (Kz) at m in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 Regions and notations are the same as in Figure 4.2 (Unit: m2 s−1.) newgenrtpdf (a) (b) Figure 4.5.  Relative humidity at m in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 Regions and notations are the same as in Figure 4.2 (Unit: percentage.) newgenrtpdf (a) (b) Figure 4.6.  Total monthly rain duration in (a) April and (b) August for the years 1980–​2013 Regions and notations are the same as in Figure 4.2 (Unit: hour.) (a) (b) Figure 4.7.  Birch total seasonal pollen count in Europe for 2000 (a; pollen day m−3) and its 1980–​2012 trend (b; pollen day m−3 yr−1) (a) (b) Figure 4.8.  Grass total seasonal pollen count in Europe for 2000 (a; pollen day m−3) and its 1980–​2012 trend (b; pollen day m−3 yr−1) Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Species occurrence records overlaid with environmental variables Current Species distribution models calculate response curves Generate maps of current and future suitable habitat Future Figure  3.1. Diagrammatic representation of a correlative species distribution model Environmental characteristics of locations where species occur are used to generate models of species–​environment relationships, which can then be projected onto scenarios of climate (past, current, or future) to identify potential distributions Boston New York North Jersey Baltimore Quintile breaks 8.0 % Atlanta Memphis Figure 7.6.  US map representing percentage of housing units in each county in 100-​year flood hazard areas (data obtained from FEMA: hazards.fema.gov/​ femaportal/​wps/​portal/​NFHLWMS) The colour codes represent quintiles calculated based on the distribution of percentage of housing units in the flood hazard area Counties shaded with darker red indicate a higher proportion of housing units that are in flood hazard areas compared to those in lighter red which indicate a relatively lower percentage of housing units in flood hazard areas The map also shows the six MSAs selected based on availability of housing structure information from the AHS www.Ebook777.com ... Impacts of Climate Change on the Distributions of Allergenic Species 29 LINDA J. BEAUMONT AND DAISY E. DUURSMA Impacts of Climate Change on Aeroallergen Dispersion, Transport, and Deposition 50... MIKHAIL SOFIEV AND MARJE PRANK Impacts of Climate Change on Allergenicity 74 JEROEN T. M. BUTERS Impacts of Climate Change on Allergen Seasonality 92 LEWIS H. ZISKA Impacts of Climate Change on Indoor... explores climate change impacts on allergic diseases explicitly A synthesis of the preceding nine chapters and an overview of mitigation and adaptation responses in the context of climate change