Local community knowledge on the impact of climate change on mangroves and livelihoods

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY AFURE WHYTE OLUOWO LOCAL COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MANGROVES AND LIVELIHOODS: CASE STUDY OF EKPAN MANGROVE FOREST, DELTA STATE NIGERIA NORHED MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA -2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY AFURE WHYTE OLUOWO LOCAL COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MANGROVES AND LIVELIHOODS: CASE STUDY OF EKPAN MANGROVE FOREST, DELTA STATE NIGERIA NORHED MASTER THESIS Major: Marine Ecosystem-Based management and climate change Topic allocation decision: Decision on establishing the committee: Defense date: Supervisors: TERNEY PRADEEP KUMARA(Ph.D.) NGUYEN LAM ANH(Ph.D.) 06/06/2018 Signature Chairman of committee: Faculty of graduate studies: HOANG HA GIANG KHANH HOA-2018 UNDERTAKING I undertake that the thesis entitled: “Local community knowledge on the impact of climate change on mangroves and livelihoods: case study of Ekpan mangrove forest, Delta state, Nigeria” is my own work The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment until the time this thesis is submitted 28/04/2018 AFURE WHYTE OLUOWO iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I want to use this opportunity to thank God Almighty for His grace to complete this program successfully, although it has not been an easy journey but there were good people in all sphere ready to assist whenever we needed one At this juncture, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the NORHED program management board, the Rectorate board, department of international cooperation, faculty of graduate studies and all lecturers and staff of Nha Trang University who played a part in ensuring a smooth running of the program, their unending support provided best possible conditions for me to complete my studies My special thanks go to Terney Pradeep Kumara (Ph.D) and Lam Anh Nguyen (Ph.D) for their unrivaled guidance during my study, research and report writing Their patience, motivation, inputs and professional experience helped me a great deal towards actualizing this great feat I would also like to acknowledge the management and staff of Centre for Environment and Sustainable Livelihood Projects Nigeria (CESLP) for the role played during data collection, collation and gaining community’s willingness to participate in the studies, really it wouldn’t have been possible without its energetic management and staff members In the same vein, my deepest gratitude goes to my friends Isaac Sarfo, Freeman Elohor for their continuous support and the entire NORHED 2016 class for making my study time worthwhile Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents and to my brothers for supporting me spiritually in prayers and kind words throughout my program Thank you all! 28/04/2018 Afure Whyte Oluowo iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Undertaking ………………………………………………………………………… iii Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………………… iv Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………… v List of symbols ……………………………………………………………… vii List of abbreviations……………………………………….…………………………….viii List of tables …………………………………………………………………………… ix List of figures …………………………………………………………………………… x Abstract……………………………………………………………… .xi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study…………………… ………………………………………2 1.2 Purpose of study/objectives………………………………………….……………4 1.3 Research questions…………………………………………………… .4 1.4 Significance of the study……………………………………………………… CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Climate change in Nigeria……………………………………………………… 2.2 Vulnerability of mangroves to climate change………………………………….15 2.2.1 Changes in temperature………………………………………………… 15 2.2.2 Changes in atmospheric chemistry……………………………………….16 2.2.3 Changes in Ultra Violet………………………………….……………… 17 2.2.4 Sea level rise……………………………………………………………….17 2.2.5 Physical disturbance- tropical storm…………………………… .18 2.2.6 Rainfall and river plumes………………………………………………….19 2.2.7 Changes in ocean circulation…………………………………… .20 2.3 Combined effect of different influences………………………………………… 20 2.4 Impact of climate change on community livelihood…………………… 21 2.5 Adaptation…………………………………………………………… …………22 v 2.6 Status of Niger-Delta mangroves……………………………………………….23 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Area……………………………………………………………………….25 3.2 Study site……………………………………………………………… .27 3.3 Research instrument / design…………………………………………………….27 3.3.1 Data collection…………………………………………………………….28 3.3.2 Data analysis………………………………………………………………29 3.3.3 Limitation of study……………………………………………………….29 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents…………………………………….31 4.2 Awareness on mangrove and benefits…………………………………………….36 4.3 Awareness on climate change and its impacts……………………………………38 4.4 Adaptive strategies employed by the locals………………………………………42 4.5 Management of the mangrove forest…………………………………………… 46 CHAPTER SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary………………………………………………………………………… 49 5.2 Strengths and weaknesses…………………………………………………………50 5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………………… 51 LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………………… 52 APPENDICES vi LIST OF SYMBOLS %: Percentage CO: carbon monoxide CO2: Carbon dioxide CH4: Methane Km2: square kilometer mm/yr: millimeter per year Cm: Centimeter oC: Degree centigrade(unit of temperature) N: Naira( Nigeria currency) vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NEMA: National Emergency Management Agency NIMET: Nigerian Meteorological Agency NEST: Nigerian Environmental Study/action Team NPC: National Population Commission FGD: Focus Group Discussion IPCC: Intergovernmental panel on climate change SPREP: Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNEP: United Nations Environment program DESOPADEC: Delta State Oil producing areas commission 10 NDDC: Niger delta development commission 11 NGOs: Non-governmental organizations 12 CBOs: Community based organizations 13 NDES: Niger Delta Environmental survey 14 GHG: Green House Gas 15 BNRCC: Building Nigeria’s Response to Climate Change 16 CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency 17 SLR: Sea level rise 18 CC: Climate change 19 MDGs: Millennium Development goals 20 CREDC: Community Research and Development Centre 21 NASPA-CCN: National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change in Nigeria viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of key trends in climatic parameters for Nigeria……………….15 Table 4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents………………………… 35 Table 4.2 Benefits obtained from the mangrove as listed by participants FGD/open forum………………………………………………………………………37 Table 4.3 Understanding climate variability and change…………………………….39 Table 4.4 Respondents response on impact of climate change…………… 41 Table 4.5 Some adaptive/coping strategies used by the locals……………………….44 Table 4.6 Frequency of event and source of assistance………………………………46 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 pattern of onset and cessation of rainfall in Nigeria……………………… Figure 2.2 Projected increase in maximum daily temperature across Nigeria…… 10 Figure 2.3 Projected change in average daily rainfall over Nigeria……………… 11 Figure 2.4 Projected length of the rainy season by zone………………………… .12 Figure 2.5 Projected changes in extreme heat days/heat wave days……………… 13 Figure 3.1 Map of the Niger Delta showing salinity limits/veg of the coastal zone…26 Figure 3.2 Conceptual framework for the study………………………………………28 Figure 4.1 Gender of the respondents…………………………………………….… 31 Figure 4.2 Age distribution of the respondents…………………………………… 32 Figure 4.3 Marital status of respondents………………………………………… … 33 Figure 4.4 Educational status of the respondents…………………………………… 34 Figure 4.5 Awareness of the benefits of mangroves……………………………… 36 Figure 4.6 Respondents level of awareness on climate change…………………… 38 Figure 4.7 Extent of climate change knowledge among respondents…………………39 Figure 4.8 Frequency of climate change event in the study area…………………… 40 Figure 4.9 Response during natural disaster………………………………………… 43 Figure 4.10 Alternative source of 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Vermeer, M and Rahmstorf, S 2009 Global sea level linked to global temperature Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 21527-21532 Whelan, K R T., Smith, T J., Cahoon, D R., Lynch, J C and Anderson, G H (2005) ‘Groundwater control of mangrove surface elevation: Shrink and swell varies with soil depth’, Estuaries, 28(6), pp 833–843 doi: 10.1007/BF02696013 Woodroffe, C.D., Grime, D., 1999 Storm impact and evolution of a mangrove fringed chenier plain, Shoal Bay, Darwin, Australia Mar Geol 159, 303–321 World bank 1995 Defining an environmental management strategy for the Niger Delta Report prepared by Jasdip Smigh , David Moffat and Olof Linden Washington (DC): Industry and Energy operations division, West African Department , World Bank World Rain Forest Movement, (2010) Africa: the huge value of mangroves for communities WRM bulletins issue 151(February 2010) http://wrm.org.uy/wpcontent/uploads/2010/02/Bulletin151.pdf 62 APPENDICES Appendices Content Survey Form Compiled Data results Page QUESTIONNAIRE NORHED INTERNATIONAL MASTER’S PROGRAM, MARINE BASED ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE, NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM The researcher is an international student of the department of Marine Ecosystem-Based Management and Climate Change, NORHED sponsored program at Nha Trang University, Nha Trang Vietnam, conducting a research on the Local community Knowledge of the impact of climate change on Mangroves and livelihood: a case study of Ekpan Mangrove Forest, Delta State, Nigeria The questionnaire is designed to seek your candid views about the topic The researcher will be grateful if you could devote some of your quality time to study and answer this questionnaire All answers will be treated as confidential and will be used for statistical analysis and research purposes only Name of researcher: Afure Whyte OLUOWO Date of interview: _Questionnaire Number: _ Social status: _ How long (stay in the community): _ SECTION A DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS Age of Respondents [ ] 20-25 [ ]26-30 [ ]31-35 [ ]36-40 [ ]41 and above Gender Which Religion you belong to? [ ] Christian [ ] Muslim [ ] Traditionalist [ ] No Male [ ] Female [ ] religion [ ] others, please specify ……………………………… What is the highest level of education qualification you have obtained? [ ] no formal education [ ] primary [ ] secondary [ ] Tertiary Occupation: [ ] Civil service [ ] Company employed [ ] Farmer [ ] fisherman [ ] Business/ Artisanal trader (b) Income range/month(Naira): [ ] 15000-30000 [ ] 31000-46000 [ ] 47000-62000 [ ] above 62000 Marital status: [ ] Single [ ] Married [ ] Others (b) Size of household: [ ] 1-3 [ ] 4-6 [ ] 7-9 [ ] 10 and above Social/ societal status: Are you or were you a leader in the community? (a) Yes (b) No If yes, which group [ ] women group [ ] youth group [ ] men group [ ] traditional hierarchy How long have you lived here? [ ] 5-10yrs [ ] 11-20yrs [ ] 21-26yrs [ ] above 27yrs SECTION B KNOWLEDGE ON MANGROVES AND THEIR BENEFITS (i.e LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT) Are you aware of the benefit (s) of mangroves? Yes [ ] No [ ] 10 Do you, or your friends or family members enjoyed some of these benefits? Yes [ ] No[ ] (b) If yes, what are some of the benefits? Please tick as appropriate (i) Aquaculture (fish rearing) (ii) Laundry /Washing (iii) fishing/picking of seafood (iv) recreation and swimming (v) Wood resources (vi) Transportation (vii) Spiritual rites (vix)Others (please state): [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 How long have you being benefiting from the resource (s)? (a) More than years More than 10 years (c) More than 15 years (d) More than 20 years 12 b Is it the only source of livelihood for you and your family? [ ] Yes [ ] No if “No”, kindly tick appropriate: [ ] farming [ ] fishing [ ] Aquaculture [ ] Artisan [ ]business/Trading [ ] others 13 15 b Is /are the resources on the increase or depleting (i.e decreasing) [ ] Increasing [ ] Decreasing [ ] Not sure Does Ekpan mangrove area have any form of protection, regulation and or management? [ ] Yes [ ] No [ ] Not sure Do you pay any fees/levies for the use of this mangrove resource (s)? (a) Yes (b) No how often? [ ] Monthly [ ] quarterly [ ] yearly [ ] bi-annually 16 What range (in Naira)? (a) 200-500 (b) 500-800 (c) 800-1000 (d) Above 1000 14 (b) SECTION C: AWARENESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE & IMPACT 17 Have u heard or you know of the term climate change? (a) Yes (b) No (b) Extent of knowledge: [ ] Don’t know [ ] know little [ ] Reasonable extent [ ] Great extent 18 Tick appropriate boxes to indicate changes in weather/climate in the past 15 years INDICATOR INCREASING DECREASING (a) Air/surface water temperature [ ] [ ] SAME [ ] (b) Excessive rainfall [ ] [ ] [ ] (c) Storm [ ] [ ] [ ] (d) Erosion [ ] [ ] [ ] (e) Heat wave [ ] [ ] [ ] (f) Flood [ ] [ ] [ ] (g) Seasonal changes [ ] [ ] [ ] (h) Sea level rise [ ] [ ] [ ] 19 Do you think the changes have an effect on: (a) The mangrove resource (s)? (a) Yes (b) No (b) Human health? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Livelihood (i.e) your source of living? (a) Yes (b) No 20 Which of these have you experienced more in this community? [ ] Erosion [ ] flooding [ ] Storms [ ] Heat wave [ ] Excessive rainfall (a) How often? [ ] at least once per year [ ] twice per year [ ] once in 2yrs (b) What is your response during such time? [ ] Do nothing [ ] Try to stop it [ ] Relocate [ ] Report to government [ ] complain to oil companies (c) Source of assistance [ ] cooperative unions [ ] DESOPADEC [ ] NDDC [ ] companies [ ] NGO [ ] Individuals SECTION D: MANGROVE MANAGEMENT 21 Do you have or know of any group/body managing or regulating the Ekpan Mangrove forest? [ ] Yes If yes, is it [ ] No [ ] government [ ] community group [ ] company [ ] NGO/CBO 22 Do you think this regulation has helped to protect the forest? [ ] Yes 23 Do you suggest open and free access to resource(s) use? [ ] Yes [ ] No 24 Would you suggest management with regulations and strict enforcement? [ ] Yes [ ] No 25 Do you think the operational activities of oil & gas activities are negatively impacting on these resources, thus your livelihood? [ ] Yes 26 [ ] No [ ] No If yes, was there major losses of mangrove resources, livelihood? 27 Is there any action you can recommend on the sustainable management of Ekpan mangrove resources? Thank you for your time and participation in this research COMPILED FIELD RESULTS A: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS AGE 26-30 31-35 41 and above Total NO OF RESPONDENTS 25 30 45 100 PERCENT (%) 25 30 45 DURATION OF STAY(years) 5-10 11-20 21-26 Above 27 Total 10 15 70 100 10 15 70 SEX Male Female Total NO OF RESPONDENTS 59 41 100 PERCENT (%) 59 41 EDUCATION No formal Primary Secondary Tertiary Total NO OF RESPONDENTS 10 15 26 49 100 PERCENT (%) 10 15 26 49 OCCUPATION Government employed Company employed Farmer Fisher Local trader/business/Artisan Total NO OF RESPONDENTS 15 10 17 28 30 100 PERCENT(%) 15 10 17 28 30 MARITAL STATUS Single Married Others Total NO OF RESPONDENTS 24 62 14 100 PERCENT(%) 24 62 14 SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD 1-3 4-6 NO OF RESPONDENTS 81 PERCENT(%) 81 7-9 10 & above Total 100 INCOME RANGE(N)/MONTH 15000-30000 31000-46000 47000-62000 Above 62000 Total NO OF RESPONDENTS PERCENT(%) 35 11 41 13 100 35 11 41 13 B: KNOWLEDGE ON MANGROVES & THEIR BENEFITS (i.e LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT) Are you aware of the benefits of mangroves? Do you or your friends or family members enjoy some of these benefits? Listed benefits RESPONSES PERCENT (%) YES NO YES NO 92 92 92 92 Farm, fish, fresh air, wood, herb, vegetable, swimming, washing, sacrifice, periwinkle, crab, transport route, snail, fish rearing, traditional practices, wood chips for stacking fish, stake for yam, vegetables, fencing, boats & paddles, >5yrs How long have you been benefitting from the resource? >10yrs >15yrs >20yrs 18 72 RESPONSES PERCENT (%) YES 10.8% 10 Is it the only source of livelihood for you and your family? NO 82 No response Is/are the resources on the increase or depleting (i.e decreasing) Increasing Does Ekpan mangrove area have any form of protection, regulation /or management? Do you pay any fees/levies for the use of this mangrove resource (s)? Frequency of payment What Range (in N) ? 89.1% Decreasing 80 80% Not sure 15% 15 RESPONSES PERCENT (%) Yes 23 23 No 51 51 Not sure 26 26 Yes 28 35 No 52 65 No Response 20 - Monthly - - Yearly - - 300-800 800-1000 Above 1000 10 C: AWARENESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE Have you heard or you know the word climate change? Extent of knowledge RESPONSES Yes 88 No 12 PERCENT Don’t know Reasonable 12 33 UNDERSTANDING OF CC INDICATOR Air/surface water temperature Excessive rainfall Storm Erosion Heat wave Flood Seasonal changes Sea level rise Which of these have you experienced more in this community? How often? Response during such time? Source of assistance Know little 46 extent Great extent INCREASING 87 70 68 84 88 86 91 56 Erosion [84] DECREASING 12 13 Storms [58 ] SAME 10 16 23 8 39 Excessive rainfall [ 83 ] Flooding[92 ] Heat wave [80 ] Once/year 92 Do nothing [ 61] Report to government [8] Cooperatives 88 Twice/year Try to stop it [15] complain to companies [ 4] DESOPADEC 87 Companies 15 Once in 2years Relocate [12] NDDC 64 Individuals 21 NGO IMPACT Effect on mangrove Effect on human health Effect on Livelihood Yes 62 86 60 No Not sure 18 20 10 30 10 D: MANAGEMENT OF THE MANGROVE Do you have or know of any group/body managing or regulating the Ekpan mangrove forest? Do you think this regulation RESPONSES Yes No 58 42 PERCEIVED MANAGEMNET SYSTEM Government NGO/CBO Community Yes No 10 company 40 has helped to protect the 30 forest? Do you suggest open and free Yes access to resource(s) use? 89 Would you suggest Yes management with regulations and strict enforcement? 32 Do you think the operational activities of oil and gas companies are negatively 92 impacting on these resources, thus your livelihood? Is there any action you can recommend on the sustainable management of Ekpan mangrove resource? 28 No 11 No 68 i ii iii iv Control of company effluents Stop waste disposal Co-management and Local guards ... local community s knowledge on the impact of climate change on Ekpan mangrove and on their livelihoods 1.2 Objectives The overall aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of the local community. .. effects of climate change on mangroves, while on the other hand, the variability that exists from region to region of the influence of these parameters 2.4 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON COMMUNITIES AND. .. awareness of local people in Ekpan community on the benefits of mangroves, their knowledge on impacts of climate change on the mangrove and livelihoods along with initiated adaptation strategies The