Study on the pollution of song cai river under the impact of climate change and suggestion of remedies for recovering the water quality

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY o0o TA LE DANG KHOI STUDY ON THE POLLUTION OF SONG CAI RIVER UNDER THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUGGESTION OF REMEDIES FOR RECOVERING THE WATER QUALITY MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA - 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY o0o TA LE DANG KHOI STUDY ON THE POLLUTION OF SONG CAI RIVER UNDER THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUGGESTION OF REMEDIES FOR RECOVERING THE WATER QUALITY MASTER THESIS Marine Ecosystem based Management and Climate Change Major: Code: Topic allocation Decision 772/QĐ-ĐHNT dated 20/9/2016 Decision on establishing the Committee: 461/QĐ-ĐHNT dated 16/5/2017 Defense date: 3/6/2017 Suppervisors: Assoc Prof NGO DANG NGHIA Prof SIGURD STEFANSSON Prof HENRIK GLENNER Chairman: Assoc Prof PHAM QUOC HUNG Faculty of Graduate Studies: KHANH HOA - 2017 UNDERTAKING I undertake that the thesis entitled: “ Study on the pollution of Song Cai River under the impact of climate change and suggestion of remedies for recovering the water quality “ is my own work The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment until the time this thesis is submitted Khanh Hoa, Day month .year 2017 Author Ta Le Dang Khoi iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express the deepest appreciation to The Institute for Biotechnology and Environment of Nha Trang University for helping and giving best conditions me finish my thesis My special thanks go to Assoc Prof Ngo Dang Nghia for the continuous support of my Ph.D study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis Last but not least, I would like to thank my family: my parents and to my brothers and sister for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis Thank you! Khanh Hoa, Date month year 2017 Author Ta Le Dang Khoi iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter GENERAL 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Imperiousness 1.3 Natural characteristics 1.3.1 Geographical location 1.3.2 Climate Features 1.3.3 Features of major rivers and streams in Khanh Hoa Province 13 1.3.4 Current situation of water resources exploitation 13 1.4 Economic and social characteristics .14 1.4.1 Population and population distribution .14 1.4.2 Economic growth .14 1.5 Scientific and practical meaning 15 1.5.1 Scientific meaning .15 1.5.2 Practical meaning 15 Chapter SUBJECT AND RESEARCH METHODS 16 2.1 Object of research 16 2.2 Subject and scope of research .16 2.2.1 Subject of research 16 2.2.2 Scope of research .16 2.3 Research content 17 2.4 Research methods 17 2.4.1 Surey, sampling and analysis methods 17 2.4.2 Method of building water quality indicators .18 2.4.3 Method of mathematical models (MIKE 11 model) 24 2.4.4 Calculation grid establishment in MIKE 11 27 2.4.5 Climate change scenarios 30 v Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33 3.1 The current status of waste discharge sources 33 3.1.1 Sources of waste affecting the water quality of the Cai river .33 3.1.2 Direct waste sources 33 3.1.3 Discharge sources through tributary river and canal systems .36 3.2 Assessment of surface water quality in the study area 38 3.3 Evaluation of the trend in surface water quality with water quality index (WQI).41 3.4 Sources of water pollution in the future 44 3.4.1 Sources of industrial waste water 44 3.4.2 Forecast of wastewater from urban and residential areas 46 3.5 Forecasting the influence of waste water on the water quality of Cai river (Mike 11) 48 3.6 The simulation of water quality with the impact of climate change, according to different emission scenarios 48 3.6.1 Climate change scenarios 48 3.6.2 The result of Scenario simulation under the impact of climate change in 2020 49 3.6.3 The result of Scenarios simulation under the impact of climate change in 203057 LIST OF REFERENCES 68 APPENDICES vi ABBREVIATIONS CCME: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment DO: Dissolved Oxygen EQI : Environment Quality Index GIS: Geographic Information System IC: Industrial Cluster IP: Industrial Park OWQI: Oregon Water Quality Index QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT: National technical regulations on industrial waste water quality QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulations on household waste water quality QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT: National technical regulations on surface water SS: Total Suspended Solid TC: Total Coliform WQI: Water Quality Index vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Average temperatures in the years 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Table 1.2 Monthly rainfall (mm) 11 Table 1.3 Morphology of rivers and streams in Khanh Hoa 13 Table 1.4 Population in the research area in 2014 .14 Table 2.1 Locations of sampling the surface water in the Cai River 17 Table 2.2 Results of classification of water quality according to BC Index 19 Table 2.3 Specified values qi, BPi 21 Table 2.4 BPi and qi values corresponding to DO% saturated 22 Table 2.5 Specified BPi and qi values with pH parameter 22 Table 2.6 Water quality assessment .23 Table 3.4 Positions of the tributary rivers and canals flowing into the Cai River in the study area .37 Table 3.7 Locations of sampling the surface water in the Cai River 38 Table 3.8 The results of calculating WQI of Cai River in the rainy season .41 Table 3.9 The results of calculating WQI of Cai River in the dry season 42 Table 3.11 Prediction of wastewater flow generated from the IPs and ICs in 2020, 2030 .45 Table 3.18 Prediction of population in reseach area until 2020, 2030 .46 Table 3.26 The load of domestic wastewater sources under scenarios in 2020 47 Table 3.27 The load of domestic wastewater sources under scenarios in 2030 48 Table 3.28 The amount of change in precipitation (%) compared to the baseline period from 1980 to 1999 of Khanh Hoa province, according to the average emissions scenario (B2) 49 Table 3.29 The amount of change in precipitation (%) in comparison to the baseline period from 1980 to 1999 of Dak Lak province, according to the average emissions scenario (B2) 49 Table 3.30 The amount of change in temperature (oC) in comparison to the baseline period from 1980 to 1999 of Khanh Hoa province, according to the average emissions scenario (B2) 49 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The map of research area Figure 1.2 The distribution of average temperature in Khanh Hoa province 10 Figure 1.3 The distribution of rainfall in the dry seaso 12 Figure 1.5 The distribution of total annual rainfall in Khanh Hoa Province .12 Figure 2.1: Diagram of research area 16 Figure 2.2: Locations of sampling the surface water in the study area 18 Figure 2.3: Description of continuity equation .24 Figure 2.4: Diagram of flow between calculated cross sections 25 Figure 2.5: Research area sitemap .27 Figure 2.6: Calculation grid in MIKE 11 28 Figure 2.7: Cross section location 28 Figure 2.8: Edited cross sections in MIKE 11 .29 Figure 2.9: Sub-basins in the reseach area 30 Figure 2.10: Four families of greenhouse gas emission scenarios 31 Figure 3.1 Positions of the discharge sources in the study area 35 Figure 3.2 The tributary rivers and canals flowing into the Cai River .37 Figure 3.3: Locations of sampling the surface water in the study area 40 Figure 3.4 Current status of water quality in Cai River is represented by WQI in the dry season 43 Figure 3.5 Current status of water quality in Cai River is represented by WQI in the rainy season 43 Figure 3.6 DO changes in some locations according to Scenario .50 Figure 3.7 BOD changes in some locations according to Scenario 50 Figure 3.8 NH4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 51 Figure 3.9 PO4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 52 Figure 3.10 DO changes in some locations according to Scenario 52 Figure 3.11 BOD changes in some locations according to Scenario 53 Figure 3.12 NH4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 53 Figure 3.13 PO4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 54 ix Figure 3.14 DO changes in some locations according to Scenario 54 Figure 3.15 BOD changes in some locations according to Scenario 55 Figure 3.16 NH4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 56 Figure 3.17 PO4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 56 Figure 3.18 DO changes in some locations according to Scenario 57 Figure 3.19 BOD changes in some locations according to Scenario 57 Figure 3.20 NH4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 58 Figure 3.21 PO4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 58 Figure 3.22 DO changes in some locations according to Scenario 59 Figure 3.23 BOD changes in some locations according to Scenario 59 Figure 3.24 NH4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 60 Figure 3.25 PO4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 60 Figure 3.26 DO changes in some locations according to Scenario 61 Figure 3.27 BOD changes in some locations according to Scenario 61 Figure 3.28 NH4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 62 Figure 3.29 PO4 changes in some locations according to Scenario 62 x Table 3.3 The amount of pollutants discharged directly into the Cai River The load of pollutants (kg/day) No Discharge sources Population (people) COD BOD5 NH4+ NO3- PO43- Dien Khanh town residential area 19,320 415.46 317.16 333.85 216.22 87.56 15.52 Dien An residential area 10,045 117.33 75.54 116.52 7.02 27.09 5.94 Dien Thanh residential area 5,178 152.03 107.70 115.99 6.34 19.26 4.54 Dien Lac residential area 7,548 135.86 94.80 81.52 5.96 20.75 3.82 Dien Phu residential area 1,673 23.69 16.73 30.78 0.81 4.03 0.52 Dien Son residential area 10,396 218.73 151.37 174.65 9.23 32.85 6.02 Vinh Trung residential area 6,725 166.78 130.73 89.31 3.86 15.53 3.67 TOTAL 60,885 1,229.38 894.03 942.62 54.44 207.07 40.03 TSS Table 3.5 The results of water quality analysis of the rivers, canals and streams flowing into the Cai River No Rivers, canals and streams Flow (m3/min) pH COD (mg/l) BOD5 (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) NH4(mg/l) NO3+ (mg/l) PO43(mg/l) Hg (mg/l) Coliform (MPN/100ml) Phuoc Lac Tho Stream 17.5 6.5 23 14 11 0.39 1.96 0.071