mind machine and morality toward a philosophy of human technology symbiosis

Mind, Machine and Morality A treatise on the future of human-machine systems and the consideration of their manifest and more esoteric purposes Mind, Machine and Morality toward a Philosophy of human-technology Symbiosis Peter a hancock University of Central Florida, USA CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Peter A Hancock CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20160226 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7546-7358-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface acknowledgements ix xi xiii xv The Science and Philosophy of Human-Machine Systems Preamble introduction humans and technology Perception and action in Space and time Perception-action in Space-time Metaphor, Systems control, and ecological Principles technology and nature: Symbiosis and antagonism adaptive Systems Summary 1 13 19 22 24 28 Teleology for Technology Statement of Purpose overview of the chapter a Metaphorical Prelude A Definition of terms: teleology and technology technical versus human capabilities is technology ‘natural’? evolution of human and Machine convergent evolution and co-evolution human-Machine Symbiosis our Mutual Future two cultures: a technical Society divided by technology the actual and the ideal conclusion 31 31 32 32 34 37 41 48 54 56 60 63 65 66 Convergent Technological Evolution introduction Forces for convergent evolution the Push of computer technology the Pull of information Processing capabilities convergence of the Physical interface 69 69 70 71 72 73 vi Mind, Machine and Morality convergence of the information Format an example of Process convergence Summary 76 79 82 The Future of Function Allocation Preamble the Foundation of Function allocation the Failure of Function allocation the Future of Function allocation design and Meta-design 85 85 86 86 90 91 The Sheepdog and the Japanese Garden a Statement of Purpose the Winds of change the human as Master the human as Servant the human as Slave the Seven ages of human-Machine interaction Who does What? adaptive allocation in automated Systems the Sheepdog and the Japanese Garden the Unit of analysis interfacing through Virtual reality Summary 93 93 94 94 95 97 98 99 101 103 107 108 111 On the Future of Work introduction Work and leisure autonomy at Work designing enjoyable Work design recommendations concluding remarks 113 113 113 115 116 119 120 Men Without Machines Preamble introduction distinguishing tools from Machines distinguishing Machines from SiMs      Sarah island, MacQuarie harbor, Van diemen’s land Port arthur, tasman’s Peninsula, Van diemen’s land directing technology 123 123 123 124 125 125 127 128 Life, Liberty, and the Design of Happiness Preamble 129 129 Contents vii two norfolk Stories Figures in the timescape the Purposes of life the design of happiness 129 131 135 137 Mind, Machine and Morality introduction design and Morality the traditional Stance Separating Morality and religion torture and the Foreshadowing of ergonomics For the Purposes of life the ambiguity and emotion of torture From the Purveyance of Pain to the Pursuit of Pleasure the Morality of design, the Morality of Use Summary and conclusion 141 141 142 144 145 146 149 152 154 156 157 Permissions References Index 159 161 179 list of Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 5.1 9.1 9.2 9.3 the ranges of unaided and aided human activity a time scale of human actions (after newell) William Blake represents the eternal reaching of human nature in the illustration ‘i want! i want!’ Perception-action loops expand and interpolate into individual and collective perception-action spirals Minkowski’s space-time diagram (1923) an illustration of an energetic landscape with local catastrophes, discontinuities, and asymmetries noted Structure of and constraints on decisions cross-section of an energetic ‘landscape’ from pure randomness beyond the chaotic at one extreme to terminal stasis at the other kauffman’s (1993) re-plot of raup’s (1986) data on the log number of extinction events versus the log size of those events human (b) versus machine (a) capabilities as a function of time relationships in log/log space the classic hierarchy of human needs as proposed by Maslow (1954) exponential increase in the number of displays in high performance aircraft versus the year of development View of a modern-day cockpit showing the distal display space Modern control room configuration replicates the cockpit displays the front illustration of the text by klein, orasanu, calderwood and Zsambok (1993) ‘Second nature’ convergence of control structure in different systems under the influence of common technology the listing of abilities in which human capability exceeds machine capability the listing of abilities in which machine capability exceeds human capability Identification of factors influencing potential strategy changes in response to workload variation three chairs, three very different purposes the barrel and the ‘branks’ one of the supposedly more ‘benign’ forms of torture in which the victim experiences the sensation of drowning 12 14 15 18 25 28 39 45 59 73 74 75 78 80 81 87 87 102 150 151 153 170 Mind, Machine and Morality Macdonald, P.S (2002) descartes: the lost episodes Journal of the History of Philosophy, 40 (4), 437–60 Mackworth, n.h (1961) researches on the measurement of human performance in: h.W Sinaiko (ed.) 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101 foundations of 86, 87 humans as subsystem of last resort 89 and indeterminacy of the real world 89–90 static, failure of 86, 88–9 ambiguity of torture 152 animals difference to humans 43–4 domestication of 104–5 anthropomorphic view of machines 61–2 aristotle 29 arthur, Brian 79 aurelius, Marcus 103 automation and brain processing 135, 135–6 as freedom from repetition 136–7 historical examples of 132–5, 133 imperative/discretionary 40–1 intentionality of machines 57–8 love-hate relationships with 61 autonomy over work 115–16 aviation 80 B Bacon, Francis 1, 2, 134–5, 145 bifurcations in society 63–5 Black Riders, The (crane) 85 Blake, William 6–9, blame, removal of 47 boredom in virtual reality 110 brain processing and automation 135, 135–6 breakdown in dynamic aiding 16–17 Bronowski, Jacob 94, 98 Butler, S 37–8, 58, 66, 111 c capek, k 60 card, S.k 73, 73 chignell, M.h 24 co-evolution of humans and technology 24, 55–6 human/machine comparison 38–40, 39 cognitive capability of humans 38, 39, 40 cognitive processing capabilities of humans 72 comedy and torture 152, 153 180 Mind, Machine and Morality complexity of systems and intuition 20 removal of blame 47 technology and nature 44–6, 45 computer technology convergent evolution of 54 as force for convergent evolution 71 control over work 115–16 convergent evolution 54–5 contemporary directions 73, 73–4, 74 control room environments 75, 75 forces for 70–2 metaphors of representation 77–9, 78, 80 nature of information displayed 76–7 process convergence 79–82, 81 transportation control 79–82, 81 virtual reality environments 76 crane, Stephen 85 csikszentmihalyi, M 114 d darwin, charles 49–50 decisions, structure of and constraints on 17–18, 18 dee, John 134 dependence, mutual, of humans and technology 56–7 design as directed evolution 69–70, 91 dynamic 92 Fitts’ lists 86, 87 of happiness 137–9 impact of economics and market forces 71 for making work enjoyable 116–19 and morality 142–3 morality of 156 differences and similarities in experience 42–3 differential GPS 79–81, 81 direct displays 20–2 direct inheritance 51–2 discretionary automation 40–1 domestication of animals 104–5 druyan, a 48 dynamic aiding, breakdown in 16–17 dynamic allocation 90–2, 101 e ecological school of psychology 11–12, 22, 107–8 economics and ergonomics 155 impact of on design 71 edge of chaos 25, 25–8, 28 eiseley, l 43 emotions and torture 152, 153 empathy, process 19–20, 22 energy minimization 19 enjoyment of work 116–20 environment as constraining goalorientation ergonomics economic reasons for 155 evolution to from torture 154, 154 and pleasurable human-machine interaction 155 and torture 147 evolution design as directed 69–70 human 48–52, 52n2, 53 of humans and technology 24 machine 52–3 technical and natural compared 69–70 and time 53 experience dissociation with action 12 similarities and differences in 42–3 exploration, human to the edge of chaos 25, 25–8, 28 by unaided individuals 17–19, 18 F failure and complexity of systems removal of blame 47 technology and nature 44–6 Fitts, P.M 86, 89 Flink, J.J 111 Ford, henry 96 free-flight 80 Fuld, r.B 85 function allocation adaptive 90–2, 101–3, 102 comparative lists, use of 88, 100–1 complementarity 100 critiques of 85 Index dynamic 90–2, 101 foundations of 86, 87 humans as subsystem of last resort 89 and indeterminacy of the real world 89–90 static, failure of 86, 88–90 G Garrett, G 56 Gibson, James 11, 20–1, 29 global positioning systems (GPS) 79–81, 81 goal-orientation behaviour and control systems 2–3 environment as constraining exploration of space and time 4–5 perturbation 15–17 by unaided individuals 17–19, 18 goals social, and individuality 58–9 of technology, need to identify 33–4 Golem of Prague 132–4, 133 Gould, S.J 70, 82, 144 Gregory, r.l 29 h Hammer, The (Sandburg) 31 hancock, P.a 24 happiness, design of 137–9 hierarchy of needs 59, 59 hobbes, thomas 136 holland, J.F 117 hopkin, V.d 88 hubble telescope 11 human activity boundaries to unaided action 7–8 range of in space and time 5–6, human factors early involvement in determining purpose 66 and ergonomics (hF/e) and morality 143 human intelligence, machine intelligence as exceeding 40–1 human nature, lack of change in 3–4 humans co-evolution of technology and 24, 55–6 cognitive processing capabilities 72 181 consciousness of time 49 different to animals 43–4 evolution of 48–52, 53 future of interaction with machines 98–9 interaction with machines, sheepdog metaphor 103–6 limits of when unaided 38, 39 as masters of machines 94–5 passive attitude to external forces 67 reliance on technology 37 as servants of machines 95–7 as slaves 97 as subsystem of last resort 89 usurpation of functions by machines 99–100 without machines, examples 125–8 hybrid control in transportation 81, 81–2 i I want! I want! (Blake) 8–9, illich, i 62, 63 imperative automation 40–1 individuality mutuality, move to from 47–8, 55–6 and social goals 58–9 inequalities in society 63–5 information displays 20–2 information-processing approach 107 information processing capabilities of humans 72 inheritance of learned traits 51–2 intelligence, machine, as exceeding human 40–1 intelligent transportation systems (itS) 80–1 intention lack of in evolution 50 of machine operators 96 of machines 57–8 intentional selection 49–50 interfaces contemporary directions 73, 73–4, 74 control room environments 75, 75 customizable 117 forces for convergent evolution 70–2 metaphors of representation 77–9, 78, 80 182 Mind, Machine and Morality nature of information displayed 76–7 virtual reality environments 76, 108–10 intuition and system complexity 20 J Japanese gardens 106–7 k kantowitz, B.h 101 kauffman, S.a 27–8, 45 kipling, rudyard 1, kirlik, a 108 koestler, arthur 37, 44 kugler, P.n 14–15, 15 l lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de 52 learned traits, inheritance of 51–2 lederman, l.M 123 leisure attitudes to 113–15 separation from work needed 120 life, purpose of 135, 135–7 love-hate relationships with machines 61 lovelock, James 41 M Macbeth (Shakespeare) 67 machines anthropomorphic view of 61–2 distinguished from self-intentional systems (SiS) 125 distinguished from tools 124 as enemies 62–3 evolution of 52–3 future of interaction with humans 98–9 humans as masters of 94–5 humans as servants of 95–7 humans without, examples 125–8 intelligence of as exceeding human 40–1 intentionality of 57–8 interaction with humans, sheepdog metaphor 103–6 love-hate relationships with 61 usurpation of human functions by 99–100 Magritte, rené 79, 80 Man the Tool Maker (oakley) 124 Margulis, lynn 41 market forces, impact on design 71 Marx, karl 145 Maslow, abraham 65 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 59, 59 material desires 138 Mckibben, W 41, 54 McPhee, J 106 meta-adaptation in evolution 49 metaphors in information displays 22 Japanese gardens 106–7 from North by North-West (film) 32–3 of representation 77–9, 78, 80 shepherd and sheepdog 103–6 in virtual reality 109–10 Mill, John Stuart 138 Minkowski space-time diagram 13–15, 14, 15 morality and design 142–3 of design and use 156 and religion 145–6 as separate from science 144–5 Moravec, h 39, 55, 62 Moray, n 2–3, 116, 117 mutual dependence of humans and technology 56–7 mutuality, move to from individuality 47–8, 55–6 n natural selection, arguments against 51–2 nature and technology 22–4, 44 as complementary 106–7 complexity and failure of systems 44–6, 45 as in conflict 106 norfolk stories 129–31 North by North-West (film) 32–3 o oakley, kenneth 124 oriental horticulture 106–7 orthotic-range in space and time 10 Index P penal colonies 125–8 perception boundaries to aided 11 boundaries to unaided 8–9, ecological school of psychology 11–12 limitations of metaphor, use of at edge spiral of development with action 12, 12 tension with action 3, Perrow, c 27 perturbation during tasks 15–17 Petroski, h 86–7 Phanerozoic geologic era 27–8, 28 physical capability of humans 38, 39 planning 17–18 Port arthur, tasman’s Peninsula 127 Powers, W.t process convergence 79–82, 81 process empathy 19–20, 22 purpose human Factors’ early involvement in determining 66 of life 135, 135–7 and science 141 technology’s failure to address 59–60 r racks, torture 148, 151–2 range of human activity human 7–8 orthotic 10–11 perceptual 8–9, through space and time 5–6, 6, universal 11 raup, d.M 27–8 reason, J 27 reed, e.S 21n1 reliance on technology 37 religion and morality 145–6 as separate from science 145 removal of blame 47 repetition, automation as freedom from 136–7 riley, V 52 183 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 138 S Sagan, c 48 Sandburg, carl 31 Sarah island, MacQuarie harbor 125–6 Scerbo, M.W 118 science of human-machine systems failure to address purpose 60 interpretations of and morality 143 and purpose 141 as separate from morality 144–5 Searle, J 58 Second Nature (Magritte) 79, 80 self-intentional systems (SiS) 125 Shakespeare, William 67 Shaw, G.B 60 sheepdog and shepherd metaphor 103–6 similarities and differences in experience 42–3 slavery 97 Smith, karl 29 Snow, c.P 64 social goals and individuality 58–9 society divided by technology 63–5 Sorkin, r.d 101 space orthotic-range 10 range of human activity 5–6, unaided individuals in 17–19, 18 stability, dynamic, breakdown in 16–17 Steinbeck, John 93 Stevenson, robert louis 16, 77–8 stories, norfolk 129–31 survival of the fittest 49, 51, 52 Swain, d.a 118 Sweeley, c.c 117 symbiosis, human-machine elementary form of 57 intentionality of machines 57–8 mutual dependence 56–7 system complexity and intuition 20 t task allocation adaptive 90–2, 101–3, 102 comparative lists, use of 88, 100–1 184 Mind, Machine and Morality complementarity 100 critiques of 85 dynamic 90–2, 101 foundations of 86, 87 humans as subsystem of last resort 89 and indeterminacy of the real world 89–90 static, failure of 86, 88–90 tasks, perturbation during 15–17 technology access to 64–5 broadened definition 36–7 co-evolution of humans and 24, 55–6 as complementing nature 106–7 computer, as force for convergent evolution 71 as in conflict with nature 106 as contemporary theology 67 definition 31 failure to address purpose 59–60 as independent entity 55 machine evolution 52–3 as natural 41–2 and natural laws 44 and nature, complexity and failure of systems 45 nature and 22–4 potential for disenfranchisement 97–8 reliance on 37 society divided by 63–5 teleology definition 31 retrospection vs prospection 35–6 traditional view of 35 theology, technology as 67 thoreau, henry david 31 time and evolution of humans and machines 53 orthotic-range 10 range of human activity 5–6, 6, unaided individuals in 17–19, 18 tolkkinen, karen 34–5 tools development of use 103–4 distinguished from machines 124 torture ambiguity of 152 and comedy 152, 153 design of the rack 151–2 and ergonomics 146–9 evolution to ergonomics 154, 154 purposes of 149–50 transportation control 79–82, 81 treadmills 148–9 Treasure Island (Stevenson) 16, 77–8 turvey, M.t 14–15, 15 U unaided individuals in space-time 17–19, 18 unit of analysis 107–8 universal range 11 V Vallee, J 39 virtual reality 76, 108–10 W Waddington, c.h 51 Waldrop, M 79 Watson, John B 138 Westrum, ron 118 Wilkes, Gary 36 work attitudes to 113–15, 118–19 control over 115–16 enjoyable, designing for 116–20 and ergonomics 155 separation from leisure needed 120 ... can pull and haul and push and lift and drive, We can print and plough and weave and heat and light, We can run and race and swim and fly and drive, We can see and hear and count and read and write.. .Mind, Machine and Morality A treatise on the future of human -machine systems and the consideration of their manifest and more esoteric purposes Mind, Machine and Morality toward a Philosophy. .. Function allocation design and Meta-design 85 85 86 86 90 91 The Sheepdog and the Japanese Garden a Statement of Purpose the Winds of change the human as Master the human as Servant the human as Slave