Pagei TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII Pageii ComplexAdaptiveSystems (selectedtitles) JohnH.Holland,ChristopherG.Langton,andStewartW.Wilson,advisors AnIntroductiontoGeneticAlgorithms, MelanieMitchell CatchingOurselvesintheAct:SituatedActivity,InteractiveEmergence,andHumanThought, HorstHendriks- Jansen ElementsofArtificialNeuralNetworks, KishanMehrotra,ChilukuriK.Mohan,andSanjayRanka AdvancesinGeneticProgramming,Volume2, editedbyPeterJ.AngelineandKennethE.Kinnear,Jr. GrowingArtificialSocieties:SocialSciencefromtheBottomUp, JoshuaM.EpsteinandRobertAxtell AnIntroductiontoNaturalComputation, DanaH.Ballard FourthEuropeanConferenceonArtificialLife, editedbyPhilHusbandsandInmanHarvey TowardaScienceofConsciousnessII:TheSecondTucsonDiscussionsandDebates, editedbyStuartR. Hameroff,AlfredW.Kaszniak,andAlwynC.Scott AnIntroductiontoFuzzySets:AnalysisandDesign, WitoldPedryczandFernandoGomide FromAnimalstoAnimats5:ProceedingsoftheFifthInternationalConferenceonSimulationofAdaptive Behavior, editedbyRolfPfeifer,BruceBlumberg,Jean-ArcadyMeyer,andStewartW.Wilson ArtificialLifeVI:ProceedingsoftheSixthInternationalConference, editedbyChristophAdami,RichardK. Belew,HiroakiKitano,andCharlesE.Taylor TheSimpleGeneticAlgorithm:FoundationsandTheory, MichaelD.Vose AdvancesinGeneticProgramming:Volume3, editedbyLeeSpector,WilliamB.Langdon,Una-MayO'Reilly, andPeterJ.Angeline TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII:TheThirdTucsonDiscussionsandDebates, editedbyStuartR. Hameroff,AlfredW.Kasniak,andDavidJ.Chalmers Pageiii TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII TheThirdTucsonDiscussionsandDebates editedbyStuartR.Hameroff,AlfredW.Kaszniak,andDavidJ.Chalmers Pageiv ©1999MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans (includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publisher. ThisbookwassetinTimesNewRomanbyAscoTypesetters,HongKong PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Toward a science of consciousness III : the third Tucson discussions and debates / edited by Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak, David J. Chalmers. p. m. — (Complex adaptive systems) "A Bradford book." Conference proceedings. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-58181-7 (alk. paper) 1. Consciousness—Congresses. I. Hameroff, Stuart R. II. Kaszniak, Alfred W., 1949– . III. Chalmers, David John, 1966– . IV. Title: Toward a science of consciousness three. V. Title: Third Tucson discussions and debates. BF311.T67 1999 153—dc21 99-36574 CIP Pagev ATREETICKLESITSBRANCHES CarolEbbecke We are the laughing rats. Our private approaches to reflection still require a second perspective. We can clearly see through our psychoscope the hot spot of vision and awareness our perception of the vision at hand versus science itself— a cat versus a kitten, a model versus a reality. A scan will tell us, second hand, that no amount of mythmaking will maintain a memory of private subjectivity in the mind's past. Moony blue rays on the mountainscape lasso the self in the name of qualia, the synchronicity of the coyote's rapture a shaman caught in the feather of physicality. Awareness invariably entails awareness of something, the mechanics of variables, fuzzy virtual memory eludes the paradigm. Rescind the sensory, dreams are the stories we tell upon waking—experience plus explanation . . . Fire of the breathless continuum begs the answer: can I know you through one eye? and opens a non-human border to the mind, captures language before we can focus the space, or consider the time. Pagevii CONTENTS Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv Preface xix I TheExplanatoryGap Introduction DavidJ.Chalmers 1 1 Conceivability,Identity,andtheExplanatoryGap JosephLevine 3 2 ConceivingBeyondOurMeans:TheLimitsofThoughtExperiments RobertVanGulick 13 3 RealisticMaterialistMonism GalenStrawson 23 4 OntheIntrinsicNatureofthePhysical GreggH.Rosenberg 33 II Color Introduction DavidJ.Chalmers 49 5 OfColorandConsciousness StephenPalmer 51 6 ColorQualityandColorStructure C.LarryHardin 65 7 75 PseudonormalVisionandColorQualia MartineNida-Rumelin III NeuralCorrelates Introduction AlfredW.Kaszniak 85 8 TowardaCognitiveNeuroscienceofConsciousness AnttiRevonsuo 87 Pageviii 9 NeuralCorrelatesofHallucinogen-InducedAlteredStatesof Consciousness F.X.Vollenweider,A.Gamma,andM.F.I.Vollenweider- Scherpenhuyzen 99 10 FirstStepstowardaTheoryofMentalForce:PETImagingofSystematic CerebralChangesafterPsychologicalTreatmentofObsessive- CompulsiveDisorder JeffreyM.Schwartz 111 IV VisionandConsciousness Introduction DavidJ.Chalmers 123 11 TheVisualBraininAction A.DavidMilnerandMelvynA.Goodale 127 12 InSearchofImmaculatePerception:EvidencefromMotor RepresentationsofSpace YvesRossetti 141 13 Attending,Seeing,andKnowinginBlindsight RobertW.Kentridge,C.A.Heywood,andLarryWeiskrantz 149 14 InsightsintoBlindsight A.DavidMilner 161 15 FromGraspingtoLanguage:MirrorNeuronsandtheOriginofSocial Communication VittorioGallese 165 16 Supportingthe"GrandIllusion"ofDirectPerception:ImplicitLearning inEye-MovementControl FrankH.Durgin 179 17 SelectivePeripheralFading:HowAttentionLeadstoLossofVisual Consciousness LianggangLou 189 V Emotion Introduction AlfredW.Kaszniak 197 Pageix 18 ConsciousExperienceandAutonomicResponsetoEmotionalStimuli FollowingFrontalLobeDamage AlfredKaszniak,SherylL.Reminger,StevenZ.Rapcsak,andElizabeth L.Glisky 201 19 AttheIntersectionofEmotionandConsciousness:Affective NeuroscienceandExtendedReticularThalamicActivatingSystem (ERTAS)TheoriesofConsciousness DouglasF.Watt 215 20 LaughingRats?PlayfulTicklingArousesHigh-FrequencyUltrasonic ChirpinginYoungRodents JaakPankseppandJeffreyBurgdorf 231 VI 245 EvolutionandFunctionofConsciousness Introduction StuartR.Hameroff 21 ThePrivatizationofSensation NicholasHumphrey 247 22 FlaggingthePresentMomentwithQualia RichardL.Gregory 259 23 IfQualiaEvolved . . . A.GrahamCairns-Smith 271 24 HandaxesandIceAgeCarvings:HardEvidencefortheEvolutionof Consciousness StevenMithen 281 25 EphemeralLevelsofMentalOrganization:DarwinianCompetitionsasa BasisforConsciousness WilliamH.Calvin 297 VII PhysicalRealityandConsciousness Introduction StuartR.Hameroff 309 26 WhatDoesQuantumMechanicsImplyabouttheNatureoftheUniverse? ShimonMalin 313 Pagex 27 QuantumMonadology KunioYasue 317 28 TheInterfaceinaMixedQuantum/ClassicalModelofBrainFunction ScottHaganandMasayukiHirafuji 329 VIII TheTimingofConsciousExperience Introduction StuartHameroff 341 29 DoApparentTemporalAnomaliesRequireNonclassicalExplanation? StanleyA.Klein 343 30 AQuantumPhysicsModeloftheTimingofConsciousExperience FredA.Wolf 359 31 ConsciousandAnomalousNonconsciousEmotionalProcesses:A ReversaloftheArrowofTime? DickJ.BiermanandDeanRadin 367 IX Phenomenology Introduction AlfredKaszniak 387 32 ExploringActualitythroughExperimentandExperience PietHut 391 33 Intersubjectivity:ExploringConsciousnessfromtheSecond-Person Perspective ChristiandeQuincey 407 34 GoetheandthePhenomenologicalInvestigationofConsciousness ArthurZajonc 417 35 EssentialDimensionsofConsciousness:Objective,Subjective,and Intersubjective FrancesVaughan 429 36 441 TrainingtheAttentionandExploringConsciousnessinTibetan Buddhism B.AlanWallace Pagexi 37 TranspersonalandCognitivePsychologiesofConsciousness:A NecessaryandReciprocalDialogue HarryT.Hunt 449 38 BiogeneticStructuralTheoryandtheNeurophenomenologyof Consciousness CharlesD.Laughlin 459 39 ExperientialClarificationoftheProblemoftheSelf JonathanShear 475 Index 489 Pagexiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Theeditorswouldliketoexpresstheirappreciationtoallofthehard-workingpeoplewhoputintimeandeffort everydayinordertokeeptheTucsonconferencesandrelatedactivitiesrunningsmoothly.CarolEbbecke,our editorialassistantandpoetryslammistress,hasnowguidedtwoTucsonvolumestopress.Withouther organizationalskills,communication,andaesthetictastethesebookswouldnotbepossible.TheFetzerInstitute continuestoprovidegeneroussupportforourendeavors.OurforthcomingCenterforConsciousnessStudies, whichwouldnotbeinitscurrentguisewithoutFetzer'sinput,ispartandparcelofallofourpresentandfuture Tucsonconferences.The JournalofConsciousnessStudies and TrendsinCognitiveScience havegenerously permittedustoreprintmaterialfromtheirpages.TheProgramCommittee,includingChristofKoch,Marilyn Schlitz,AlScott,PetraStoerig,KeithSutherland,MichaelWinkelman,andJimLaukes,scatteredallaroundthe world,cametogetherbye-mailandinTucsontoassemblethemulti-disciplinaryline-upfortheconference. ArtistDaveCantrellre-createdsomeofthetrickierfigures,andAlScottgaveushisblessingandturnedhis editorshipovertoDaveChalmersbeginningwiththisbook.Finally,JimLaukeskeptthestarchinoursailsand alwaysmadecertainthatwecoulddeliveronwhatwepromisedthoughhisattentiontoeveryimaginabledetail. WemustalsothankourfamiliesandcolleaguesinourhomedepartmentsofAnesthesiology,Psychology, Neurology,Psychiatry,andPhilosophy,andtheUniversityofArizonaforprovidinganacademicenvironment amenabletoourintellectualpursuits. Finally,wearegratefultoBradfordBooksandtheMITPressfortheircontinuedsupport.Inparticularwe thankBettyStantonforherstewardship,visionandcourageincontinuinginherlatehusband'srole. Pagexv CONTRIBUTORS DickBierman UniversityofAmsterdam Roetersstraat15 1018WBAmsterdam,TheNetherlands JeffreyBurgdorf Dept.ofPsychology BowlingGreenStateUniversity BowlingGreen,OH43403 A.G.Cairns-Smith DepartmentofChemistry GlasgowUniversity GlasgowG128QQ Scotland,UK WilliamH.Calvin DepartmentofPsychiatryand BehavioralSciences UniversityofWashington SeattleWA98195-1800 DavidJ.Chalmers DepartmentofPhilosophy TheUniversityofArizona Tucson,AZ85721 ChristiandeQuincey InstituteofNoeticSciencesandtheJohn F.KennedyUniversity IONS,475GateFiveRoad,Suite300 Sausalito,CA94965 FrankH.Durgin DepartmentofPsychology SwarthmoreCollege 500CollegeAvenue [...]... (consider the old quarrel between general relativity theory and quantum mechanics) It may be added, with Russell and others, that although physics appears to tell us a great deal about certain of the general structural or mathematical characteristics of the physical, it fails to give us any real insight into the nature of whatever it is that has these characteristics—apart from making it plain that it... he had neither an adequate concept of reproduction nor an adequate concept of the total physical structure of a living organism, and he also lacked an adequate theory of how the two might fit together He had no idea of the way in which reproduction involves the replication and transfer of genetic information, and he had not the slightest grasp of what we now know to be the biochemical basis of that... and only in respect of the qualitative character that they have for those who have them as they have them Realistic materialist monists, then, grant that experiential phenomena are real, and are wholly physical, strictly on a par with the phenomena of extension and mass as characterized by physics For if they do not, they are not realistic materialists This is the part of the reason why genuine, reflective... specifies abstract patterns and bare differences, but no underlying nature He argues that causation has two aspects: an external aspect characterized by physical theory, and an internal aspect about which physical theory is silent He argues that consciousness may be tied to the internal aspect of physical causation, giving it a deep and fundamental place in the natural order Many more papers on these issues... that in fact they aren't the same thing For what is the case cannot be guaranteed by how we conceive of it In the end, we are right back where we started The explanatory gap argument doesn't demonstrate a gap in nature, but a gap in our understanding of nature Of course a plausible explanation for there being a gap in our understanding of nature is that there is a genuine gap in nature But so long as... do, we are directly acquainted with certain features of the fundamental or ultimate nature of reality, as Russell and many others have remarked—whether or not we can put what we know into words in any theoretically tractable way Page 25 Some deny this "Look," they say, "in having experience we only have access to an appearance of how things are, and are not acquainted, in the mere having of the experience,... Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem MIT Press Strawson, G 1994 Mental Reality MIT Press Page 3 1— Conceivability, Identity, and the Explanatory Gap Joseph Levine Materialism in the philosophy of mind is the thesis that the ultimate nature of the mind is physical; there is no sharp discontinuity in nature between the mental and the nonmental Antimaterialists assert that, on the contrary, mental... between the two explanation sketches is just this The one that leaves an explanatory gap is the one that relies essentially on a gappy identity! 4— Metaphysical Implications At the start of the chapter I distinguished between the explanatory gap argument we've been discussing and the traditional antimaterialist conceivability argument The latter attempts to establish a metaphysical thesis, to the effect... itself, the event of being-appeared-to, with all the qualitative character that it has, is itself part of physical reality They cannot say that it too is just an appearance, and not part of how things are, on pain of infinite regress They must grant that it is itself a reality, and a reality with which we must be allowed to have some sort of direct acquaintance 3 The puzzlement remains the deep puzzlement... issues can be found in Block, Flanagan, and Güzeldere (1997) and Shear (1997) References Block, N., Flanagan, O., and Güzeldere, G (eds.) 1997 The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates MIT Press Chalmers, D J 1996 The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory Oxford University Press Levine, J 1983 Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64:354–61 Shear, . editedbyLeeSpector,WilliamB.Langdon,Una-MayO'Reilly, andPeterJ.Angeline TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII:TheThirdTucsonDiscussionsandDebates, editedbyStuartR. Hameroff,AlfredW.Kasniak,andDavidJ.Chalmers Pageiii TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII TheThirdTucsonDiscussionsandDebates editedbyStuartR.Hameroff,AlfredW.Kaszniak,andDavidJ.Chalmers Pageiv ©1999MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans (includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publisher. ThisbookwassetinTimesNewRomanbyAscoTypesetters,HongKong PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. Library. havegenerously permittedustoreprintmaterialfromtheirpages.TheProgramCommittee,includingChristofKoch,Marilyn Schlitz,AlScott,PetraStoerig,KeithSutherland,MichaelWinkelman,andJimLaukes,scatteredallaroundthe world,cametogetherbye-mailandinTucsontoassemblethemulti-disciplinaryline-upfortheconference. ArtistDaveCantrellre-createdsomeofthetrickierfigures,andAlScottgaveushisblessingandturnedhis editorshipovertoDaveChalmersbeginningwiththisbook.Finally,JimLaukeskeptthestarchinoursailsand alwaysmadecertainthatwecoulddeliveronwhatwepromisedthoughhisattentiontoeveryimaginabledetail. WemustalsothankourfamiliesandcolleaguesinourhomedepartmentsofAnesthesiology,Psychology, Neurology,Psychiatry,andPhilosophy,andtheUniversityofArizonaforprovidinganacademicenvironment amenabletoourintellectualpursuits. Finally,wearegratefultoBradfordBooksandtheMITPressfortheircontinuedsupport.Inparticularwe thankBettyStantonforherstewardship,visionandcourageincontinuinginherlatehusband'srole. Pagexv CONTRIBUTORS DickBierman UniversityofAmsterdam Roetersstraat15 1018WBAmsterdam,TheNetherlands JeffreyBurgdorf Dept.ofPsychology BowlingGreenStateUniversity BowlingGreen,OH43403 A. G.Cairns-Smith DepartmentofChemistry GlasgowUniversity GlasgowG128QQ Scotland,UK WilliamH.Calvin DepartmentofPsychiatryand BehavioralSciences UniversityofWashington SeattleWA98195-1800 DavidJ.Chalmers DepartmentofPhilosophy TheUniversityofArizona Tucson, AZ85721 ChristiandeQuincey InstituteofNoeticSciencesandtheJohn F.KennedyUniversity IONS,475GateFiveRoad,Suite300 Sausalito,CA94965 FrankH.Durgin DepartmentofPsychology SwarthmoreCollege 500CollegeAvenue Swarthmore,PA19081 CarolEbbecke DepartmentofEnglish TheUniversityofArizona Tucson, AZ85721 VittorioGallese InstituteofHumanPhysiology UniversityofParma viaGramsci,14-I43100Parma,Italy AlexGamma PsychiatricUniversityHospitalZürich ResearchDepartment Box68 CH-8029Zürich,Switzerland ElizabethL.Glisky DepartmentofPsychology TheUniversityofArizona Tucson, AZ85721 MelvynA.Goodale TheUniversityofWesternOntario DepartmentofPsychology SocialScienceCentre London,OntarioN 6A5 C2,Canada RichardL.Gregory UniversityofBristol DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology 8WoodlandRoad BristolBS81TN,UK ScottHagan ComputationalModelingLab Dept.ofInformationScience,N .A. R.C. 3-1-1Kannondai,Tsukuba,Ibaraki, 305Japan StuartR.Hameroff DepartmentofAnesthesiology ArizonaHealthSciencesCenter Tucson, AZ85724 C.LarryHardin DepartmentofPhilosophy SyracuseUniversity Syracuse,NY13244 CharlesA.Heywood DepartmentofPsychology ScienceLaboratories SouthRoad,Durham,DH13LE,UK MasayukiHirafuji ComputationalModelingLab Dept.ofInformationScience,N .A. R.C. 3-1-1Kannondai,Tsukuba,Ibaraki, 305Japan Pagexvi NicholasHumphrey DepartmentofPsychology NewSchoolforSocialResearch 65FifthAvenue NewYork,NY10003 HarryT.Hunt DepartmentofPsychology BrockUniversity St.Catherines,Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada PietHut InstituteforAdvancedStudy OldenLane Princeton,NJ08540 AlfredW.Kaszniak DepartmentsofPsychologyand Psychiatry TheUniversityofArizona Tucson, AZ85721 RobertW.Kentridge DepartmentofPsychology ScienceLaboratories SouthRoad,Durham,DH13LE,UK StanleyA.Klein VisionScience UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley Berkeley,CA94720-2020 CharlesD.Laughlin DepartmentofSociologyand Anthropology CarletonUniversity Ottawa,Ontario,CANADAK1S5B6 and InternationalConsciousnessResearch Laboratories(ICRL) JosephLevine NorthCarolinaStateUniversity DepartmentofPhilosophyandReligion Raleigh,NC,27695 LianggangLou DepartmentofPsychology TheUniversityofHongKong PokfulamRoad HongKong ShimonMalin DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy ColgateUniversity 13OakDrive Hamilton,NY13346 A. DavidMilner SchoolofPsychology UniversityofStAndrews FifeKY169JU Scotland,UK StevenMithen DepartmentofArchaeology UniversityofReading Whiteknights POBox218 ReadingRG66AA,UK MartineNida-Rümelin InstitutfurPhilosophie,Logikund Wissenschaftstheorie Ludwigstrasse31 80539Munich,Germany StephenE.Palmer DepartmentofPsychology UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley Berkeley,CA94720 JaakPanksepp Dept.ofPsychology BowlingGreenStateUniversity BowlingGreen,OH43403 DeanRadin IntervalResearchCorporation 1801PageMillRoad,BuildingC PaloAlto,CA94304 StevenZ.Rapcsak DepartmentofPsychology TheUniversityofArizona Tucson, AZ85721 Pagexvii SherylL.Reminger DepartmentofPsychology TheUniversityofArizona Tucson, AZ85721 AnttiRevonsuo DepartmentofPhilosophy CenterforCognitiveNeuroscience UniversityofTurku FIN-20014Turku,Finland GreggH.Rosenberg ArtificialIntelligenceCenter TheUniversityofGeorgia Athens,GA30602 YvesRossetti EspaceetAction INSERM94 16,avenuedoyenLepine case13 F-69676BRONCEDEXFRANCE JeffreyM.Schwartz,M.D. UCLADepartmentofPsychiatry 760WestwoodPlaza Room67-468 LosAngeles,CA90024-1759 JonathanShear Dept.ofPhilosophy VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity Richmond,VA23284 GalenStrawson DepartmentofPhilosophy OxfordUniversity 10MertonStreet OxfordOX14JJ,UK RobertVanGulick Dept.ofPhilosophy 541HallofLanguages SyracuseUniversity Syracuse,NY13244-1170 FranzX.Vollenweider PsychiatricUniversityHospitalZurich ResearchDepartment Box68 CH-8029Zurich,Switzerland MargreetF.I.Vollenweider- Scherpenhuyzen UniversityHospitalofZurich DepartmentofAnesthesiology Rämistrasse100 CH-8092Zurich,Switzerland B.AlanWallace DepartmentofReligiousStudies UniversityofCaliforniaSantaBarbara SantaBarbara,CA93106 DouglasF.Watt DirectorofNeuropsychology QuincyHospital Quincy,MA02169 LawrenceWeiskrantz DepartmentofPsychology ScienceLaboratories SouthRoad,Durham,DH13LE,UK FredAlanWolf HaveBrains/WillTravel 43515thAvenue,#3 SanFrancisco,CA94118-2828 KunioYasue ResearchInstituteforInformaticsand Science NotreDameSeishinUniversity 2-16-9Ifuku-cho,Okayama700-8516, Japan ArthurZajonc DepartmentofPhysics AmherstCollege Amherst,MA01002 Pagexix PREFACE Whatisconsciousness?Howandwhydowehaveconsciousexperience,aninnerlifetexturedandcomprisedof thefeelingsandsensationsthatphilosopherscall''qualia"?Asanewmillenniumbeckons,thesequestionshave emergedfromalongdarknessthatdominatedpsychologyformuchofthelastcentury.Thisinternationaland interdisciplinaryintrospectionhasstemmedinpartfromanumberofhigh-profilebooksinthearea,inpartfrom adevelopmentofnewexperimentaltechniquesforaddressingtheproblem,andinpartsimplyfromasensethat nowisthetimeforthescienceofthemindtoaddressitscentralandmostdifficultproblem. Themostburningissueisthatofwhetherconsciousexperience—feelings,qualia,our"innerlife"—canbe accommodatedwithinpresent-dayscience.Manyseeconsciousexperienceasjustanotherphysicalprocessin thebrain.Othersseeconsciousexperienceasoutsidescience,orbelievethatsciencemustexpandtoinclude experience.ThesephilosophicalbattlelineswereoriginallydrawnbetweenSocrates,whobelievedthatthe "cerebrumcreatedconsciousness,"andDemocritus,whoarguedthatmentalprocesseswerefundamental constituentsofreality. Ridingandfacilitatingthelatetwentiethcenturywaveofinterestinthenatureofconsciousexperience,three interdisciplinaryandinternationalTucsonconferences(TowardaScienceofConsciousness)havebeenheldin 1994,1996 ,and1 998(thefourthisscheduledforApril10–15,2000).Theconferenceshavebeenintegrative, attemptingtoassimilateandsynthesizeavarietyofapproachestowardunderstandingtheconsciousmind.Five majorareasaredelineated:philosophy,neuroscience,cognitivescience,math/physics/biology,andexperiental/ culturalapproaches.Theideafromthebeginninghasbeentobringproponentsandresearchersineachofthese areasunderonetent,toavoidtunnelvisioninthistrickyandpotentiallyoverwhelmingmystery. ThefirstTucsonconferencein1994wasrelativelysmallandtentative.Couldaninterdisciplinaryconsciousness conferencework?Wouldproponentsofthevariedapproachesbeabletocommunicate,orwouldthegathering degenerateintoamodernTowerofBabel?"TucsonI"succeededbeyondexpectations,andasecond,expanded TucsonIIwasheldin1996,movingfromtheUniversityofArizonacampustothelargerfacilitiesattheTucson ConventionCenterandMusicHall.Manyofthecentralfiguresinthenewlyformingfieldofconsciousness studieswereinvitedandparticipated,andtheissueswerefiercelydebatedamid1000attendees,producing numerousprintandelectronicreports.FollowingTucsonII,morefocusedconferencesonconsciousnesssprang upacrosstheglobe.Consciousnesshadbecomepartoftheconsciousnessofthescientificworld. FollowingthegiddinessofTucsonII,questionsaroseaboutthefutureofthefield.Thehistoryofpsychologyis repletewithflashes-in -the- pan,newmovementsand Pagexx ideasthatdidnotsustain.Couldastable,self-sustainingscienceofconsciousnessgetofftheground?Could modernneuroscience,cognitivescience,physics,andotherfieldsraiseenoughnewideastomaintaintheinterest ofascientificcommunitywithashortattentionspanandanimpatienceforresults? Withtheseconsiderationsinmind,organizersoftheTucsonIIIconferencemadesomedecisions.First,in responsetonumerousrequests,workintheareasofculturalanthropologyandaestheticswereincorporated. Second,allabstractssubmittedforpresentationwerereviewedtoahigherstandardthanforTucsonII .Third, theTucsonIIIconferencefocusedcentrallyondata—experimentalresultsrelevanttoconsciousness.Theresult wasaconferencethatwasnotasfieryasTucsonII,butwhichshowcasedthesolidscientificprogressinthe studyofconsciousnessonnumerousfronts.Moretalkswereevolutionarythanrevolutionary,whichwetaketo beasignthatthisyoungfieldistakingsomestepstowardmaturity.Therehasbeenconsiderableprogress, especiallyinthestudyofneuralcorrelatesofconsciousness(especiallyvisualconsciousness),andofthecontrast betweenconsciousandunconsciousprocesses.Ofcoursethereisstillmuchroomforboldideasandfor passionatedebate,andweexpectnoshortageofthosethingsatfuturemeetings. TheTucsonIIIconferenceopenedonApril17,1998,withanannouncementthattheFetzerInstitutehad awarded$1.4milliontotheUniversityofArizonatoestablishaCenterforConsciousnessStudies.TheCenter isintendedtocontinueandexpandeffortsbegunwiththeconferencesandrelatedprojects,onlinecourses, visitingscholarsandresearchawards(ten$20,000grantsperyearforstudiesinvariousfieldsaimeddirectlyat theproblemofconsciousness). Onalighternote,theconferenceconcludedwiththefirsteverConsciousnessPoetrySlam,organizedand masterfullycomperedbypoetCarolEbbecke.Thisincludedthefirstpublicperformanceofthe"ZombieBlues," anevolvingcommentaryoncentralissuesinthefieldbyaragtagbunchofconsciousnessscholars. ThisbookisthethirdinaseriesaccompanyingtheTucsonconferences,andisacollectionofchaptersfrom amongpaperspresentedattheconference.Theywereinvitedbasedonauthors'recognizedexpertise,qualityof thework,andtheirplaceinabalancedrepresentationofmaterialfillingoutthespectrumofapproachesto consciousness. Thechaptersaredividedintothematicsections,eachprecededbysomeintegrativesummary remarks. Page1 I— THEEXPLANATORYGAP—INTRODUCTION DavidJ.Chalmers Itisnaturaltohopethatanexplanationofconsciousnessmightbeaphysicalexplanation.Physicalexplanations havehadextraordinarysuccesselsewhereinscience.Inbiology,chemistry,geology,physiology,andevenin aspectsofpsychology,wehavefoundthatphysicalanalysescanaccountforallsortsofphenomenaina reasonablycompleteandsatisfyingway.Giventhistrackrecord,onemightwellexpectthataphysical explanationofconsciousnessisonitsway.Andindeed,investigationoftheneurophysiologicalbasisof consciousnesshasalreadyyieldedmanyinsightsintothephenomenon. Butsomehavearguedthatanypurelyphysicalexplanationofconsciousnesswillbeincomplete. Neurophysiologywillverylikelyyieldasystematiccorrelationbetweenstatesofthebrainandstatesof consciousness, butwillthiscorrelationbeacompleteexplanation?Ithasoftenbeensuggestedthatnophysical accounttellsuswhythereshouldbestatesofsubjectiveexperience—thedirectexperienceofcolors,pains, emotions,andotherphenomenologicalaspectsofourmentallives.Givenanyphysicalaccount,onecanaskwhy that. DanaH.Ballard FourthEuropeanConferenceonArtificialLife, editedbyPhilHusbandsandInmanHarvey TowardaScienceofConsciousnessII:TheSecondTucsonDiscussionsandDebates, editedbyStuartR. Hameroff,AlfredW.Kaszniak,andAlwynC.Scott AnIntroductiontoFuzzySets:AnalysisandDesign,