The naturalist''''s library V28

LONDON CHATTO &WINDUS VyyvJ, ? THE NATURALIST'S LIBRARY: 2?EDITED BY SIR WILLIAM JARDINE, BART P.R.S.E., F.L.S., ETC ETC VOL XXVIII (Ent0m0icrij|) INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY BY JAMES DUNCAN, CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY < BIOLOGY LIBRARY G CONTENTS 59 PAGE MEMOIR OF SWAMMERDAM MEMOIR OF DE GEER INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS Nutrition Digestion Respiratory System Tracheae or Air-tubes ^ 17 127 155 ,160 Adipose tissue, and Secretions Nervous System Reproductive or Generative System Muscular System Muscles of the Head Muscles of the Thorax SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF INSECTS Order I Coleoptera Order II Orthoptera Fam Fam Forficulidae Blattidse 164 173 188 192 194 195 67 125 126 199 201 206 218 221 Blatta(Bldberus)Gigantea Plate VII Fig 1.225 226 B Petiveriana Plate VII Fig CONTENTS PAGE 226 Fam Mantidae Mantis ( Harpax) Ocellaria Plate VII Fig 232 Mantis Religiosa Plate VIII 233 Mantis (Deroplatys) Desiccata, West Plate IX 234 Empusa Gongylodes Plate X Fig Empusa Lobipes Plate X Fig Fam Phasmidae Phasma Necydaloides 235 237 238 Plate XI 242 * Plate XII Plate XII 243 Siccifolia Having been favoured with a drawing of the other sex of the curious insect figured on Plate 12, together with the eggs, carefully taken from specimens in the British Museum, by Henry Hopley White, Esq of Lincoln's Inn, we have given a representation of it on an accessary plate As we did not receive this obliging communication till after the body of the Phyllium work was printed, it per place in the text was impossible Fam Achetidae Acheta Arachnoides Fam Gryllidse Acrida Viridissima Acrida Verrucivora to allude to Plate VI it Fig Plate XIII Fig Plate XIII Fig Pterophylla Ocellata Plate XIII Fig Anostostoma Australasia Plate XIV am Locustidae Locusta Migratoria Plate XV Fig Locusta Dux Plate XV Fig Locusta Cristata Plate XVI Fig Locusta Flava Plate XVI Fig Locusta Surinama Plate XVII Fig Truxalis Conicus Plate XVII Fig Order HI Hemiptera Heteroptera at the pro- 259 Scutellera Dispar Plate XIX Fig Pentatoma Rutilans Plate XIX Fig Pdntatoma (Raphigaster) Plate XIX Fig Incarnatus 244 248 248 252 253 253 254 255 256 257 257 258 258 259 270 271 273 273 CONTENTS Comes (Syrtomastes) Paradoxm Fig Cerbus Flaveolus Anisosceles Plate XX Plate 274 , XX Fig Plate XX Hymeniphera 274 Fig 275 276 276 Homoptera Fam Cicadidae Cicada (Polyneura) Ducalis Plate XVIII Fig Cicada Plebeia Plate XXI Fig Cicada Septendecim Plate XXI Fig Fern Fulgora Laternaria Plate XXII Fig Fulgora Castresii Plate XXII Fig Fulgora Candelaria Plate XXIII Fig Fulgora Maculata Plate XXIII Fig Aphana Submaculata Plate XXIV Fig Membracis Foliata Plate XXIV Fig ' Centroti Plate XXV .285 287 Order IV 277 278 278 279 283 283 284 284 285 Neuroptera Libellula Quadrimaculata Plate XXVII Fig.l 291 Libellula Portia Plate XXVII 291 Fig Libellula Axilena Plate XXIX 292 Fig Libellula Pulchella Plate XXIX 292 Fig JEshna Grandis Plate XXVIII Fig 293 Nemoptera Angulata, Plate West XXVII Fig Stilbopteryx Costalis Plate Order V.Trichoptera Phryganea Grandis Plate Order VI Hymenoptera XXVIII XXX Fig .294 296 Fam Tenthredinidae Cimbex Decem-Maculata Plate XXX Fig Athalia Centifolice Plate XXX Fig Fig 4, Caterpillar Sirex Gigas Plate XXXI 296 Fig Fig 293 294 307 311 312 313 CONTENTS PAGE Tremex Columla Joppa Picta Plate Plate XXXI XXXL Fig Fig Epldaltes Manifestator Plate XXXII Fig Stephanus Coronatus Plate XXXII Fig Plate Pelicinus Politurator Order VII Lepidoptera Order VIII Strepsiptera Stylops Dalii Plate XXXII XXXIII Xenos Pectii, Plate XXXIII Order IX Diptera Fig Fig 2 Fig 313 314 315 316 316 317 318 320 321 321 CtenophoraPectinicornis Plate XXXIV Fig 1.327 Tdbanus Tropicus Plate XXXIV Fig 328 Diopsis Ichneumonea Plate XXXIV Fig 328 Asilus (Blepharotes, West) Abdominalis Plate XXXV Fig .329 Acanthomera Immanis Plate XXXV Fig In all Thirty-eight Plates in this volume 331 MEMOIR OF SWAMMERDAM OP INSECTS XENOS 32: PECKII PLATE XXXIII Fig Linn Trans Vol xi PI 8, BODY brownish black diaphanous, Wings ashy ; fig antennae pale fuscous, almost sprinkled with minute white points white, the anterior margin and nervures deep black, legs dull cinereous, tarsi dusky, extremity of the abdomen pale reddish Length 1^ lines Larva and pupa found in Polistesfucata, an Ame- rican insect ORDER IX DIPTERA THIS extensive order admits of a very brief and precise definition The possession of only a pair of membranous wings, and a mouth formed for sucking, affords obvious characters for distinguishing it from all It is to the others refers, former peculiarity that the name dig, twice, with the usual being derived from addition Another marked singularity is to be found two clubbed moveable bodies, in the presence of termed balancers or side of the thorax, from each halteres, projecting and placed a little behind the wings The sucker attached to the mouth is composed of several slender pieces, from two to six in number, which are enclosed in, or rest upon, a fleshy proboscis or sheath, which gives support to them when employed, and also serves to pierce the cuticle of plants or animals, on the juice of which the insects live When these pieces are six in number, they SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 322 are found to correspond in position and function, however different they may be in form, to the parts of the mouth mandibulated in insects, and much ingenuity has been exercised by entomologists in All these parts are fully tracing this connexion developed in the mouth of Tabanus, by the annexed figure, in which a represents the palpi, b the lac brum, maxillae, the mandibles, the e d arid will be seen > the tongue, and g latter is usu- the labium The ally very large and Many fleshy of the parts just mentioned, how- ever, disappear in certain dipte- rous tribes, and in some (CEstridee,} all of them are completely obliterated The antennae are sometimes long and conspicuous, bearing no inconsiderable resemblance, as is remarked Latreille, both in form and appendages, to those of the nocturnal Lepidoptera In an extensive section of the order, again, they are very short, composed of only two or three joints, the terminal one by of which is commonly spindle-shaped, lenticular, or prismatic, with a simple or plumose bristle springing from its upper The eyes side are lateral, commonly large, those of much the largest, and frequently meeting, or nearly so, on the crown of the head The facets are sometimes larger on the upper than the males being on the under side of the eye They are occasionally When Variegated with bands of brilliant colours 323 OF INSECTS ocelli are present, which is very frequently the case* they are usually three in number, and placed on the s vertex The mesothorax is the segment of the anterior part of the body most developed in these insects, and it is so to such an extent as to leave but little space some cases, somewhat long, for the others, the prothorax being, in almost evanescent and The wings in general rather are narrow, commonly clear and transparent, with simple nervures disappearing before reaching the apex, and crossed by a few transverse ones, the neuration being greatly more simple than At the base of the wing, we in the hymenoptera very frequently find two rounded membranous scales applied with their faces to each other, which are named wing- scales, alulets, sometimes of considerable or winglets They are and doubtless aid the size, movements of the wings materially in the act of flying The use of the halteres, which have been already alluded to as two slender clubbed bodies placed behind the wings, can scarcely be said to be accurately known, but it is conjectured that they assist in giving a proper poise to the body Some have in flight likewise supposed them to be connected with the function of respiration They are often of a pale when the winglets are large, partially covered by these appendages The abdomen is attached to the thorax only by a colour, and, small portion of its transverse diameter ; it is often long and narrow, sometimes oval or nearly round, varying in the number of its segments from five to SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 324 In the females it frequently terminates in a tubular ovipositor, the joints of which are retractile The legs are generally long and within each other slender, the articulations of the tarsi always five in nine The number terminal joint, or that which bears often provided with two or three membranous lobes, by the aid of which the fly is enabled the claws, to is walk on glass and other smooth surfaces against was long supposed to by the pressure of the atmosphere, the lobes in question It has acting as suckers and forming a vacuum gravity This it been recently conjectured, however, in opposition to this view, that it is accomplished by means of a glutinous secretion The larvae of dipterous insects are in some respects even more peculiar than the mature fly They are generally of a conical shape, the head being the narrowest part, and in head is in the all cases destitute of feet small, retractile, same individual, and variable in that it is is to say, The form even composed of a comparative soft fleshy substance which the insect can modify in shape at pleasure, to answer its various purposes The colour is generally pale, but sometimes it is dark, and even bright red The stig- mata, in the species not aquatic, are most commonly placed in a cavity in the hinder segment of the body, which is capable of closing over them, so as to prethem from being closed up by the fluid and putrid substances among which the larvae often live The serve breathing apparatus of the aquatic larvae is often very singular, consisting of appendages of various OF INSECTS kinds attached to the tail Those of the chameleon the rat-tailed worm, and fly, 325 many of the common gnats, exhibit beautiful examples of ingenious natural mechanism It is to the larvae of Diptera that we apply the common term maggots or mawks ; sometimes also they are termed grubs, but that appellation should be confined, for the sake of distinction, to the larvae of the Coleoptera They are often very, de- and meadow grasses by eating the roots, and many of them, as is well known, rapidly consume animal substances, both in a dead and living structive to corn state The larvae of the flesh-flies, in particular, (Sarcophaga, and certain species of Mtisca,) infest living sheep, and frequently prove fatal to them In the greater number of instances, the larva is changed into a pupa without shedding the skin ; the latter merely hardens, changes its form somewhat contracting, and thus becomes a case for the enclosed insect Sometimes, however, the skin is cast by off, and even a kind of cocoon formed ; and the nymph This occasionally retains the power of locomotion takes place only with such kinds as are aquatic This order is a most extensive one, indeed there every reason to believe that it falls very little short of the Coleoptera in this respect, and, if we reto many number of individual* the belonging gard is of the species, they will be found greatly to exceed others Clouds of musquitoes are common in all Northern Lapland, and in other countries, so dense and extensive as to intercept the rays of the sun ; and, when we consider the small size of these insects, SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 32f> it is number necessary to this About 1700 have been obvious that the must be astonishingly great named as belonging to this country ; and it is probable that they will ultimately be found not to fall short of 2000 Allusion has been already made to the injuries they commit, in the larva slate, both to our domestic animals and to agricultural produce ; but the purposes to which they are subservient in the economy of nature, are highly important and beneficial Many of the smaller birds, as well as some other of the higher animals, depend upon them almost exclusively for food, and they are the most efficient instruments employed by nature in removing both animal and vegetable substances when rendered offensive and unwholesome to other animals by decomposition The most successful of the gators of this order are more recent investi- German and French EntoWiedeman, The following mologists, particularly Meigen, Fallen, Macquart, and Robineau Desvoidy is Macquart's arrangement, which we are indebted to slightly modified, for Mr Westwood's useful text-book:* SECTION I distinct (Ovipara or Larvipora ; DIPTERA, Leach.) Head enclosed in a labial canal ; ; sucker from the thorax claws of the tarsi simple, or with one tooth ; the transformation to the pupa state not taking place within the body of the parent Division I (NEMOCERA.) distinct joints ; Antennae having six or more palpi with four or five joints * Page 420 OF INSECTS Fam Fam (Culicida.) ( TipulidtB.) 32? Sucker with six lancets Sucker with two lancets Division II (BRACHOCERA.) Antennae having three distinct joints ; palpi with one or two joints Subdivision Fam I Sucker with (Hexachceta.') Sucker with four Subdivision II (TetracJuzta.') A B six lancets TabanidcB lancets (Fam CanomyidcB, Berida, Stratiomydce.) (Fam Mydasidce, AsilidtB, Hybotidce, Empidce, Henopidce, Nemestrinidaz, BombyliidG, Anthracidce c (Fam TJierevidce, Leptidce^ Subdivision III Dolidiopid&, Syrphida Sucker with two lancets, (Dich&ta.) containing CEstrus^ Conops, Musca, rous divisions and subdivisions Sf-c $