Celastraceae

CELASTRACEAE 卫矛科 wei mao ke Ma Jinshuang (马金双)1, Zhang Zhixiang (张志翔)2, Liu Quanru (刘全儒)3, Peng Hua (彭华)4; A Michele Funston5 Trees, erect or scandent shrubs, lianas, evergreen or deciduous; stems sometimes producing rootlets (Euonymus spp.), sometimes thorny (Maytenus spp.), rarely with buttressed trunks Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, petiolate; leaf blade laminar, venation pinnate, secondary veins reticulate, margins entire, crenate, serrate, or dentate; stipules small and caducous, or estipulate Inflorescences axillary or terminal, few to many flowered, cymose, thyrsoid, racemose, fasciculate, or flowers solitary, rarely paniculate Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual; perianth (3 or)4- or 5-merous; sepals and petals free Disk intrastaminal, stamens on disk, or extrastaminal, annular, margins upturned, pulvinate, or cupular, conspicuous, rarely obscure (Microtropis spp.), entire, lobed, or angular Stamens 3–5, alternate with petals; anther (1 or)2-celled, basifixed to dorsifixed, dehiscing longitudinally or obliquely, introrse, extrorse, or latrorse Ovaries 3–5, superior to half-inferior, often partially immersed in disk, completely or incompletely 2–5-locular, placentation axile, ovules erect, axile, or pendulous, ovules (1 or)2(or or more) per locule; style terminal, simple, short to absent; stigma simple or lobed Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule, schizocarp of 2–5 indehiscent mericarps, drupe, berry, or samara with a single surrounding wing, rarely an indehiscent capsule or nut with lateral style, pericarp bony, leathery, chartaceous, or fleshy, capsules smooth, angular, deeply lobed, transversely flattened and lobed to base, or connate, rarely prickly, laterally winged Seeds 1–12, smooth or occasionally furrowed, albuminous or exalbuminous, sometimes winged, wing membranous, basal, exarillate or aril basal to completely enveloping seed, aril membranous, fleshy, rarely mucilaginous; cotyledons flat, foliaceous or thick, connate, germination epigeous 2n = 8, 12, 14 About 97 genera and 1194 species: mainly in the tropics and subtropics, some in temperate regions; 14 genera (one endemic, one introduced) and 192 species (120 endemic, two introduced) in China Some species are used as ornamentals (Celastrus, Euonymus, and Tripterygium) and/or medicines, including traditional Chinese medicines (Celastrus, Euonymus, Maytenus, and Tripterygium) Plagiopteron Griffith is treated in this volume as a separate family, the Plagiopteraceae; see the comments under that family (p 493) Dipentodon Dunn and Perrottetia Kunth are also treated in this volume (pp 494–495) as comprising a separate family, the Dipentodontaceae, following Zhang and Simmons (Syst Bot 31: 122–137 2006) On the other hand, Bhesa is included here in the Celastraceae, although Zhang and Simmons (loc cit.) found that it belongs in the Malpighiales, where it comprises a separate lineage sister to the W African Centroplacus Hippocrateaceae (Loeseneriella, Pristimera, and Salacia) are included here in the Celastraceae following Simmons et al (Amer J Bot 88: 313–325 2001) Pao Shih-ying 1981 Hippocrateaceae In: Fang Wen-pei, ed., Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 46: 1–14; Cheng Chingyung, Ma Jinshuang, Huang Puhua, Kao Tsoching, Ma Qisheng 1999 Celastraceae (excluding Dipentodon and Perrottetia) In: Cheng Chingyung & Huang Puhua, eds., Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 45(3): ii–x, 1–218 1a Disk extrastaminal; flowers bisexual; fruit baccate with seeds surrounded by mucilaginous arils or capsules transversely flattened, 1–3-fascicled 2a Fleshy or ligneous berry; seeds wingless; scandent often arboreous shrubs or small trees 12 Salacia 2b Trilobed capsules, compressed, dehiscing into valves; seeds winged; ligneous lianas 3a Flowers large, petals at least mm, recurved in bloom; disk conspicuous, cupular and protuberant 13 Loeseneriella 3b Flowers small, petals up to mm, erect in bloom; disk inconspicuous 14 Pristimera 1b Disk intrastaminal or stamens on disk; flowers unisexual or bisexual; fruit capsular, drupaceous, samaroid, or baccate 4a Fruit samaroid, drupaceous, or baccate 5a Samara, 3-winged at maturity; scandent shrubs 10 Tripterygium 5b Drupe or berry; shrubs, small trees, or lianas 11 Pleurostylia 4b Fruit capsular 6a Sepals, petals, and ovaries 4- or 5-merous; disk unlobed, thick; seeds arillate 7a Leaves alternate, stipulate; stipules long and fimbriate, persistent after blooming; petals persistent during fruiting, enlarging into wings Monimopetalum 7b Leaves opposite, stipulate; stipules thin and small, caducous; petals caducous 8a Flowers and fruit 4- or 5-merous; disk flat, not circling ovary; ovules 2–12 per locule; fruit axis splitting with valves when fruit dehisces; seeds or more per cell, attached to top or base at inner angle; raphe not branched Euonymus Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11225-1099, U.S.A Forestry Herbarium, Beijing Forestry University, Xiaozhuang, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, People’s Republic of China Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O Box 299, Saint Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A 439 440 CELASTRACEAE 8b Flowers and fruit 4-merous only; disk lobes suberect, circling ovary; ovule per locule; fruit axis splitting or not, free from valves when fruit dehisces; seeds only per cell, hanging from top of persistent axis; raphe branch usually at base of seed, bands ascending on other side toward hilum Glyptopetalum 6b Sepals and petals 4- or 5-merous, ovaries only 2- or 3-merous; disk lobed or nearly nonexistent; seeds typically arillate, sometimes aril absent 9a Leaves opposite; aril partially covering seed or absent 10a Aril decurrent in wing-form, partially covering seed (cultivated) Catha 10b Aril absent (native) Microtropis 9b Leaves alternate; aril covering seeds or incompletely so at base of seeds 11a Leaf blade veins regular in dense nets, petiole bent, enlarged; aril dry, white or brown Bhesa 11b Leaf blade veins irregular in sparse nets, petiole erect, not enlarged; aril fleshy, reddish, yellow, or white 12a Typically scandent shrubs; carpels usually in separate locules; stigma 3, each dividing, similar to lobes; aril completely covering seeds Celastrus 12b Typically erect small trees or shrubs; carpels or in or locules; stigma or 3, slightly lobed; seeds only basally or lower half covered by arils 13a Plants usually thorny; twigs thornlike, bearing leaves and flowers, or twigs with needlelike thorns; leaf blade small, usually shorter than cm Gymnosporia 13b Twigs usually unarmed or few thorned, old branches often with sturdy thorns; leaf blade large, usually 7–25 cm Maytenus EUONYMUS Linnaeus, Sp Pl 1: 197 1753 [“Evonymus”], nom cons 卫矛属 wei mao shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A Michele Funston Shrubs, sometimes small trees, ascending or clambering, evergreen or deciduous, glabrous, rarely pubescent Leaves opposite, rarely also alternate or whorled, entire, serrulate, or crenate, stipulate Inflorescences axillary, occasionally terminal, cymose Flowers bisexual, 4(or 5)-merous; petals light yellow to dark purple Disk fleshy, annular, 4- or 5-lobed, intrastaminal or stamens on disk; anthers longitudinally or obliquely dehiscent, introrse Ovary 4- or 5-locular; ovules erect to pendulous, 2(–12) per locule Capsule globose, rugose, prickly, laterally winged or deeply lobed, occasionally only 1–3 lobes developing, loculicidally dehiscent Seeds to several, typically developing, ellipsoid; aril basal to enveloping seed Two subgenera and ca 130 species: Asia, Australasia, Europe, Madagascar, North America; 90 species (50 endemic, one introduced) in China Euonymus omeiensis W P Fang (J Sichuan Univ., Nat Sci Ed 1: 38 1955) was described from Sichuan (Emei Shan, Shishungou, ca 1300 m) This putative species was misdiagnosed; it is a synonym of Reevesia pubescens Masters in the Sterculiaceae (see Fl China 12: 317 2007) The protologue describes the fruit as having bracts The placement of Euonymus tibeticus W W Smith (Rec Bot Surv India 4: 264 1911), described from Xizang (3000–3100 m) and also occurring in Bhutan (Lhakhang) and India (Sikkim), is unclear, as only a specimen with flower buds is available Euonymus cinereus M A Lawson (in J D Hooker, Fl Brit India 1: 611 1875) was described from India The occurrence of this species in China (FRPS 45(3): 24 1999) has not been confirmed 1a Winter buds usually conical, very acute, large; stamens sessile, anthers 1-celled; capsule winged (E subg Kalonymus) E sect Uniloculares 1b Winter buds usually ovoid, acute, small; stamens filamentous or subsessile, anthers 2-celled; capsule without wings (E subg Euonymus) 2a Capsule 4-lobed almost to base, sometimes only 1–3 lobes developing E sect Melanocarya 2b Capsule unlobed 3a Capsule prickly or tuberculate E sect Echinococcus 3b Capsule smooth or rugose and angulate 4a Capsule smooth, rounded or globose E sect Ilicifolii 4b Capsule usually rugose and angulate E sect Euonymus Euonymus subg Kalonymus R Beck, Fl Nied.-Oesterr 2: 588 1892 翅果卫矛亚属 chi guo wei mao ya shu Evergreen or deciduous shrubs to small trees; winter buds conical, large, 0.7–2 cm Flowers 4- or 5-merous Anthers sessile, of theca Ovaries 4- or 5-loculed Capsule with wings, 4- or 5-lobed at maturity CELASTRACEAE 441 Sixteen species: Asia; 15 species (eight endemic) in China Euonymus sect Uniloculares Rouy & Foucaud, Fl France 4: 159 1897 翅果卫矛组 chi guo wei mao zu Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those of the subgenus 1a Flowers and fruit 4-merous only 2a Leaf blade entire, narrowly lanceolate E kweichowensis 2b Leaf blade crenulate to denticulate, ovate to elliptic, widest at mid-blade 3a Leaves sessile; leaf blade ovate-oblong, base cordate, margin large serrate 14 E subcordatus 3b Leaves petiolate; leaf blade base not cordate, margin not serrate 4a Flowers red to purple 5a Wings of capsule short, less than mm, obtuse at apex E frigidus 5b Wings of capsule long, more than mm, sharp at apex E giraldii 4b Flowers green to yellow 6a Wings of capsule obtuse at apex 13 E schensianus 6b Wings of capsule sharp at apex 7a Leaf blade ovate or obovate, 9–14 × 4–6 cm E macropterus 7b Leaf blade ovate-elliptic, 6–8 × 3–4 cm 12 E sanguineus 1b Flowers and fruit usually 5-merous, sometimes combined with 4-merous 8a Capsule nearly without wing, subglobose, or with small angles at connection of locules E oxyphyllus 8b Capsule always with long and evident wings 9a Leaf blade linear or oblong, bamboolike, entire length of equal width E cornutus 9b Leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, widest at mid-blade 10a Leaf margin entire 11a Leaf blade broadly elliptic, ovate, or ovate-elliptic, 9–13 × 4–6 cm; capsule ca 1.5 cm in diam., with obscure wings E ficoides 11b Leaf blade elliptic-ovate or obovate-elliptic, 6–9 × 2.5–4 cm; capsule 1.2–1.4 cm in diam., with wings less than mm 10 E rehderianus 10b Leaf margin crenulate to serrate 12a Flowers white, yellow, or greenish; capsule 4-winged, wings up to cm, sometimes combined with 5-winged fruit E fimbriatus 12b Flowers pink, red to purple; capsule usually 5-winged 13a Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, more than × as long as wide E clivicola 13b Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, less than × as long as wide 14a Flowers large, up to 1.2 cm in diam.; capsule with wings developing 15 E szechuanensis 14b Flowers small, 7–9 mm in diam.; capsule usually with wings developing, sometimes only or wings developing 11 E sachalinensis Euonymus clivicola W W Smith, Notes Roy Bot Gard Edinburgh 10: 31 1917 and thin wings, up to 1.2 cm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl May–Jul, fr Jul–Nov 岩波卫矛 yan bo wei mao Mixed forests, scrub; 2400–3900 m Hubei, ?Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal] Euonymus clivicola var rongchuensis (C Marquand & Airy Shaw) Blakelock; E elegantissimus Loesener & Rehder; E rongchuensis C Marquand & Airy Shaw Deciduous shrubs, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole ca mm; leaf blade thinly leathery or thickly papery, ellipticlanceolate, 8–12 × 2–3 cm, widest at mid-blade, base subrotund, margin finely crenulate, apex acuminate; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, 3–6 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel slender, 4–5 mm Flowers 5-merous, 8–11 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals reddish to purple, ovate, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellowbrown when dry, nearly globose, 1–1.2 cm in diam., with long The distribution report from Qinghai has not been confirmed Euonymus cornutus Hemsley, Bull Misc Inform Kew 1893: 209 1893 角翅卫矛 jiao chi wei mao Euonymus cornutoides Loesener; E cornutus var quinquecornutus (H F Comber) Blakelock; E frigidus Wallich var cornutoides (Loesener) C Y Cheng; E quinquecornutus H F Comber Deciduous shrubs, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs moderately slender, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole ca mm; leaf blade thinly leathery or thickly papery, linear, oblong, or bamboolike, 7–15 cm, less than 1(–1.5) cm wide, CELASTRACEAE 442 entire length of equal width, base subrotund, margin sparsely crenulate, apex acuminate; lateral veins 8–13 pairs, invisible or disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, 3–5 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel slender, 4–5 mm Flowers 4- or 5-merous, 7–10 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals reddish to purple, ovate, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca cm in diam., with or long and thin wings, up to cm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl Apr–Jul, fr Aug–Nov Mixed forests, scrub; 2200–4300 m ?Gansu, Henan, Hubei, ?Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Myanmar] The distribution reports from Gansu and Hunan have not been confirmed; those from Shaanxi and Xizang are from local work Euonymus ficoides C Y Cheng ex J S Ma, Harvard Pap Bot 10: 94 1997 榕叶卫矛 rong ye wei mao Evergreen shrubs, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole 1.5–2 cm, sturdy; leaf blade thickly leathery, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 9–13 × 4–6 cm, base semirotund, attenuate, or cuneate, margin nearly entire, sometimes revolute, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 8–12 pairs, curved forward, netting and disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 5–6 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel short, less than ca cm Flowers 5-merous (not seen) Capsule red when fresh, or dark brown when dry, nearly globose, ca 1.5 cm in diam., with obscure wings at maturity Seeds 2; aril orange Fl unknown, fr Oct– Nov ● Mixed forests, scrub; 1200–2100 m Yunnan Euonymus fimbriatus Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl Ind 2: 408 1824 遂叶卫矛 sui ye wei mao Euonymus fimbriatus var serratus Blakelock Deciduous trees, to 15 m tall, ca 45 cm d.b.h.; branches and twigs sturdy, young ones usually slender, brown or graybrown when dry Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade leathery, ellipticovate, 6.5–10(–15) × 4–6 cm, base semirotund, attenuate, or cuneate, margin sharply double-serrulate, sometimes combined with single sharp serrulation, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle from new branches only, slender, 3–4 cm, 2–4 × dichotomously branched with several to many flowers; pedicel short and slender, ca mm Flowers 4-merous, sometimes combined with 5-merous, less than mm in diam.; sepals deltoid, very small; petals yellow-green or greenish yellow, ovate-rotund Capsule pink to red when fresh, or brown to greenish brown when dry, nearly compressed globose, ca 1.2 cm in diam., with long and flat wings, up to more than ca cm, sometimes combined with wings Seeds 2; aril orange Fl Apr–May, fr Jul–Aug Open ground, woodlands; 2100–3300 m Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan] This is a common species that can be easily identified by its sharp and double-serrulate leaf margin The species sometimes combines 4-merous flowers and fruit with 5-merous anatomy This is a very rare character in the genus Euonymus frigidus Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl Ind 2: 409 1824 冷地卫矛 leng di wei mao Euonymus amygdalifolius Franchet; E assamicus Blakelock; E austrotibetanus Y R Li; E burmanicus Merrill; E crinitus Pampanini; E dasydictyon Loesener & Rehder; E frigidus f elongatus (Cowan & A H Cowan) H Hara; E frigidus var elongatus Cowan & A H Cowan; E frigidus var wardii (W W Smith) Blakelock; E porphyreus Loesener; E porphyreus var angustifolius L C Wang & X G Sun; E porphyreus var ellipticus Blakelock; E pygmaeus W W Smith; E roseoperulatus Loesener; E taliensis Loesener; E wardii W W Smith Deciduous shrubs to small trees, 3–7 m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole less than cm; leaf blade thickly papery or thinly leathery, variously elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 6–11 × 2–3.5 cm, widest at mid-blade, base subrotund, cuneate, or attenuate, margin finely crenulate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, 7–10 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel slender, 5–6 mm Flowers 4-merous, less than mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals reddish to purple or brown, ovate, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca cm in diam., with short and obtuse wings, less than ca mm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl May–Jul, fr Aug– Nov Mixed forests, scrub; 500–4000 m ?Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai, ?Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal] The gathering H L Tsiang 37838 from Sichuan was found to have 3- and 4-merous flowers co-existing on the same plant The only other such occurrence is in Euonymus sachalinensis The distribution reports from Gansu and Shanxi have not been confirmed Euonymus giraldii Loesener, Bot Jahrb Syst 29: 442 1900 纤齿卫矛 xian chi wei mao Euonymus giraldii var angustialatus Loesener; E giraldii var ciliatus Loesener; E kansuensis Nakai; E pashanensis S Z Qu & Y H He; E perbellus C Y Chang Deciduous shrubs or small trees, 3–7 m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole less than cm; leaf blade thickly papery or thinly leathery, variously elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 6–8 × 2–3.5 cm, widest at mid-blade, base subrotund, cuneate, or attenuate, margin finely crenulate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, 5–7 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel slender, 5–6 mm Flowers 4-merous, less than mm in CELASTRACEAE diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals reddish to purple, ovate, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, less than ca cm in diam., with short and sharp wings, greater than ca mm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl Apr–Jun, fr Jul–Oct ● Mixed forests, scrub; 1000–3700 m Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan This species was misidentified as Euonymus sachalinensis in some local works; however, it differs from E sachalinensis by having smaller leaves and shorter wings, as well as being separated by a disjunct distribution Euonymus kweichowensis Chen H Wang, Chin J Bot 1: 51 1936 贵州卫矛 gui zhou wei mao Euonymus integrifolius Blakelock Deciduous shrubs, ca m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole less than ca cm; leaf blade thickly papery or thinly leathery, narrowly lanceolate, 8–12 × 1.5–2 cm, widest at mid-blade, base cuneate or attenuate, margin entire, apex acuminate, caudate, or acute; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing with obscure netting before reaching margin Peduncle slender, up to 10 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered Flowers 4-merous (not seen) Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca cm in diam., with wide and short wings, more than ca mm when fully developed Seeds 2, dark brown; aril bright red Fl unknown, fr Aug ● Forests, scrub; 900–1100 m Guizhou This species is reported from only a few locations; further collections are needed Euonymus macropterus Ruprecht, Bull Cl Phys.-Math Acad Imp Sci Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 359 1857 黄心卫矛 huang xin wei mao Euonymus usuriensis Maximowicz Deciduous shrubs, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole sturdy, less than ca cm; leaf blade thickly papery or thinly leathery, ovate-elliptic, ovate, or obovate, 9–14 × 4–6 cm, widest at mid-blade, base subrotund, cuneate, or attenuate, margin crenulate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 7–9 pairs, branching and disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, 7–10 cm, or × dichotomously branched with several to many flowers; pedicel slender, 5–6 mm Flowers 4-merous, ca mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals whitish green or yellow-green, ovate, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca mm in diam., with long and sharp wings, more than ca cm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl May–Jul, fr Aug–Oct Mixed forests, scrub; 300–2100 m ?Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)] The distribution report from Hebei has not been confirmed Euonymus oxyphyllus Miquel, Ann Mus Bot LugdunoBatavi 2: 86 1865 443 垂丝卫矛 chui si wei mao Deciduous shrubs to small trees, 3–4 m tall; branches and twigs terete, sturdy, brown or dark brown when dry Petiole less than ca cm; leaf blade thickly papery or thinly leathery, ovateelliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 7–12 × 3.5–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin finely serrulate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, netting and disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, 6–10 cm, 1–3 × dichotomously branched with several to many flowers; pedicel thin and slender, less than 10 mm Flowers 5-merous, 6–8 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals white with a little purple, obovate, apex rotund or acute, base cuneate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca 1.2 cm in diam., without wings or at most slightly 5-angled Aril bright red Fl Apr–Jun, fr Aug–Nov Forests, woodlands; near sea level to 2300 m Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea] This species is well known and widespread throughout E Asia The fruit is often identified as a member of Euonymus sect Ilicifolii because the wings are too short to observe with the naked eye; however, the other characters used to separate the sections place E oxyphyllus in E sect Uniloculares 10 Euonymus rehderianus Loesener in Sargent, Pl Wilson 1: 488 1913 短翅卫矛 duan chi wei mao Euonymus bicolor H Léveillé; E proteus H Léveillé Deciduous shrubs to small trees, ca m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade thickly leathery, elliptic-ovate or obovate-elliptic, 6–9 × 2.5–4 cm, base attenuate or cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle from new branches usually slender, 5–8 cm, ca × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel short and slender, ca mm Flowers 5-merous, 6–7 mm in diam.; sepals deltoid, very small; petals ovate-rotund, yellowgreen or greenish yellow Capsule pink to red when fresh, or brown to greenish brown when dry, nearly compressed globose, 1.2–1.4 cm in diam., with short and flat wings, less than ca mm when fully developed Seeds 2; aril orange Fl Apr–May, fr Jul–Oct ● Forests, scrub; 400–1600 m Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan 11 Euonymus sachalinensis (F Schmidt) Maximowicz, Bull Acad Imp Sci Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 446 1881 东北卫矛 dong bei wei mao Euonymus latifolius (Linnaeus) Miller var sachalinensis F Schmidt, Reis Amur-Land., Bot 121 1868; E maximowiczianus (Prokhanov) Voroschilov; Kalonymus maximowiczianus Prokhanov; K sachalinensis (F Schmidt) Prokhanov Deciduous shrubs, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole sturdy, less than ca cm; leaf blade thickly papery or thinly leathery, ovate-elliptic, ovate, or broadly elliptic, 9–15 × 5.5–8.5 CELASTRACEAE 444 cm, widest at mid-blade, base subrotund, cuneate, or attenuate, margin crenulate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 7–9 pairs, branching and disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, 5–8 cm, 1–3 × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel slender, 5–6 mm Flowers 5-merous, 7–9 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals reddish to purple or brown, ovate, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate, 5-loculed, sometimes only or locules developing Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca cm in diam., with short and obtuse wings, less than ca mm when fully developed, sometimes only or wings developing Aril bright red Fl Apr–Jul, fr Aug–Nov Mixed forests, scrub; 100–2700 m Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)] The syntype specimen of Euonymus latifolius var sachalinensis, collected by Przewalski from Gansu, belongs to E giraldii The flowers and fruit of this species are 5-merous, but sometimes only or locules develop, especially in plants from N Japan and Russia (Far East) These character states are sometimes found in the same specimen, making it impossible to separate taxa by the number of wings or locules of the fruit This species is very similar to Euonymus oxyphyllus in the texture of its leaves, but it can be separated from that species and from E macropterus by its fruit with very short wings 12 Euonymus sanguineus Loesener, Bot Jahrb Syst 29: 441 1900 石枣子 shi zao zi Euonymus monbeigii W W Smith; E sanguineus var brevipedunculatus Loesener; E sanguineus var camptoneurus Loesener; E sanguineus var lanceolatus S Z Qu & Y H He; E sanguineus var orthoneurus Loesener; E sanguineus var pachyphyllus Pampanini Deciduous shrubs or small trees, 3–5 m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole typically less than ca cm; leaf blade leathery, variously ovateelliptic, 6–8 × 3–4 cm, base subrotund, cuneate, or attenuate, margin sharply and finely serrate, sometimes combined with fine crenulations, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 5–7 cm, or × dichotomously branched with several to many flowers; pedicel 5–6 mm, less than ca mm in diam Flowers 4-merous; sepals suborbicular, short; petals whitish green or greenish white, ovate, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, less than cm in diam., with wide and sharp wings, more than ca mm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl Apr–Jun, fr Jul–Oct ● Mixed forests, scrub; 1800–3700 m Gansu, ?Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan The distribution report from Guizhou has not been confirmed 13 Euonymus schensianus Maximowicz, Bull Acad Imp Sci Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 444 1881 陕西卫矛 shan xi wei mao Euonymus haoi Loesener ex Chen H Wang Deciduous shrubs, ca m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole less than cm; leaf blade thickly papery, ovate-elliptic, obovate, or obovate-elliptic, 5–8(–10) × 2.5–4 cm, base subrotund, cuneate, or attenuate, margin finely crenulate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 4–6 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, up to 10 cm or more, or × dichotomously branched with several to many flowers; pedicel thin and slender, ca 10 mm Flowers 4-merous, ca mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals whitish green or greenish white, obovate, apex acute, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca cm in diam., with wide and obtuse wings, more than ca × mm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl Apr–May, fr Sep–Nov ● Foothills Gansu, ?Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan The distribution report from Guizhou has not been confirmed 14 Euonymus subcordatus J S Ma, Harvard Pap Bot 10: 95 1997 近心叶卫矛 jin xin ye wei mao Shrubs, ca m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, 4-angled or winglike when young, brown or gray-brown when dry Leaf blade sessile, thickly leathery, ovate-oblong, 13–15 × 4–6 cm, base cordate, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate; lateral veins impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially Pedicel thin, ca 10 mm Flowers 4-merous (not seen) Capsule green when immature, globose, with wings, ca cm in diam Fl before Jul, fr Aug or later ● Forests; ca 600 m Guangxi This species is known only from the type, which has very young fruit 15 Euonymus szechuanensis Chen H Wang, Contr Bot Surv Northw China 1: 49 1939 四川卫矛 si chuan wei mao Deciduous shrubs, ca m tall; branches and twigs moderately sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole less than cm; leaf blade thickly papery, ovate-elliptic, obovate, or obovate-elliptic, 6–11 × 3–4 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin finely crenulate, apex acuminate, caudate, or acute; lateral veins or pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle slender, up to 10 cm or more, or × dichotomously branched with several to many flowers; pedicel slender, ca 10 mm Flowers 5-merous, up to 1.2 cm in diam.; sepals suborbicular, short; petals dark red or purple, obovate, apex rotund, base cuneate Ovary weakly angulate Capsule green to brown, or yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, ca cm in diam., with wide and sharp wings, less than ca × mm when fully developed Aril bright red Fl Apr–Jul, fr Jul–Aug ● Forests; 700–1600 m Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan This species has spreading wings on the capsule, and the flower is very large and purple; these characters are very different from the others in the section CELASTRACEAE 445 Euonymus subg Euonymus 卫矛亚属 wei mao ya shu Evergreen or deciduous shrubs to small trees; winter buds ovoid, small, 2–5 mm Flowers 4- or 5-merous Stamens filamentous or subsessile; anthers 2-celled Ovaries 4- or 5-loculed Capsule rugose, without wings, echinate or lobed, opening by or lobes at maturity About 113 species: Asia and Europe, cultivated in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Oceania; 75 species (42 endemic, one introduced) in China Euonymus sect Echinococcus Nakai, J Jap Bot 17: 617 1941 刺果卫矛组 ci guo wei mao zu Shrubs or small trees, deciduous or evergreen Flowers 4-merous, rarely 5-merous Capsule with tubercles or prickles, 4- or 5lobed at maturity Eighteen species: E, S, and SE Asia; 14 species (ten endemic) in China 1a Capsule with tubercles (not prickles), entire surface densely tuberculate 28 E verrucocarpus 1b Capsule with prickles, not tubercles 2a Capsule with needle to threadlike prickles, sparsely covering surface 3a Prickles fine and slender or sometimes needlelike; capsule large, 1.3–1.8 cm in diam 25 E lushanensis 3b Prickles straight, not fine and slender; capsule small, less than cm in diam 4a Leaf blade entire 26 E potingensis 4b Leaf blade crenulate to serrate 5a Dwarf shrubs, under 30 cm tall 19 E aculeolus 5b Shrubs, more than m tall 6a Leaf blade 5–12 × 3–4.5 cm, veins impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially; capsule ca mm in diam 23 E chui 6b Leaf blade 4–6 × 2–3 cm, veins invisible; capsule 8–10 mm in diam 27 E spraguei 2b Capsule with sturdy prickles, densely covering surface 7a Capsule grayish green or gray when dry, prickles more than cm, flattened at base 17 E actinocarpus 7b Capsule brown, yellow, tawny, black, or purple when dry, prickles less than cm 8a Inflorescences more than 10 cm; flowers more than 10 9a Leaf blade ovate or ovate-elliptic, adaxially wrinkled, petiole 5–8 mm 20 E balansae 9b Leaf blade oblong to elliptic, adaxially never wrinkled, petiole 1–2 cm 16 E acanthocarpus 8b Inflorescences less than cm; flowers less than 10a Leaf blade pubescent on both sides 21 E acanthoxanthus 10b Leaf blade glabrous 11a Leaves sessile or petiole less than mm 12a Leaf blade less than × cm 22 E chenmoui 12b Leaf blade ca × 2–3 cm 24 E echinatus 11b Leaf petiole more than mm 13a Leaf blade leathery, 7–10 × 3–6 cm; capsule 1–1.5 cm in diam 18 E aculeatus 13b Leaf blade thinly leathery or papery, 10–15 × 2.5–4.5 cm; capsule 1.5–2 cm in diam 29 E wilsonii 16 Euonymus acanthocarpus Franchet, Pl Delavay 2: 129 1889 刺果卫矛 ci guo wei mao Echinocarpus erythrocarpus H Léveillé; Euonymus acanthocarpus var laxus (Chen H Wang) C Y Cheng; E acanthocarpus var longipes (Lace) Blakelock; E acanthocarpus var scandens (Loesener) Blakelock; E acanthocarpus var sutchuenensis Franchet ex Loesener; E laxus Chen H Wang; E longipes Lace; E tengyuehensis W W Smith; E theifolius Wallich ex M A Lawson var scandens Loesener Deciduous shrubs, erect or ascending, 2–3(–8) m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, brown or gray Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade leathery, oblong, oblong-elliptic, or elliptic, 7–12 × 3–5.5 cm, base subrounded, rounded, cuneate, or attenuate, margin irregularly crenulate to crenate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 5–8 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 6–10 cm, typically more than × dichotomously branched, many flowered; pedicel 4–6 mm Flowers 4-merous, small, 6–8 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular; petals yellow-green, obovate, base attenuate Disk rounded Filament 2–3 mm Ovary densely prickled; stigma long Capsule brown-red, nearly globose, 1–1.2 cm in diam., 4-lobed, densely prickly, prickles 1–2 mm Aril orange Fl May–Aug, fr Aug–Nov Forests, woodlands; 700–2000 m Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Myanmar] 446 CELASTRACEAE 17 Euonymus actinocarpus Loesener, Bot Jahrb Syst 30: 459 1902 星刺卫矛 xing ci wei mao Euonymus angustatus Sprague; E contractus Sprague; E hemsleyanus Loesener Deciduous shrubs, erect or ascending, to m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, with angles, brown-green or gray Petiole 8–12 mm; leaf blade leathery, ovate to ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 7–10 × 3–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenulate, apex acute; lateral veins ca pairs, netted before reaching margin Peduncle 6–10 cm, typically more than × dichotomously branched, many flowered; pedicel slender, ca mm, sometimes with wings Flowers 4-merous, small, ca mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular; petals yellow-green, ovate, base cuneate Disk 4-lobed Filament absent Ovary densely long prickly; stigma short Capsule gray, nearly globose, base flattened, 2–2.5 cm in diam., 4-lobed, densely prickly, prickles 1–1.5 cm Aril orange Fl Jan–Apr, fr Jun–Jan ● Forests, woodlands; below 1700 m Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan 18 Euonymus aculeatus Hemsley, Bull Misc Inform Kew 1893: 209 1893 小千金 xiao qian jin Echinocarpus hederirhizus H Léveillé; Euonymus xanthocarpus C Y Cheng & Z M Gu Evergreen shrubs, scandent, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, striate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole 8–12 mm; leaf blade leathery, ovate, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, 7–10 × 3–6 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenulate distally, nearly entire proximally, apex acute; lateral veins or pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 4–6 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel glabrous, 4–5 mm Flowers 4-merous, small, 6–7 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular; petals yellow-green, ovate, base cuneate Ovary densely long prickly; stigma absent Capsule red when fresh, yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, 1–1.5 cm in diam., 4-lobed, densely prickly, prickles ca mm Aril bright red Fl Apr–May, fr Jul–Sep ● Forests, scrub; 300–1500 m ?Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan The distribution reports from Guangdong and Henan have not been confirmed 19 Euonymus aculeolus C Y Cheng ex J S Ma, Harvard Pap Bot 10: 94 1997 微刺卫矛 wei ci wei mao Dwarf shrubs, 20–30 cm tall; young branches and twigs sturdy, 4-angled, green-brown Leaf blade sessile, leathery, ovate, 3–5 × 1–1.5 cm, base truncate, margin crenulate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins or pairs, netting before reaching margin Flowers 4-merous (not seen) Capsule typically 1, occasionally or in cluster, axillary, red when fresh, yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, 6–8 mm in diam., 4-grooved, with very small and slender, needle or threadlike prickles Seeds ovoid, black; aril bright red Fl unknown, fr Nov ● Mountain slopes Yunnan This species is very unusual because it is the only dwarf (less than 30 cm tall) in the genus 20 Euonymus balansae Sprague, Bull Misc Inform Kew 1908: 180 1908 刺猬卫矛 ci wei wei mao Euonymus hystrix W W Smith; E mengtzeanus (Loesener) Sprague; E theifolius Wallich ex M A Lawson var mengtzeanus Loesener Evergreen shrubs, scandent, ca m tall; branches and twigs 4-angled, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole 5–8 mm; leaf blade papery, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 10–15 × 4–8 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenulate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 6–9 pairs, netting before reaching margin, impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially Peduncle 4–6 cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel glabrous, 4–5 mm Flowers 4-merous, 9–10 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular; petals yellow-green, ovate, base cuneate Ovary densely prickly; stigma absent Capsule red when fresh, black when dry, nearly globose, 1–1.3 cm in diam., 4-lobed, densely prickly, prickles ca mm Aril bright red Fl May–Aug, fr Jul–Nov Forests, scrub; 1000–3000 m Yunnan [Vietnam] 21 Euonymus acanthoxanthus Pitard in Lecomte, Fl IndoChine 1: 870 1912 三脉卫矛 san mai wei mao Echinocarpus cavaleriei H Léveillé; E esquirolii H Léveillé; Euonymus blinii H Léveillé; E subtrinervis Rehder Evergreen shrubs, scandent; branches and twigs slender, striate, green or brown when dry Petiole ca mm; leaf blade papery, ovate-elliptic, 8–10 × 3–4 cm, pubescent abaxially, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenulate to serrate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, slightly prominent abaxially, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle up to cm, or × dichotomously branched, several flowered Flowers 4-merous (not seen) Capsule yellow-brown when dry, nearly globose, 1–1.5 cm in diam., slightly 4-grooved, densely prickly, prickles ca mm Aril orange Fl unknown, fr May–Sep Forest mountains; 500–800 m Guizhou, Yunnan [N Vietnam] 22 Euonymus chenmoui W C Cheng, Contr Biol Lab Sci Soc China, Bot Ser 10: 75 1935 陈谋卫矛 chen mou wei mao Deciduous shrubs, prostrate, less than m tall; branches and twigs 4-angled, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole 1–2 mm; leaves papery, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 1.8–3.6 × 0.9–1.7 cm, base broadly cuneate or subrotund, margin finely crenulate, apex acute or shortly acuminate; lateral veins 4–6 pairs, slightly prominent on both sides Pedicel glabrous, ca cm Flowers CELASTRACEAE 4-merous, only axillary, 7–8 mm in diam.; sepals rotund, very small; petals greenish yellow, suborbicular, 2–3 mm Ovary densely prickly Capsule dark red to red-purple when fresh, black when dry, nearly globose, 1–1.2 cm in diam., densely prickly, prickles ca mm Seeds only per locule; aril orange Fl May–Jul, fr Sep–Oct ● Woodlands; 1000–1500 m Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang 23 Euonymus chui Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr Bot Z 90: 121 1941 [“chuii”] 隐刺卫矛 yin ci wei mao Deciduous shrubs, scandent, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs striate, angulate, brown or gray-brown when dry, sometimes black Petiole less than ca cm; leaf blade thinly leathery or thickly papery, ovate, obovate, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, 5–12 × 3–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin sparsely serrate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 6–8 pairs, obviously impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 1–2 cm, 1–3-flowered Flowers 4-merous; sepals very small, semirotund; petals orbicular, greenish yellow Capsule red when fresh, brown when dry, nearly globose, ca mm in diam., sparsely prickly, prickles 1–2 mm Aril bright orange Fl May–Jul, fr Sep–Nov ● Forests, scrub; 1400–2600 m Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan 24 Euonymus echinatus Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl Ind 2: 410 1824 棘刺卫矛 ji ci wei mao Euonymus arboricola Hayata; E fungosus Ohwi subsp chinensis P S Hsu; E mupinensis Loesener & Rehder; E scandens Graham; E subsessilis Sprague; E trichocarpus Hayata Evergreen or semievergreen shrubs, scandent, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs slender, striate, angulate, brown or graybrown when dry, sometimes black Petiole short, ca mm; leaf blade thinly leathery, ovate, ca × 2–3 cm, base cuneate or truncate, margin sparsely serrate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 6–8 pairs, sometimes impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 2–3 cm, 1–3-flowered; pedicel ca cm Flowers 4-merous, 6–8 mm in diam.; sepals small, semirotund; petals orbicular, attenuate at base, greenish yellow Capsule red when fresh, brown when dry, nearly globose, ca 10 mm in diam., densely prickly, prickles 1–2 mm Aril bright orange Fl Apr–Jul, fr Sep–Jan Forests, scrub; 1300–3500 m Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand] This is one of the most complicated and variable species in the section Euonymus scandens appears to be conspecific; however, the type is without flowers and fruit, making a definitive determination impossible 25 Euonymus lushanensis F H Chen & M C Wang, Acta Phytotax Sin 3: 239 1954 庐山卫矛 lu shan wei mao 447 Euonymus acanthocarpus Franchet var lushanensis (F H Chen & M C Wang) C Y Cheng; E furfuraceus Q H Chen Deciduous shrubs, scandent, 2–3 m tall; branches and twigs striate, angulate, brown or gray-brown when dry Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade thinly leathery or thickly papery, ovate to elliptic, or ovate-oblong, 9–15 × 3–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 6–8 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin, slightly impressed adaxially, slightly prominent abaxially Peduncle 2–10 cm, or × dichotomously branched with several to many flowers Flowers 4-merous (not seen) Capsule red when fresh, brown when dry, nearly globose, 1.3–1.8 cm in diam., 4-lobed, with sparse needlelike prickles, prickles ca mm Aril bright red Fl May– Aug, fr Oct–Nov ● Forests, scrub; 600–1000 m ?Anhui, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang This species’ large fruit with few needlelike prickles is unique in the section The distribution report from Anhui has not been confirmed 26 Euonymus potingensis Chun & F C How ex J S Ma, Harvard Pap Bot 10: 94 1997 保亭卫矛 bao ting wei mao Evergreen shrubs or small trees, scandent; branches and twigs brown or dark brown, obscurely angled when young Petiole ca mm; leaf blade thinly leathery or thickly papery, oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 6–10 × 3–4.5 cm, base and apex attenuate, margin entire; lateral veins 5–7 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 3–4 cm, several flowered Flowers 4-merous (not seen) Capsule (immature) globose, sparsely prickly Fl unknown, fr May ● Valley forests; ca 1100 m Hainan This is the only species in Hainan Island with prickles on the capsule The entire leaf margin is also unique to the section 27 Euonymus spraguei Hayata, J Coll Sci Imp Univ Tokyo 30(1): 59 1911 疏刺卫矛 shu ci wei mao Euonymus kuraruensis Hayata Deciduous shrubs, scandent, 4–5 m tall; branches and twigs striate, angulate, brown or gray-brown when dry, sometimes green Petiole 5–14 mm; leaf blade thinly leathery, ovate-elliptic, ca × 2–3 cm, base cuneate or truncate, margin sparsely crenulate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 6–8 pairs, sometimes invisible and disappearing before reaching margin Peduncle 2–3 cm, 1–3-flowered; pedicel ca cm or less Flowers 4-merous, 6–8 mm in diam.; sepals small, semirotund; petals orbicular, attenuate at base, greenish yellow Capsule red when fresh, brown when dry, nearly globose, 8–10 mm in diam., 4-lobed, sparsely prickly or nearly smooth, prickles 1–2 mm Aril bright orange Fl Apr–Jul, fr Aug–Feb ● Forests, scrub; 1100–2800 m Taiwan 28 Euonymus verrucocarpus C Y Cheng ex J S Ma, Harvard Pap Bot 3: 231 1998 瘤果卫矛 liu guo wei mao Deciduous shrubs to small trees, to m tall, to 13 cm d.b.h.; CELASTRACEAE 448 stem green to gray-green, 4-angled, glabrous; twigs green to light green, 4-angled when dry; winter buds very small, with several yellow scales, generally acute Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade ± papery, ovate or elliptic-ovate, base and apex acuminate or acute, margin denticulate; lateral veins 4–6 pairs, disappearing before reaching margin or unclear, glabrous on both sides Peduncle axillary, up to 10 mm, typically 1-flowered, occasionally few flowered Flowers 4-merous (not seen) Capsule usually 1, sometimes or 3, with dense and very short tubercles, less than ca × mm, red when fresh (field record); pedicel ca mm Seeds per locule, nearly round or oblonground, ca × mm, black when dry, partially covered by aril Fl unknown, fr Nov ● Scrub; ca 2400 m Yunnan 29 Euonymus wilsonii Sprague, Bull Misc Inform Kew 1908: 180 1908 长刺卫矛 chang ci wei mao Evergreen shrubs, scandent, 3–4 m tall; branches and twigs sturdy, striate, green or brown when dry Petiole 1–1.4 cm; leaf blade thinly leathery or papery, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or long elliptic, 10–15 × 2.5–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenulate on distal 2/3, nearly entire on proximal 1/3, apex acute, acuminate, or caudate; lateral veins 6–8 pairs, impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially, netting before reaching margin Peduncle 4–6 cm, or × dichotomously branched with many flowers; pedicel glabrous, 5–7 mm Flowers 4-merous, small, 6–7 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular; petals green, ovate, base attenuate Ovary densely long prickly; stigma absent Capsule red when fresh, yellow-brown or gray when dry, nearly globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., 4-lobed, densely prickly, prickles 6–7 mm Aril bright red Fl Apr–May, fr Jul–Sep ● Forests, scrub; 1000–2600 m Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan Euonymus sect Melanocarya (Turczaninow) Nakai, J Jap Bot 17: 618 1941 深裂卫矛组 shen lie wei mao zu Melanocarya Turczaninow, Bull Soc Imp Naturalistes Moscou 31: 453 1858 Shrubs or small trees, mostly deciduous, a few evergreen Flowers 4-merous Capsule 4-lobed into base, opening by lobes at maturity, sometimes only 1–3 lobes developing About 11 species: E and S Asia, cultivated in Europe and North America; ten species (seven endemic) in China 1a Leaves deciduous 2a Young branches and twigs with corky wings 30 E alatus 2b Young branches and twigs without wings 3a Leaf blade broadly linear or oblong-lanceolate, 4–7 × as long as wide 34 E euscaphis 3b Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, less than × as long as wide 4a Leaf blade obovate or elliptic-obovate 31 E centidens 4b Leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic 5a Leaf blade margin finely and sharply serrulate; flowers from greenish pink to red; style long and persistent 39 E verrucosoides 5b Leaf blade margin crenulate; flowers light yellow or greenish yellow; style short and invisible 33 E distichus 1b Leaves evergreen 6a Flowers 4- or 5-merous; cymes with many flowers; leaf blade margin ciliate 37 E lucidus 6b Flowers 4-merous only; cymes with less than flowers; leaf blade margin without cilia 7a Leaf blade entire 36 E hukuangensis 7b Leaf blade margin crenulate to serrate 8a Leaf blade small, 4–7 cm 38 E tashiroi 8b Leaf blade large, 9–15 cm 9a Leaf blade mainly obovate, margin often serrulate to ciliate; capsule lobes often bending backward 32 E dielsianus 9b Leaf blade mainly elliptic, margin entire or obscurely crenulate; capsule lobes never bending backward 35 E hainanensis 30 Euonymus alatus (Thunberg) Siebold, Verh Batav Genootsch Kunst 12: 49 1830 striatus (Thunberg) Loesener; E verrucosus Scopoli var tchefouensis Debeaux 卫矛 wei mao Deciduous shrubs, 1–4 m tall; young branches usually with or winglike corks, wings up to mm wide, 1–2 mm thick, twigs 4-angled, green or brown when dry Petiole sessile or very short, 2–4 mm; leaf blade thinly leathery to papery, obovate or obovate-elliptic, sometimes ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 4.5–10 × 2–4 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenulate to serrulate, apex acute, acuminate, or even caudate; lateral veins Celastrus alatus Thunberg in Murray, Syst Veg., ed 14, 237 1784; C striatus Thunberg; Euonymus alatus var ellipticus Chen H Wang; E alatus var microphyllus Chen H Wang; E alatus var pilosus Loesener & Rehder; E alatus var pubescens Maximowicz; E ellipticus (Chen H Wang) C Y Cheng; E CELASTRACEAE 478 Maytenus inflata S J Pei & Y H Li, Res Bull Trop Pl 13: 14 1979 胀果美登木 zhang guo mei deng mu Shrubs, 3–4 m tall; branches cinereous or cinereous-brown Leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 7–14 × 3–7 cm, membranous, base cuneate or narrowly cuneate, margin crenate, apex acuminate; lateral veins 8–13 pairs, webbing with veinlets, obvious on both surfaces Cymes terminal, dichotomous or trichotomous; fructiferous cymes ca cm; peduncles and pedicels nearly equal in length Capsule subglobose, ca 1.5 cm in diam., inflated, valves thinly leathery Fr Dec ● Mountain slopes; ca 1200 m Yunnan Maytenus austroyunnanensis S J Pei & Y H Li, Res Bull Trop Pl 13: 14 1979 滇南美登木 dian nan mei deng mu Maytenus diversicymosa S J Pei & Y H Li; M pachycarpa S J Pei & Y H Li; M shuangjiangensis S J Pei & Y H Li Shrubs, 1–3 m tall; twigs usually unarmed, old branches typically thorny, thorns needlelike or slightly sturdy, erect or somewhat decurved Petiole 5–7 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 7–12 × 4–5.5 cm, subleathery or leathery, base cuneate or narrowly cuneate, margin serrate or obtusely serrate, apex acute or obtuse, or with small mucro; lateral veins 7–13 pairs, veinlets not obvious Cymes usually or × dichotomously branched, 1–3-flowered; peduncle sturdy, rarely slender, usually 1–2 cm; pedicel slender 4–6 mm, slightly elongate when fruiting Flowers white, 5–8 mm in diam.; sepals broadly ovate; petals oblong-ovate Capsule obovoid, ca 1.2 cm, 3-valved Seeds red-brown; aril white, yellowish when dry Fl May–Sep, fr Sep–Dec ● Mountain slopes, riverside scrub, roadsides; 500–1100 m Yunnan Maytenus hookeri Loesener in Engler & Prantl, Nat Pflanzenfam., ed 2, 20(b): 140 1942 美登木 mei deng mu Gymnosporia acuminata J D Hooker ex M A Lawson, Fl Brit India 1: 619 1875, not Maytenus acuminata (Linnaeus) Loesener (1942); Maytenus hookeri var longiradiata S J Pei & Y H Li Shrubs, 1–4 m tall; twigs slender, sometimes trailing, sparsely thorny or unarmed, older branches typically thorny Petiole 5–12 mm; leaf blade elliptic or oblong-ovate, 8–20 × 3.5–8 cm, papery, or thinly papery, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin crenate, apex acuminate; lateral veins tenuous, 5–8 pairs Cymes 1–6, fascicled, each cyme 2–4(or 5) × monochasially branched or once dichotomously branched; peduncle slender, various in length, 2–5(–10) mm, sometimes absent; pedicel slender, 3–5 mm, 1–1.2 cm when fruiting Flowers small, white-green, 3–5 mm in diam Filament ca mm Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed Capsule obovoid, flat, 0.6–1.2 cm, usually 2-valved Seeds oblong-ovate; aril white, yellowish when dry Fl Dec–Jun, fr Jun–Nov Sparse forests, mountain slopes, mountain valleys; 600–1200 m Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Darjeeling)] This species is used for medicinal purposes Maytenus guangxiensis C Y Cheng & W L Sha, Acta Phytotax Sin 19: 232 1981 广西美登木 guang xi mei deng mu Shrubs, to m tall; twigs thorny, thorns sturdy Petiole 5–13 mm; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 6.5–21 × 3.5–10 cm, thickly papery, base broadly cuneate or subrounded, margin crenate, apex acute or obtuse; lateral veins tenuous, or pairs Cymes fascicled, 2–4 × branched, 7–25-flowered; peduncle short, branches ca cm; pedicel 3–8 mm; bracts and bractlets small, broadly ovate, ca mm Flowers white, 6–8 mm in diam.; sepals ovate-rounded, ciliate; petals oblong, erose Disk thick Filament ca 2.5 mm Ovary with obvious style; stigma 3-lobed Capsule purple-brown, obovoid, 1.4–1.8 × 1–1.2 cm, 3-valved Seeds red-brown, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 6–8 × ca mm, covered by white aril at base Fl Nov–Dec ● Dry calcareous mountain slopes, scrub Guangxi The leaves of this species are used medicinally Maytenus hainanensis (Merrill & Chun) C Y Cheng in C Y Cheng & P H Huang, Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 45(3): 146 1999 海南美登木 hai nan mei deng mu Gymnosporia hainanensis Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 267 1935 Shrubs, inclined, or vinelike with age, old branches thorny, thorns sturdy, decurved, hooked Petiole sturdy, longer than ca mm; leaf blade oblong-obovate, 10–16 × 4–9 cm, leathery, base narrowly cuneate, margin nearly entire or repand-serrate, apex shortly acuminate Flowers not seen Fructiferous cymes fascicled, or × branched; peduncle nearly absent, branches sturdy, ca cm; pedicel stout, ca × 1.5 mm Capsule triangular-globose, ca 1.5 × 1.8 cm, 3-valved, valves rigid and thick, obviously reticulate Seeds obovate, ca mm, red-brown, covered by orange aril at base Fr May ● Sparse forests Hainan Maytenus confertiflora J Y Luo & X X Chen, Acta Phytotax Sin 19: 233 1981 密花美登木 mi hua mei deng mu Shrubs, to m tall; twigs thorny, thorns sturdy, erect or sometimes slightly decurved Petiole 6–10 mm; leaf blade broadly elliptic or obovate, 11–24 × 3–9 cm, papery, base cuneate, margin crenate, apex shortly acuminate; lateral veins tenuous, 9–13 pairs Cymes numerous, fascicled at axils, ca 60-flowered, subglobose, 1–1.5 cm; peduncle very short or absent; branches and pedicel tenuous, 4–6 mm; bracts and bractlets small, margin fimbriate Flowers small, white, 8–10 mm in diam.; sepals triangular-ovate, purplish; petals oblong, ca × mm Filament ca mm Stigma 3-lobed Capsule purplish brown, obovoid, 1–1.5 cm, 3-valved Seeds oblong, covered by white aril at base Fl Nov–Dec ● Dry calcareous mountain slopes and jungles Guangxi The leaves of this species are used medicinally CELASTRACEAE 479 BHESA Buchanan-Hamilton ex Arnott, Edinburgh New Philos J 16: 315 1834 膝柄木属 xi bing mu shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A Michele Funston Evergreen trees with buttressed trunks, glabrous Leaves alternate, entire, lateral veins parallel; petiole geniculate; stipules ovate or lanceolate, membranous, stipular scar conspicuous Inflorescences axillary, cymose, paniculate, or racemose Flowers bisexual, 5-merous Disk fleshy, cupular to plate-form, 5-lobed, intrastaminal; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, introrse Ovary 2-locular, glabrous or apically pubescent; ovules erect, per locule Capsule 2-valved or fusiform, leathery, loculicidally dehiscent Seeds or 2, oblong; aril basal or enveloping seed Five species: tropical Asia; one species in China Bhesa robusta (Roxburgh) Ding Hou, Blumea, Suppl 4: 152 1958 膝柄木 xi bing mu Celastrus robustus Roxburgh, Fl Ind 2: 395 1824; Kurrimia robusta (Roxburgh) Kurz; K sinica Hung T Chang & S Ye Liang Trees, 10(–40) m tall; twigs thick and strong, usually purple-brown, rough and coarse on surface, often with large leaves and bud scars; bark rather rough, brown Leaves alternate, sometimes subopposite on young twigs; petiole cylindric, 2–3 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic or narrowly ovate, 11–20 × 3.5–6 cm, subleathery, glossy, base often rounded or broadly attenuate, sometimes subcuneate or slightly cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate or acute; main vein and lateral veins prominent abaxially, lateral veins 14–18 pairs, becoming dense and netted dis- tally Cymes 3–5-branched, many flowered; peduncle short or nearly absent; pedicel short Flowers small, yellowish green; sepals linear-lanceolate, ca 1.5 mm, narrowly acuminate at apex; petals narrowly obovate or oblong-lanceolate, ca mm, subrounded at apex Filament ca mm Ovary compressed globose, base surrounded by disk; styles 2, thick and large, basally with tufted hairs; stigma small Capsule narrow and long ovoid, ca × 1–1.2 cm, steeply tapering to apex, with vertical grooves Seeds 1, elliptic-ovoid, ca 1.5 cm, brown or brown-red, glossy; aril covering most of seed, white or brown Lowland forests; ca 100 m SE Guangxi (Hepu) [Bangladesh, ?Bhutan, Cambodia, E India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam] According to FRPS (45(3): 147, 149 1999), there exists only one tree of Bhesa robusta in Hepu, SE Guangxi CATHA Forsskål ex Scopoli, Intr Hist Nat 228 1777 巧茶属 qiao cha shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A Michele Funston Shrubs, glabrous Leaves opposite on mature branches and alternate on juvenile branches, obtusely serrate Inflorescences axillary, cymose Flowers bisexual, 5-merous Disk thin, cupuliform, weakly 5-lobed, intrastaminal; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, introrse Ovary 3-locular; ovules erect, per locule Capsule cylindric, bony, loculicidally dehiscent Seeds 1–3, with membranous, basal wing One species: E Africa, cultivated in N Africa, Arabian peninsula, and tropical Asia The leaves contain cathinone, a natural amphetamine, and are commonly chewed for the pharmaceutical effects Catha edulis (Vahl) Endlicher, Enchir Bot 575 1841 巧茶 qiao cha Celastrus edulis Vahl, Symb Bot 1: 21 1790 Evergreen shrubs, 1–5 m tall; young branches with white, fine lenticels Petiole 3–8 mm; leaf blade elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 4–7 × 2–4 cm, leathery, base narrowly attenuate, slightly decurrent, margin obtusely serrate, apex obtusely shortly acuminate Cymes single, small, 1.5–2 × as wide; peduncle 5–10 mm, 2–4-branched, branches short, less than mm; pedicel 1–3 mm, up to mm in fruit Flowers 3–5 mm in diam.; sepals 5, triangular-ovate, ca mm; petals 5, white, narrowly ovate or narrowly oblong Stamens 5, filamentous, shorter than corolla Ovary free, surrounded by disk; stigma 3-lobed Capsule orangered, cylindric, ca × 3–4 mm, dehiscing from above, loculicidally in valves, usually only seed maturing per valve Seeds black-brown, narrowly ovoid, 3–4 mm, with membranous basal wing Cultivated Guangxi (Nanning), Hainan (Xinglong), S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna) [native to E African mountains] The name Catha edulis was not validly published by Forsskål (Fl Aegypt.-Arab cvii, 63 1775); see Art 46, Ex 22 of the Vienna Code MICROTROPIS Wallich ex Meisner, Pl Vasc Gen 1: 68; 2: 49 1837, nom cons., not E Meyer (1836) 假卫矛属 jia wei mao shu Zhang Zhixiang (张志翔); A Michele Funston 480 CELASTRACEAE Chingithamnus Handel-Mazzetti; Otherodendron Makino; Paracelastrus Miquel Small trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, glabrous, rarely pubescent; bark gray-brown; branchlets terete to somewhat quadrangular Leaves opposite, entire, often revolute, estipulate Inflorescences axillary, extra-axillary, or terminal, cymose, fascicled, or thyrsoid Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, dioecious, 5-merous (occasionally 4–6-merous); sepals persistent in fruit, slightly enlarged; petals white or yellowish white Disk shallowly calathiform to annular or absent, intrastaminal; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, introrse, rarely extrorse Ovary 2- or 3-locular; ovules erect, per locule Capsule ellipsoid, leathery, not enclosed in or sitting on fleshy perianth parts, 1-locular, laterally split along one side Seed 1, ovoid, furrowed, coat often slightly fleshy and aril-like More than 60 species: tropical and subtropical zones of Africa, America, and E and SE Asia; 27 species (20 endemic) in China This genus is divided into three sections: Microtropis sect Cymosopaniculatae, M sect Remotiflorae, and M sect Microtropis 1a Inflorescences generally with prolonged rachis (M sect Cymosopaniculatae) 2a Main peduncle very long, 14–18 cm; peduncle, rachis, and branches stout and slightly flat M thyrsiflora 2b Main peduncle short, less than ca mm; peduncle, rachis, and branches terete 3a Leaf blade narrowly ovate, narrowly ovate-elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–9 × 1.5–3.5 cm; peduncle 2–3 mm M semipaniculata 3b Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to oblong, 19–24 × 5.5–6.5 cm; peduncle 3–3.4 mm M malipoensis 1b Inflorescences without prolonged rachis 4a Inflorescences dichasial; peduncle more than cm; flowers loosely aggregated (M sect Remotiflorae) 5a Flowers 4- or 6-merous 6a Inflorescences 3- or 4-branched; flower buds pyramidal; flowers 4-merous 12 M pyramidalis 6b Inflorescences 1- or 2-branched; flower buds subglobose; sepals 4; petals and stamens 7a Leaf blade 4–7.5 × 1.5–3 cm; inflorescences 3-flowered 13 M hexandra 7b Leaf blade 4–15 × 3–5 cm; inflorescences 3–7-flowered 14 M henryi 5b Flowers 5-merous 8a Inflorescences 2–4-branched; peduncle 1–3 cm; flowers more than per inflorescence (M macrophylla: inflorescences 1- or 2-branched, but peduncle 1.5–2 cm) 9a Leaf blade small, 4.5–8 cm, leathery, obelliptic to ovate-elliptic, apex obtuse or obtusely acute M japonica 9b Leaf blade large, 6.5–15 cm, papery or nearly leathery, apex acuminate, acute, or slightly caudate 10a Leaf blade apex narrowly caudate; secondary veins only 3–5 pairs M macrophylla 10b Leaf blade apex acuminate or acute; secondary veins 8–13 pairs 11a Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, small, 6.5–13 × 2–4.5 cm; secondary veins 9–13 pairs, oblique, straight; capsule ca cm M petelotii 11b Leaf blade broadly elliptic, large, 10–15 × 5–7 cm; secondary veins 8–10 pairs; capsule up to cm M fallax 8b Inflorescences 1- or 2-branched; peduncle ca cm; flowers less than per inflorescence 12a Leaf blade narrow, length 4–5 × width, rectangular-lanceolate or broadly oblanceolate; inflorescences ca 3-flowered 11 M triflora 12b Leaf blade wide, length less than × width, rectangular or elliptic, rarely broadly ovate; inflorescences 3–7- or more flowered 13a Branchlets tetragonal; leaf blade 8–13 cm 10 M tetragona 13b Branchlets terete, or becoming so at maturity; leaf blade less than cm 14a Leaf blade 3.5–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, apex caudate, secondary veins 4–7 pairs; pedicel ca 1.5 mm M submembranacea 14b Leaf blade 4–9 × 2–4 cm, apex acuminate, secondary veins 11 or 12 pairs; pedicel ± absent M pallens 4b Inflorescences conferti-dichasial; peduncle less than cm (except M gracilipes: peduncle 1–2.5 cm); flowers subsessile or sessile, dense (M sect Microtropis) 15a Peduncle long, 1–2.5 cm; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles often with sparse short hairs 15 M gracilipes 15b Peduncle absent, very short, or up to cm, generally glabrous 16a Leaf blade carnose, irregularly verrucose when dry, rarely papery and without warts when dry 17a Leaf blade thickly papery, small, 6–11 cm, secondary veins obvious; inflorescences 2–7-flowered 18a Secondary veins 8–11 pairs, oblique, straight; petiole 3–5 mm; flowers 5-merous, inflorescences generally 2-flowered 23 M biflora 18b Secondary veins 5–8 pairs, curved; petiole 5–15 mm; flowers 4- or 5-merous, inflorescences 3–7-flowered 24 M oligantha 17b Leaf blade carnose, slightly fleshy, large, 7–18 cm, secondary veins not obvious; inflorescences 5–20-flowered 19a Leaf blade ovate, base broadly cuneate, apex narrowly acute; inflorescences 5-flowered 25 M osmanthoides 19b Leaf blade obovate, rectangular, rectangular-elliptic, or broadly oblanceolate; inflorescences more than 10-flowered CELASTRACEAE 481 20a Branchlets brownish; leaf blade ovate, obovate, or rhombic, apex obtuse; petiole 4–6 mm 26 M wui 20b Branchlets blackish purple; leaf blade rectangular, elliptic, or broadly oblanceolate, apex acute or shortly acuminate; petiole 8–15 mm 27 M obscurinervia 16b Leaf blade papery or slightly leathery, not carnose, glabrous when dry 21a Fruit globose; secondary veins 3–5 pairs 16 M sphaerocarpa 21b Fruits elongate; secondary veins 4–11 pairs 22a Peduncle 5–10 mm; flowers usually 4-merous, rarely 5-merous 17 M yunnanensis 22b Peduncle short, 2–5 mm; flowers 5-merous (M fokienensis 4- or 5-merous) 23a Leaves obovate, oblanceolate, rarely rhombic-elliptic; flowers 4- or 5-merous 18 M fokienensis 23b Leaves elliptic, rectangular, or rectangular-elliptic; flowers 5-merous 24a Leaves small, 3–10 × 1–4 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate; petiole short, 3–7 mm 25a Leaves coriaceous, rhombic-elliptic or narrowly ovate-elliptic; capsule ca 1.5 cm 19 M paucinervia 25b Leaves thickly papery, rectangular-elliptic or narrowly ovate-elliptic; capsule ca cm 20 M reticulata 24b Leaves large, 5–19 × 2–11 cm, apex acuminate, base narrowly cuneate; petiole long, 5–15 mm 26a Secondary veins 7–11 pairs, straight; leaves abaxially brownish when dry; inflorescences 3–7-flowered; capsule smooth without any warts 21 M obliquinervia 26b Secondary veins 5–8 pairs, slender and curved; leaves abaxially gray-brown when dry; inflorescences with 7–15 flowers; capsule surface with small warts 22 M discolor Microtropis sect Cymosopaniculatae (Merrill & F L Freeman) C Y Cheng & T C Kao in C Y Cheng & P H Huang, Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 45(3): 153 1999 聚伞圆锥组 ju san yuan zhui zu Microtropis ser Cymosopaniculatae Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 304 1940 Inflorescences generally with prolonged rachises, thyrses arranged in dichasia, branching peduncles long and obvious, inflorescence loose Flowers 5-merous About ten species: mainly in SE Asia; three species (all endemic) in China Microtropis thyrsiflora C Y Cheng & T C Kao, Acta Phytotax Sin 26: 310 1988 大序假卫矛 da xu jia wei mao Shrubs or small trees, 2–8 m tall; branchlets stout, internodes short, dark purplish brown Petiole thick, 1–1.2 cm, flat up to apex; leaf blade rectangular or rectangular-elliptic, rarely obovate-elliptic, 7–11 × 3–5 cm, leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green (dark gray when dry), base broadly cuneate or decurrent, apex acute or shortly acuminate; midvein thick, obviously prominent on both surfaces, secondary veins 6–8 pairs, anastomosing at margin Thyrses large, generally on branched axis, 8–9 × 7–8 cm, generally of cymose branches, each branch stout and slightly flat; peduncle 14–18 mm, flat; rachis 10–13 mm; secondary peduncle up to 30 mm, third peduncle 10–12 mm, fourth peduncle 8–10 mm, fifth peduncle 3–5 mm; each peduncle apically with triangular bracts, bracts ca 2.5 mm; pedicels ca mm, flat, or absent; floral buds slightly globose, 2.5–3 mm wide Flowers 5-merous; sepals fleshy, approximately leathery, nephroid; petals elliptic Disk annular Stamens with short filament; anther rectangular Ovary broadly subulate; style short and thick Capsule elliptic or obovateelliptic, ca 18 × mm, persistent sepals slightly enlarged ● Thick forests; ca 2300 m Guangxi Microtropis semipaniculata C Y Cheng & T C Kao, Acta Phytotax Sin 26: 310 1988 复序假卫矛 fu xu jia wei mao Small trees to shrubs; branchlets slightly tetragonal Petiole 6–9 mm; leaf blade narrowly ovate, ovate-elliptic, or ovatelanceolate, 4.5–9 × 1.5–3.5 cm, leathery, base widely cuneate or nearly rounded, margin slightly revolute, apex narrowly acute; secondary veins 4–6 pairs, thin Thyrses axillary or on branched axis, broadly spreading; rachis present or absent; peduncle short, only 2–5 mm if rachis present, rachis 5–15 mm, secondary peduncle 1.2–2.2 cm, pedicels 2–3 mm; if rachis absent peduncle long, 2–3 cm Flowers white, ca mm wide; sepals 5, semiorbicular, 1.5–2 mm; petals 5, patent, rectangular-elliptic or slightly obovate, ca mm Disk annular or approximately calathiform, fleshy, margin entire Stamens 5; filament slender, 1.5–2 mm; anther rectangular-elliptic Ovary narrowly subulate; style thick, ca mm Capsule oblong, ca cm ● Thick forests; 1200–1600 m SW Guangxi Microtropis malipoensis Y M Shui & W H Chen, Acta Bot Yunnan 24: 707 2002 麻栗坡假卫矛 ma li po jia wei mao Evergreen trees, to m tall; branchlets terete, ca mm in diam., brown; internode 2–5 mm, with obvious and rounded leaf scars Petiole 15–20 × 1.5–2 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to oblong, 19–24 × 5.5–6.5 cm, papery, deep green, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate; midvein prominent, secondary veins 12 or 13 pairs, anastomosing adjacent to margin Corym- CELASTRACEAE 482 biform cymes axillary, lax, 4- or 5-branched; peduncle 3–3.3 mm Fruits ovate, 2.5–3 cm, including a rostrum, rostrum ca mm; stipes 2–4.5 mm; persistent sepals broadly ovate, ca mm, imbricate, 4-lobed, connected on base; lobe ca × mm, entire, obtuse; persistent style 0.2–0.3 mm Capsule ovate, 2.5–3 cm, including a rostrum, ca cm Seed 1, elliptic ● Evergreen forests; ca 1700 m E Yunnan Microtropis sect Remotiflorae C Y Cheng & T C Kao in C Y Cheng & P H Huang, Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 45(3): 188 1999 疏花组 shu hua zu Dichasium loosely spreading, fastigiate, flabellate or broadly patent Peduncle generally up to cm; secondary peduncle and pedicels obvious or at least conspicuous Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4- or 6-merous Eleven species: S and SE Asia; eleven species (six endemic) in China Microtropis japonica (Franchet & Savatier) H Hallier, Meded Rijks-Herb 1910: 33 1911 日本假卫矛 ri ben jia wei mao Elaeodendron japonicum Franchet & Savatier, Enum Pl Jap 2: 310 1879; Cassine japonica (Franchet & Savatier) Kuntze; C kotoensis Hayata; Microtropis kotoensis (Hayata) Koidzumi; Otherodendron japonicum (Franchet & Savatier) Makino Evergreen small trees or shrubs; branchlets glabrous, dark gray-brown Petiole 2–12 mm; leaf blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, rhombic-elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, 4.5–8 × 2–4 cm, leathery, base cuneate or decurrent up to cm, margin slightly revolute, apex obtuse to obtusely acute, sometimes emarginate; secondary veins 4–6 pairs Cymes axillary or terminal; peduncle 10–15 mm, or 3(or 4) × dichotomously branched, secondary peduncle 1–4 cm; terminal flowers on subaxes sessile; longest pedicels up to 2.5 mm Flowers ca mm wide, yellowish white; sepals 5, thick, broadly semiorbicular, 1–1.5 × 2–2.5 mm, margin irregularly serrulate, persistent in fruit; petals 5, slightly fleshy, oblong, ca mm Disk annular, fleshy, with very shallow lobes Stamens 5; filament very short, inserted on disk Ovary with short, thick style Capsule oblong, 1.5–2 × 0.7–1 cm, apex finely mucronate, surface with fine and longitudinal crest Seed obovate-elliptic, 1–1.2 cm, surface vermilion or dark red Fl ca Apr Forests Taiwan [Japan] Flowers 5-merous Capsule fusiform when immature, ca × 1.3 cm, apex with subulate rostrum; persistent sepals slightly thickened, approximately leathery, semiorbicular or nephroid, 3.5–4 mm wide Fl Jul, fr Oct Evergreen forests, thick forests, slopes; 1500–1700 m S Xizang, SE Yunnan [Myanmar] Microtropis petelotii Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 291 1940 广序假卫矛 guang xu jia wei mao Shrubs or trees, 4–10 m tall; branchlets purplish brown, slightly tetragonal Petiole 8–12 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to narrowly rectangular, 6.5–13 × 2–4.5 cm, leathery, yellowish white when dry, base cuneate, rarely widely cuneate, apex acuminate to acute; midvein fine, prominent on both surfaces, secondary veins 9–13 pairs, oblique, straight Cymes axillary or along branch axis, mainly or × dichotomously branched, loose, spreading; peduncle 10–18 mm, secondary peduncle 5–7 mm; pedicels very short; terminal flowers absent on secondary and tertiary branches Flowers 5-merous; sepals nephroid-semiorbicular, outer sepals obviously smaller; petals oblong, 2.5–3 mm Disk annular or shallowly calathiform, slightly 5-lobed Stamens short; filament shorter than ca mm; anther slightly scalariform-cordate Ovary triangular-subulate Capsule nearly terete, ca 1.5 cm Fl Jun–Oct, fr Jun–Oct Evergreen and mossy forests, thick forests; 1300–2200 m Guangxi, S Yunnan [Vietnam] Microtropis macrophylla Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 229 1940 Microtropis fallax Pitard in Lecomte, Fl Indo-Chine 1: 881 1912 大叶假卫矛 da ye jia wei mao 越南假卫矛 yue nan jia wei mao Microtropis macrocarpa C Y Cheng & T C Kao Shrubs 1.5–3 m tall; branchlets slender, brown Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade rectangular or oblong, 8–15 × 3.5–7 cm, papery, abaxially green, adaxially yellowish green, base widely cuneate or decurrent, apex widely rounded, long caudate, tail 11–15 × 1–2 mm; midvein slender, obviously prominent abaxially, secondary veins 3–5 pairs, obviously prominent abaxially, curved Cymes mainly on branched axis, or × dichotomously branched; peduncle 1.5–2 cm, secondary peduncle ca 1.5 cm; lateral pedicel ca cm or longer; terminal flowers subsessile Small trees, to m tall; branchlets purple-brown, tetragonal when young, becoming gray, terete Petiole 1–1.2 cm; leaf blade broadly elliptic, 8.5–15 × 3.2–7 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate or apiculate, apiculus 3–5 mm; secondary veins 8–10 pairs, slightly prominent on abaxial surface Cymes axillary, 3–5-flowered; peduncle short, 3–4 mm Infructescence 5–10 cm, 4- or 5-branched Persistent sepals 5, ca × mm, imbricate, outer ones smaller than inner ones Capsule elliptic, to × 0.5–0.7 cm, sessile, 2-valved, blackish, enclosed on persistent sepals at base; persistent style ca mm; stigma slightly 4-lobed Seed 1, oblong to obovate; aril red Fr Oct CELASTRACEAE Broad-leaved forests; 500–900 m SE Yunnan [N Vietnam] Microtropis submembranacea Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 291 1940 灵香假卫矛 ling xiang jia wei mao Cassine micrantha Hayata; Microtropis caudata C Y Cheng & T C Kao; M micrantha (Hayata) Koidzumi Shrubs, 3–4 m tall; branchlets, leaves, and flowers fragrant when dry Petiole ca mm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, rarely broadly lanceolate, 3.5–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, sometimes longer, abaxially gray, base widely cuneate or rounded, apex acuminate; secondary veins 4–7 pairs, fine, prominent on both surfaces Cymes axillary, terminal or on branched axis, generally 3–7-flowered; peduncle 5–10 mm, secondary peduncle 2.5–3.5 mm; pedicels ca 1.5 mm Flowers 5-merous; sepals broadly semiorbicular; petals broadly obovate, ca mm Disk shallowly annular, shallowly 5-lobed, lobe widely rounded Filament ca mm; length of anther equal to width Ovary narrowly ovate; style thick Capsule broadly elliptic, ca 1.5 × 0.5– 0.6 cm Fr Apr ● Evergreen forests, thick forests on hills; 1000–1800 m Fujian, Guangdong, S Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan Microtropis pallens Pierre, Fl Forest Cochinch 20: t 305b 1895 淡色假卫矛 dan se jia wei mao Shrubs, 1–2 m tall; branchlets tetragonal when young, becoming terete, glabrous Petiole 5–6 mm; leaf blade ovate to oblong, 4–9 × 2–4 cm, papery, abaxially pallid or slightly silver, adaxially green, glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute; secondary veins 7–12 pairs, prominent on both surfaces Cymes densely dichasial, up to cm; peduncle 2–3.5 mm; pedicels ± absent Flowers 5-merous; sepals slightly membranous, ca mm, margin erose; petals obovate Disk absent Ovary conical, incompletely 2-loculed, ovules per ovary; style short and thick; stigma nearly 4-lobed Capsule ovate or oblong, 2-valved, ca 10 × mm, valve up to 1.5 mm thick Seed ca × mm Fl Jan–Mar, fr Sep–Oct Seasonal rain forests, evergreen forests; ca 400 m SE Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam] 10 Microtropis tetragona Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 290 1940 方枝假卫矛 fang zhi jia wei mao Small trees or shrubs; branchlets obviously tetragonal, purplish brown Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade rectangular-elliptic or narrowly ovate-elliptic, 8–13 × 2.5–5 cm, papery or thinly leathery, rarely falciform-acuminate, base cuneate, apex acuminate; secondary veins 6–9 pairs, slender, obliquely arching upward, closed on margin Cymes 3–7-flowered, rarely more, loose, spreading; peduncle fine, 5–11 mm, secondary peduncle 3–5 mm; pedicels 1.5–3 mm Flowers 5-merous; sepals semiorbicular; petals rectangular-elliptic or slightly broadly ovateelliptic Disk thin, annular, shallowly 5-lobed or entire Stamens small and short; filament very short and conspicuous Ovary broadly triangular-ovate; style often 4-lobed Capsule nearly 483 oblong, ca cm × 8–9 mm, apex often with short rostrum; valves abaxially finely angulate Fl Aug–Oct, fr ca Oct–Nov ● Mossy evergreen forests, streamsides; 1000–2100 m S Guangxi, Hainan, SE Xizang, SE Yunnan 11 Microtropis triflora Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 288 1940 三花假卫矛 san hua jia wei mao Microtropis fokienensis Dunn var longipedunculata W C Cheng; M triflora var szechuanensis C Y Cheng & T C Kao Shrubs, 2.5–5 m tall Petiole slender, 6–12 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, broadly oblanceolate, or elliptic, 5.5–10 × 1–2.5(–4) cm, nearly leathery, base cuneate or decurrent, apex acute to narrowly acuminate; secondary veins 6–8 pairs, slightly curved Cymes axillary, terminal or on branch axis, 3-flowered; peduncle 5–10 mm; terminal flowers sessile; lateral pedicels slender, 2.5–6 mm Flowers 5-merous; sepals broadly semiorbicular, ca 1.5 mm wide, margin ciliate; petals ovate-elliptic, ca mm, spreading in flower Disk calathiform to annular, slightly fleshy, rim curved Stamens ca mm Ovary ampullaceous; stigma present Capsule ovate-elliptic, ca 1.5 cm Seed ovate-elliptic, reddish brown Fl Aug–Sep, fr ca Aug– Oct ● Forested slopes, forest margins; 1300–2100 m Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan 12 Microtropis pyramidalis C Y Cheng & T C Kao, Acta Phytotax Sin 26: 313 1988 塔蕾假卫矛 ta lei jia wei mao Small shrubs, 1–1.5 m tall; branchlets purplish brown, slightly tetragonal Petiole 5–9 mm; leaf blade elliptic or oblong, 7–11 × 3–5.5 cm, papery, base cuneate or widely cuneate, apex caudate-acuminate to acuminate; midvein prominent on both surfaces, secondary veins 4–7 pairs, curved, small, thin Cymes mainly on branched axis, or × dichotomously branched, branches slender and patent; peduncle 1–2 cm, secondary peduncle 5–15 mm; pedicels very short, less than ca mm or absent Sepals broadly triangular-semiorbicular; petals rectangular, ca × mm or more Disk thin, narrowly annular Stamens slightly as long as pistils; filament short and flat; anther ovate-elliptic, connective prominent, narrowly triangular Ovary conical, ca 1.5 mm Fruit unknown Fr Apr ● Seasonal evergreen forests, thick forests, valleys, streamsides; 800–1500 m SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan 13 Microtropis hexandra Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 289 1940 六蕊假卫矛 liu rui jia wei mao Shrubs, to m tall Petiole 5–8 mm; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 4–7.5 × 1.5–3 cm, thickly papery, base cuneate to widely cuneate, apex acuminate; secondary veins 6–8 pairs, oblique, straight, curved near apex, prominent on both surfaces Cymes often congested distally, often 3-flowered; peduncle 5–7 mm; pedicels 1–2.5 mm, sometimes sessile Flowers white; sepals fleshy, often 4, rarely 5, semiorbicular, ca mm wide, very slightly ciliate or absent; petals 6, rarely 5, slightly fleshy, CELASTRACEAE 484 ovate-elliptic to rectangular-elliptic, ca mm Disk shallowly calathiform, fleshy, very slightly lobed Stamens 6, rarely 5, as long as pistils or longer; anther slightly rectangular, connective mucronulate Ovary elliptic-ovate; style very short; stigma slightly lobed Fruit unknown Fl Jun–Aug, fr Nov ● Humid evergreen forests, mountains; 1000–1800 m SE Yunnan 14 Microtropis henryi Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 289 1940 滇东假卫矛 dian dong jia wei mao Evergreen shrubs, 2–3 m tall Petiole 5–12 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or narrowly oblong, 9–15 × 3–5 cm, thinly papery or papery, base cuneate, apex acuminate or apiculate; secondary veins 5–8 pairs, curved Cymes axillary or on branched axis, outspread, (1–)3–7-flowered; peduncle 5–8 mm, secondary peduncle 3–5 mm; pedicels 1–3 mm or sessile Sepals 4, rarely 5, lateral ones smaller, nephroid-semiorbicular, margin irregularly serrulate; petals or 6, broadly elliptic or obovateorbicular Disk inconspicuous Stamens generally 6; filaments very short; anther rectangular, connective mucronulate Ovary rectangular-ovate; style very short to even absent Capsule broadly elliptic, 1.3–1.7 cm × 8–10 mm, apex rounded, mucronulate, valves slightly smooth Fl Jun–Oct, fr Apr–Aug ● Humid evergreen forests, mountains; 800–2000 m SW Yunnan Microtropis sect Microtropis 密花组 mi hua zu Inflorescences glomerulate cymes, sessile or subsessile, rarely long pedunculate Flowers sessile or subsessile Thirteen species: S and SE Asia; 13 species (11 endemic) in China 15 Microtropis gracilipes Merrill & F P Metcalf, Lingnan Sci J 16: 88 1937 ● Forest margins; ca 1200 m NW Yunnan 密花假卫矛 mi hua jia wei mao 17 Microtropis yunnanensis (Hu) C Y Cheng & T C Kao ex Q H Chen, Fl Guizhou 2: 419 1986 Microtropis confertiflora Merrill & F L Freeman; M gracilipes var parvifolia Merrill & F P Metcalf 云南假卫矛 yun nan jia wei mao Shrubs, 2–5 m tall; branchlets slightly angulate Petiole 3–9 mm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade broadly oblanceolate, rarely oblong or obovate, 5–11 × 1.5–3.5 cm, leathery, glabrous, sometimes abaxially sparsely pubescent on veins, base cuneate, margin brownish white when dry, slightly revolute, apex acuminate or caudate; midvein prominent on both surfaces, secondary veins 7–11 pairs, straight, or apically slightly curved and closed Cymes glomerate, dense, axillary or on branched axis; peduncle 1–2.5 cm, sparsely pubescent, unbranched or secondary peduncle 1–3 mm Flowers 5-merous, sessile, clustered capitulum-like; sepals nephroid; petals slightly fleshy, broadly rectangular-elliptic, ca mm Disk annular Stamens ca 1.5 mm; filament present Ovary globose or ovate; style long, thick; stigma shallowly 4-lobed or slightly concave Capsule broadly elliptic, 1–1.8 cm; persistent sepals slightly enlarged, sometimes slightly glaucous Seed elliptic, dark red Fl Apr ● Valley forests, slopes near streams, swamps; 700–1500 m Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan 16 Microtropis sphaerocarpa C Y Cheng & T C Kao, Acta Phytotax Sin 26: 314 1988 圆果假卫矛 yuan guo jia wei mao Small trees, 2–3 m tall; branchlets smooth, slightly flat Petiole short, formed by decurrent leaf base, 3–5 mm; leaf blade elliptic or rectangular-elliptic, 6–9 × 2.5–4 cm, papery, base decurrent, apex acute or acuminate; secondary veins 3–5 pairs, slender, curved, abaxially prominent Cymes glomerate, 1–3-flowered, rarely up to 7-flowered; peduncle 3–5 mm Flowers 4-merous, subsessile or sessile; sepals fleshy, broadly rounded, margin brown, erose with small teeth Capsule subglobose, ca mm in diam., valves slightly smooth and flat, not obviously angulate Microtropis illiciifolia (Hayata) Koidzumi var yunnanensis Hu, Bull Fan Mem Inst Biol 7: 214 1936 Small trees or shrubs, 2.5–9 m tall Petiole 5–9 mm; leaf blade rectangular or elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 4–10 × 1.5–3.5 cm, leathery, base cuneate or widely cuneate, margin slightly revolute, apex long acuminate or slightly caudate, often curved toward one side; secondary veins or pairs, ascendant Cymes glomerate, axillary or on branched axis, 1–3-flowered, sometimes more; peduncle 5–10 mm; terminal flowers sessile or subsessile Flowers generally 4-merous, rarely 5-merous; sepals thick, semiorbicular, ca mm wide, margin ciliate with dark brown toothlike cilia or entire; petals broadly elliptic, ca mm Disk annular, thick, fleshy, lobe obtuse-triangular or truncate Stamens 4, rarely Ovary broadly conical; style thick, ca mm Capsule rectangular-elliptic, 1.5–1.8 cm × 6–9 mm Fr Jan–Mar ● Secondary forests on limestone hills; 1500–2000 m W Guangxi, SW Guizhou, SE Yunnan In the protologue of Microtropis yunnanensis, Chen included Myrsine chaffanjonii H Léveillé (Fl Kouy-Tchéou, 287 1914–1915, “chaffanjoni”) in synonymy If indeed the two taxa are conspecific, the correct name is Microtropis chaffanjonii (H Léveillé) Y F Deng (Ann Bot Fenn 44: 397 2007) 18 Microtropis fokienensis Dunn, J Linn Soc., Bot 38: 375 1908 福建假卫矛 fu jian jia wei mao Cassine illiciifolia Hayata; C matsudae Hayata; Microtropis illiciifolia (Hayata) Koidzumi; M matsudae (Hayata) Koidzumi; Otherodendron matsudae (Hayata) Hayata ex Loesener CELASTRACEAE Small trees or shrubs, 1.5–4 m tall; branchlets slightly tetragonal Petiole 2–8 mm; leaf blade narrowly obovate, broadly oblanceolate, obovate-elliptic, or rhombic-elliptic, 4–9 × 1.5–3.5 cm, thickly papery or leathery, base decurrent or narrowly cuneate, apex narrowly acute or acuminate; secondary veins 4–6 pairs Cymes glomerate, short and small, axillary or on branched axis, rarely terminal, 3–9-flowered; peduncle short, 1.5–5 mm Flowers very shortly pedicellate or sessile, 4-merous or 5-merous; sepals semiorbicular, imbricate; petals elliptic to broadly elliptic, ca mm Disk annular, flat and broadly semiorbicular Stamens shorter than petals Ovary ovate-globose; style obviously present; stigma shallowly 4-lobed Capsule elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 1–1.4 × 0.5–0.7 cm ● Slopes or forests in valleys; 800–2000 m Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang 19 Microtropis paucinervia Merrill & Chun ex Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 285 1940 少脉假卫矛 shao mai jia wei mao Small trees to shrubs; branchlets ± angulate, generally purplish brown Petiole 3–7 mm; leaf blade elliptic, rhombicelliptic, or obovate-elliptic, 3–8 × 1–4 cm, leathery, base cuneate or widely cuneate, rarely decurrent, margin revolute, apex obtuse-acute, rarely acuminate; secondary veins 4–7 pairs, slender, straight Cymes axillary or on branched axis; peduncle ca cm or less Flowers 5-merous, subsessile or sessile; sepals thick, nephroid, ca mm, margin with long cilia; petals ca 2.5 mm, apex sometimes obtuse-emarginate Disk shallowly calathiform, margin entire Stamens short Ovary conical Capsule elliptic, ca 1.5 cm × mm, persistent sepals thick and leatherlike ● Mountain areas; ca 1200 m Guangdong, S Guangxi, Hainan 20 Microtropis reticulata Dunn, J Bot 47: 375 1909 网脉假卫矛 wang mai jia wei mao Small shrubs, 1–2 m tall Petiole 3–6 mm; leaf blade thickly papery, rectangular-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly ovateelliptic, 5–10 × 2–4 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin slightly revolute, apex acute or acuminate; secondary veins 5–7 pairs, slender, oblique, straight, apically slightly ascending, obviously prominent abaxially Cymes glomerate, axillary or terminal; peduncle short, thick, ca mm; pedicels very short to absent Flowers 5-merous; sepals approximately semiorbicular; petals rectangular, ca 2.5 mm Disk annular Stamens short; filament slightly conical Ovary approximately ovate; style stout; stigma obtuse Capsule elliptic, ca cm ● Guangdong, Hainan 21 Microtropis obliquinervia Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 286 1940 斜脉假卫矛 xie mai jia wei mao Microtropis cathayensis Merrill & F L Freeman Small trees or shrubs, to m tall Petiole 5–15 mm; leaf 485 blade lanceolate or oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 5–19 × 2–2.5 cm, leathery, base widely cuneate, somewhat decurrent, margin slightly revolute, apex acuminate or slightly caudate; midvein thick, secondary veins 7–11 pairs, veinlets straight, slender and prominent on both surfaces, veins anastomosing adjacent to margin Cymes glomerate, axillary, on branch axis, rarely terminal, 3–7-flowered, rarely more than 7-flowered; peduncle 2–5(–8) mm Flowers subsessile or sessile, 5-merous; sepals widely rounded, semiorbicular; petals rectangular-elliptic or slightly ovate-elliptic, ca × mm Disk slightly fleshy, annular, lobes somewhat absent, slightly prominent Filament very short, up to ca mm, rectangular-ovate Ovary triangularconical; stigma shallowly 2–4-lobed Capsule broadly elliptic, 12–14 × 7–8.5 mm Fl throughout year ● Secondary forests near streamsides, scattered forests, valleys; 700–2100 m Guangdong, N Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, E Yunnan 22 Microtropis discolor (Wallich) Arnott, Ann Nat Hist 3: 152 1839 异色假卫矛 yi se jia wei mao Cassine discolor Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl Ind 2: 378 1824; Microtropis sessiliflora Merrill & F L Freeman Evergreen small trees or shrubs, 2.5–7 m tall Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade rectangular or oblong, sometimes broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate-elliptic, 7.5–19 × 2.5–8 cm, thickly papery or leathery, abaxially gray-brown, adaxially generally pale green when dry, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, apex caudate, tail up to 1.5 cm; midvein prominent on both surfaces, abaxially more conspicuous, secondary veins 5–8 pairs, slender, curved, prominent on both surfaces Cymes glomerate, axillary or on branch axis, mainly 7–15-flowered; peduncle short, 2.5–6 mm, secondary peduncle 1.5–2.5 mm, third peduncle ca mm Flowers 5-merous, subsessile; sepals slightly semiorbicular, imbricate, margin erosely toothed, teeth dark brown; petals slightly fleshy, rectangular, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, adaxially longitudinally angulate in center Disk annular Filament 1.5–2.5 mm; anther rectangular Ovary elliptic-ovate; style absent; stigma 4-lobed Capsule broadly elliptic, 10–14 × 8–10 mm, surface with thin, longitudinal costa formed by small wartlike elevations Fl and fr Sep–Mar Evergreen forests; 800–1600 m S Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Malaysia (peninsular), Myanmar, Thailand (peninsular), Vietnam] 23 Microtropis biflora Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 288 1940 双花假卫矛 shuang hua jia wei mao Shrubs, to m tall; branchlets terete, generally pallid, internodes long, generally 4–8.5 cm Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade ovate-oblong or rectangular-elliptic, 6–10.5 × 1.8–4.5 cm, thickly papery, dark gray when dry, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate or narrowly acuminate; veins fine, secondary veins 8–11 pairs, oblique, straight Inflorescences terminal, axillary or on branched axis, 2-flowered, rarely 3-flowered; peduncle very short, up to 1.5 mm Flowers 5-merous, sessile, white or light yellow; sepals erect; petals rectangular, sometimes broad near CELASTRACEAE 486 apex, ca mm Stamens short; filament ca mm Ovary ovate; stigma short, thick Capsule broadly elliptic, 1.3–1.5 cm × ca mm Fl Dec to early spring, fr winter ● Dense forests; ca 200 m Guangdong 0.5 mm; anther ovate, ca 0.5 mm Ovary triangular-subulate; stigma shallowly 2-lobed Capsule elliptic, 1.5–2 cm Seed elliptic-ovate, ca 1.5 cm Thick forests, valleys Guangxi, Guizhou [Vietnam] 24 Microtropis oligantha Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 288 1940 26 Microtropis wui Y M Shui & W H Chen, Bot Bull Acad Sin 43: 306 2002 逢春假卫矛 feng chun jia wei mao 吴氏假卫矛 wu shi jia wei mao Shrubs; branchlets slender, terete, purplish brown, internodes 3–10 cm Petiole 5–15 mm; leaf blade rectangular-elliptic, 8–11 × 3–4 cm, thickly papery, abaxially pallid, adaxially olive, base cuneate, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; secondary veins 5–8 pairs, curved Cymes glomerate, axillary, 3–7-flowered; peduncle shorter than mm Flowers 4- or 5-merous, sessile; sepals slightly fleshy, semiorbicular or nephroid, 1.5–2 mm wide; petals rectangular-elliptic or elliptic, ca 3.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm Disk annular Filament ca mm; anther elliptic, ca 0.5 mm Ovary triangular-ovate; style very short; stigma shallowly 2-lobed Fruit unknown Fl Sep Shrubs, scandent, 1–2 m tall, glabrous; branchlets terete, 0.8–1.3 cm in diam., brownish; internodes 12–15 cm; leaf scars semiorbicular Petiole stout, 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm; leaf blade obovate or rhombic, 3.4–5 × 1.6–1.8 cm, abaxially gray-green, adaxially deep green, base auricular, margin slightly revolute, apex obtuse; midvein very prominent abaxially, less so adaxially, secondary veins 12–15 pairs, anastomosing adjacent to margin Cymes axillary or on branched axis, glomerate; peduncle 1–2 mm; pedicels incrassate, 3–3.5 mm Sepals ovate, persistent in fruit Capsule 15–20, ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.8–2 cm × 8–9 mm (length includes rostrum), rostrum 2–3 mm Fr Nov– Jan ● Evergreen forests; 800–1700 m SE Yunnan 25 Microtropis osmanthoides (Handel-Mazzetti) HandelMazzetti, Sinensia 3: 189 1933 ● Secondary forests on limestone hills; 600–800 m SE Yunnan [?Vietnam] 木樨假卫矛 mu xi jia wei mao 27 Microtropis obscurinervia Merrill & F L Freeman, Proc Amer Acad Arts 73: 283 1940 Chingithamnus osmanthoides Handel-Mazzetti, Sinensia 2: 128 1932 隐脉假卫矛 yin mai jia wei mao Shrubs, to m tall; branchlets brown or gray-brown Petiole thick, short, 2.5–5 mm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 7–13 × 2.5–8 cm, leathery, abaxially graygreen, becoming gray-brown when dry, adaxially verrucose, becoming gray when dry, with small warts, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex acute or narrowly acuminate; midvein obvious abaxially, yellowish white when dry, secondary veins 7–11 pairs, oblique, straight, obvious Cymes glomerate, axillary, on branched axis or terminal, generally 5-flowered; peduncle absent, 2-bracteate, bracts triangular-ovate, ca mm Flowers 5-merous, sessile; sepals fleshy, nephroid or cordate, 1.5–2 mm wide, margin with small teethlike cilia; petals rectangular, ca 2.5 mm, margin sometimes erosely small toothed, base with linear, short claws Disk thin, annular Filament less than Evergreen shrubs, 1–2 m tall; branchlets purplish brown or blackish purple Petiole thick, 8–15 mm; leaf blade slightly fleshy, narrowly rectangular, narrowly rectangular-elliptic, or broadly oblanceolate, 8–18 × 2.5–7 cm, leathery, with irregular and small warts when dry; midvein prominent abaxially, secondary veins 7–11 pairs, oblique, straight, not obvious Cymes glomerate, more than 10-flowered; peduncle absent Flowers white, 5-merous, sessile, slightly urn-shaped in flower, 4–5 mm; sepals leathery, slightly nephroid, 1.2–1.4 mm; petals rectangular, 2.5–3 mm, with short claws at base Disk thin, annular, margin entire Ovary ovate; style short and thick; stigma shallowly 2-lobed Capsule elliptic or approximately ellipticovate, 1.5–2 cm Seed ovate-elliptic, ca 1.5 cm ● Forests, valleys; 800–1500 m Hainan 10 TRIPTERYGIUM J D Hooker, Gen Pl 1: 360, 368 1862 雷公藤属 lei gong teng shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A Michele Funston Scandent shrubs or sometimes semiwoody vines, glabrous or tomentose; branchlets sometimes 4–6-angled Leaves alternate, serrate, stipulate Inflorescences axillary or terminal, thyrsoid Flowers bisexual or unisexual (polygamous), 5-merous Disk fleshy, cupuliform, 5-lobed, intrastaminal; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, introrse Ovary 3-locular; ovules erect, per locule Samara 3-winged, chartaceous Seed 1, trigonous One species: from NE Myanmar through China and Korea to Japan Tripterygium wilfordii J D Hooker, Gen Pl 1: 368 1862 雷公藤 lei gong teng Aspidopterys hypoglauca H Léveillé; Tripterygium hypoglaucum (H Léveillé) Hutchinson; T regelii Sprague & Takeda Deciduous subshrubs, or scandent and scrambling, or CELASTRACEAE sometimes semiwoody vines, 2–6(–10) m; branching distally, slender or scrambling, minutely pubescent when young or in open sunlight, becoming glabrous when old or in shade, slightly angled, verrucose or not Petiole 1–2 cm; stipules linear, caducous; leaf blade usually ovate or rounded-ovate, sometimes oblong or elliptic-ovate, (4.6–)8.6–12.5(–18.4) × (3.1–)5.7– 8.9(–12.3) cm, papery, herbaceous (in shade or low light) to leathery (in direct sunlight or very dry conditions), glabrous or sparsely scurfy tomentose with reddish brown hairs, abaxially ± farinose, base broadly cuneate, or rounded to cordate, margin entire or less often crenulate, apex short to long acuminate or acute, tip often blunt Thyrses large, composed of several to dozens of thyrselets, (4.5–)12.5–23.6(–38) × (2.3–)4.7–9.3(–15) cm; flowers normal and an unfertilized male Flowers whitish, greenish, or yellow-green, small, 4–6 × 4–6 mm; calyx 487 5-lobed, hemispheric, ca mm; petals 5, oblong to subovate, slightly narrowed to base, 2–2.5 mm, apex rounded Stamens 5, inserted at margin of cup-shaped and compressed disk Disk bright green, fleshy, ca mm in diam Ovary superior, 3-edged, combined with disk at base, incompletely 3-locular, with prominent ca mm lobes, short style at apex; stigma capitate, bright purple Samara usually green or greenish brown when mature, sometimes pink or pinkish purple, (1–)1.3–1.9(–2.3) × (0.7–)1.2–1.5(–1.9) cm Seed compressed, 3-angled, ca × 1.3–3 mm Fl May–Oct, fr Aug–Nov Mixed forests, forest margins, woodlands, scrub; 100–3500 m Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Jilin, SE Liaoning, Sichuan, N Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, NE Myanmar] 11 PLEUROSTYLIA Wight & Arnott, Prodr Fl Ind Orient 157 1834 盾柱属 dun zhu shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A Michele Funston Evergreen trees or shrubs, glabrous Leaves opposite, decussate, entire, stipulate Inflorescence axillary, cymose Flowers bisexual, 5-merous Disk fleshy, cupular, 5-lobed, intrastaminal; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, introrse Ovary 2-locular or reduced to 1-locular; ovules erect, 2–8 per locule Nut ellipsoid or obovoid, bony, with a prominent persistent lateral style Seed 1, ovoid About five species: Old World tropics and subtropics; one species in China Pleurostylia opposita (Wallich) Alston in Trimen, Handb Fl Ceylon 6(suppl.): 48 1931 盾柱 dun zhu Celastrus oppositus Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl Ind 2: 393 1824 Trees, to 15 m tall, sometimes shrubs; branchlets subterete or obscurely 4-angled Petiole short, 2–5 mm; leaf blade ovate to obovate-oblong, rarely suborbicular, 3–8 × 1.5–5.2 cm, papery, base cuneate, margin entire, sometimes slightly recurved, apex obtuse, acute, rarely acuminate, very rarely retuse; veins or pairs, thin and obvious Cymes of or branches, few flowered; peduncle very short, 2–3 mm; pedicel 1–2 mm Flowers green; calyx lobes rounded or subreniform, ca 0.5 × 0.75–1 mm; petals elliptic or broadly ovate, 1.25–1.5 × ca mm, reflexed at anthesis, obtuse or slightly acute Disk margin slightly crenate Stamens attached just abaxially on disk margin; filament subulate, fleshy, slightly flattened; anther slightly ovoid Ovary adnate to disk at base; style very short; stigma capitate Nut ellipsoid or sometimes slightly obovoid, 5–7 × 4–5 mm Seed sustained by persistent floral parts Fl May–Dec, fr Jul–Jan Lower primary and secondary light rain forests; near sea level to 700 m Hainan [S India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia (Queensland), Pacific islands (New Caledonia)] 12 SALACIA Linnaeus, Mant Pl 2: 159 1771, nom cons 五层龙属 wu ceng long shu Peng Hua (彭华); A Michele Funston Courondi Adanson Climbing or scrambling shrubs or small trees, glabrous or glabrescent; branchlets subterete, internode usually dilated or slightly flat Leaves opposite to subopposite, rarely alternate, entire, crenate, or serrate, estipulate Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, thyrsoid, cymose, or fasciculate Flowers bisexual, 5-merous Disk fleshy, pulvinate or cupular, entire or lobed, extrastaminal Stamens (2 or)3; anthers longitudinally, obliquely, or transversely dehiscent, extrorse or apical Ovary (2 or)3-locular, whole or mostly concealed in disk; ovules axile, 2–9 per locule Berry spheroid, fleshy or subligneous Seeds 2–12, angular, exalbuminous, surrounded by mucilaginous arils About 200 species: chiefly in tropical regions; ten species (eight endemic) in China 1a Berry usually up to cm in diam.; leaf blade small, 5–11 × 2–5 cm 2a Leaf blade entire; axillary or terminal cymes, many flowered, peduncle 4–7 mm; berry ca 1.6 cm in diam S confertiflora 2b Leaf blade sinuate; axillary fascicles, 3–6-flowered, peduncle absent; berry ca cm in diam 10 S chinensis CELASTRACEAE 488 1b Berry 2–5 cm in diam.; leaf blade large, (8–)10–25 × 4–10 cm 3a Flowers many, fasciculate, peduncle ca cm 4a Leaf blade oblong or oblong-elliptic, abaxially not glaucous S polysperma 4b Leaf blade ovate to narrowly ovate, abaxially glaucous S glaucifolia 3b Flowers many or few, fasciculate, peduncle absent 5a Leaf blade margin entire 6a Leaf blade lanceolate S cochinchinensis 6b Leaf blade obovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic 7a Leaf blade obovate-elliptic, 15–20 × 7–11 cm; flowers or 4, axillary or extra-axillary; sepal margin ciliolate S obovatilimba 7b Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 12–17 × 5–7.5 cm; flowers many, axillary; sepal margin membranous S hainanensis 5b Leaf blade margin subentire to denticulate or serrulate 8a Branches slender, smooth, glabrous, sparsely lenticellate; leaf blade papery S aurantiaca 8b Branches robust, densely lenticellate; leaf blade leathery or subleathery 9a Leaf blade narrowly or broadly oblong-elliptic, 13–23 × 6–8 cm; flowers many, pedicel 8–9 mm; berry up to 4.5 cm in diam S amplifolia 9b Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 10–15 × 3.5–5 cm; flowers or 4, pedicel ca mm; berry commonly 2–2.5 cm in diam S sessiliflora Salacia polysperma Hu, Bull Fan Mem Inst Biol., Bot 10: 153 1940 多籽五层龙 duo zi wu ceng long mucronate Disk cupular Stamens 3; filaments flat; anthers forked Ovary concealed in disk; ovules per locule; style short Fruit not seen Fl unknown ● Humid forest valleys; ca 400 m SE Yunnan (Pingbian) Salacia polysperma subsp verrucosorugosa H W Li Salacia cochinchinensis Loureiro, Fl Cochinch 2: 526 1790 Climbing shrubs, ca m tall; branches slender, brown-red when young, brown-gray at maturity, densely lenticellate, lenticels tumorlike, minute Leaves alternate; petiole thick, up to cm; leaf blade oblong or oblong-elliptic, (8–)10–25 × (2.5–)3–7 cm, thinly leathery, base subrounded to broadly cuneate, margin sinuate, weakly serrulate, apex shortly acuminate; midvein abaxially prominent, adaxially concave, lateral veins 9–11 pairs, obliquely ascendant, reticulate near margin, reticulate veins abaxially convex Fascicles axillary, many flowered; peduncle up to cm; petiole 5–7 mm Flowers light green; sepals deltoidorbicular, up to 1.5 mm, margin erose, apex obtuse; petals suborbicular, recurved Disk cupular, subpentagonous, ca 0.5 mm Stamens 3; filaments very short, inserted at margin of disk; anthers forked, dehiscing horizontally Ovary mostly concealed in disk; style terete Berry up to cm in diam., exocarp ligneous when dry, minutely verruciform or smooth, usually 12-seeded Fl Aug–Sep, fr Oct–Nov ● Montane sparsely wooded valleys; 500–1800 m Guangxi, S Yunnan Salacia glaucifolia C Y Wu in S Y Bao, Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 46: 290 1981 粉叶五层龙 fen ye wu ceng long Climbing shrubs, ca m tall; branchlets terete, slightly compressed when young, brown-gray, sparsely lenticellate Petiole ca cm, thick, rugose, canaliculate; leaf blade ovate to oblong, 10–15 × 5–7 cm, abaxially glaucous, light brown-gray, adaxially yellow-green when dry, shiny, margin entire; lateral veins 8–10 pairs, abaxially prominent Cymes axillary; peduncle ca cm; pedicel slender, 2–5 mm Flowers green; sepals elliptic, 1–1.5 × ca mm, margin lacerate; petals broadly elliptic, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm, verrucose, margin membranous, apex 柳叶五层龙 liu ye wu ceng long Shrubs, to m tall; branchlets subtetragonous, compressed, becoming terete, brown-gray, ± minutely lenticellate Petiole 4–5 mm, canaliculate; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 9–11(–15) × (2–)3–4 cm, papery or thinly leathery, adaxially chestnut brown to light black, not shiny, base narrowly cuneate, margin entire; lateral veins (6 or)7 or pairs, reticulate veins conspicuous Fascicles axillary, many flowered; pedicel 6–10 mm, base with multicolumn small scales Flowers light green; sepals broadly deltoid, margin membranous, apex rounded; petals up to mm, obovate, fleshy, margin membranous Stamens 3; filaments flat, tonguelike, inserted at margin of disk, reflexed; anther sacs forked Ovary 3-locular, concealed in disk; ovules per locule Berry globose, up to cm in diam., exocarp fleshy when fresh, 1–3-seeded Seeds angular Fl Feb–Apr, fr May–Jul Sparse woods along roadsides; ca 500 m S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna) [Cambodia, Vietnam] Salacia obovatilimba S Y Bao, Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 46: 290 1981 河口五层龙 he kou wu ceng long Shrubs, ca m tall; branchlets brown-gray, glabrous, densely verrucose lenticellate Petiole robust, up to cm, grooved; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, 15–20 × 7–11 cm, leathery, adaxially shiny, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex mucronate, mucro 5–10 mm; midvein abaxially prominent, adaxially slightly concave, lateral veins 7–9 pairs, reticulate veins horizontally spreading, abaxially prominent, adaxially inconspicuous Fascicles axillary or extra-axillary, 3- or 4-flowered; pedicel tenuous, 6–8 mm, glabrous, base with multicolumn deltoid scales Sepals broadly deltoid, ca mm, margin ciliolate, CELASTRACEAE apex subacute; petals ovate, ca mm, margin membranous, apex subrounded Disk cupular, ca mm tall, pentagonous Stamens 3; filaments flat, inserted at margin of disk; anthers forked, oblong Ovary 3-locular, concealed in disk; ovules per locule; style very short, subulate Fruit not seen ● Forest shade; below 100–200 m S and SE Yunnan (Hekou, Maguan, Mengla) Salacia hainanensis Chun & F C How, Acta Phytotax Sin 7: 56 1958 海南五层龙 hai nan wu ceng long Climbing shrubs; branchlets gray-brown; annual branches densely verrucose lenticellate Petiole strong and robust, 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 12–17 × 5–7.5 cm, leathery, abaxially light yellow, inconspicuously papillate, adaxially light black, shiny, base rounded to cuneate, margin entire, apex shortly and broadly mucronate or inconspicuously acuminate; lateral veins or pairs, broadly spreading, ascending Fascicles axillary, several flowered; pedicel 1–1.5 cm, base with multicolumn small scales Flowers yellow-green; sepals broadly elliptic, ca × 1.5 mm, margin membranous; petals horizontally spreading, elliptic, ca 4.3 × 2.6 mm, apex rounded Disk fleshy, cupular, 1–1.5 mm tall Stamens 3; filaments flat, inserted at margin of disk Ovary concealed in disk; ovules per locule; style very short, thick Fruit globose, ca cm in diam., glabrous, red when ripe, 1–3-seeded Seeds elliptic, ca 2.8 × 1.8 cm, black-brown when dry Fl May–Jun, fr Aug–Oct ● Mountainous forests; below 100–400 m Hainan (Baoting) Salacia amplifolia Merrill ex Chun & F C How, Acta Phytotax Sin 7: 55 1958 阔叶五层龙 kuo ye wu ceng long Climbing or erect shrubs, to m tall; branchlets greenyellow, glabrous Petiole strong and robust, 1–1.5 cm, canaliculate; leaf blade narrowly or broadly elliptic, 13–23 × (4–)6–8 cm, thickly papery, abaxially light yellow when dry, inconspicuously papillate, adaxially green-yellow, shiny, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin weakly crimped, subentire or repando-crenulate, rarely serrulate, apex shortly acuminate to subacute; lateral veins 9–10 pairs, abaxially prominent, adaxially plane, reticulate veins conspicuous Fascicles axillary or extra-axillary, several flowered; pedicel 8–9 mm, tenuous, base squamate; squamellae serrate, imbricate Flowers green-white or light yellow; sepals broadly ovate, ca 1.4 mm, apex subacute to obtuse, margin ciliolate; petals subrounded, ca 2.2 mm, broadly spreading Disk cupular, brown-red when fresh, subpentagonous, flexing outward Anthers transversely dehiscent Ovary triangular; ovules per locule, 2-columned; style very short Fruit globose, yellow or red when ripe, up to 4.5 cm in diam., 4- or 5-seeded Seeds ca × 1.6–2 cm, black when dry Fl Apr–May, fr Aug–Oct ● Thick forests; 200–300 m S Hainan (Sanya) Salacia sessiliflora Handel-Mazzetti, Anz Akad Wiss Wien, Math.-Naturwiss Kl 59: 56 1922 无柄五层龙 wu bing wu ceng long Shrubs, to m tall; branchlets dark gray, with verruciform 489 lenticels Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic or oblonglanceolate, 10–15 × 3.5–5 cm, thinly leathery, shiny, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin weakly serrulate, apex acuminate to subacute; lateral veins or pairs, abaxially permanent, reticulate veins horizontally spreading Fascicles axillary, few flowered; pedicel very short, ca mm Flowers light green; sepals ca mm, ovate, margin ciliolate, apex subacute; petals oblong, ca mm, apex subacute Disk cupular, less than mm tall Stamens 3; filaments short, flat, inserted at margin of disk; anthers nephroid Ovary concealed in disk, 3-loculed; style robust, conical, ca 0.5 mm Berry orange-yellow to orange-red, 2(–4.5) cm in diam., exocarp thinly leathery when dry, 3- or 4-seeded Fl Jun, fr Oct ● Mountainous bosks; (200–)600–1600 m Guangdong (Lianxian), Guangxi, Guizhou (N to Guanling), S Hunan, SE Yunnan The fruits of this species are slightly sweet and edible Salacia aurantiaca C Y Wu in S Y Bao, Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 46: 290 1981 橙果五层龙 cheng guo wu ceng long Climbing shrubs; branches slender, flat when young, becoming cylindric, brown, glabrous, sparsely lenticellate Petiole ca mm, grooved; leaf blade long elliptic, 9–14 × 4–6 cm, papery, shiny, base obtuse, margin sparsely denticulate to serrulate, apex acuminate; midvein prominent on both surfaces, lateral veins tenuous, reticulate veins horizontally spreading, conspicuous abaxially Flowers not seen Berry orange, 2–3 cm in diam., exocarp thinly leathery when dry, glabrous, 4-seeded Seeds ca × 1.2 cm, angular Fr Nov ● Sparse forests; 100–200 m S and SE Yunnan (Hekou, Jinghong, Mengla) Salacia confertiflora Merrill, Lingnan Sci J 14: 27 1935 密花五层龙 mi hua wu ceng long Climbing shrubs, to 10 m tall; branchlets slightly compressed, glabrous Petiole 5–7 mm; leaf blade elliptic or ovateelliptic, 5–11 × 2–5 cm, subleathery, abaxially gray-white, adaxially dark green, shiny, base obtuse or broadly acute, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate to mucronate; lateral veins or pairs, abaxially prominent Cymes glomerulate, axillary or terminal; peduncle 4–7 mm; pedicel 2–3 mm Flowers green or light yellow, ca 2.5 mm in diam.; sepals subrounded, margin erose; petals broadly obovate, 1.5–2 mm, apex rounded Disk robust Berry oblong, ca × 1.6 cm Fl Aug, fr Nov ● Forests; low to middle elevations Hainan (Baoting, Sanya) 10 Salacia chinensis Linnaeus, Mant Pl 2: 293 1771 五层龙 wu ceng long Salacia prinoides (Willdenow) Candolle; Tontelea prinoides Willdenow Climbing shrubs, to m tall; branchlets angular Petiole 8–10 mm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly ovate-rotund or obovateelliptic, (3–)5–11 × (1.5–)2–5 cm, leathery, abaxially browngreen when dry, adaxially shiny olive-green, base cuneate, mar- CELASTRACEAE 490 gin sparsely denticulate, apex subacute to shortly acuminate; lateral veins or pairs Fascicles axillary, 3–6-flowered; pedicel 6–10 mm Sepals deltoid, up to mm, margin ciliolate; petals broadly ovate, ca mm, broadly spreading or curved outward, apex rounded Disk cupular, ca mm tall Stamens 3; filaments short, flat, inserted at margin of disk; anthers forked Ovary concealed in disk, 3-loculed; ovules per locule; style very short, conic Berry globose or ovate, ca cm in diam., red when ripe, 1-seeded Fl Dec, fr Jan–Feb Forests; below 100–700 m Guangdong, Guangxi [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam] The roots of this species have medicinal uses, including normalizing menstruation and invigorating circulation 13 LOESENERIELLA A C Smith, Amer J Bot 28: 438 1941 翅子藤属 chi zi teng shu Peng Hua (彭华); A Michele Funston Woody lianas, puberulent or glabrescent, lenticellate, internodes slightly enlarged Leaves opposite or subopposite, entire or crenulate Inflorescences axillary or terminal, cymose Flowers bisexual, 5-merous Disk fleshy, cupular, sometimes arranged in rings, extrastaminal Stamens 3; filaments tonguelike; anthers transversely dehiscent, extrorse Ovary weakly triangular, partially or wholly concealed in disk, 3-locular; ovules 4–8 per locule Fruits 1–3-fascicled capsules; capsule transversely flattened, leathery, loculicidally dehiscent Seeds 4–8, with membranous basal wings, exalbuminous About 20 species: tropical Africa and Asia; five species (all endemic) in China 1a Leaf blade elliptic, 3–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm 2a Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, adaxially shiny, margin sparsely denticulate; peduncle 15–18 mm L concinna 2b Leaf blade elliptic, adaxially not shiny, margin sinuate, cartilaginous; peduncle less than 10 mm L griseoramula 1b Leaf blade lanceolate, ovate, or oblong-elliptic, 5–12(–21) × 2.5–6(–7.5) cm 3a Leaf blade lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, apex long caudate L lenticellata 3b Leaf blade ovate or oblong-elliptic, apex not caudate 4a Peduncle 1.5–3 cm; petals 4–5 × 1.7–2.5 mm; fruit elliptic L merrilliana 4b Peduncle 1–1.2 cm; petals 5–8 × 2.5–4 mm; fruit ovate-oblong L yunnanensis Loeseneriella concinna A C Smith, J Arnold Arbor 26: 170 1945 程香仔树 cheng xiang zi shu Lianas; branchlets slender, glabrous, early brown-purple, then gray, conspicuously scabrous-lenticellate Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, (3–)4–7 × (1.2–)1.5–3.5 cm, papery, shiny, base rounded, margin sparsely denticulate; lateral veins 4–6 pairs, reticulate veins conspicuous Cymes axillary or terminal, 2–3.5 cm, few flowered; peduncle slender, 15–18 mm, glabrescent; bracts and bractlets deltoid, less than mm, margin ciliolate; pedicel 5–7 mm, pubescent Flowers light yellow; sepals deltoid, ca 0.7 × mm, margin slightly ciliolate; petals oblong-lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.5–2 mm, thin, fleshy, margin ciliolate, apex abaxially appendiculate Disk fleshy, cupular, ca 1.5 mm tall, base subpentagonous, 2–2.5 mm in diam Filaments ca 1.3 mm; anthers slightly globose Ovary triangular, partially concealed in disk, 3-loculed; ovules per locule; style conicsubulate, ca mm, apex truncate Fruit 1–3-fascicled capsules, peduncle not dilated; capsule obovate-elliptic, 3–5 × 2–3.5 cm, apex emarginate, 4-seeded Seeds ca × cm Fl May–Jun, fr Oct–Dec ● Valley forests, eastern regions and inshore islands Guangdong, SE Guangxi Loeseneriella griseoramula S Y Bao, Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin 46: 290 1981 灰枝翅子藤 hui zhi chi zi teng Lianas; branchlets light gray, subcylindric, glabrous, inter- nodes slightly dilated, lenticellate; lenticels thick, rounded, coarse Petiole ca mm, grooved; leaf blade elliptic, 3–5 × 2.5– 3.5 cm, papery, not shiny, base rounded, margin cartilaginous, sinuate, apex subacute; lateral veins or pairs, reticulate veins conspicuous Cymes axillary or terminal; bracts deltoid, farinose, pubescent, margin ciliolate; peduncle slender, glabrescent, 8–10 mm; pedicel 1.5–3 mm, farinose, pubescent Sepals deltoid, ca × 1.2 mm, densely farinose, pubescent; petals lanceolate, 5–6 mm, apex acuminate, abaxially farinose, pubescent, margin ciliolate Disk fleshy, cupular, base pentagonous Ovary 3-loculed, concealed in disk; style columnar Fruits 3-fascicled capsules, peduncle dilated, exocarp grooved; capsule elliptic, ca × cm Fr Jan ● Mountainous slopes; 600–700 m W Guangxi (Bose) Loeseneriella lenticellata S Y Bao in Z Y Zhu et al., Legumes China, 638 2007 皮孔翅子藤 pi kong chi zi teng Lianas; branchlets gray-green, compressed, grooved, becoming bottle-green with age, glabrous, densely lenticellate; lenticels small, rounded Petiole 5–6 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 7–12(–21) × 2.5–3(–7.5) cm, leathery, glabrous, adaxially shiny, base cuneate, margin distally sparsely denticulate, apex long caudate; lateral veins 6–8 pairs, adaxially and abaxially prominent, reticulate veins conspicuous Cymes few, 3–4 cm; branchlets and pedicels slender, farinose, pubescent; bracts and bractlets deltoid, less than mm; peduncle typically 2–2.5 cm; pedicel ca 0.5 mm Flowers yellow-green; sepals membranous, ovate-deltoid, densely farinose, pubescent; CELASTRACEAE petals lanceolate, 6–7 mm, margin ciliolate, apex acute Disk fleshy, base subpentagonous, ca 3.5 mm in diam Filaments ca 1.5 mm; anthers nearly globose Ovary triangular, concealed in disk; style ca mm, apex truncate Fruits 3-fascicled capsules, base attenuate to a dilated peduncle; capsule ovate-oblong, 5–6.5 × 2.5–4 cm, apex rounded, 4- or 5-seeded Seeds ca 2.8 × cm, base broadly winged Fl May–Jun, fr Aug–Oct ● Sparse forest valleys; 600–1100 m W Guangxi, S Yunnan This name was originally published by S Y Bao (in W P Fang, FRPS 46: 290 1981) but not validly so because two gatherings were indicated as types (Vienna Code, Art 37.2) Loeseneriella merrilliana A C Smith, J Arnold Arbor 26: 172 1945 翅子藤 chi zi teng Lianas; branchlets brown-gray, slightly tetragonous, glabrous, sometimes densely scabrous lenticellate Petiole 5–8 mm, robust; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 5–10(–18) × 3–6 cm, leathery, base obtuse or narrowly rounded, margin sparsely denticulate to crenulate-serrate, apex abruptly cuspidate, cusp 5–10 mm; lateral veins 4–6 pairs, reticulate veins conspicuous Cymes axillary or terminal, 2.5–6 cm; branchlet and peduncle slender, densely farinose, puberulent; peduncle 1.5–3 cm; bracts and bractlets deltoid, entire, farinose, puberulent; pedicel slender, 3–8 mm Flowers light green; sepals ovate-deltoid, less than 1.5 mm, margin ciliolate, apex obtuse, abaxially farinose, puberulent; petals oblong-lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.7–2.5 mm, abaxially farinose, puberulent Disk fleshy, cupular, 1–1.5 mm tall, base subpentagonous, 2–3 mm in diam Style conic-subulate, 1–1.5 mm, apex truncate Fruits 1–3-fascicled capsules, peduncle not 491 dilated; capsule elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 4.4–6 × 2.5–3.2 cm, base obtuse, apex rounded or emarginate, 3- or 4-seeded Seeds broadly elliptic, basally winged, wing membranous Fl May– Jun, fr Jul–Sep ● Valley forests; 300–700 m SW Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan Loeseneriella yunnanensis (Hu) A C Smith, J Arnold Arbor 26: 174 1945 云南翅子藤 yun nan chi zi teng Hippocratea yunnanensis Hu, Bull Fan Mem Inst Biol., Bot 10: 152 1940 Lianas; branchlets brown, nearly quadrate, glabrous, scabrous lenticellate Petiole up to cm, grooved; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, 5–10 × 3.5–6 cm, papery, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin entire or weakly denticulate, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 7–9 pairs, reticulate veins conspicuous Cymes axillary or terminal, ca cm; bracts and bractlets deltoid, margin ciliolate; peduncle short, 1–1.2 cm; pedicel 8–10 mm Flowers light yellow; sepals deltoid-ovate, up to mm, densely farinose, pubescent; petals ovate-oblong, ca mm, margin ciliolate, apex subacute Disk fleshy, ca 1.5 mm tall, base subpentagonous, ca mm in diam Filaments flat, 2–2.5 mm; anther nearly globose Ovary nearly triangular, mostly concealed in disk, 3-loculed; style conical, 1.2–1.6 mm, apex truncate Fruits 1–3-fascicled capsules, peduncle not dilated; capsule ovate-oblong, 7–8 × 3–4 cm, base attenuate, 4-seeded Seeds winged, ca × 1.2 cm Fl Mar–Jul, fr Oct–Nov ● Sparse limestone forests; 700–1200 m W Guangxi, S and SE Yunnan 14 PRISTIMERA Miers, Trans Linn Soc London 28: 360 1872 扁蒴藤属 bian shuo teng shu Peng Hua (彭华); A Michele Funston Woody lianas, glabrous or puberulent; branches terete to quadrate, internodes slightly dilate, lenticellate Leaves opposite or subopposite, entire or serrate Inflorescences axillary, rarely terminal, cymose, rarely thyrsoid Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, light yellow Disk fleshy, inconspicuous, annular or cupular, extrastaminal Stamens 3; anthers transversely dehiscent, extrorse Ovary compressed, triangular, 3-locular; ovules axile, 2–6 per locule, binate or imbricate from apex to base per locule Fruits commonly 3-fascicled capsules or degenerating into only capsule; capsule transversely flattened, thinly leathery, grooved, loculicidally dehiscent Seeds 2–6, with membranous basal wing, conspicuously 1-grooved at middle, exalbuminous About 30 species: mainly in Central and South America and tropical Asia; four species (one endemic) in China 1a Petals 2–3 mm; capsule 6-seeded; leaf blade leathery P cambodiana 1b Petals ca 1.5 mm; capsule 1-seeded; leaf blade papery 2a Leaf blade usually 8–15 × 5–7 cm; ripe capsule 6.5–8.5(–12) × 2.5–3(–3.8) cm P arborea 2b Leaf blade usually 3.5–8(–10) × 2–4(–5) cm; ripe capsule 2.5–4(–4.5) × 1–1.5 cm 3a Young branches and inflorescence branches glabrous, usually subterete P indica 3b Young branches and inflorescence branches densely glandular, setulose, sharply quadrangular P setulosa Pristimera indica (Willdenow) A C Smith, Amer J Bot 28: 440 1941 扁蒴藤 bian shuo teng Hippocratea indica Willdenow, Sp Pl 1: 193 1797; Reissantia indica (Willdenow) N Hallé Lianas; branchlets green, early slightly quadrangular, then cylindric, glabrous Petiole 1–1.5 cm, grooved; leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, or rarely lanceolate, 3.5–7(–10) × 2.5–4(–5) cm, papery, base cuneate, distal margin sparsely denticulate, apex subacute; lateral veins or pairs, slender, reticulate veins horizontally spreading Cymes 3–5 cm; bracts lanceolate, margin sparingly ciliolate; pedicel 8–10 mm Flowers green-white; CELASTRACEAE 492 sepals ovate-deltoid, ca mm, membranous, margin irregularly denticulate; petals oblong-deltoid, ca 1.5 mm Stamens longer than style; anthers slightly square Ovary with ovules per locule; style subtriangular Fruits 1–3-fascicled capsules; capsule narrowly oblong-elliptic, 3–4 × 1–1.5 cm, apex emarginate Seeds 2, ca 2.5 cm, wing apex emarginate Fl May–Jul, fr Sep–Oct Rare, shrubs of low-lying areas; below 100–1600 m Guangdong (Xuwen), Hainan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam] Pristimera setulosa A C Smith, J Arnold Arbor 26: 175 1945 毛扁蒴藤 mao bian shuo teng Lianas; young branchlets slightly quadrangular, copiously setulose, annually glabrescent; old branches terete, cinereous Petiole slender, 3–5 mm, slightly grooved on sides; leaf blade elliptic, 4–7 × 2–4 cm, papery, yellow-green when dry, base obtuse or subacute to decurrent, margin sparsely denticulate to crenulate-serrate, apex obtuse or shortly cuspidate; lateral veins or pairs, reticulate veins conspicuous Cymes solitary or binate, axillary, 1.5–3 cm; inflorescence branches copiously setulose; bracts papery, deltoid-oblong, 0.5–0.8 mm, glabrous; pedicel slender, shorter than mm, obscurely setulose Flowers yellow-white; sepals membranous, deltoid-oblong, ca 0.5 mm, margin erosulate; petals papyraceous, elliptic-oblong, ca mm, entire, glabrous Disk inconspicuous Filaments ligulate; anthers nearly globose Ovary depressed globose; ovules per locule; style less than mm, apex truncate Fruits 1–3-fascicled capsules; capsule oblong-elliptic, 3.5–4 × 2–2.5 cm, flattened, apex rounded Seeds 2, black-brown when dry Fl Jun–Feb, fr Sep– Oct ● Sparse limestone forests; 600–1600 m SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan Pristimera arborea (Roxburgh) A C Smith, J Arnold Arbor 26: 176 1945 二籽扁蒴藤 er zi bian shuo teng Hippocratea arborea Roxburgh, Pl Coromandel 3: 1811 Lianas; branchlets brown-yellow, brown when old, glabrous, oblong lenticellate Petiole 1–1.5 cm, grooved; leaf blade broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 8–15 × 5–17 cm, papery, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin sparsely dentate, apex acuminate; lateral veins or pairs, reticulate veins horizontally spreading Cymes solitary, axillary or terminal, usually 5–6 cm, glabrous Flowers light yellow; sepals oblong, less than mm, apex rounded, entire Stamens longer than style; filaments flattened; anthers nearly square Ovary with ovules per locule; style ca mm, apex truncate Fruits 1–3-fascicled capsules; capsule narrowly elliptic, 6.5–8.5(–12) × 2.5–3(–3.8) cm, base cuneate, apex subacute, 2-seeded Seed wing ca cm, apex emarginate Fl Jun, fr Oct Shrubs of mountainous slopes and valleys; 300–1100 m SW Guangxi, S Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar] Pristimera cambodiana (Pierre) A C Smith, J Arnold Arbor 26: 177 1945 风车果 feng che guo Hippocratea cambodiana Pierre, Fl Forest Cochinch 4: t 302b 1893 Lianas; branches terete, gray-brown and glabrous when young Petiole 1–1.5 mm; leaf blade ovate-oblong, ovateelliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 12–15 × 5–9 cm, subleathery, base broadly cuneate, margin sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate or subacute; lateral veins or pairs, reticulate veins abaxially conspicuous, horizontally spreading Flowers light green; sepals oblong, 2–3 × ca 0.7 mm; petals involute Filaments flat; anthers subglobose, basifixed Ovary with ovules per locule; style less than mm; stigma slightly 3-lobed Fruits 1–3fascicled capsules; capsule oblong, 7–8(–12.5) cm, flattened, base rounded, apex obliquely truncate or obliquely emarginate, 6-seeded Seeds flattened, black when dry Fl May–Jun, fr Jun–Feb Sparse forests of mountainous slopes; 200–1500 m S and SW Guangxi, S and SW Yunnan [Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam] ...440 CELASTRACEAE 8b Flowers and fruit 4-merous only; disk lobes suberect, circling ovary; ovule per... Anthers sessile, of theca Ovaries 4- or 5-loculed Capsule with wings, 4- or 5-lobed at maturity CELASTRACEAE 441 Sixteen species: Asia; 15 species (eight endemic) in China Euonymus sect Uniloculares... leathery or thickly papery, linear, oblong, or bamboolike, 7–15 cm, less than 1(–1.5) cm wide, CELASTRACEAE 442 entire length of equal width, base subrotund, margin sparsely crenulate, apex acuminate;